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Walter C, Marada A, Suhm T, Ernsberger R, Muders V, Kücükköse C, Sánchez-Martín P, Hu Z, Aich A, Loroch S, Solari FA, Poveda-Huertes D, Schwierzok A, Pommerening H, Matic S, Brix J, Sickmann A, Kraft C, Dengjel J, Dennerlein S, Brummer T, Vögtle FN, Meisinger C. Global kinome profiling reveals DYRK1A as critical activator of the human mitochondrial import machinery. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4284. [PMID: 34257281 PMCID: PMC8277783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane TOM constitutes the organellar entry gate for nearly all precursor proteins synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes. Thus, TOM presents the ideal target to adjust the mitochondrial proteome upon changing cellular demands. Here, we identify that the import receptor TOM70 is targeted by the kinase DYRK1A and that this modification plays a critical role in the activation of the carrier import pathway. Phosphorylation of TOM70Ser91 by DYRK1A stimulates interaction of TOM70 with the core TOM translocase. This enables transfer of receptor-bound precursors to the translocation pore and initiates their import. Consequently, loss of TOM70Ser91 phosphorylation results in a strong decrease in import capacity of metabolite carriers. Inhibition of DYRK1A impairs mitochondrial structure and function and elicits a protective transcriptional response to maintain a functional import machinery. The DYRK1A-TOM70 axis will enable insights into disease mechanisms caused by dysfunctional DYRK1A, including autism spectrum disorder, microcephaly and Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corvin Walter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adinarayana Marada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Suhm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Ernsberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vera Muders
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cansu Kücükköse
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zehan Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Poveda-Huertes
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schwierzok
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Pommerening
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stanka Matic
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Brix
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium DKTK Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Artesi M, Kroonen J, Bredel M, Nguyen-Khac M, Deprez M, Schoysman L, Poulet C, Chakravarti A, Kim H, Scholtens D, Seute T, Rogister B, Bours V, Robe PA. Connexin 30 expression inhibits growth of human malignant gliomas but protects them against radiation therapy. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:392-406. [PMID: 25155356 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas remain ominous tumors that almost invariably escape treatment. Connexins are a family of transmembrane, gap junction-forming proteins, some members of which were reported to act as tumor suppressors and to modulate cellular metabolism in response to cytotoxic stress. METHODS We analyzed the copy number and expression of the connexin (Cx)30 gene gap junction beta-6 (GJB6), as well as of its protein immunoreactivity in several public and proprietary repositories of glioblastomas, and their influence on patient survival. We evaluated the effect of the expression of this gap junction protein on the growth, DNA repair and energy metabolism, and treatment resistance of these tumors. RESULTS The GJB6 gene was deleted in 25.8% of 751 analyzed tumors and mutated in 15.8% of 158 tumors. Cx30 immunoreactivity was absent in 28.9% of 145 tumors. Restoration of Cx30 expression in human glioblastoma cells reduced their growth in vitro and as xenografts in the striatum of immunodeficient mice. Cx30 immunoreactivity was, however, found to adversely affect survival in 2 independent retrospective cohorts of glioblastoma patients. Cx30 was found in clonogenic assays to protect glioblastoma cells against radiation-induced mortality and to decrease radiation-induced DNA damage. This radioprotection correlated with a heat shock protein 90-dependent mitochondrial translocation of Cx30 following radiation and an improved ATP production following this genotoxic stress. CONCLUSION These results underline the complex relationship between potential tumor suppressors and treatment resistance in glioblastomas and single out GJB6/Cx30 as a potential biomarker and target for therapeutic intervention in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Artesi
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Jerome Kroonen
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Markus Bredel
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Minh Nguyen-Khac
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Manuel Deprez
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Laurent Schoysman
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Christophe Poulet
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Denise Scholtens
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Tatjana Seute
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
| | - Pierre A Robe
- Department of Human Genetics, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.A., J.K., M.N.-K., L.S., C.P., V.B., P.A.R.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and T. and P. Bonhenn Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (J.K., L.S., T.S., P.A.R.); Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.); Center for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (M.D.); Division of Neurobiology, CBIG/GIGA Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium (B.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (A.C., P.A.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama (M.B., H.K.)
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