1
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Bourn JJ, Dorrity MW. Degrees of freedom: temperature's influence on developmental rate. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 85:102155. [PMID: 38335718 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Temperature exerts a fundamental influence across scales of biology, from the biophysical nature of molecules, to the sensitivity of cells, and the coordinated progression of development in embryos. Species-specific developmental rates and temperature-induced acceleration of development indicate that these sensing mechanisms are harnessed to influence developmental dynamics. Tracing how temperature sensitivity propagates through biological scales to influence the pace of development can therefore reveal how embryogenesis remains robust to environmental influences. Cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis), and cellular metabolic rate are linked to both temperature-induced and species-specific developmental tempos in specific cell types, hinting toward generalized mechanisms of timing control. New methods to extract timing information from single-cell profiling experiments are driving further progress in understanding how mechanisms of temperature sensitivity can direct cell-autonomous responses, coordination across cell types, and evolutionary modifications of developmental timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess J Bourn
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany. https://twitter.com/@bournsupremacy
| | - Michael W Dorrity
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Kaushik R, Arya A, Kumar D, Goel A, Rout PK. Genetic studies of heat stress regulation in goat during hot climatic condition. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103528. [PMID: 37055132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Various direct and indirect environmental constraints have an impact on livestock performance. The physiological parameters, such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, are the primary indicators of thermal stress. Under a stressed environment temperature humidity index (THI) had established as a vital measurement to identify the thermal stress in livestock. THI in association with climatic variations can define the environmental effect as stressful or comfortable for livestock. Goats are small ruminants that adapt to a wide range of ecological variations due to their anatomical and physiological characteristics. However, the productivity of animals declines at the individual level during thermal stress. Stress tolerance can be determined through genetic studies associated with at the cellular level using physiological as well as molecular approaches. Information on genetic association with thermal stress in goats is scanty, this severely affects their survival and hence productivity of livestock. The ever-increasing demand for food across the globe needs deciphering novel molecular markers as well as stress indicators that play a vital role in livestock improvement. This review represents an analysis of current knowledge of phenotypic differences during thermal stress and signifies the importance of physiological responses and their association at the cellular level in goats. The regulation of vital genes associated with thermal stress such as Aquaporins (AQP 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8), aquaglyceroporins (AQP3, 7, 9, and 10) and super-aquaporins (AQP 11, 12); BAX inhibitors such as PERK (PKR like ER kinase), IRE 1(inositol-requiring-1); Redox regulating genes such as NOX; Transport of Na+ and K+ such as ATPase (ATP1A1) and several heat shock proteins have been implicated in heat-stress related adaptations have been elucidated. As these changes have a significant impact on production performance as well as on livestock productivity. Such efforts may help in the development of molecular markers and will assist the breeders to develop heat-tolerant goats with improved productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kaushik
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122, U.P, India; Department of Biotechnology, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, 281406, U.P, India.
| | - Aditya Arya
- ICMR-National Institute for Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector- 8, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Keral Verma Subharti College of Science, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, 250005, U.P, India
| | - Anjana Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, 281406, U.P, India
| | - P K Rout
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122, U.P, India.
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3
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Alagar Boopathy LR, Jacob-Tomas S, Alecki C, Vera M. Mechanisms tailoring the expression of heat shock proteins to proteostasis challenges. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101796. [PMID: 35248532 PMCID: PMC9065632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells possess an internal stress response to cope with environmental and pathophysiological challenges. Upon stress, cells reprogram their molecular functions to activate a survival mechanism known as the heat shock response, which mediates the rapid induction of molecular chaperones such as the heat shock proteins (HSPs). This potent production overcomes the general suppression of gene expression and results in high levels of HSPs to subsequently refold or degrade misfolded proteins. Once the damage or stress is repaired or removed, cells terminate the production of HSPs and resume regular functions. Thus, fulfillment of the stress response requires swift and robust coordination between stress response activation and completion that is determined by the status of the cell. In recent years, single-cell fluorescence microscopy techniques have begun to be used in unravelling HSP-gene expression pathways, from DNA transcription to mRNA degradation. In this review, we will address the molecular mechanisms in different organisms and cell types that coordinate the expression of HSPs with signaling networks that act to reprogram gene transcription, mRNA translation, and decay and ensure protein quality control.
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4
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Srivastava P, Takii R, Okada M, Fujimoto M, Nakai A. MED12 interacts with the heat-shock transcription factor HSF1 and recruits CDK8 to promote the heat-shock response in mammalian cells. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1933-1948. [PMID: 34056708 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activated and promoter-bound heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) induces RNA polymerase II recruitment upon heat shock, and this is facilitated by the core Mediator in Drosophila and yeast. Another Mediator module, CDK8 kinase module (CKM), consisting of four subunits including MED12 and CDK8, plays a negative or positive role in the regulation of transcription; however, its involvement in HSF1-mediated transcription remains unclear. We herein demonstrated that HSF1 interacted with MED12 and recruited MED12 and CDK8 to the HSP70 promoter during heat shock in mammalian cells. The kinase activity of CDK8 (and its paralog CDK19) promoted HSP70 expression partly by phosphorylating HSF1-S326 and maintained proteostasis capacity. These results indicate an important role for CKM in the protection of cells against proteotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Mariko Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Fujimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Akira Nakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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5
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Li S, Wen Z, Ghalandari B, Zhou T, Warden AR, Zhang T, Dai P, Yu Y, Guo W, Liu M, Xie H, Ding X. Single-Cell Immunoblotting based on a Photoclick Hydrogel Enables High-Throughput Screening and Accurate Profiling of Exogenous Gene Expression. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101108. [PMID: 33899289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate profiling of exogenous gene expression in host cells is crucial for studying gene function in cellular and molecular biology, but still faces the challenge of incomplete co-expression of reporter genes and target genes. Here, a single-cell transfection analysis chip (scTAC) is presented, which is based on the in situ microchip immunoblotting method, for rapid and accurate analysis of exogenous gene expression in thousands of individual host cells. scTAC not only can assign information of exogenous gene activity to specific transfected cells, but enables the acquisition of continuous protein expression even in low co-expression scenarios. It is demonstrated that scTAC can reveal the relationship of expression level between reporter genes and target genes, which is helpful for evaluating transient transfection strategy efficiency. The advantages of this method for the study of fusion protein expression and downstream protein expression in signaling pathway in rare cells are shown. Empirically, an EGFP-TSPAN8 fusion plasmid is transfected into MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the expressions of two cancer stemness biomarkers (ALDHA1 and SOX2) are analyzed. The scTAC method clearly reveals an interesting phenomenon that transfected adherent MCF-7 cells exhibit some stem cell characteristics, but they do not have stem cell appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ze Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Behafarid Ghalandari
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Antony R Warden
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Youyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wenke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Mofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
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6
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Polidano J, Vankadari N, Price JT, Wilce JA. Detailed protocol for optimised expression and purification of functional monomeric human Heat Shock Factor 1. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 176:105722. [PMID: 32768454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) is the master regulator of the heat shock response, a universal survival mechanism throughout eukaryotic species used to buffer potentially lethal proteotoxic conditions. HSF1's function in vivo is regulated by several factors, including post translational modifications and elevated temperatures, whereupon it forms trimers to bind with heat shock elements in DNA. Unsurprisingly, HSF1 is also extremely sensitive to elevated temperatures in vitro, which poses specific technical challenges when producing HSF1 using a recombinant expression system. Although there are several useful publications which outline steps taken for HSF1 expression and purification, studies that describe specific strategies and detailed protocols to overcome HSF1 trimerisation and degradation are currently lacking. Herein, we have reported our detailed experimental protocol for the expression and purification of monomeric human HSF1 (HsHSF1) as a major species. We also propose a refined method of inducing HsHSF1 activation in vitro, that we consider more accurately mimics HsHSF1 activation in vivo and is therefore more physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Polidano
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Naveen Vankadari
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - John T Price
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A Wilce
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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7
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Madhusoodan AP, Bagath M, Sejian V, Krishnan G, Rashamol VP, Savitha ST, Awachat VB, Bhatta R. Summer season induced changes in quantitative expression patterns of different heat shock response genes in Salem black goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2725-2730. [PMID: 32144656 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research efforts of elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing heat shock response which imparts thermo-tolerance ability to indigenous breeds are very scanty. Therefore, a study was conducted with the primary objective to determine the impact of heat stress on the expression pattern of different heat shock response genes in the hepatic tissues of indigenous Salem Black goat. The study was conducted for a period of 45 days in twelve 1-year-old female Salem Black breed goats. The animals were randomly allocated into two groups of six animals each, C (n = 6; Salem Black control) and HS (n = 6; Salem Black heat stress). The C animals were maintained in the shed in comfort condition while HS animals were exposed outside to summer heat stress between 10:00 h to 16:00 h during experimental period. The animals were slaughtered at the end of study and their liver samples were collected for assessing the different heat shock response genes. Based on the results obtained from the study it was established that the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP90, super oxide dismutase (SOD), nitrous oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) genes were significantly (P < 0.05) down regulated. However, heat stress did not influence the expression pattern of heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) gene. The lower level of expression of all heat shock response genes may be due to less magnitude of heat stress in the study to induce cellular stress response in Salem Black goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Madhusoodan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar Campus, Mukteshwar, India
| | - M Bagath
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - V Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.
| | - G Krishnan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - V P Rashamol
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - S T Savitha
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.,Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - V B Awachat
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - R Bhatta
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
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8
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Villanueva-Cañas JL, Horvath V, Aguilera L, González J. Diverse families of transposable elements affect the transcriptional regulation of stress-response genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:6842-6857. [PMID: 31175824 PMCID: PMC6649756 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transposable elements are an important source of regulatory variation, their genome-wide contribution to the transcriptional regulation of stress-response genes has not been studied yet. Stress is a major aspect of natural selection in the wild, leading to changes in the transcriptional regulation of a variety of genes that are often triggered by one or a few transcription factors. In this work, we take advantage of the wealth of information available for Drosophila melanogaster and humans to analyze the role of transposable elements in six stress regulatory networks: immune, hypoxia, oxidative, xenobiotic, heat shock, and heavy metal. We found that transposable elements were enriched for caudal, dorsal, HSF, and tango binding sites in D. melanogaster and for NFE2L2 binding sites in humans. Taking into account the D. melanogaster population frequencies of transposable elements with predicted binding motifs and/or binding sites, we showed that those containing three or more binding motifs/sites are more likely to be functional. For a representative subset of these TEs, we performed in vivo transgenic reporter assays in different stress conditions. Overall, our results showed that TEs are relevant contributors to the transcriptional regulation of stress-response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivien Horvath
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Aguilera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa González
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Takii R, Fujimoto M, Matsumoto M, Srivastava P, Katiyar A, Nakayama KI, Nakai A. The pericentromeric protein shugoshin 2 cooperates with HSF1 in heat shock response and RNA Pol II recruitment. EMBO J 2019; 38:e102566. [PMID: 31657478 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to core promoters is highly regulated during rapid induction of genes. In response to heat shock, heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is activated and occupies heat shock gene promoters. Promoter-bound HSF1 recruits general transcription factors and Mediator, which interact with Pol II, but stress-specific mechanisms of Pol II recruitment are unclear. Here, we show in comparative analyses of HSF1 paralogs and their mutants that HSF1 interacts with the pericentromeric adaptor protein shugoshin 2 (SGO2) during heat shock in mouse cells, in a manner dependent on inducible phosphorylation of HSF1 at serine 326, and recruits SGO2 to the HSP70 promoter. SGO2-mediated binding and recruitment of Pol II with a hypophosphorylated C-terminal domain promote expression of HSP70, implicating SGO2 as one of the coactivators that facilitate Pol II recruitment by HSF1. Furthermore, the HSF1-SGO2 complex supports cell survival and maintenance of proteostasis in heat shock conditions. These results exemplify a proteotoxic stress-specific mechanism of Pol II recruitment, which is triggered by phosphorylation of HSF1 during the heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Takii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Fujimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Division of Proteomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Pratibha Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Arpit Katiyar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Keiich I Nakayama
- Division of Proteomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Nakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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10
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Masser AE, Kang W, Roy J, Mohanakrishnan Kaimal J, Quintana-Cordero J, Friedländer MR, Andréasson C. Cytoplasmic protein misfolding titrates Hsp70 to activate nuclear Hsf1. eLife 2019; 8:47791. [PMID: 31552827 PMCID: PMC6779467 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsf1 is an ancient transcription factor that responds to protein folding stress by inducing the heat-shock response (HSR) that restore perturbed proteostasis. Hsp70 chaperones negatively regulate the activity of Hsf1 via stress-responsive mechanisms that are poorly understood. Here, we have reconstituted budding yeast Hsf1-Hsp70 activation complexes and find that surplus Hsp70 inhibits Hsf1 DNA-binding activity. Hsp70 binds Hsf1 via its canonical substrate binding domain and Hsp70 regulates Hsf1 DNA-binding activity. During heat shock, Hsp70 is out-titrated by misfolded proteins derived from ongoing translation in the cytosol. Pushing the boundaries of the regulatory system unveils a genetic hyperstress program that is triggered by proteostasis collapse and involves an enlarged Hsf1 regulon. The findings demonstrate how an apparently simple chaperone-titration mechanism produces diversified transcriptional output in response to distinct stress loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Masser
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenjing Kang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joydeep Roy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jany Quintana-Cordero
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc R Friedländer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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12
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Hentze N, Le Breton L, Wiesner J, Kempf G, Mayer MP. Molecular mechanism of thermosensory function of human heat shock transcription factor Hsf1. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26785146 PMCID: PMC4775227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response is a universal homeostatic cell autonomous reaction of organisms to cope with adverse environmental conditions. In mammalian cells, this response is mediated by the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1, which is monomeric in unstressed cells and upon activation trimerizes, and binds to promoters of heat shock genes. To understand the basic principle of Hsf1 activation we analyzed temperature-induced alterations in the conformational dynamics of Hsf1 by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry. We found a temperature-dependent unfolding of Hsf1 in the regulatory region happening concomitant to tighter packing in the trimerization region. The transition to the active DNA binding-competent state occurred highly cooperative and was concentration dependent. Surprisingly, Hsp90, known to inhibit Hsf1 activation, lowered the midpoint temperature of trimerization and reduced cooperativity of the process thus widening the response window. Based on our data we propose a kinetic model of Hsf1 trimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Hentze
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Le Breton
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Wiesner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Kempf
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Shabtay A. Adaptive traits of indigenous cattle breeds: The Mediterranean Baladi as a case study. Meat Sci 2015; 109:27-39. [PMID: 26025652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Generally taken, breeds of Bos taurus ancestry are considered more productive, in comparison with Bos indicus derived breeds that present enhanced hardiness and disease resistance, low nutritional requirements and higher capability of feed utilization. While breeds of B. taurus have been mostly selected for intensive production systems, indigenous cattle, developed mostly from indicine and African taurines, flourish in extensive habitats. Worldwide demographic and economic processes face animal production with new challenges - the increasing demand for animal food products. Intensification of animal husbandry is thus a desired goal in stricken parts of the world. An introduction of productive traits to indigenous breeds might serve to generate improved biological and economic efficiencies. For this to succeed, the genetic merit of traits like efficiency of feed utilization and product quality should be revealed, encouraging the conservation initiatives of indigenous cattle populations, many of which are already extinct and endangered. Moreover, to overcome potential genetic homogeneity, controlled breeding practices should be undertaken. The Baladi cattle are a native local breed found throughout the Mediterranean basin. Purebred Baladi animals are rapidly vanishing, as more European breeds are being introduced or used for backcrosses leading to improved production. The superiority of Baladi over large-framed cattle, in feedlot and on Mediterranean pasture, with respect to adaptability and efficiency, is highlighted in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shabtay
- Agricultural Research Organization, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Ya'ar P.O. Box 1021, Israel.
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14
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Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is an ancient and highly conserved process that is essential for coping with environmental stresses, including extremes of temperature. Fever is a more recently evolved response, during which organisms temporarily subject themselves to thermal stress in the face of infections. We review the phylogenetically conserved mechanisms that regulate fever and discuss the effects that febrile-range temperatures have on multiple biological processes involved in host defense and cell death and survival, including the HSR and its implications for patients with severe sepsis, trauma, and other acute systemic inflammatory states. Heat shock factor-1, a heat-induced transcriptional enhancer is not only the central regulator of the HSR but also regulates expression of pivotal cytokines and early response genes. Febrile-range temperatures exert additional immunomodulatory effects by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and accelerating apoptosis in some cell types. This results in accelerated pathogen clearance, but increased collateral tissue injury, thus the net effect of exposure to febrile range temperature depends in part on the site and nature of the pathologic process and the specific treatment provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Hasday
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Baltimore V.A. Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Abstract
The heat shock response is a highly conserved primitive response that is essential for survival against a wide range of stresses, including extremes of temperature. Fever is a more recently evolved response, during which organisms raise their core body temperature and temporarily subject themselves to thermal stress in the face of infections. The present review documents studies showing the potential overlap between the febrile response and the heat shock response and how both activate the same common transcriptional programme (although with different magnitudes) including the stress-activated transcription factor, heat shock factor-1, to modify host defences in the context of infection, inflammation and injury. The review focuses primarily on how hyperthermia within the febrile range that often accompanies infections and inflammation acts as a biological response modifier and modifies innate immune responses. The characteristic 2-3 °C increase in core body temperature during fever activates and utilises elements of the heat shock response pathway to modify cytokine and chemokine gene expression, cellular signalling and immune cell mobilisation to sites of inflammation, infection and injury. Interestingly, typical proinflammatory agonists such as Toll-like receptor agonists modify the heat shock-induced transcriptional programme and expression of HSP genes following co-exposure to febrile range hyperthermia or heat shock, suggesting a complex reciprocal regulation between the inflammatory pathway and the heat shock response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar S Singh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Chhangani D, Mishra A. Protein quality control system in neurodegeneration: a healing company hard to beat but failure is fatal. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:141-56. [PMID: 23378031 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A common feature in most neurodegenerative diseases and aging is the progressive accumulation of damaged proteins. Proteins are essential for all crucial biological functions. Under some notorious conditions, proteins loss their three dimensional native conformations and are converted into disordered aggregated structures. Such changes rise into pathological conditions and eventually cause serious protein conformation disorders. Protein aggregation and inclusion bodies formation mediated multifactorial proteotoxic stress has been reported in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Prion disease. Ongoing studies have been remarkably informative in providing a systematic outlook for better understanding the concept and fundamentals of protein misfolding and aggregations. However, the precise role of protein quality control system and precursors of this mechanism remains elusive. In this review, we highlight recent insights and discuss emerging cytoprotective strategies of cellular protein quality control system implicated in protein deposition diseases. Our current review provides a clear, understandable framework of protein quality control system that may offer the more suitable therapeutic strategies for protein-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chhangani
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India
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17
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Li Y. Systematic temperature signaling regulates behavior plasticity. Protein Cell 2011; 2:774-5. [PMID: 22058030 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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18
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Zorzi E, Bonvini P. Inducible hsp70 in the regulation of cancer cell survival: analysis of chaperone induction, expression and activity. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3921-56. [PMID: 24213118 PMCID: PMC3763403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3043921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that control stress is central to realize how cells respond to environmental and physiological insults. All the more important is to reveal how tumour cells withstand their harsher growth conditions and cope with drug-induced apoptosis, since resistance to chemotherapy is the foremost complication when curing cancer. Intensive research on tumour biology over the past number of years has provided significant insights into the molecular events that occur during oncogenesis, and resistance to anti-cancer drugs has been shown to often rely on stress response and expression of inducible heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, with respect to the mechanisms guarding cancer cells against proteotoxic stresses and the modulatory effects that allow their survival, much remains to be defined. Heat shock proteins are molecules responsible for folding newly synthesized polypeptides under physiological conditions and misfolded proteins under stress, but their role in maintaining the transformed phenotype often goes beyond their conventional chaperone activity. Expression of inducible HSPs is known to correlate with limited sensitivity to apoptosis induced by diverse cytotoxic agents and dismal prognosis of several tumour types, however whether cancer cells survive because of the constitutive expression of heat shock proteins or the ability to induce them when adapting to the hostile microenvironment remains to be elucidated. Clear is that tumours appear nowadays more "addicted" to heat shock proteins than previously envisaged, and targeting HSPs represents a powerful approach and a future challenge for sensitizing tumours to therapy. This review will focus on the anti-apoptotic role of heat shock 70kDa protein (Hsp70), and how regulatory factors that control inducible Hsp70 synthesis, expression and activity may be relevant for response to stress and survival of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Zorzi
- OncoHematology Clinic of Pediatrics, University-Hospital of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Paolo Bonvini
- OncoHematology Clinic of Pediatrics, University-Hospital of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; E-Mail:
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, 36030 Monte di Malo, Vicenza, Italy
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Anckar J, Sistonen L. Regulation of HSF1 function in the heat stress response: implications in aging and disease. Annu Rev Biochem 2011; 80:1089-115. [PMID: 21417720 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060809-095203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To dampen proteotoxic stresses and maintain protein homeostasis, organisms possess a stress-responsive molecular machinery that detects and neutralizes protein damage. A prominent feature of stressed cells is the increased synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsps) that aid in the refolding of misfolded peptides and restrain protein aggregation. Transcriptional activation of the heat shock response is orchestrated by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), which rapidly translocates to hsp genes and induces their expression. Although the role of HSF1 in protecting cells and organisms against severe stress insults is well established, many aspects of how HSF1 senses qualitatively and quantitatively different forms of stresses have remained poorly understood. Moreover, recent discoveries that HSF1 controls life span have prompted new ways of thinking about an old transcription factor. Here, we review the established role of HSF1 in counteracting cell stress and prospect the role of HSF1 as a regulator of disease states and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Anckar
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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20
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Regulation of behavioral plasticity by systemic temperature signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:984-92. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Diversity in DNA recognition by heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) from model organisms. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1293-8. [PMID: 21510947 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor (HSF), an evolutionarily conserved heat-responsive regulator, binds to heat shock elements (HSEs) comprising continuous inverted repeats of the pentamer nGAAn. Here, we analyzed DNA-binding ability, particularly for the discontinuously arranged nGAAn units, of HSFs from various organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Danio rerio. Among these, only C. elegans HSF failed to bind the discontinuous nGAAn units, which suggests that the target genes of HSFs in many, but not all, organisms contain discontinuous HSEs, as well as continuous HSEs. Further analysis of alternatively spliced HSF isoforms showed the importance of the C-terminal region in HSF-HSE interaction.
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22
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Björk JK, Sistonen L. Regulation of the members of the mammalian heat shock factor family. FEBS J 2010; 277:4126-39. [PMID: 20945529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is fundamental in all living organisms and is facilitated by transcription factors, the single largest group of proteins in humans. For cell- and stimulus-specific gene regulation, strict control of the transcription factors themselves is crucial. Heat shock factors are a family of transcription factors best known as master regulators of induced gene expression during the heat shock response. This evolutionary conserved cellular stress response is characterized by massive production of heat shock proteins, which function as cytoprotective molecular chaperones against various proteotoxic stresses. In addition to promoting cell survival under stressful conditions, heat shock factors are involved in the regulation of life span and progression of cancer and they are also important for developmental processes such as gametogenesis, neurogenesis and maintenance of sensory organs. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms steering the activities of the mammalian heat shock factors 1–4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Björk
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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23
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Chen YC, Lin SI, Chen YK, Chiang CS, Liaw GJ. The Torso signaling pathway modulates a dual transcriptional switch to regulate tailless expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:1061-72. [PMID: 19129218 PMCID: PMC2651784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Torso (Tor) signaling pathway activates tailless (tll) expression by relieving tll repression. None of the repressors identified so far, such as Capicuo, Groucho and Tramtrack69 (Ttk69), bind to the tor response element (tor-RE) or fully elucidate tll repression. In this study, an expanded tll expression pattern was shown in embryos with reduced heat shock factor (hsf) and Trithorax-like (Trl) activities. The GAGA factor, GAF encoded by Trl, bound weakly to the tor-RE, and this binding was enhanced by both Hsf and Ttk69. A similar extent of expansion of tll expression was observed in embryos with simultaneous knockdown of hsf, Trl and ttk69 activities, and in embryos with constitutively active Tor. Hsf is a substrate of mitogen-activated protein kinase and S378 is the major phosphorylation site. Phosphorylation converts Hsf from a repressor to an activator that works with GAF to activate tll expression. In conclusion, the GAF/Hsf/Ttk69 complex binding to the tor-RE remodels local chromatin structure to repress tll expression and the Tor signaling pathway activate tll expression by modulating a dual transcriptional switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chien Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan, ROC
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24
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Singh IS, Shah NG, Almutairy E, Hasday JD. Role of HSF1 in Infectious Disease. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2976-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Voellmy R, Boellmann F. Chaperone regulation of the heat shock protein response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 594:89-99. [PMID: 17205678 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-39975-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock protein response appears to be triggered primarily by nonnative proteins accumulating in a stressed cell and results in increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Many heat shock proteins prevent protein aggregation and participate in refolding or elimination of misfolded proteins in their capacity as chaperones. Even though several mechanisms exist to regulate the abundance of cytosolic and nuclear chaperones, activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is an essential aspect of the heat shock protein response. HSPs and co-chaperones that are assembled into multichaperone complexes regulate HSF1 activity at different levels. HSP90-containing multichaperone complexes appear to be the most relevant repressors of HSF1 activity. Because HSP90-containing multichaperone complexes interact not only specifically with client proteins including HSF1 but also generically with nonnative proteins, the concentration of nonnative proteins influences assembly on HSF1 of HSP90-containing complexes that repress activation, and may play a role in inactivation, of the transcription factor. Proteins that are unable to achieve stable tertiary structures and remain chaperone substrates are targeted for proteasomal degradation through polyubiquitination by co-chaperone CHIP. CHIP can activate HSF1 to regulate the protein quality control system that balances protection and degradation of chaperone substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Voellmy
- HSF Pharmaceuticals SA, Avenue des Cerisiers 39B, 1009 Pully, Switzerland.
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26
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Staib JL, Quindry JC, French JP, Criswell DS, Powers SK. Increased temperature, not cardiac load, activates heat shock transcription factor 1 and heat shock protein 72 expression in the heart. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R432-9. [PMID: 16990482 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00895.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of myocardial heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) postexercise is initiated by the activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). However, it remains unknown which physiological stimuli govern myocardial HSF1 activation during exercise. These experiments tested the hypothesis that thermal stress and mechanical load, concomitant with simulated exercise, provide independent stimuli for HSF1 activation and ensuing cardiac HSP72 gene expression. To elucidate the independent roles of increased temperature and cardiac workload in the exercise-mediated upregulation of left-ventricular HSP72, hearts from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five simulated exercise conditions. Upon reaching a surgical plane of anesthesia, each experimental heart was isolated and perfused using an in vitro working heart model, while independently varying temperatures (i.e., 37°C vs. 40°C) and cardiac workloads (i.e., low preload and afterload vs. high preload and afterload) to mimic exercise responses. Results indicate that hyperthermia, independent of cardiac workload, promoted an increase in nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of HSF1 compared with normothermic left ventricles. Similarly, hyperthermia, independent of workload, resulted in significant increases in cardiac levels of HSP72 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that HSF1 activation and HSP72 gene transcriptional competence during simulated exercise are linked to elevated heart temperature and are not a direct function of increased cardiac workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Staib
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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27
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Shamovsky I, Ivannikov M, Kandel ES, Gershon D, Nudler E. RNA-mediated response to heat shock in mammalian cells. Nature 2006; 440:556-60. [PMID: 16554823 DOI: 10.1038/nature04518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) has an important role in the heat-shock response in vertebrates by inducing the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and other cytoprotective proteins. HSF1 is present in unstressed cells in an inactive monomeric form and becomes activated by heat and other stress stimuli. HSF1 activation involves trimerization and acquisition of a site-specific DNA-binding activity, which is negatively regulated by interaction with certain HSPs. Here we show that HSF1 activation by heat shock is an active process that is mediated by a ribonucleoprotein complex containing translation elongation factor eEF1A and a previously unknown non-coding RNA that we term HSR1 (heat shock RNA-1). HSR1 is constitutively expressed in human and rodent cells and its homologues are functionally interchangeable. Both HSR1 and eEF1A are required for HSF1 activation in vitro; antisense oligonucleotides or short interfering (si)RNA against HSR1 impair the heat-shock response in vivo, rendering cells thermosensitive. The central role of HSR1 during heat shock implies that targeting this RNA could serve as a new therapeutic model for cancer, inflammation and other conditions associated with HSF1 deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Shamovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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28
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Pavlova GV, Manuilova ES, Arsen'eva EL, Grivennikov IA, Murkin EV, Kanaikina NV, Revishchin AV, Tarantul VN, Korochkin LI. BFP protein expression in transfected embryonic stem cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 139:514-6. [PMID: 16027892 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cultured mouse embryonic stem cells can be transfected with a reporter gene encoding blue fluorescent protein BFP and regulated by drosophila heat shock protein 70 promoter. This gene is activated after heating and synthesizes matrix RNA. Blue protein is synthesized under these conditions. The system for transfection of stem cells allows us to activate automatically the corresponding transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Pavlova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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29
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Abstract
Changes in growth temperature induce both activating and inactivating responses from cells, with the magnitude of the temperature change being among the factors that influence which type of response dominates. Aside from upregulated enzyme activity, induction of thermotolerance is the most widely studied and best understood activating response that cells exhibit following heat shock. Inactivating responses to heat shock that are of biomedical interest include heat radiosensitization and cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the activation energy for inducing thermotolerance, heat cytotoxicity, and radiosensitization all fall within a similar range of 120-146 kcal per mole. The relatively high activation energy for each of these responses suggests that they all involve a heat-induced molecular transition as a trigger, and several lines of research suggest strongly that protein denaturation is the common transition that triggers all three responses. Low levels of protein denaturation are sufficient to attract the 90 kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) such that it frees up heat shock factor 1, which then trimerizes to form an active transcription factor that upregulates expression of heat shock proteins. Upregulation of heat shock proteins and other heat-induced events result in the development of thermotolerance, which protects cells from subsequent exposure to heat shock and other stresses. A more severe heat shock increases protein denaturation proportionately and leads to aggregation of both denatured and native proteins. This results in inactivation of protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair processes such that cells either die or are sensitized to radiation and other cytotoxic events. The ultimate fate of cells following a heat shock depends upon the summation of the activation and inactivation events that are induced, which appears to be governed by the resultant magnitude of protein denaturation and aggregation. Treatments that stabilize cellular proteins against denaturation and aggregation reduce the magnitude of inactivating responses while increasing that of activating responses for a given heat shock (time at temperature), while treatments that sensitize proteins to denaturation and aggreation have the converse effect. These findings support the conclusion that the determinant of the cellular response to heat shock is the amount of heat-induced protein denaturation and aggregation and not the time at temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lepock
- Department of Medical Biophysics and the Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Eberhard J, Zahl A, Dommisch H, Winter J, Acil Y, Jepsen S. Heat shock induces the synthesis of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 in human pulp cells. Int Endod J 2006; 38:882-8. [PMID: 16343115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2005.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To measure the synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in cultures of human dental pulp cells induced by heat shock. METHODOLOGY Primary pulp cells (PC) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) were cultivated under appropriate conditions. For the characterization of PC the expression of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Thermal stimulation of cell cultures was performed at temperatures of 37, 38, 39, 40, 42 and 45 degrees C for stimulation times of 5 and 30 s. LTB4 was quantified by reversed-phase high-performance chromatography and differences between the LTB4 concentrations of controls and heat stimulated cells were analysed with Friedman analysis of variances by ranks and multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). RESULTS Both cell cultures expressed DSPP under the conditions of the present experiment. The analysis revealed significantly enhanced LTB4 synthesis following thermal stimulations at 38, 39, 40, 42 and 45 degrees C compared with unstimulated controls for both PC and DPSC. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated the capability of pulp cells to synthesize the arachidonic acid mediator LTB4 in response to heat shock. LTB4 has the capacity to induce inflammatory reactions and to sensitise afferent nociceptive nerve endings. LTB4 synthesis is induced by minor temperature changes, which are relevant for various clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eberhard
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
The heat shock response is triggered primarily by nonnative proteins accumulating in a stressed cell and results in increased expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps), i.e., of chaperones capable of participating in the refolding or elimination of nonnative proteins. Best known is the transcriptional part of this response that is mediated predominantly by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 activity is regulated at different levels by Hsps and co-chaperones and is modulated further by a number of mechanisms involving other stress-regulated aspects of cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Voellmy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA.
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32
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Shabtay A, Arad Z. Ectothermy and endothermy: evolutionary perspectives of thermoprotection by HSPs. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:2773-81. [PMID: 16000546 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Living organisms respond to heat exposure by selectively expressing heat shock proteins (HSPs). Accumulation of HSPs confers thermotolerance in cell cultures and in ectotherms and is an important component of the heat shock response. This response, however, has not been directly examined in relation to different `thermal states', namely ectothermy vs endothermy. By using avian development as a model system for transition from ectothermy to endothermy, we show that, in contrast to the ectothermic state, in the endothermic state the organism is more resistant to heat but relies less on HSPs as a first-line thermoprotective mechanism. Moreover, intraspecific,real-time, in vivo measurements in genetically diverse fowl strains relate improvement of thermoresistance in endotherms to improved body temperature (Tb) regulation, with a concomitant delay in the expression of HSPs. The time course of this delay and the Tb at which it occurs imply that the ontogenetic and evolutionary pathways leading to improved thermoresistance may have followed two, apparently non-related, parallel routes – cellular and peripheral(non-cellular). In search of other cellular components that differentially participate in the heat shock response, we revealed a significant expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in heat-exposed endotherms but not in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shabtay
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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33
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Fujikake N, Nagai Y, Popiel HA, Kano H, Yamaguchi M, Toda T. Alternative splicing regulates the transcriptional activity ofDrosophilaheat shock transcription factor in response to heat/cold stress. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3842-8. [PMID: 15978579 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) mediates the induction of heat shock proteins in response to various types of stress. Although HSF1 activity is regulated by its post-translational modifications, alterations in mRNA expression have also been suggested. We here identified three new alternatively spliced isoforms of Drosophila HSF (dHSF) mRNA, named dHSFb, dHSFc, and dHSFd. We found that the ratio of dHSFb increases upon heat exposure, while that of dHSFd increases upon cold exposure. The dHSFc and dHSFd isoforms showed greater transcriptional activity than the other isoforms. Our findings suggest that alternative splicing regulates the transcriptional activity of dHSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Fujikake
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-B9 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Bajoghli B, Aghaallaei N, Heimbucher T, Czerny T. An artificial promoter construct for heat-inducible misexpression during fish embryogenesis. Dev Biol 2004; 271:416-30. [PMID: 15223344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beside spatial distribution, timing of gene expression is a key parameter controlling gene function during embryonic development. Gain-of-function experiments can therefore have quite opposing results, depending on the time of gene activation. Induction techniques are necessary to control timing in these experiments from outside of the organism. Natural heat shock promoters constitute a simple inducible misexpression system, the main disadvantage is a high background level of expression. We present here a new heat stress-inducible bidirectional promoter consisting of multimerized heat shock elements (HSE). The simplified architecture of this promoter largely improves the properties needed for an efficient induction system: dramatically reduced background activity, improved inducibility, and loss of all tissue specific components. Based on this new artificial promoter, we present a transient induction system for fish embryos. Application of this new induction system for Fgf8 misexpression during embryonic development reveals different windows of competence during eye development. A dramatic early phenotype resulting in loss of the eyes is observed for conventional mRNA injection. Later activation, by using our inducible promoter, uncovers different eye phenotypes like cyclopic eyes. Even after 14 days, an efficient heat stress response could be evoked in the injected embryos. The HSE promoter therefore represents a new artificial heat shock promoter with superior properties, making possible transient experiments with inducible misexpression at various stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubak Bajoghli
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Voellmy R. On mechanisms that control heat shock transcription factor activity in metazoan cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2004; 9:122-33. [PMID: 15497499 PMCID: PMC1065292 DOI: 10.1379/csc-14r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factor Hsf in nonvertebrate animals and homologous heat shock factor Hsf1 in vertebrate animals are key transcriptional regulators of the stress protein response. Hsf/Hsf1 is constitutively present in cells but is, typically, only active during periods during which cells are experiencing a physical or chemical proteotoxic stress. It has become increasingly clear that regulation of Hsf/Hsf1 activity occurs at multiple levels: the oligomeric status of Hsf/Hsf1, its DNA-binding ability, posttranslational modification, transcriptional competence, nuclear/ subnuclear localization, as well as its interactions with regulatory cofactors or other transcription factors all appear to be carefully controlled. This review emphasizes work reported over the past several years suggesting that regulation at several of these levels is mediated by repressive interactions of Hsp90-containing multichaperone complexes and/or individual chaperones and Hsf/Hsf1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Voellmy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Gautier Building, Room 403, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Zhang L, Lohmann C, Prändl R, Schöffl F. Heat stress-dependent DNA binding of Arabidopsis heat shock transcription factor HSF1 to heat shock gene promoters in Arabidopsis suspension culture cells in vivo. Biol Chem 2003; 384:959-63. [PMID: 12887064 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using UV laser cross-linking and immunoprecipitation we measured the in vivo binding of Arabidopsis heat shock transcription factor HSF1 to the promoters of target genes, Hsp18.2 and Hsp70. The amplification of promoter sequences, co-precipitated with HSF1-specific antibodies, indicated that HSF1 is not bound in the absence of heat stress. Binding to promoter sequences of target genes is rapidly induced by heat stress, continues throughout the heat treatment, and declines during subsequent recovery at room temperature. The molecular mechanisms underlying the differences between Hsp18.2 and Hsp70 in the kinetics of HSF1/promoter binding and corresponding mRNA expression profiles are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/cytology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat Shock Transcription Factors
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Response/genetics
- Heat-Shock Response/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/analysis
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Zhang
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen--Allgemeine Genetik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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37
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Park JM, Kim JM, Kim LK, Kim SN, Kim-Ha J, Kim JH, Kim YJ. Signal-induced transcriptional activation by Dif requires the dTRAP80 mediator module. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:1358-67. [PMID: 12556495 PMCID: PMC141132 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.4.1358-1367.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediator complex is the major multiprotein transcriptional coactivator complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Mediator components interact with diverse sets of transcriptional activator proteins to elicit the sophisticated regulation of gene expression. The distinct phenotypes associated with certain mutations in some of the Mediator genes and the specific in vitro interactions of Mediator gene products with transcriptional activator proteins suggest the presence of activator-specific binding subunits within the Mediator complex. However, the physiological relevance of these selective in vitro interactions has not been addressed. Therefore, we analyzed dTRAP80, one of the putative activator-binding subunits of the Mediator, for specificity of binding to a number of natural transcriptional activators from Drosophila. Among the group of activator proteins that requires the Mediator complex for transcriptional activation, only a subset of these proteins interacted with dTRAP80 in vitro and only these dTRAP80-interacting activators were defective for activation under dTRAP80-deficient in vivo conditions. In particular, activation of Drosophila antimicrobial peptide drosomycin gene expression by the NF-kappa B-like transcription factor Dif during induction of the Toll signaling pathway was dependent on the dTRAP80 module. These results, and the indirect support from the dTRAP80 artificial recruitment assay, indicate that dTRAP80 serves as a genuine activator-binding target responsible for a distinct group of activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Mo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University. Digital Genomics, Inc., Seoul 120-749, Korea
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38
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Buckley BA, Hofmann GE. Thermal acclimation changes DNA-binding activity of heat shock factor 1(HSF1) in the gobyGillichthys mirabilis: implications for plasticity in the heat-shock response in natural populations. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:3231-40. [PMID: 12235201 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.20.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe intracellular build-up of thermally damaged proteins following exposure to heat stress results in the synthesis of a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins called heat shock proteins (Hsps) that act as molecular chaperones, protecting the cell against the aggregation of denatured proteins. The transcriptional regulation of heat shock genes by heat shock factor 1(HSF1) has been extensively studied in model systems, but little research has focused on the role HSF1 plays in Hsp gene expression in eurythermal organisms from broadly fluctuating thermal environments. The threshold temperature for Hsp induction in these organisms shifts with the recent thermal history of the individual but the mechanism by which this plasticity in Hsp induction temperature is achieved is unknown. We examined the effect of thermal acclimation on the heat-activation of HSF1 in the eurythermal teleost Gillichthys mirabilis. After a 5-week acclimation period (at 13, 21 or 28°C) the temperature of HSF1 activation was positively correlated with acclimation temperature. HSF1 activation peaked at 27°C in fish acclimated to 13°C, at 33°C in the 21°C group, and at 36°C in the 28°C group. Concentrations of both HSF1 and Hsp70 in the 28°C group were significantly higher than in the colder acclimated fish. Plasticity in HSF1 activation may be important to the adjustable nature of the heat shock response in eurythermal organisms and the environmental control of Hsp gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Buckley
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1501, USA
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39
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Tomanek L, Somero GN. Interspecific- and acclimation-induced variation in levels of heat-shock proteins 70 (hsp70) and 90 (hsp90) and heat-shock transcription factor-1 (HSF1) in congeneric marine snails (genusTegula): implications for regulation ofhspgene expression. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:677-85. [PMID: 11907057 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.5.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIn our previous studies of heat-shock protein (hsp) expression in congeneric marine gastropods of the genus Tegula, we observed interspecific and acclimation-induced variation in the temperatures at which heat-shock gene expression is induced (Ton). To investigate the factors responsible for these inter- and intraspecific differences in Ton, we tested the predictions of the ‘cellular thermometer’ model for the transcriptional regulation of hsp expression. According to this model, hsps not active in chaperoning unfolded proteins bind to a transcription factor, heat-shock factor-1 (HSF1), thereby reducing the levels of free HSF1 that are available to bind to the heat-shock element, a regulatory element upstream of hsp genes. Under stress, hsps bind to denatured proteins, releasing HSF1, which can now activate hsp gene transcription. Thus, elevated levels of heat-shock proteins of the 40, 70 and 90 kDa families (hsp 40, hsp70 and hsp90, respectively) would be predicted to elevate Ton. Conversely, elevated levels of HSF1 would be predicted to decrease Ton. Following laboratory acclimation to 13, 18 and 23°C, we used solid-phase immunochemistry (western analysis) to quantify endogenous levels of two hsp70 isoforms (hsp74 and hsp72), hsp90 and HSF1 in the low- to mid-intertidal species Tegula funebralis and in two subtidal to low-intertidal congeners, T. brunnea and T. montereyi. We found higher endogenous levels of hsp72 (a strongly heat-induced isoform) at 13 and 18°C in T. funebralis in comparison with T. brunnea and T. montereyi. However, T. funebralis also had higher levels of HSF1 than its congeners. The higher levels of HSF1 in T. funebralis cannot, within the framework of the cellular thermometer model, account for the higher Ton observed for this species, although they may explain why T. funebralis is able to induce the heat-shock response more rapidly than T. brunnea. However, the cellular thermometer model does appear to explain the cause of the increases in Ton that occurred during warm acclimation of the two subtidal species, in which warm acclimation was accompanied by increased levels of hsp72, hsp74 and hsp90, whereas levels of HSF1 remained stable. T. funebralis, which experiences greater heat stress than its subtidal congeners, consistently had higher ratios of hsp72 to hsp74 than its congeners, although the sum of levels of the two isoforms was similar for all three species except at the highest acclimation temperature (23°C). The ratio of hsp72 to hsp74 may provide a more accurate estimate of environmental heat stress than the total concentrations of both hsp70 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tomanek
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950-3094, USA.
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40
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Hjorth-Sørensen B, Hoffmann ER, Lissin NM, Sewell AK, Jakobsen BK. Activation of heat shock transcription factor in yeast is not influenced by the levels of expression of heat shock proteins. Mol Microbiol 2001; 39:914-23. [PMID: 11251812 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) transiently induces the expression of a universally conserved set of proteins, the heat shock proteins (Hsps), when cells are exposed to elevated temperatures as well as to a wide range of other environmental stresses. The tight control of heat shock gene expression has prompted a model, according to which HSF activity and 'free' heat shock protein levels are tied up in a regulatory loop. Other data have indicated that HSF senses stress directly. Here, we report that yeast cells in which the basal expression levels of Hsps have been significantly increased exhibit improved thermotolerance but display no detectable difference in the temperature required for transient activation of HSF. In a separate experiment, overexpression of SSA2, a member of the Hsp70 family and a prominent candidate for the feedback regulation of HSF, did not inhibit the heat shock response. Our findings challenge the dogma that relief of the suppression of HSF activity by Hsps can account for the acute heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hjorth-Sørensen
- University of Oxford, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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41
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Lerman DN, Feder ME. Laboratory selection at different temperatures modifies heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) activation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:315-23. [PMID: 11136617 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and time course of activation of the heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) differ among Drosophila melanogaster lines evolving at 18 degrees C, 25 degrees C or 28 degrees C for more than 20 years. At lower heat-shock temperatures (27–35 degrees C), flies from the 18 degrees C population had higher levels of activated HSF (as detected by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay) than those reared at 25 degrees C and 28 degrees C. At higher temperatures (36 and 37 degrees C), however, the 28 degrees C flies had the highest levels of HSF. These differences persisted after one generation of acclimation at 25 degrees C, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity was limited. In addition, larvae from the 28 degrees C lines activated HSF less rapidly after a 35 degrees C heat shock than those from the 18 degrees C and 25 degrees C populations. These results are similar but not identical to previously reported differences in expression of Hsp70 (the major heat-inducible stress protein in Drosophila melanogaster) among the experimental lines. We conclude that HSF activation evolves rapidly during laboratory culture at diverse temperatures and could play an important role in the evolution of the heat-shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Lerman
- The Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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42
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Nakai A, Suzuki M, Tanabe M. Arrest of spermatogenesis in mice expressing an active heat shock transcription factor 1. EMBO J 2000; 19:1545-54. [PMID: 10747023 PMCID: PMC310224 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.7.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, testicular temperature is lower than core body temperature, and the vulnerable nature of spermatogenesis to thermal insult has been known for a century. However, the primary target affected by increases in temperature is not yet clear. We report here that male mice expressing an active form of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) in the testis are infertile due to a block in spermatogenesis. The germ cells entered meiotic prophase and were arrested at pachytene stage, and there was a significant increase in the number of apoptotic germ cells in these mice. In wild-type mice, a single heat exposure caused the activation of HSF1 and similar histological changes such as a stage-specific apoptosis of pachytene spermatocytes. These results suggest that male infertility caused by thermal insult is at least partly due to the activation of HSF1, which induces the primary spermatocytes to undergo apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, USA.
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43
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Lis JT, Mason P, Peng J, Price DH, Werner J. P-TEFb kinase recruitment and function at heat shock loci. Genes Dev 2000. [DOI: 10.1101/gad.14.7.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
P-TEFb, a heterodimer of the kinase Cdk9 and cyclin T, was isolated as a factor that stimulates formation of productive transcription elongation complexes in vitro. Here, we show that P-TEFb is located at >200 distinct sites on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Upon heat shock, P-TEFb, like the regulatory factor HSF, is rapidly recruited to heat shock loci, and this recruitment is blocked in an HSF mutant. Yet, HSF binding to DNA is not sufficient to recruit P-TEFb in vivo, and HSF and P-TEFb immunostainings within a heat shock locus are not coincident. Insight to the function of P-TEFb is offered by experiments showing that the direct recruitment of a Gal4-binding domain P-TEFb hybrid to an hsp70 promoter in Drosophilacells is sufficient to activate transcription in the absence of heat shock. Analyses of point mutants show this P-TEFb stimulation is dependent on Cdk9 kinase activity and on Cdk9's interaction with cyclin T. These results, coupled with the frequent colocalization of P-TEFb and the hypophosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) found at promoter-pause sites, support a model in which P-TEFb acts to stimulate promoter-paused Pol II to enter into productive elongation.
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Samples BL, Pool GL, Lumb RH. Polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance the heat induced stress response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 123:389-97. [PMID: 10582313 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock response has been studied extensively, yet the molecular signals that trigger the response remain elusive. The dogma of the heat shock response contends that denatured proteins initiate the response, but evidence is accumulating to point to a more complex system in which at least more than one signal is involved in this process. Thermal stress initiates changes in cellular phospholipid membrane physical state, which when acted upon by phospholipases may release lipid mediators that could serve as triggering signals during the heat shock response. We have examined the heat shock response in freshly isolated leukocytes from the pronephros of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In this study, we show that leukocytes isolated from rainbow trout acclimated to 5 or 19 degrees C express elevated levels of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) mRNA when heat shocked at 5 degrees C above their respective acclimation temperature and supplementation with exogenous docosahexaenoic acid or arachidonic acid followed by heat shock enhanced levels of hsp70 mRNA. The time course for docosahexaenoic acid induced enhancement of hsp70 mRNA was accelerated compared with heat shock alone, and staurosporine inhibited the docosahexaenoic acid induced increase of hsp70 mRNA. We also provide evidence that phospholipase A2 is involved in the heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Samples
- Mountain Aquaculture Research Center, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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46
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Feder ME, Hofmann GE. Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu Rev Physiol 1999; 61:243-82. [PMID: 10099689 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2549] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones, including the heat-shock proteins (Hsps), are a ubiquitous feature of cells in which these proteins cope with stress-induced denaturation of other proteins. Hsps have received the most attention in model organisms undergoing experimental stress in the laboratory, and the function of Hsps at the molecular and cellular level is becoming well understood in this context. A complementary focus is now emerging on the Hsps of both model and nonmodel organisms undergoing stress in nature, on the roles of Hsps in the stress physiology of whole multicellular eukaryotes and the tissues and organs they comprise, and on the ecological and evolutionary correlates of variation in Hsps and the genes that encode them. This focus discloses that (a) expression of Hsps can occur in nature, (b) all species have hsp genes but they vary in the patterns of their expression, (c) Hsp expression can be correlated with resistance to stress, and (d) species' thresholds for Hsp expression are correlated with levels of stress that they naturally undergo. These conclusions are now well established and may require little additional confirmation; many significant questions remain unanswered concerning both the mechanisms of Hsp-mediated stress tolerance at the organismal level and the evolutionary mechanisms that have diversified the hsp genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Feder
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy and Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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47
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Morimoto RI. Regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response: cross talk between a family of heat shock factors, molecular chaperones, and negative regulators. Genes Dev 1998; 12:3788-96. [PMID: 9869631 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.24.3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1327] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R I Morimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 USA.
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48
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Satyal SH, Morimoto RI. Biochemical events in the activation and attenuation of the heat shock transcriptional response. J Biosci 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02936123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Abstract
The heat shock transcription factor HSF activates expression of its target genes in response to elevated temperatures and chemical or physiological stress. A key step in the activation process involves the formation of HSF homotrimers, leading to high-affinity DNA binding. The mechanism by which HSF trimerization and DNA binding is regulated by stress signals has remained elusive. Here, we report that trimerization and DNA binding of purified Drosophila HSF can be directly and reversibly induced in vitro by heat shock temperatures in the physiological range and by an oxidant, hydrogen peroxide. Other inducers of the heat shock response, including salicylate, dinitrophenol, ethanol, and arsenite, have no effect on HSF trimerization in vitro, indicating that these inducers act by indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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50
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Tanabe M, Kawazoe Y, Takeda S, Morimoto RI, Nagata K, Nakai A. Disruption of the HSF3 gene results in the severe reduction of heat shock gene expression and loss of thermotolerance. EMBO J 1998; 17:1750-8. [PMID: 9501096 PMCID: PMC1170522 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.6.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate genome encodes a family of heat shock factors (HSFs 1-4) of which the DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of HSF1 and HSF3 are activated upon heat shock. HSF1 has the properties of a classical HSF and exhibits rapid activation of DNA-binding and transcriptional activity upon exposure to conditions of heat shock and other stresses, whereas HSF3 typically is activated at higher temperatures and with distinct delayed kinetics. To address the role of HSF3 in the heat shock response, null cells lacking the HSF3 gene were constructed by disruption of the resident gene by somatic recombination in an avian lymphoid cell line. Null cells lacking HSF3, yet expressing normal levels of HSF1, exhibited a severe reduction in the heat shock response, as measured by inducible expression of heat shock genes, and did not exhibit thermotolerance. At intermediate heat shock temperatures, where HSF1 oligomerizes to an active trimer in wild-type cells, HSF1 remained as an inert monomer in the HSF3 null cell line. HSF3 null cells were restored to a nearly normal heat shock-responsive state by reintroduction of an exogenous HSF3 gene. These results reveal that HSF3 has a dominant role in the regulation of the heat shock response and directly influences HSF1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Chest Disease Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
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