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Muniesa-Vargas A, Davó-Martínez C, Ribeiro-Silva C, van der Woude M, Thijssen KL, Haspels B, Häckes D, Kaynak ÜU, Kanaar R, Marteijn JA, Theil AF, Kuijten MMP, Vermeulen W, Lans H. Persistent TFIIH binding to non-excised DNA damage causes cell and developmental failure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3490. [PMID: 38664429 PMCID: PMC11045817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital nucleotide excision repair (NER) deficiency gives rise to several cancer-prone and/or progeroid disorders. It is not understood how defects in the same DNA repair pathway cause different disease features and severity. Here, we show that the absence of functional ERCC1-XPF or XPG endonucleases leads to stable and prolonged binding of the transcription/DNA repair factor TFIIH to DNA damage, which correlates with disease severity and induces senescence features in human cells. In vivo, in C. elegans, this prolonged TFIIH binding to non-excised DNA damage causes developmental arrest and neuronal dysfunction, in a manner dependent on transcription-coupled NER. NER factors XPA and TTDA both promote stable TFIIH DNA binding and their depletion therefore suppresses these severe phenotypical consequences. These results identify stalled NER intermediates as pathogenic to cell functionality and organismal development, which can in part explain why mutations in XPF or XPG cause different disease features than mutations in XPA or TTDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Muniesa-Vargas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlota Davó-Martínez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Ribeiro-Silva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van der Woude
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen L Thijssen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Haspels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Häckes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ülkem U Kaynak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan F Theil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maayke M P Kuijten
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Kose C, Cao X, Dewey EB, Malkoç M, Adebali O, Sekelsky J, Lindsey-Boltz LA, Sancar A. Cross-species investigation into the requirement of XPA for nucleotide excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:677-689. [PMID: 37994737 PMCID: PMC10810185 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After reconstitution of nucleotide excision repair (excision repair) with XPA, RPA, XPC, TFIIH, XPF-ERCC1 and XPG, it was concluded that these six factors are the minimal essential components of the excision repair machinery. All six factors are highly conserved across diverse organisms spanning yeast to humans, yet no identifiable homolog of the XPA gene exists in many eukaryotes including green plants. Nevertheless, excision repair is reported to be robust in the XPA-lacking organism, Arabidopsis thaliana, which raises a fundamental question of whether excision repair could occur without XPA in other organisms. Here, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of XPA across all species with annotated genomes and then quantitatively measured excision repair in the absence of XPA using the sensitive whole-genome qXR-Seq method in human cell lines and two model organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. We find that although the absence of XPA results in inefficient excision repair and UV-sensitivity in humans, flies, and worms, excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage is detectable over background. These studies have yielded a significant discovery regarding the evolution of XPA protein and its mechanistic role in nucleotide excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Kose
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xuemei Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Evan B Dewey
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mustafa Malkoç
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ogün Adebali
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Computational Science-Biological Sciences, TÜBITAK Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences, Gebze, Türkiye
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura A Lindsey-Boltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aziz Sancar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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3
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Roshandel D, Semnani F, Rayati Damavandi A, Masoudi A, Baradaran-Rafii A, Watson SL, Morgan WH, McLenachan S. Genetic predisposition to ocular surface disorders and opportunities for gene-based therapies. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:150-165. [PMID: 37192706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface, comprised of the corneal and conjunctival epithelium, innervation system, immune components, and tear-film apparatus, plays a key role in ocular integrity as well as comfort and vision. Gene defects may result in congenital ocular or systemic disorders with prominent ocular surface involvement. Examples include epithelial corneal dystrophies, aniridia, ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. In addition, genetic factors may interact with environmental risk factors in the development of several multifactorial ocular surface disorders (OSDs) such as autoimmune disorders, allergies, neoplasms, and dry eye disease. Advanced gene-based technologies have already been introduced in disease modelling and proof-of-concept gene therapies for monogenic OSDs. For instance, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells have been used for modelling aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK), XP, and EEC syndrome. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been used for disease modelling and/or gene therapy for AAK and Meesmann's epithelial corneal dystrophy. A better understanding of the role of genetic factors in OSDs may be helpful in designing personalized disease models and treatment approaches. Gene-based approaches in monogenic OSDs and genetic predisposition to multifactorial OSDs such as immune-mediated disorders and neoplasms with known or possible genetic risk factors has been seldom reviewed. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of genetic factors in monogenic and multifactorial OSDs and potential opportunities for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Roshandel
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Farbod Semnani
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Masoudi
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Rafii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie L Watson
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William H Morgan
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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4
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Yoshioka A, Nakaoka H, Fukumoto T, Inoue I, Nishigori C, Kunisada M. The landscape of genetic alterations of UVB-induced skin tumors in DNA repair-deficient mice. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1607-1617. [PMID: 35751582 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is mainly caused by ultraviolet (UV)-induced somatic mutations and is characterized by UV signature modifications. Xeroderma pigmentosum group A (Xpa) knockout mice exhibit extreme UV-induced photo-skin carcinogenesis, along with a photosensitive phenotype. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples after repetitive ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure to investigate the differences in the landscape of somatic mutations between Xpa knockout and wild-type mice. Although the tumors that developed in mice harbored UV signature mutations in a similar set of cancer-related genes, the pattern of transcriptional strand asymmetry was largely different; UV signature mutations in Xpa knockout and wild-type mice preferentially occurred in transcribed and non-transcribed strands, respectively, reflecting a deficiency in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair in Xpa knockout mice. Serial time point analyses of WES for a tumor induced by only a single UVB exposure showed pathogenic mutations in Kras, Fat1, and Kmt2c, which may be driver genes for the initiation and promotion of SCC in Xpa knockout mice. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects on tumor production in Xpa knockout mice by the anti-inflammatory CXCL1 monoclonal antibody affected the pattern of somatic mutations, wherein the transcriptional strand asymmetry was attenuated and the activated signal transduction was shifted from the RAS/RAF/MAPK to the PIK3CA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Yoshioka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Human Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Human Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Research on Intractable Dermatological Disease, Department of iPS cell Applications, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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5
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Hatanaka T, Ramphai K, Takimoto S, Kanda H, Motosugi N, Kimura M, Mabuchi T, Oyama M, Takeuchi T, Okamura Y. Potential UV-Protective Effect of Freestanding Biodegradable Nanosheet-Based Sunscreen Preparations in XPA-Deficient Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020431. [PMID: 35214163 PMCID: PMC8878169 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disorder. As patients with XP are deficient in nucleotide excision repair, they show severe photosensitivity symptoms. Although skin protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is essential to improve the life expectancy of such patients, the optimal protective effect is not achieved even with sunscreen application, owing to the low usability of the preparations. Nanosheets are two-dimensional nanostructures with a thickness in the nanometer range. The extremely large aspect ratios of the nanosheets result in high transparency, flexibility, and adhesiveness. Moreover, their high moisture permeability enables their application to any area of the skin for a long time. We fabricated preparations containing avobenzone (BMDBM) based on freestanding poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanosheets through a spin-coating process. Although monolayered PLLA nanosheets did not contain enough BMDBM to protect against UV radiation, the layered nanosheets, consisting of five discrete BMDBM nanosheets, showed high UV absorbance without lowering the adhesive strength against skin. Inflammatory reactions in XPA-deficient mice after UV radiation were completely suppressed by the application of BMDBM-layered nanosheets to the skin. Thus, the BMDBM layered nanosheet could serve as a potential sunscreen preparation to improve the quality of life of patients with XP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hatanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0295, Japan; (M.O.); (T.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (N.M.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Khampeeraphan Ramphai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
| | - Shun Takimoto
- Course of Applied Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (S.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiromi Kanda
- Course of Applied Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (S.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Nami Motosugi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (N.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Minoru Kimura
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan;
| | - Tomotaka Mabuchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (N.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Midori Oyama
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0295, Japan; (M.O.); (T.T.)
| | - Tomoharu Takeuchi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0295, Japan; (M.O.); (T.T.)
| | - Yosuke Okamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
- Course of Applied Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (S.T.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.O.)
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Gabellone S, Piccinino D, Filippi S, Castrignanò T, Zippilli C, Del Buono D, Saladino R. Lignin Nanoparticles Deliver Novel Thymine Biomimetic Photo-Adducts with Antimelanoma Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020915. [PMID: 35055101 PMCID: PMC8777952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of novel thymine biomimetic photo-adducts bearing an alkane spacer between nucleobases and characterized by antimelanoma activity against two mutated cancer cell lines overexpressing human Topoisomerase 1 (TOP1), namely SKMEL28 and RPMI7951. Among them, Dewar Valence photo-adducts showed a selectivity index higher than the corresponding pyrimidine-(6-4)-pyrimidone and cyclobutane counterpart and were characterized by the highest affinity towards TOP1/DNA complex as evaluated by molecular docking analysis. The antimelanoma activity of novel photo-adducts was retained after loading into UV photo-protective lignin nanoparticles as stabilizing agent and efficient drug delivery system. Overall, these results support a combined antimelanoma and UV sunscreen strategy involving the use of photo-protective lignin nanoparticles for the controlled release of thymine dimers on the skin followed by their sacrificial transformation into photo-adducts and successive inhibition of melanoma and alert of cellular UV machinery repair pathways.
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7
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Telomeres and Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121405. [PMID: 34947936 PMCID: PMC8704776 DOI: 10.3390/life11121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are indispensable chromatin structures for genome protection and replication. Telomere length maintenance has been attributed to several functional modulators, including telomerase, the shelterin complex, and the CST complex, synergizing with DNA replication, repair, and the RNA metabolism pathway components. As dysfunctional telomere maintenance and telomerase activation are associated with several human diseases, including cancer, the molecular mechanisms behind telomere length regulation and protection need particular emphasis. Cancer cells exhibit telomerase activation, enabling replicative immortality. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation is involved in cancer development through diverse activities other than mediating telomere elongation. This review describes the telomere functions, the role of functional modulators, the implications in cancer development, and the future therapeutic opportunities.
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8
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Okazaki S, Funasaka Y, Saeki H. Enhancement of ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis and elimination of DNA damage by pre-irradiation with infrared radiation A does not depend on DNA damage repair. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 89:184-189. [PMID: 34526460 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2022_89-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that pre-irradiation with infrared radiation A (IRA) eliminated ultraviolet B (UVB) -induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Accelerated elimination of CPDs could have resulted from enhanced DNA repair and/or enhanced induction of apoptosis. In this study, we examined whether IRA accelerated the elimination of CPDs by enhancing DNA repair, using Xpa knockout (KO) mice, which were deficient in DNA repair. METHODS We have already generated mice harboring epidermal melanocytes that produce only eumelanin and dominant pheomelanin, and no melanin. To obtain such mice but with impaired DNA repair ability, we backcrossed these mice with Xpa KO mice. Three hours before UVB irradiation, the mice were irradiated with IRA, and CPDs and apoptotic cells were examined. RESULTS Pre-irradiation of Xpa KO mice with IRA before UVB irradiation could accelerate the removal of CPDs and enhance apoptotic changes. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the enhancement of UVB-induced apoptosis and acceleration of removal of CPDs by pre-irradiation with IRA does not depend on DNA damage repair.
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9
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Nakane H, Higaki K, Koyama Y, Nanba E, Kaidoh T. Autophagy induction on impaired spermatogenesis of xeroderma pigmentosum group A gene-deficient mice. Biomed Res 2021; 41:237-242. [PMID: 33071259 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) involves a defect in the initial step of nucleotide excision repair (NER) and consists of eight genetic complementation groups (groups A-G and a variant). XP group A (XPA) patients have a high incidence of UV-induced skin tumors, immature testicular development, and neurological symptoms. In an earlier study, we have shown that XP group A (Xpa) gene-knockout mice (Xpa-/- mice) were highly sensitive to UV-induced skin carcinogenesis with a defect in NER and were highly susceptibility to spontaneous tumorigenesis with impaired spermatogenesis. However, the pathology of impaired spermatogenesis in Xpa-/- mice is unknown. To unravel the underlying pathology, we made a concerted effort using the testis of 3-month-old Xpa-/- mice. We found many large vacuoles in the seminiferous tubules of 3-month old Xpa-/- mice, while there were no large vacuoles in that of Xpa+/+ mice. Immunohistochemistry of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagosome marker, showed degenerating cells with intense signal of LC3 in the seminiferous tubules, and immunoblotting revealed induction of LC3-II in the 3-month-old Xpa-/- mice. The results of the present study suggest autophagy induction as the possible mechanism underlying the impaired spermatogenesis in Xpa-/- mice. Therefore, Xpa-/- mice could be a useful model for investigating aging and male infertility with low expression of XPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Nakane
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University
| | - Yuka Koyama
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Research Strategy Division, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University
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10
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Zhang Y, Mandemaker IK, Matsumoto S, Foreman O, Holland CP, Lloyd WR, Sugasawa K, Vermeulen W, Marteijn JA, Galardy PJ. USP44 Stabilizes DDB2 to Facilitate Nucleotide Excision Repair and Prevent Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663411. [PMID: 33937266 PMCID: PMC8085418 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a pathway involved in the repair of a variety of potentially mutagenic lesions that distort the DNA double helix. The ubiquitin E3-ligase complex UV-DDB is required for the recognition and repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) lesions through NER. DDB2 directly binds CPDs and subsequently undergoes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. DDB2 must remain on damaged chromatin, however, for sufficient time to recruit and hand-off lesions to XPC, a factor essential in the assembly of downstream repair components. Here we show that the tumor suppressor USP44 directly deubiquitinates DDB2 to prevent its premature degradation and is selectively required for CPD repair. Cells lacking USP44 have impaired DDB2 accumulation on DNA lesions with subsequent defects in XPC retention. The physiological importance of this mechanism is evident in that mice lacking Usp44 are prone to tumors induced by NER lesions introduced by DMBA or UV light. These data reveal the requirement for highly regulated ubiquitin addition and removal in the recognition and repair of helix-distorting DNA damage and identify another mechanism by which USP44 protects genomic integrity and prevents tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Imke K Mandemaker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher P Holland
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Whitney R Lloyd
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul J Galardy
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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11
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Apelt K, White SM, Kim HS, Yeo JE, Kragten A, Wondergem AP, Rooimans MA, González-Prieto R, Wiegant WW, Lunke S, Flanagan D, Pantaleo S, Quinlan C, Hardikar W, van Attikum H, Vertegaal AC, Wilson BT, Wolthuis RM, Schärer OD, Luijsterburg MS. ERCC1 mutations impede DNA damage repair and cause liver and kidney dysfunction in patients. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200622. [PMID: 33315086 PMCID: PMC7927433 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a multifunctional endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Only two patients with bi-allelic ERCC1 mutations have been reported, both of whom had features of Cockayne syndrome and died in infancy. Here, we describe two siblings with bi-allelic ERCC1 mutations in their teenage years. Genomic sequencing identified a deletion and a missense variant (R156W) within ERCC1 that disrupts a salt bridge below the XPA-binding pocket. Patient-derived fibroblasts and knock-in epithelial cells carrying the R156W substitution show dramatically reduced protein levels of ERCC1 and XPF. Moreover, mutant ERCC1 weakly interacts with NER and ICL repair proteins, resulting in diminished recruitment to DNA damage. Consequently, patient cells show strongly reduced NER activity and increased chromosome breakage induced by DNA cross-linkers, while DSB repair was relatively normal. We report a new case of ERCC1 deficiency that severely affects NER and considerably impacts ICL repair, which together result in a unique phenotype combining short stature, photosensitivity, and progressive liver and kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Apelt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan M. White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yeo
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela Kragten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Martin A. Rooimans
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Román González-Prieto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Wiegant
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel Flanagan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sarah Pantaleo
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Catherine Quinlan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Kidney Regeneration, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Winita Hardikar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alfred C.O. Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Brian T. Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rob M.F. Wolthuis
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Orlando D. Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Okada F, Izutsu R, Goto K, Osaki M. Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis: Lessons from Animal Models to Clinical Aspects. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040921. [PMID: 33671768 PMCID: PMC7926701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In multicellular organisms, inflammation is the body’s most primitive and essential protective response against any external agent. Inflammation, however, not only causes various modern diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndrome, infectious diseases, and cancer but also shortens the healthy life expectancy. This review focuses on the onset of carcinogenesis due to chronic inflammation caused by pathogen infections and inhalation/ingestion of foreign substances. This study summarizes animal models associated with inflammation-related carcinogenesis by organ. By determining factors common to inflammatory carcinogenesis models, we examined strategies for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory carcinogenesis in humans. Abstract Inflammation-related carcinogenesis has long been known as one of the carcinogenesis patterns in humans. Common carcinogenic factors are inflammation caused by infection with pathogens or the uptake of foreign substances from the environment into the body. Inflammation-related carcinogenesis as a cause for cancer-related death worldwide accounts for approximately 20%, and the incidence varies widely by continent, country, and even region of the country and can be affected by economic status or development. Many novel approaches are currently available concerning the development of animal models to elucidate inflammation-related carcinogenesis. By learning from the oldest to the latest animal models for each organ, we sought to uncover the essential common causes of inflammation-related carcinogenesis. This review confirmed that a common etiology of organ-specific animal models that mimic human inflammation-related carcinogenesis is prolonged exudation of inflammatory cells. Genotoxicity or epigenetic modifications by inflammatory cells resulted in gene mutations or altered gene expression, respectively. Inflammatory cytokines/growth factors released from inflammatory cells promote cell proliferation and repair tissue injury, and inflammation serves as a “carcinogenic niche”, because these fundamental biological events are common to all types of carcinogenesis, not just inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Since clinical strategies are needed to prevent carcinogenesis, we propose the therapeutic apheresis of inflammatory cells as a means of eliminating fundamental cause of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Okada
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-859-38-6241
| | - Runa Izutsu
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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13
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Kumar N, Raja S, Van Houten B. The involvement of nucleotide excision repair proteins in the removal of oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11227-11243. [PMID: 33010169 PMCID: PMC7672477 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The six major mammalian DNA repair pathways were discovered as independent processes, each dedicated to remove specific types of lesions, but the past two decades have brought into focus the significant interplay between these pathways. In particular, several studies have demonstrated that certain proteins of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) pathways work in a cooperative manner in the removal of oxidative lesions. This review focuses on recent data showing how the NER proteins, XPA, XPC, XPG, CSA, CSB and UV-DDB, work to stimulate known glycosylases involved in the removal of certain forms of base damage resulting from oxidative processes, and also discusses how some oxidative lesions are probably directly repaired through NER. Finally, since many glycosylases are inhibited from working on damage in the context of chromatin, we detail how we believe UV-DDB may be the first responder in altering the structure of damage containing-nucleosomes, allowing access to BER enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kumar
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sripriya Raja
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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14
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Saha LK, Wakasugi M, Akter S, Prasad R, Wilson SH, Shimizu N, Sasanuma H, Huang SYN, Agama K, Pommier Y, Matsunaga T, Hirota K, Iwai S, Nakazawa Y, Ogi T, Takeda S. Topoisomerase I-driven repair of UV-induced damage in NER-deficient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14412-14420. [PMID: 32513688 PMCID: PMC7321995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920165117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes helix-destabilizing adducts including ultraviolet (UV) lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). In comparison with CPDs, 6-4PPs have greater cytotoxicity and more strongly destabilizing properties of the DNA helix. It is generally believed that NER is the only DNA repair pathway that removes the UV lesions as evidenced by the previous data since no repair of UV lesions was detected in NER-deficient skin fibroblasts. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) constantly creates transient single-strand breaks (SSBs) releasing the torsional stress in genomic duplex DNA. Stalled TOP1-SSB complexes can form near DNA lesions including abasic sites and ribonucleotides embedded in chromosomal DNA. Here we show that base excision repair (BER) increases cellular tolerance to UV independently of NER in cancer cells. UV lesions irreversibly trap stable TOP1-SSB complexes near the UV damage in NER-deficient cells, and the resulting SSBs activate BER. Biochemical experiments show that 6-4PPs efficiently induce stable TOP1-SSB complexes, and the long-patch repair synthesis of BER removes 6-4PPs downstream of the SSB. Furthermore, NER-deficient cancer cell lines remove 6-4PPs within 24 h, but not CPDs, and the removal correlates with TOP1 expression. NER-deficient skin fibroblasts weakly express TOP1 and show no detectable repair of 6-4PPs. Remarkably, the ectopic expression of TOP1 in these fibroblasts led them to completely repair 6-4PPs within 24 h. In conclusion, we reveal a DNA repair pathway initiated by TOP1, which significantly contributes to cellular tolerance to UV-induced lesions particularly in malignant cancer cells overexpressing TOP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Kumar Saha
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mitsuo Wakasugi
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1192 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Naoto Shimizu
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shar-Yin Naomi Huang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tsukasa Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1192 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Biological Chemistry Group, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakazawa
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan;
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15
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Yamano N, Kunisada M, Kaidzu S, Sugihara K, Nishiaki-Sawada A, Ohashi H, Yoshioka A, Igarashi T, Ohira A, Tanito M, Nishigori C. Long-term Effects of 222-nm ultraviolet radiation C Sterilizing Lamps on Mice Susceptible to Ultraviolet Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:853-862. [PMID: 32222977 PMCID: PMC7497027 DOI: 10.1111/php.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Germicidal lamps that emit primarily 254 nm ultraviolet radiation (UV) are routinely utilized for surface sterilization but cannot be used for human skin because they cause genotoxicity. As an alternative, 222‐nm UVC has been reported to exert sterilizing ability comparable to that of 254‐nm UVC without producing cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), the major DNA lesions caused by UV. However, there has been no clear evidence for safety in chronic exposure to skin, particularly with respect to carcinogenesis. We therefore investigated the long‐term effects of 222‐nm UVC on skin using a highly photocarcinogenic phenotype mice that lack xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (Xpa‐) gene, which is involved in repairing of CPDs. CPDs formation was recognized only uppermost layer of epidermis even with high dose of 222‐nm UVC exposure. No tumors were observed in Xpa‐knockout mice and wild‐type mice by repetitive irradiation with 222‐nm UVC, using a protocol which had shown to produce tumor in Xpa‐knockout mice irradiated with broad‐band UVB. Furthermore, erythema and ear swelling were not observed in both genotype mice following 222‐nm UVC exposure. Our data suggest that 222‐nm UVC lamps can be safely used for sterilizing human skin as far as the perspective of skin cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Yamano
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kaidzu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sugihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ai Yoshioka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Ohira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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16
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Nakazawa Y, Hara Y, Oka Y, Komine O, van den Heuvel D, Guo C, Daigaku Y, Isono M, He Y, Shimada M, Kato K, Jia N, Hashimoto S, Kotani Y, Miyoshi Y, Tanaka M, Sobue A, Mitsutake N, Suganami T, Masuda A, Ohno K, Nakada S, Mashimo T, Yamanaka K, Luijsterburg MS, Ogi T. Ubiquitination of DNA Damage-Stalled RNAPII Promotes Transcription-Coupled Repair. Cell 2020; 180:1228-1244.e24. [PMID: 32142649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) is initiated by the stalling of elongating RNA polymerase II (RNAPIIo) at DNA lesions. The ubiquitination of RNAPIIo in response to DNA damage is an evolutionarily conserved event, but its function in mammals is unknown. Here, we identified a single DNA damage-induced ubiquitination site in RNAPII at RPB1-K1268, which regulates transcription recovery and DNA damage resistance. Mechanistically, RPB1-K1268 ubiquitination stimulates the association of the core-TFIIH complex with stalled RNAPIIo through a transfer mechanism that also involves UVSSA-K414 ubiquitination. We developed a strand-specific ChIP-seq method, which revealed RPB1-K1268 ubiquitination is important for repair and the resolution of transcriptional bottlenecks at DNA lesions. Finally, RPB1-K1268R knockin mice displayed a short life-span, premature aging, and neurodegeneration. Our results reveal RNAPII ubiquitination provides a two-tier protection mechanism by activating TC-NER and, in parallel, the processing of DNA damage-stalled RNAPIIo, which together prevent prolonged transcription arrest and protect against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakazawa
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Oka
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Diana van den Heuvel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Chaowan Guo
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Daigaku
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayu Isono
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuxi He
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mayuko Shimada
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kana Kato
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Kotani
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Genome Editing Research and Development (R&D) Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Miyoshi
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miyako Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakada
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Genome Editing Research and Development (R&D) Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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17
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Apostolou Z, Chatzinikolaou G, Stratigi K, Garinis GA. Nucleotide Excision Repair and Transcription-Associated Genome Instability. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800201. [PMID: 30919497 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription is a potential threat to genome integrity, and transcription-associated DNA damage must be repaired for proper messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis and for cells to transmit their genome intact into progeny. For a wide range of structurally diverse DNA lesions, cells employ the highly conserved nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway to restore their genome back to its native form. Recent evidence suggests that NER factors function, in addition to the canonical DNA repair mechanism, in processes that facilitate mRNA synthesis or shape the 3D chromatin architecture. Here, these findings are critically discussed and a working model that explains the puzzling clinical heterogeneity of NER syndromes highlighting the relevance of physiological, transcription-associated DNA damage to mammalian development and disease is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivkos Apostolou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion GR71409, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgia Chatzinikolaou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Stratigi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - George A Garinis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion GR71409, Crete, Greece
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18
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Folgueras AR, Freitas-Rodríguez S, Velasco G, López-Otín C. Mouse Models to Disentangle the Hallmarks of Human Aging. Circ Res 2019; 123:905-924. [PMID: 30355076 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Model organisms have provided fundamental evidence that aging can be delayed and longevity extended. These findings gave rise to a new era in aging research aimed at elucidating the pathways and networks controlling this complex biological process. The identification of 9 hallmarks of aging has established a framework to evaluate the relative contribution of each hallmark and the interconnections among them. In this review, we revisit these hallmarks with the information obtained exclusively through the generation of genetically modified mouse models that have a significant impact on the aging process. We discuss within each hallmark those interventions that accelerate aging or that have been successful at increasing lifespan, with the final goal of identifying the most promising antiaging avenues based on the current knowledge provided by in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Folgueras
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sandra Freitas-Rodríguez
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gloria Velasco
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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19
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Csiszar A, Balasubramanian P, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A, Zhang XA, Springo Z, Benbrook D, Sonntag WE, Ungvari Z. Chemically induced carcinogenesis in rodent models of aging: assessing organismal resilience to genotoxic stressors in geroscience research. GeroScience 2019; 41:209-227. [PMID: 31037472 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant overlap between the cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and pathways contributing to carcinogenesis, including the role of genome maintenance pathways. In the field of geroscience analysis of novel genetic mouse models with either a shortened, or an extended, lifespan provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the synergistic roles of longevity assurance pathways in cancer resistance and regulation of lifespan and to develop novel targets for interventions that both delay aging and prevent carcinogenesis. There is a growing need for robust assays to assess the susceptibility of cancer in these models. The present review focuses on a well-characterized method frequently used in cancer research, which can be adapted to study resilience to genotoxic stress and susceptibility to genotoxic stress-induced carcinogenesis in geroscience research namely, chemical carcinogenesis induced by treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Recent progress in understanding how longer-living mice may achieve resistance to chemical carcinogenesis and how these pathways are modulated by anti-aging interventions is reviewed. Strain-specific differences in sensitivity to DMBA-induced carcinogenesis are also explored and contrasted with mouse lifespan. The clinical relevance of inhibition of DMBA-induced carcinogenesis for the pathogenesis of mammary adenocarcinomas in older human subjects is discussed. Finally, the potential role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the regulation of pathways responsible for cellular resilience to DMBA-induced mutagenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Xin A Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zsolt Springo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Doris Benbrook
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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High levels of oxidatively generated DNA damage 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine accumulate in the brain tissues of xeroderma pigmentosum group A gene-knockout mice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 80:52-58. [PMID: 31279170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder associated with defects in nucleotide excision repair, a pathway that eliminates a wide variety of helix-distorting DNA lesions, including ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers. In addition to skin diseases in sun-exposed areas, approximately 25% of XP patients develop progressive neurological disease, which has been hypothesized to be associated with the accumulation of an oxidatively generated type of DNA damage called purine 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxynucleoside (cyclopurine). However, that hypothesis has not been verified. In this study, we tested that hypothesis by using the XP group A gene-knockout (Xpa-/-) mouse model. To quantify cyclopurine lesions in this model, we previously established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a monoclonal antibody (CdA-1) that specifically recognizes 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (cyclo-dA). By optimizing conditions, we increased the ELISA sensitivity to a detection limit of ˜one cyclo-dA lesion/106 nucleosides. The improved ELISA revealed that cyclo-dA lesions accumulate with age in the brain tissues of Xpa-/- and of wild-type (wt) mice, but there were significantly more cyclo-dA lesions in Xpa-/- mice than in wt mice at 6, 24 and 29 months of age. These findings are consistent with the long-standing hypothesis that the age-dependent accumulation of endogenous cyclopurine lesions in the brain may be critical for XP neurological abnormalities.
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21
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Feng X, Liu J, Gong Y, Gou K, Yang H, Yuan Y, Xing C. DNA repair protein XPA is differentially expressed in colorectal cancer and predicts better prognosis. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2339-2349. [PMID: 29675892 PMCID: PMC6010851 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an indispensable factor in DNA damage recognition step of nucleotide excision repair, XPA interacts with a series of proteins to initiate repair process. The expression characteristics of XPA in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its influence on CRC prognosis remain elusive. Tissue specimens of CRC and nontumor adjacent tissues from 283 patients were collected. XPA protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Nonparametric test was used to investigate the difference of XPA expression between CRC and nontumor adjacent tissues, as well as the correlation between XPA expression and clinicopathological parameters of CRC. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate the relationship between XPA expression and CRC prognosis. Meanwhile, we analyzed TCGA data to investigate the relation between XPA mRNA expression and survival of CRC. XPA protein expression was significantly decreased in CRC tissues compared with nontumor adjacent tissues (P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated consistently significant down-regulation of XPA in CRC tissues in age > 60 (P = 0.026), age ≤ 60 (P = 0.008), colon cancer (P = 0.009), and rectal cancer (P = 0.015) patients and males (P = 0.004). For clinicopathological parameters, CRC patients with drinking habits revealed XPA overexpression than nondrinkers (P = 0.032). For prognosis, CRC patients with high XPA protein expression had longer overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.39-0.97, P = 0.037). Stratified analysis suggested a better prognosis in relation to high XPA protein expression in patients over 60 years (adjusted HR = 0.48, P = 0.021), with rectal cancer (HR = 0.56, P = 0.037), without distant metastasis (HR = 0.58, P = 0.033), without tumor deposits (HR = 0.40, P = 0.006; adjusted HR = 0.44, P = 0.028), and with tumor diameter over 4 cm (HR = 0.49, P = 0.023). DNA repair protein XPA is significantly decreased in colorectal cancer tissues than in adjacent nontumor tissues. High expression of XPA protein showed significant relationship with better survival of CRC, especially rectal cancer. XPA might be a novel biomarker but might not be an independent factor to predict prognosis of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
- Liaoning Provincial Education DepartmentKey Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
- Liaoning Provincial Education DepartmentKey Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
| | - Yuehua Gong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
- Liaoning Provincial Education DepartmentKey Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
| | - Kaihua Gou
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
- Liaoning Provincial Education DepartmentKey Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
| | - Huaiwei Yang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
- Liaoning Provincial Education DepartmentKey Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
- Liaoning Provincial Education DepartmentKey Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
| | - Chengzhong Xing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
- Liaoning Provincial Education DepartmentKey Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110001China
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22
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Adachi E, Sakai K, Nishiuchi T, Imamura R, Sato H, Matsumoto K. Different growth and metastatic phenotypes associated with a cell-intrinsic change of Met in metastatic melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70779-70793. [PMID: 27683122 PMCID: PMC5342589 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A dynamic phenotypic change contributes to the metastatic progression and drug resistance in malignant melanoma. Nevertheless, mechanisms for a phenotypic change have remained to be addressed. Here, we show that Met receptor expression changes in a cell-autonomous manner and can distinguish phenotypical differences in growth, as well as in metastatic and drug-resistant characteristics. In metastatic melanoma, the cells are composed of Met-low and Met-high populations. Met-low populations have stem-like gene expression profiles, are resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, and have shown abundant angiogenesis and rapid tumor growth in subcutaneous inoculation. Met-high populations have a differentiated phenotype, are relatively resistant to B-RAF inhibitor, and are highly metastatic to the lungs. Met plays a definitive role in lung metastasis because the lung metastasis of Met-high cells requires Met, and treatment of mice with the Met-containing exosomes from Met-high cells facilitates lung metastasis by Met-low cells. Clonal cell fate analysis showed the hierarchical phenotypical changes from Met-low to Met-high populations. Met-low cells either showed self-renewal or changed into Met-high cells, whereas Met-high cells remained Met-high. Clonal transition from Met-low to Met-high cells accompanied changes in the gene expression profile, in tumor growth, and in metastasis that were similar to those in Met-high cells. These findings indicate that malignant melanoma has the ability to undergo phenotypic change by a cell-intrinsic/autonomous mechanism that can be characterized by Met expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Adachi
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Ryu Imamura
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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23
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Kunisada M, Hosaka C, Takemori C, Nakano E, Nishigori C. CXCL1 Inhibition Regulates UVB-Induced Skin Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in Xpa-Deficient Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1975-1983. [PMID: 28528167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A is a hereditary disease characterized by early onset of skin cancers and freckle-like pigmented maculae in sun-exposed sites. Although the etiology of the predisposition to UVR-induced skin tumors in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A is well investigated as a repair deficiency in UVR-induced DNA damage, the mechanism of exaggerated sunburn in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A and whether UVR-induced inflammation relates to a skin tumor-prone phenotype remains to be elucidated. Using gene profiling of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A model mice, Xpa-deficient mice, we found that expression of CXCL1 in the skin and blood of Xpa-deficient mice increased significantly after UVB exposure over even a limited area compared with that of wild-type mice. We administered CXCL1 neutralizing antibody or the antioxidant agent, N-acetylcysteine, to Xpa-deficient mice after UVB irradiation and found significant suppression of blood levels of CXCL1, ear swelling and erythema, the hallmarks of inflammation and neutrophil chemotaxis. Xpa-deficient mice treated with chronic UVB exposure plus administration of CXCL1 neutralizing antibody or N-acetylcysteine yielded many fewer skin tumors compared with the control group. This indicates that the UVB-induced strong inflammatory response of Xpa-deficient mice plays a role in skin tumor development, which could be suppressed by regulating chemokines such as CXCL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chieko Hosaka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takemori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakano
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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24
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Shinomiya H, Yamashita D, Fujita T, Nakano E, Inokuchi G, Hasegawa S, Otsuki N, Nishigori C, Nibu KI. Hearing Dysfunction in Xpa-Deficient Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:19. [PMID: 28239347 PMCID: PMC5301083 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare recessive heredity disease caused by DNA repair impairment characterized by photosensitivity and neurologic symptoms in half of the cases. There are eight subtypes of XP: XP-A–XP-G and XP variant. Among eight subtypes, XP complementation group A (XP-A) display the lowest DNA repair ability and the severest cutaneous and neurologic symptoms. While its pathogenesis of skin symptoms have been well-studied, that of neurological symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) remains unknown. Basic studies have suggested that SNHL may be caused by inner ear damage, including damage to the spiral ganglion neurons and organ of Corti, and that the XP-A is associated with most severe form of SNHL in humans. Here, we report the occurrence of SNHL in Xpa-deficient mice. Xpa-deficient mice and wild-type mice underwent measurements for auditory brainstem response, and the results revealed that Xpa-deficient mice exhibited significantly greater (p < 0.01) ABR thresholds at 4, 8, and 16 kHz than the wild-type mice. Furthermore, the number of spiral ganglion neurons was reduced in Xpa-deficient mice compared with that in wild-type mice, indicating that hearing loss may be related to spiral ganglion neuron deficiency, consistent with the few reports published in human patients with XP. These results provide important insights into the pathogenesis of SNHL in patients with XP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Shinomiya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakano
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Inokuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Otsuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nibu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
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25
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Abstract
As many as 5% of human cancers appear to be of hereditable etiology. Of the more than 50 characterized familial cancer syndromes, most involve disease affecting multiple organs and many can be traced to one or more abnormalities in specific genes. Studying these syndromes in humans is a difficult task, especially when it comes to genes that may manifest themselves early in gestation. It has been made somewhat easier with the development of genetically engineered mice (GEM) that phenotypically mimic many of these inheritable human cancers. The past 15 years has seen the establishment of mouse lines heterozygous or homozygous null for genes known or suspected of being involved in human cancer syndromes, including APC, ATM, BLM, BRCA1, BRCA2, LKB1, MEN1, MLH, MSH, NF1, TP53, PTEN, RB1, TSC1, TSC2, VHL, and XPA. These lines not only provide models for clinical disease and pathology, but also provide avenues to investigate molecular pathology, gene-gene and protein-tissue interaction, and, ultimately, therapeutic intervention. Possibly of even greater importance, they provide a means of looking at placental and fetal tissues, where genetic abnormalities are often first detected and where they may be most easily corrected. We will review these mouse models, examine their usefulness in medical research, and furnish sources of animals and references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M Ward
- Veterinary and Tumor Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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26
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Fu L, Xu X, Ren R, Wu J, Zhang W, Yang J, Ren X, Wang S, Zhao Y, Sun L, Yu Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, Yuan Y, Qiao J, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Qu J, Liu GH. Modeling xeroderma pigmentosum associated neurological pathologies with patients-derived iPSCs. Protein Cell 2016; 7:210-21. [PMID: 26874523 PMCID: PMC4791426 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a group of genetic disorders caused by mutations of XP-associated genes, resulting in impairment of DNA repair. XP patients frequently exhibit neurological degeneration, but the underlying mechanism is unknown, in part due to lack of proper disease models. Here, we generated patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) harboring mutations in five different XP genes including XPA, XPB, XPC, XPG, and XPV. These iPSCs were further differentiated to neural cells, and their susceptibility to DNA damage stress was investigated. Mutation of XPA in either neural stem cells (NSCs) or neurons resulted in severe DNA damage repair defects, and these neural cells with mutant XPA were hyper-sensitive to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Thus, XP-mutant neural cells represent valuable tools to clarify the molecular mechanisms of neurological abnormalities in the XP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiuling Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruotong Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,FSU-CAS Innovation Institute, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, Nº 135 Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,FSU-CAS Innovation Institute, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Si Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ze Yang
- Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,FSU-CAS Innovation Institute, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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27
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Mitchell SJ, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Longo DL, de Cabo R. Animal models of aging research: implications for human aging and age-related diseases. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 3:283-303. [PMID: 25689319 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by an increasing morbidity and functional decline that eventually results in the death of an organism. Aging is the largest risk factor for numerous human diseases, and understanding the aging process may thereby facilitate the development of new treatments for age-associated diseases. The use of humans in aging research is complicated by many factors, including ethical issues; environmental and social factors; and perhaps most importantly, their long natural life span. Although cellular models of human disease provide valuable mechanistic information, they are limited in that they may not replicate the in vivo biology. Almost all organisms age, and thus animal models can be useful for studying aging. Herein, we review some of the major models currently used in aging research and discuss their benefits and pitfalls, including interventions known to extend life span and health span. Finally, we conclude by discussing the future of animal models in aging research.
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28
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Ohnishi H, Kawasaki T, Deguchi T, Yuba S. Generation of Xeroderma Pigmentosum-A Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line for Use As Future Disease Model. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:268-74. [PMID: 26090552 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XP-A) is a genetic disorder in which there is an abnormality in nucleotide excision repair that causes hypersensitivity to sunlight and multiple skin cancers. The development of central and peripheral neurological disorders not correlated to ultraviolet light exposure is associated with XP-A. The genes responsible for XP-A have been identified and a XPA knockout mouse has been generated. These knockout mice exhibit cutaneous symptoms, but they do not show neurological disorders. The mechanism of pathogenesis of neurological disorders is still unclear and therapeutic methods have not been established. Therefore, we generated XP-A patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (XPA-iPSCs) to produce in vitro models of neurological disorders. We obtained iPSC lines from fibroblasts of two patients carrying different mutations. Drugs screened using XPA-iPSC lines can be helpful for treating XP-A patients in Japan. Additionally, we revealed that these iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into neural lineage cells, including dopaminergic neurons, which decrease in XP-A patients. Our results indicate that expression of the normal XPA gene without mutations is not required for generation of iPSCs and differentiation of iPSCs into neural lineage cells. XPA-iPSCs may become useful models that clarify our understanding of neurological pathogenesis and help to establish therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Ohnishi
- 1 Tissue Engineering Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan .,4 Present address: Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawasaki
- 2 Functional Biomolecular Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan
| | - Tomonori Deguchi
- 3 Stress Signal Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yuba
- 1 Tissue Engineering Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan
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29
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Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ. Global contributions to the understanding of DNA repair and skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:E8-17. [PMID: 25302472 PMCID: PMC6334767 DOI: 10.1038/skinbio.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Kraemer
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J DiGiovanna
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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30
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Cell-autonomous progeroid changes in conditional mouse models for repair endonuclease XPG deficiency. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004686. [PMID: 25299392 PMCID: PMC4191938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) process, the endonuclease XPG is involved in repair of helix-distorting DNA lesions, but the protein has also been implicated in several other DNA repair systems, complicating genotype-phenotype relationship in XPG patients. Defects in XPG can cause either the cancer-prone condition xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) alone, or XP combined with the severe neurodevelopmental disorder Cockayne Syndrome (CS), or the infantile lethal cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal (COFS) syndrome, characterized by dramatic growth failure, progressive neurodevelopmental abnormalities and greatly reduced life expectancy. Here, we present a novel (conditional) Xpg−/− mouse model which -in a C57BL6/FVB F1 hybrid genetic background- displays many progeroid features, including cessation of growth, loss of subcutaneous fat, kyphosis, osteoporosis, retinal photoreceptor loss, liver aging, extensive neurodegeneration, and a short lifespan of 4–5 months. We show that deletion of XPG specifically in the liver reproduces the progeroid features in the liver, yet abolishes the effect on growth or lifespan. In addition, specific XPG deletion in neurons and glia of the forebrain creates a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype that shows many characteristics of human XPG deficiency. Our findings therefore exclude that both the liver as well as the neurological phenotype are a secondary consequence of derailment in other cell types, organs or tissues (e.g. vascular abnormalities) and support a cell-autonomous origin caused by the DNA repair defect itself. In addition they allow the dissection of the complex aging process in tissue- and cell-type-specific components. Moreover, our data highlight the critical importance of genetic background in mouse aging studies, establish the Xpg−/− mouse as a valid model for the severe form of human XPG patients and segmental accelerated aging, and strengthen the link between DNA damage and aging. Accumulation of DNA damage has been implicated in aging. Many premature aging syndromes are due to defective DNA repair systems. The endonuclease XPG is involved in repair of helix-distorting DNA lesions, and XPG defects cause the cancer-prone condition xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) alone or combined with the severe neurodevelopmental progeroid disorder Cockayne syndrome (CS). Here, we present a novel (conditional) Xpg−/− mouse model which -in a C57BL6/FVB F1 hybrid background- displays many progressive progeroid features, including early cessation of growth, cachexia, kyphosis, osteoporosis, neurodegeneration, liver aging, retinal degeneration, and reduced lifespan. In a constitutive mutant with a complex phenotype it is difficult to dissect cause and consequence. We have therefore generated liver- and forebrain-specific Xpg mutants and demonstrate that they exhibit progressive anisokaryosis and neurodegeneration, respectively, indicating that a cell-intrinsic repair defect in neurons can account for neuronal degeneration. These findings strengthen the link between DNA damage and the complex process of aging.
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Benaduce AP, Batista D, Grilo G, Jorge K, Cardero D, Milikowski C, Kos L. Novel UV-induced melanoma mouse model dependent on Endothelin3 signaling. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:839-42. [PMID: 24992383 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Benaduce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Abstract
A number of DNA repair disorders are known to cause neurological problems. These disorders can be broadly characterised into early developmental, mid-to-late developmental or progressive. The exact developmental processes that are affected can influence disease pathology, with symptoms ranging from early embryonic lethality to late-onset ataxia. The category these diseases belong to depends on the frequency of lesions arising in the brain, the role of the defective repair pathway, and the nature of the mutation within the patient. Using observations from patients and transgenic mice, we discuss the importance of double strand break repair during neuroprogenitor proliferation and brain development and the repair of single stranded lesions in neuronal function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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Theil AF, Nonnekens J, Steurer B, Mari PO, de Wit J, Lemaitre C, Marteijn JA, Raams A, Maas A, Vermeij M, Essers J, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Giglia-Mari G, Vermeulen W. Disruption of TTDA results in complete nucleotide excision repair deficiency and embryonic lethality. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003431. [PMID: 23637614 PMCID: PMC3630102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ten-subunit transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) plays a crucial role in transcription and nucleotide excision repair (NER). Inactivating mutations in the smallest 8-kDa TFB5/TTDA subunit cause the neurodevelopmental progeroid repair syndrome trichothiodystrophy A (TTD-A). Previous studies have shown that TTDA is the only TFIIH subunit that appears not to be essential for NER, transcription, or viability. We studied the consequences of TTDA inactivation by generating a Ttda knock-out (Ttda−/−) mouse-model resembling TTD-A patients. Unexpectedly, Ttda−/− mice were embryonic lethal. However, in contrast to full disruption of all other TFIIH subunits, viability of Ttda−/− cells was not affected. Surprisingly, Ttda−/− cells were completely NER deficient, contrary to the incomplete NER deficiency of TTD-A patient-derived cells. We further showed that TTD-A patient mutations only partially inactivate TTDA function, explaining the relatively mild repair phenotype of TTD-A cells. Moreover, Ttda−/− cells were also highly sensitive to oxidizing agents. These findings reveal an essential role of TTDA for life, nucleotide excision repair, and oxidative DNA damage repair and identify Ttda−/− cells as a unique class of TFIIH mutants. DNA is under constant attack of various environmental and cellular produced DNA damaging agents. DNA damage hampers normal cell function; however, different DNA repair mechanisms protect our genetic information. Nucleotide Excision Repair is one of the most versatile repair processes, as it removes a large variety of DNA helix-distorting lesions induced by UV light and various chemicals. To remove these lesions, the DNA helix needs to be opened by the transcription/repair factor II H (TFIIH). TFIIH is a multifunctional complex that consists of 10 subunits and plays a fundamental role in opening the DNA helix in both NER and transcription. TTDA, the smallest subunit of TFIIH, was thought to be dispensable for both NER and transcription. However, in this paper, we show for the first time that TTDA is in fact a crucial component of TFIIH for NER. We demonstrate that Ttda−/− mice are embryonic lethal. We also show that Ttda−/− mouse cells are the first known viable TFIIH subunit knock-out cells, which are completely NER deficient and sensitive to oxidative agents (showing a new role for TFIIH outside NER and transcription).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan F. Theil
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Nonnekens
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) and Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Steurer
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Olivier Mari
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) and Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jan de Wit
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anja Raams
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vermeij
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giuseppina Giglia-Mari
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) and Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (WV); (GG-M)
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (WV); (GG-M)
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Kunisada M, Masaki T, Ono R, Morinaga H, Nakano E, Yogianti F, Okunishi K, Sugiyama H, Nishigori C. Hydrochlorothiazide enhances UVA-induced DNA damage. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:649-54. [PMID: 23331297 DOI: 10.1111/php.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The UVA is currently thought to be carcinogenic because, similar to UVB, it induces the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Various drugs have been reported to cause photosensitive drug eruptions as an adverse effect. Although the precise mechanism of photosensitive drug eruption remains to be elucidated, it is generally accepted that free radicals and other reactive molecules generated via UV-irradiated drugs play important roles in the pathogenesis of photosensitive drug eruptions. The waveband of concern for photo-reactive drugs is UVA-visible light, but some extend into the UVB region. We tested whether photosensitive drugs could enhance CPD formation after UVA exposure by using isolated DNA in the presence of several reported photosensitive drugs using high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that the diuretic agent hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) significantly enhanced the production of TT dimers over a wide range of UVA. Furthermore, we investigated whether UVA plus HCT could enhance CPD production in xeroderma pigmentosum model mice defective in nucleotide excision repair. Immunofluorescence studies showed that CPD formation in the skin significantly increased after 365 nm narrow-band UVA irradiation in the presence of HCT, compared with that in wild-type mice. HCT could be used with caution because of its enhancement of UVA-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Cockayne syndrome b maintains neural precursor function. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 12:110-20. [PMID: 23245699 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental defects are observed in the hereditary disorder Cockayne syndrome (CS). The gene most frequently mutated in CS, Cockayne Syndrome B (CSB), is required for the repair of bulky DNA adducts in transcribed genes during transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. CSB also plays a role in chromatin remodeling and mitochondrial function. The role of CSB in neural development is poorly understood. Here we report that the abundance of neural progenitors is normal in Csb(-/-) mice and the frequency of apoptotic cells in the neurogenic niche of the adult subependymal zone is similar in Csb(-/-) and wild type mice. Both embryonic and adult Csb(-/-) neural precursors exhibited defective self-renewal in the neurosphere assay. In Csb(-/-) neural precursors, self-renewal progressively decreased in serially passaged neurospheres. The data also indicate that Csb and the nucleotide excision repair protein Xpa preserve embryonic neural stem cell self-renewal after UV DNA damage. Although Csb(-/-) neural precursors do not exhibit altered neuronal lineage commitment after low-dose UV (1J/m(2)) in vitro, neurons differentiated in vitro from Csb(-/-) neural precursors that had been irradiated with 1J/m(2) UV exhibited defective neurite outgrowth. These findings identify a function for Csb in neural precursors.
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Brun J, Mahoney DJ, Le Boeuf F, Lefebvre C, Sanaei CA, Falls T, Mccart JA, Stojdl DF. Oncolytic Vaccinia virus safely and effectively treats skin tumors in mouse models of xeroderma pigmentosum. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:726-31. [PMID: 22733395 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an orphan autosomal recessive disorder of DNA repair. When exposed to genotoxic stress, XP patients have reduced capacity to remove bulky adducts by nucleotide excision repair and are thus greatly predisposed to cancer. Unfortunately, given the nature of their underlying genetic defect, tumor-bearing XP patients cannot be treated with conventional DNA damaging therapies. Engineered strains of the poxvirus Vaccinia have been shown to cure cancer in numerous preclinical models, and based on promising Phase I/II clinical trials have recently been approved for late phase evaluation in humans. As poxviruses are nongenotoxic, we investigated whether clinical-candidate strains of Vaccinia can safely and effectively treat cancers arising from XP. In vitro, Vaccinia virus was highly cytotoxic against tumor-derived cells from XP patients, on average 10- to 100-fold more so than on nontumor derived control cells from similar patients. In vivo, local or systemic administration of Vaccinia virus led to durable tumor resolution in both xenograft and genetic models of XP. Importantly, Vaccinia virus was well tolerated in the genetic models, which are each null for a critical component of the DNA repair process. Taken together, our data suggest that oncolytic Vaccinia virus may be a safe and effective therapy for cancers arising from XP, and raise the possibility of similar therapeutic potential against tumors that arise in patients with other DNA repair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brun
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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Wang J, Cao H, You C, Yuan B, Bahde R, Gupta S, Nishigori C, Niedernhofer LJ, Brooks PJ, Wang Y. Endogenous formation and repair of oxidatively induced G[8-5 m]T intrastrand cross-link lesion. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7368-74. [PMID: 22581771 PMCID: PMC3424544 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can give rise to the formation of various DNA damage products. Among them, d(G[8-5 m]T) can be induced in isolated DNA treated with Fenton reagents and in cultured human cells exposed to γ-rays, d(G[8-5m]T) can be recognized and incised by purified Escherichia coli UvrABC nuclease. However, it remains unexplored whether d(G[8-5 m]T) accumulates in mammalian tissues and whether it is a substrate for nucleotide excision repair (NER) in vivo. Here, we found that d(G[8-5 m]T) could be detected in DNA isolated from tissues of healthy humans and animals, and elevated endogenous ROS generation enhanced the accumulation of this lesion in tissues of a rat model of Wilson's disease. Additionally, XPA-deficient human brain and mouse liver as well as various types of tissues of ERCC1-deficient mice contained higher levels of d(G[8-5 m]T) but not ROS-induced single-nucleobase lesions than the corresponding normal controls. Together, our studies established that d(G[8-5 m]T) can be induced endogenously in mammalian tissues and constitutes a substrate for NER in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Huachuan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Changjun You
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Bifeng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ralf Bahde
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Philip J. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA, Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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John K, Pratt MM, Beland FA, Churchwell MI, McMullen G, Olivero OA, Pogribny IP, Poirier MC. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) DNA adduct formation in DNA repair-deficient p53 haploinsufficient [Xpa(-/-)p53(+/-)] and wild-type mice fed BP and BP plus chlorophyllin for 28 days. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2236-41. [PMID: 22828138 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated DNA damage (DNA adduct formation) after feeding benzo[a]pyrene (BP) to wild-type (WT) and cancer-susceptible Xpa(-/-)p53(+/-) mice deficient in nucleotide excision repair and haploinsufficient for the tumor suppressor p53. DNA damage was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ES-MS/MS), which measures r7,t8,t9-trihydroxy-c-10-(N (2)-deoxyguanosyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPdG), and a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA), using anti-r7,t8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE)-DNA antiserum, which measures both BPdG and the other stable BP-DNA adducts. When mice were fed 100 ppm BP for 28 days, BP-induced DNA damage measured in esophagus, liver and lung was typically higher in Xpa(-/-)p53(+/-) mice, compared with WT mice. This result is consistent with the previously observed tumor susceptibility of Xpa(-/-)p53(+/-) mice. BPdG, the major DNA adduct associated with tumorigenicity, was the primary DNA adduct formed in esophagus (a target tissue in the mouse), whereas total BP-DNA adducts predominated in higher levels in the liver (a non-target tissue in the mouse). In an attempt to lower BP-induced DNA damage, we fed the WT and Xpa(-/-)p53(+/-) mice 0.3% chlorophyllin (CHL) in the BP-containing diet for 28 days. The addition of CHL resulted in an increase of BP-DNA adducts in esophagus, liver and lung of WT mice, a lowering of BPdG in esophagi of WT mice and livers of Xpa(-/-)p53(+/-) mice and an increase of BPdG in livers of WT mice. Therefore, the addition of CHL to a BP-containing diet showed a lack of consistent chemoprotective effect, indicating that oral CHL administration may not reduce PAH-DNA adduct levels consistently in human organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarthik John
- Carcinogen-DNA Interactions Section, LCBG, CCR, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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Kamileri I, Karakasilioti I, Garinis GA. Nucleotide excision repair: new tricks with old bricks. Trends Genet 2012; 28:566-73. [PMID: 22824526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a major DNA repair pathway that ensures that the genome remains functionally intact and is faithfully transmitted to progeny. However, defects in NER lead, in addition to cancer and aging, to developmental abnormalities whose clinical heterogeneity and varying severity cannot be fully explained by the DNA repair deficiencies. Recent work has revealed that proteins in NER play distinct roles, including some that go well beyond DNA repair. NER factors are components of protein complexes known to be involved in nucleosome remodeling, histone ubiquitination, and transcriptional activation of genes involved in nuclear receptor signaling, stem cell reprogramming, and postnatal mammalian growth. Together, these findings add new pieces to the puzzle for understanding NER and the relevance of NER defects in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kamileri
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Age-related neuronal degeneration: complementary roles of nucleotide excision repair and transcription-coupled repair in preventing neuropathology. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002405. [PMID: 22174697 PMCID: PMC3234220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal degeneration is a hallmark of many DNA repair syndromes. Yet, how DNA damage causes neuronal degeneration and whether defects in different repair systems affect the brain differently is largely unknown. Here, we performed a systematic detailed analysis of neurodegenerative changes in mouse models deficient in nucleotide excision repair (NER) and transcription-coupled repair (TCR), two partially overlapping DNA repair systems that remove helix-distorting and transcription-blocking lesions, respectively, and that are associated with the UV-sensitive syndromes xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne syndrome (CS). TCR–deficient Csa−/− and Csb−/− CS mice showed activated microglia cells surrounding oligodendrocytes in regions with myelinated axons throughout the nervous system. This white matter microglia activation was not observed in NER–deficient Xpa−/− and Xpc−/− XP mice, but also occurred in XpdXPCS mice carrying a point mutation (G602D) in the Xpd gene that is associated with a combined XPCS disorder and causes a partial NER and TCR defect. The white matter abnormalities in TCR–deficient mice are compatible with focal dysmyelination in CS patients. Both TCR–deficient and NER–deficient mice showed no evidence for neuronal degeneration apart from p53 activation in sporadic (Csa−/−, Csb−/−) or highly sporadic (Xpa−/−, Xpc−/−) neurons and astrocytes. To examine to what extent overlap occurs between both repair systems, we generated TCR–deficient mice with selective inactivation of NER in postnatal neurons. These mice develop dramatic age-related cumulative neuronal loss indicating DNA damage substrate overlap and synergism between TCR and NER pathways in neurons, and they uncover the occurrence of spontaneous DNA injury that may trigger neuronal degeneration. We propose that, while Csa−/− and Csb−/− TCR–deficient mice represent powerful animal models to study the mechanisms underlying myelin abnormalities in CS, neuron-specific inactivation of NER in TCR–deficient mice represents a valuable model for the role of NER in neuronal maintenance and survival. Metabolism produces reactive oxygen species that damage our DNA and other cellular components, and as such it contributes to the aging process, including neuronal degeneration. Accordingly, genetic disorders associated with impaired DNA damage repair are frequently associated with premature onset of aging pathology in a variety of tissues, including the brain. This is well-illustrated by the progeroid DNA repair syndromes xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne syndrome (CS), in which patients suffer from defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER) and transcription-coupled repair (TCR), two partially overlapping DNA repair systems that remove helix-distorting and transcription-blocking lesions, respectively. We have used a panel of XP and CS mice (including conditional double-mutant animals) to systematically investigate the impact of NER and TCR defects on neuronal degeneration. We have shown that, whereas a TCR defect causes white matter pathology, a NER defect can result in age related cumulative loss of neurons. These findings well match the neuropathology observed in CS and XP patients, underscoring the impact of spontaneous DNA damage in the onset of neuronal aging. Therefore, the XP and CS mouse models serve as valuable tools to delineate intervention strategies that combat age-associated pathology of the brain.
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Hubert L, Lin Y, Dion V, Wilson JH. Xpa deficiency reduces CAG trinucleotide repeat instability in neuronal tissues in a mouse model of SCA1. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4822-30. [PMID: 21926083 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of trinucleotide repeats (TNRs) is responsible for a number of human neurodegenerative disorders. The molecular mechanisms that underlie TNR instability in humans are not clear. Based on results from model systems, several mechanisms for instability have been proposed, all of which focus on the ability of TNRs to form alternative structures during normal DNA transactions, including replication, DNA repair and transcription. These abnormal structures are thought to trigger changes in TNR length. We have previously shown that transcription-induced TNR instability in cultured human cells depends on several genes known to be involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER). We hypothesized that NER normally functions to destabilize expanded TNRs. To test this hypothesis, we bred an Xpa null allele, which eliminates NER, into the TNR mouse model for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), which carries an expanded CAG repeat tract at the endogenous mouse Sca1 locus. We find that Xpa deficiency does not substantially affect TNR instability in either the male or female germline; however, it dramatically reduces CAG repeat instability in neuronal tissues-striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex-but does not alter CAG instability in kidney or liver. The tissue-specific effect of Xpa deficiency represents a novel finding; it suggests that tissue-to-tissue variation in CAG repeat instability arises, in part, by different underlying mechanisms. These results validate our original findings in cultured human cells and suggest that transcription may induce NER-dependent TNR instability in neuronal tissues in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Hubert
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Takahashi Y, Hara Y, Imanaka M, Wanibuchi H, Tanaka K, Ishikawa T, Mori S, Fukusato T. No inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and lycopene on spontaneous hepatotumorigenesis in C3H/HeN mice. Fukushima J Med Sci 2011; 56:17-27. [PMID: 21485652 DOI: 10.5387/fms.56.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have indicated that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and lycopene, representative dietary antioxidants, inhibit chemically induced animal tumorigenesis, only a few studies have examined the inhibitory effects of these compounds on spontaneous liver tumorigenesis in rodents. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of these compounds on the formation of spontaneous liver tumors in C3H/HeN mice. We used xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) gene-deficient mice to simultaneously examine whether the knockout mice could be used as a sensitive animal model. Inaddition, we examined the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)--a marker of reactive oxygen species-induced DNA injury--in liver tissue. Male XPA +/+, XPA +/-, and XPA -/- mice with a C3H/HeN genetic background were divided into 3 groups: control, EGCG, and lycopene. Autopsy at 18 months of age revealed that EGCG and lycopene did not exhibit obvious suppressive effects on the development of liver tumors in any XPA genotype; further, the XPA genotype did not influence any susceptibility to liver tumors. With regard to 8-OHdG levels in non-tumorous liver tissue at 8 months of age, EGCG showed no significant inhibitory effects and lycopene showed significant inhibitory effects only in XPA +/- mice. The present study demonstrates that contrary to previous reports of the inhibitory effects of EGCG and lycopene on the development of various carcinogen-induced animal tumors, these compounds exert no chemopreventive effects on spontaneous liver tumorigenesis in C3H/HeN mice. EGCG and lycopene may inhibit carcinogen-induced tumors through properties other than their antioxidant abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gregg SQ, Robinson AR, Niedernhofer LJ. Physiological consequences of defects in ERCC1-XPF DNA repair endonuclease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:781-91. [PMID: 21612988 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a structure-specific endonuclease required for nucleotide excision repair, interstrand crosslink repair, and the repair of some double-strand breaks. Mutations in ERCC1 or XPF cause xeroderma pigmentosum, XFE progeroid syndrome or cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome, characterized by increased risk of cancer, accelerated aging and severe developmental abnormalities, respectively. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the health impact of ERCC1-XPF deficiency, based on these rare diseases and mouse models of them. This offers an understanding of the tremendous health impact of DNA damage derived from environmental and endogenous sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán Q Gregg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Abstract
Animal models of cancer have been instrumental in understanding the progression and therapy of hereditary cancer syndromes. The ability to alter the genome of an individual mouse cell in both constitutive and inducible approaches has led to many novel insights into their human counterparts. In this review, knockout mouse models of inherited human cancer syndromes are presented and insights from the study of these models are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Jahid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Martínez P, Blasco MA. Telomeric and extra-telomeric roles for telomerase and the telomere-binding proteins. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:161-76. [PMID: 21346783 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian telomeres are formed by tandem repeats of the TTAGGG sequence, which are progressively lost with each round of cell division. Telomere protection requires a minimal length of TTAGGG repeats to allow the binding of shelterin, which prevents the activation of a DNA damage response (DDR) at chromosome ends. Telomere elongation is carried out by telomerase. Telomerase can also act as a transcriptional modulator of the Wnt-β-catenin signalling pathway and has RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Dysfunctional telomeres can lead to either cancer or ageing pathologies depending on the integrity of the DDR. This Review discusses the role of telomeric proteins in cancer and ageing through modulating telomere length and protection, as well as regulating gene expression by binding to non-telomeric sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid E-28029, Spain
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Vrouwe MG, Pines A, Overmeer RM, Hanada K, Mullenders LHF. UV-induced photolesions elicit ATR-kinase-dependent signaling in non-cycling cells through nucleotide excision repair-dependent and -independent pathways. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:435-46. [PMID: 21224401 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.075325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of signaling pathways by UV radiation is a key event in the DNA damage response and initiated by different cellular processes. Here we show that non-cycling cells proficient in nucleotide excision repair (NER) initiate a rapid but transient activation of the damage response proteins p53 and H2AX; by contrast, NER-deficient cells display delayed but persistent signaling and inhibition of cell cycle progression upon release from G0 phase. In the absence of repair, UV-induced checkpoint activation coincides with the formation of single-strand DNA breaks by the action of the endonuclease Ape1. Although temporally distinct, activation of checkpoint proteins in NER-proficient and NER-deficient cells depends on a common pathway involving the ATR kinase. These data reveal that damage signaling in non-dividing cells proceeds via NER-dependent and NER-independent processing of UV photolesions through generation of DNA strand breaks, ultimately preventing the transition from G1 to S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa G Vrouwe
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Mammalian telomeres are formed by tandem repeats of the TTAGGG sequence bound by a specialized six-protein complex known as shelterin, which has fundamental roles in the regulation of telomere length and telomere capping. In the past, the study of mice genetically modified for telomerase components has been instrumental to demonstrate the role of telomere length in cancer and aging. Recent studies using genetically modified mice for shelterin proteins have highlighted an equally important role of telomere-bound proteins in cancer and aging, even in the presence of proficient telomerase activity and normal telomere length. In this review, we will focus on recent findings, suggesting a role of shelterin components in cancer and aging.
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Sreevidya CS, Fukunaga A, Khaskhely NM, Masaki T, Ono R, Nishigori C, Ullrich SE. Agents that reverse UV-Induced immune suppression and photocarcinogenesis affect DNA repair. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:1428-37. [PMID: 19829299 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
UV exposure induces skin cancer, in part, by inducing immune suppression. Repairing DNA damage, neutralizing the activity of cis-urocanic acid, and reversing oxidative stress abrogate UV-induced immune suppression and skin cancer induction, suggesting that DNA, UCA, and lipid photo-oxidation serve as UV photoreceptors. What is not clear is whether signaling through each of these different photoreceptors activates independent pathways to induce biological effects or whether there is a common checkpoint where these pathways converge. Here, we show that agents known to reverse photocarcinogenesis and photoimmune suppression, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF) and serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists, regulate DNA repair. Pyrimidine dimer repair was accelerated in UV-irradiated mice injected with PAF and 5-HT receptor antagonists. Nucleotide excision repair (NER), as measured by unscheduled DNA synthesis, was accelerated by PAF and 5-HT receptor antagonists. Injecting PAF and 5-HT receptor antagonists into UV-irradiated Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A-deficient mice, which lack the enzymes responsible for NER, did not accelerate photoproduct repair. Similarly, UV-induced formation of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine was reduced by PAF and 5-HT receptor antagonists. We conclude that PAF and 5-HT receptor antagonists accelerate DNA repair caused by UV radiation, which prevents immune suppression and interferes with photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coimbatore S Sreevidya
- Department of Immunology and the Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
The genome of all organisms is constantly attacked by a variety of environmental and endogenous mutagens that cause cell death, apoptosis, senescence, genetic diseases and cancer. To mitigate these deleterious endpoints of genotoxic reactions, living organisms have evolved one or more mechanisms for repairing every type of naturally occurring DNA lesion. For example, double-strand breaks are rapidly religated by non-homologous end-joining. Homologous recombination is used for the high-fidelity repair of interstrand cross-links, double-strand breaks and other DNA injuries that disrupt the replication fork. Some genotoxic lesions inflicted by alkylating agents can be repaired by direct reversal of DNA damage. The base excision repair pathway takes advantage of multiple DNA glycosylases to remove modified or incorrect bases. Finally, the nucleotide excision repair machinery provides a versatile strategy to monitor DNA quality and eliminate all forms of helix-distorting DNA lesions, including a wide diversity of carcinogen adducts. The efficiency of DNA repair responses is enhanced by their coupling to transcription and coordination with the cell cycle circuit.
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