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Tsukamoto T. Recent advances in atomic cluster synthesis: a perspective from chemical elements. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10533-10550. [PMID: 38651597 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite its potential significance, "cluster chemistry" remains a somewhat marginalized topic within the chemistry field. However, atomic clusters with their unusual and unique structures and properties represent a novel material group situated between molecules and nanoparticles or solid matter, judging from both scientific standpoints and historical backgrounds. Surveying an entire material group, including all substances that can be regarded as a cluster, is essential for establishing cluster chemistry as a more prominent chemistry field. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding by categorizing, summarizing, and reviewing clusters, focusing on their constituent elements in the periodic table. However, because numerous disparate synthetic processes have been individually developed to date, their straightforward and uniform classification is a challenging task. As such, comprehensively reviewing this field from a chemical composition viewpoint presents significant obstacles. It should be therefore noted that despite adopting a synthetic method-based classification in this review, the discussions presented herein could entail inaccuracies. Nevertheless, this unorthodox viewpoint unfolds a new scientific perspective which accentuates the common ground between different development processes by emphasizing the lack of a definitive border between their synthetic methods and material groups, thus opening new avenues for cementing cluster chemistry as an attractive chemistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Tsukamoto
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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2
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Jiang R, Han Y. Generalizing to Out-of-Sample Degradations via Model Reprogramming. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2024; 33:2783-2794. [PMID: 38578860 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2024.3378181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Existing image restoration models are typically designed for specific tasks and struggle to generalize to out-of-sample degradations not encountered during training. While zero-shot methods can address this limitation by fine-tuning model parameters on testing samples, their effectiveness relies on predefined natural priors and physical models of specific degradations. Nevertheless, determining out-of-sample degradations faced in real-world scenarios is always impractical. As a result, it is more desirable to train restoration models with inherent generalization ability. To this end, this work introduces the Out-of-Sample Restoration (OSR) task, which aims to develop restoration models capable of handling out-of-sample degradations. An intuitive solution involves pre-translating out-of-sample degradations to known degradations of restoration models. However, directly translating them in the image space could lead to complex image translation issues. To address this issue, we propose a model reprogramming framework, which translates out-of-sample degradations by quantum mechanic and wave functions. Specifically, input images are decoupled as wave functions of amplitude and phase terms. The translation of out-of-sample degradation is performed by adapting the phase term. Meanwhile, the image content is maintained and enhanced in the amplitude term. By taking these two terms as inputs, restoration models are able to handle out-of-sample degradations without fine-tuning. Through extensive experiments across multiple evaluation cases, we demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of our proposed framework. Our codes are available at https://github.com/ddghjikle/Out-of-sample-restoration.
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3
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Koruga D, Stanković I, Matija L, Kuhn D, Christ B, Dembski S, Jevtić N, Janać J, Pavlović V, De Wever B. Comparative Studies of the Structural and Physicochemical Properties of the First Fullerene Derivative FD-C 60 (Fullerenol) and Second Fullerene Derivate SD-C 60 (3HFWC). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:480. [PMID: 38470808 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In order to maximally reduce the toxicity of fullerenol (the first derivative of C60, FD-C60), and increase its biomedical efficiency, the second derivative SD-C60 (3HFWC, Hyper-Harmonized Hydroxylated Fullerene Water Complex) was created. Several different methods were applied in the comparative characterization of FD-C60 and SD-C60 with the same OH groups in their core. FD-C60 as an individual structure was about 1.3 nm in size, while SD-C60 as an individual structure was 10-30 nm in size. Based on ten physicochemical methods and techniques, FD-C60 and SD-C60 were found to be two different substances in terms of size, structure, and physicochemical properties; FD-C60, at 100 °C, had endothermic characteristics, while SD-C60, at 133 °C, had exothermic characteristics; FD-C60 did not have water layers, while SD-C60 had water layers; the zeta potential of FD-C60 was -25.85 mV, while it was -43.29 mV for SD-C60. SD-C60 is a promising substance for use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Koruga
- NanoLab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia
- NanoWorld, 11043 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stanković
- NanoLab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Matija
- NanoLab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Bastian Christ
- Fraunhofer, Institute for Silicate Research ISR, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Dembski
- Fraunhofer, Institute for Silicate Research ISR, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Vladimir Pavlović
- TEM Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Mukherjee A, Gotur S, Aalberts J, van den Ende R, Mertens L, van Wezel J. Quantum State Reduction of General Initial States through Spontaneous Unitarity Violation. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:131. [PMID: 38392387 PMCID: PMC10887532 DOI: 10.3390/e26020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The inability of Schrödinger's unitary time evolution to describe the measurement of a quantum state remains a central foundational problem. It was recently suggested that the unitarity of Schrödinger dynamics can be spontaneously broken, resulting in measurement as an emergent phenomenon in the thermodynamic limit. Here, we introduce a family of models for spontaneous unitarity violation that apply to generic initial superpositions over arbitrarily many states, using either single or multiple state-independent stochastic components. Crucially, we show that Born's probability rule emerges spontaneously in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Mukherjee
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Srinivas Gotur
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Aalberts
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa van den Ende
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Mertens
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Theoretical Solid State Physics, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jasper van Wezel
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Roda-Llordes M, Riera-Campeny A, Candoli D, Grochowski PT, Romero-Isart O. Macroscopic Quantum Superpositions via Dynamics in a Wide Double-Well Potential. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:023601. [PMID: 38277591 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We present an experimental proposal for the rapid preparation of the center of mass of a levitated particle in a macroscopic quantum state, that is a state delocalized over a length scale much larger than its zero-point motion and that has no classical analog. This state is prepared by letting the particle evolve in a static double-well potential after a sudden switchoff of the harmonic trap, following initial center-of-mass cooling to a sufficiently pure quantum state. We provide a thorough analysis of the noise and decoherence that is relevant to current experiments with levitated nano- and microparticles. In this context, we highlight the possibility of using two particles, one evolving in each potential well, to mitigate the impact of collective sources of noise and decoherence. The generality and scalability of our proposal make it suitable for implementation with a wide range of systems, including single atoms, ions, and Bose-Einstein condensates. Our results have the potential to enable the generation of macroscopic quantum states at unprecedented scales of length and mass, thereby paving the way for experimental exploration of the gravitational field generated by a source mass in a delocalized quantum state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roda-Llordes
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Riera-Campeny
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Candoli
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P T Grochowski
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Gadanec LK, Swiderski J, Apostolopoulos V, Kelaidonis K, Vidali VP, Canko A, Moore GJ, Matsoukas JM, Zulli A. Existence of Quantum Pharmacology in Sartans: Evidence in Isolated Rabbit Iliac Arteries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17559. [PMID: 38139391 PMCID: PMC10744031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum pharmacology introduces theoretical models to describe the possibility of ultra-high dilutions to produce biological effects, which may help to explain the placebo effect observed in hypertensive clinical trials. To determine this within physiology and to evaluate novel ARBs, we tested the ability of known angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (candesartan and telmisartan) used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, as well as novel ARBs (benzimidazole-N-biphenyl tetrazole (ACC519T), benzimidazole-bis-N,N'-biphenyl tetrazole (ACC519T(2)) and 4-butyl-N,N0-bis[[20-2Htetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl)imidazolium bromide (BV6(K+)2), and nirmatrelvir (the active ingredient in Paxlovid) to modulate vascular contraction in iliac rings from healthy male New Zealand White rabbits in responses to various vasopressors (angiotensin A, angiotensin II and phenylephrine). Additionally, the hemodynamic effect of ACC519T and telmisartan on mean arterial pressure in conscious rabbits was determined, while the ex vivo ability of BV6(K+)2 to activate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) was also investigated. We show that commercially available and novel ARBs can modulate contraction responses at ultra-high dilutions to different vasopressors. ACC519T produced a dose-dependent reduction in rabbit mean arterial pressure while BV6(K+)2 significantly increased ACE2 metabolism. The ability of ARBs to inhibit contraction responses even at ultra-low concentrations provides evidence of the existence of quantum pharmacology. Furthermore, the ability of ACC519T and BV6(K+)2 to modulate blood pressure and ACE2 activity, respectively, indicates their therapeutic potential against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (J.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Jordan Swiderski
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (J.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (J.S.); (V.A.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | | | - Veroniki P. Vidali
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (V.P.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleksander Canko
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (V.P.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Graham J. Moore
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V6Y 3H4, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (J.S.); (V.A.)
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26 504 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (J.S.); (V.A.)
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7
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Oppenheim J, Sparaciari C, Šoda B, Weller-Davies Z. Gravitationally induced decoherence vs space-time diffusion: testing the quantum nature of gravity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7910. [PMID: 38049417 PMCID: PMC10696068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We consider two interacting systems when one is treated classically while the other system remains quantum. Consistent dynamics of this coupling has been shown to exist, and explored in the context of treating space-time classically. Here, we prove that any such hybrid dynamics necessarily results in decoherence of the quantum system, and a breakdown in predictability in the classical phase space. We further prove that a trade-off between the rate of this decoherence and the degree of diffusion induced in the classical system is a general feature of all classical quantum dynamics; long coherence times require strong diffusion in phase-space relative to the strength of the coupling. Applying the trade-off relation to gravity, we find a relationship between the strength of gravitationally-induced decoherence versus diffusion of the metric and its conjugate momenta. This provides an experimental signature of theories in which gravity is fundamentally classical. Bounds on decoherence rates arising from current interferometry experiments, combined with precision measurements of mass, place significant restrictions on theories where Einstein's classical theory of gravity interacts with quantum matter. We find that part of the parameter space of such theories are already squeezed out, and provide figures of merit which can be used in future mass measurements and interference experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Oppenheim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Carlo Sparaciari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Barbara Šoda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Weller-Davies
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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8
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Matija LR, Stankovic IM, Puric M, Miličić M, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Mijatovic S, Krajnović T, Gordic V, Koruga DL. The Second Derivative of Fullerene C 60 (SD-C 60) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2152. [PMID: 38138321 PMCID: PMC10745578 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The human body contains 60-70% water, depending on age. As a body fluid, it is not only a medium in which physical and chemical processes take place, but it is also one of the active mediators. Water is the richest substance with non-covalent hydrogen bonds. Water molecules, by themselves (in vacuum), are diamagnetic but when organized into clusters, they become diamagnetic or paramagnetic. Also, biomolecules (DNA, collagen, clathrin, and other proteins) have non-covalent hydrogen bonds in their structure. The interaction, as well as signal transmission, between water and biomolecules is achieved through the vibrations of covalent and non-covalent hydrogen bonds, which determine the state and dynamics of conformational changes in biomolecules. Disruptive conformational changes in biomolecules, cells, and tissues lead to their dysfunctionality, so they are a frequent cause of many disorders and diseases. For example, the rearrangement of hydrogen bonding due to mitochondrial disease mutation in cytochrome bc1 disturbs heme bH redox potential and spin state. In order to prevent and repair the dysfunctional conformational changes, a liquid substance was developed based on the second derivative of the C60 molecule (SD-C60), which has classical and quantum properties. The characterization of SD-C60 by UV-VIS-NIR, FTIR, TEM, and AFM/MFM was performed and it is shown that SD-C60 water layers generate vibrations with near-zero phase dispersion which are transmitted through Fibonacci's water chains to biomolecules. In comparison with previously published SD-C60 derivate (3HFWC, size until 10 nm, and 1-5 water layers), the improved formulation (3HFWC-W, size 10-25 nm, and 6-9 water layers) showed multiplied cytotoxic activity against melanoma cell lines of different aggressiveness. Apart from this, the mode of action was preserved and based on an induction of senescence rather than cell death. Importantly, high selectivity towards malignant phenotypes was detected. Observed effects can be ascribed to a machinery of hydrogen bonds, which are generated in SD-C60 and transmitted through water to biomolecules. This approach may open a new field in science and healthcare-a "water-based nanomedicine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija R. Matija
- Nano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ivana Mladen Stankovic
- Nano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Milica Puric
- Nano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Milica Miličić
- Nano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.S.); (M.M.)
- TFT Nano Center, 11050 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.-I.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (V.G.)
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.-I.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (V.G.)
| | - Tamara Krajnović
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.-I.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (V.G.)
| | - Vuk Gordic
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.-I.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (V.G.)
| | - Djuro Lj. Koruga
- Nano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.S.); (M.M.)
- NanoWorld, Biomedical Photonic Lab, 11043 Belgrade, Serbia
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9
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Frank I. Nuclear Motion Is Classical: Spectrum of a Magic Protonated Water Cluster. Molecules 2023; 28:6454. [PMID: 37764233 PMCID: PMC10534396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The assumption that nuclear motion is classical explains many phenomena. The problems of Schrödinger's cat and the EPR paradoxon do not exist in a perfectly deterministic theory. All it needs is to describe nuclear motion classically right from the beginning. To establish this simple idea, it must be tested for as many examples as possible. In the present paper, we use ab initio molecular dynamics to investigate the infrared spectrum of a 'magic' protonated water cluster H3O+(H2O)20 which exhibits some features that were believed to afford a quantum treatment of nuclear motion. The role of the temperature in contrast to a quantum mechanical description is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Frank
- Theoretical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Zhang Z, Tie Y, Zhang D, Liu F, Qi L. Quantum-Involution inspire false positive reduction in pulmonary nodule detection. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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11
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Donadi S, Ferialdi L, Bassi A. Collapse Dynamics Are Diffusive. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:230202. [PMID: 37354406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.230202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Noninterferometric experiments have been successfully employed to constrain models of spontaneous wave function collapse, which predict a violation of the quantum superposition principle for large systems. These experiments are grounded on the fact that, according to these models, the dynamics is driven by noise that, besides collapsing the wave function in space, generates a diffusive motion with characteristic signatures, which, though small, can be tested. The noninterferometric approach might seem applicable only to those models that implement the collapse through noisy dynamics, not to any model, that collapses the wave function in space. Here, we show that this is not the case: under reasonable assumptions, any collapse dynamics (in space) is diffusive. Specifically, we prove that any space-translation covariant dynamics that complies with the no-signaling constraint, if collapsing the wave function in space, must change the average momentum of the system and/or its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Donadi
- Centre for Quantum Materials and Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferialdi
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Bassi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, 34126 Trieste, Italy
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12
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Ionicioiu R. Interferometric Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37209116 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a widely used technique with multiple applications, including geology, molecular biology, and archeology. In order to achieve a high dynamic range, AMS requires tandem accelerators and large magnets, which thus confines it to big laboratories. Here we propose interferometric mass spectrometry (Interf-MS), a novel method of mass separation which uses quantum interference. Interf-MS employs the wave-like properties of the samples and as such is complementary to AMS, in which samples are particle-like. This complementarity has two significant consequences: (i) in Interf-MS separation is performed according to the absolute mass m, and not to the mass-to-charge ratio m/q, as in AMS; (ii) in Interf-MS the samples are in the low-velocity regime, in contrast to the high-velocity regime used in AMS. Potential applications of Interf-MS are compact devices for mobile applications, sensitive molecules that break at the acceleration stage and neutral samples which are difficult to ionize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Ionicioiu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
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13
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Kaneyasu T, Hikosaka Y, Wada S, Fujimoto M, Ota H, Iwayama H, Katoh M. Time domain double slit interference of electron produced by XUV synchrotron radiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6142. [PMID: 37061592 PMCID: PMC10105747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a new realization of the time-domain double-slit experiment with photoelectrons, demonstrating that spontaneous radiation from a bunch of relativistic electrons can be used to control the quantum interference of single-particles. The double-slit arrangement is realized by a pair of light wave packets with attosecond-controlled spacing, which is naturally included in the spontaneous radiation from two undulators in series. Photoelectrons emitted from helium atoms are observed in the energy-domain under the condition of detecting them one by one, and the stochastic buildup of the quantum interference pattern on a detector plane is recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneyasu
- SAGA Light Source, Tosu, 841-0005, Japan.
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Y Hikosaka
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - S Wada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - M Fujimoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - H Ota
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - H Iwayama
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - M Katoh
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
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14
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Zhu L, Liu X, Li L, Wan X, Tao R, Xie Z, Feng J, Zeng C. Signature of quantum interference effect in inter-layer Coulomb drag in graphene-based electronic double-layer systems. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1465. [PMID: 36927844 PMCID: PMC10020572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The distinguishing feature of a quantum system is interference arising from the wave mechanical nature of particles which is clearly central to macroscopic electronic properties. Here, we report the signature of quantum interference effect in inter-layer transport process. Via systematic magneto-drag experiments on graphene-based electronic double-layer systems, we observe low-field correction to the Coulomb-scattering-dominated inter-layer drag resistance in a wide range of temperature and carrier density, with its characteristics sensitive to the band topology of graphene layers. These observations can be attributed to a new type of quantum interference between drag processes, with the interference pathway comprising different carrier diffusion paths in the two constituent conductors. The emergence of such effect relies on the formation of superimposing planar diffusion paths, among which the impurity potentials from intermediate insulating spacer play an essential role. Our findings establish an ideal platform where the interplay between quantum interference and many-body interaction is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Xinyi Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ran Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhongniu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ji Feng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Changgan Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
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15
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Chen J, Guo Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Gong P, Su Z, Fan L, Li G. Emerging Nanoparticles in Food: Sources, Application, and Safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3564-3582. [PMID: 36791411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are small-sized, with high surface activity and antibacterial and antioxidant properties. As a result, some NPs are used as functional ingredients in food additives, food packaging materials, nutrient delivery, nanopesticides, animal feeds, and fertilizers to improve the bioavailability, quality, and performance complement or upgrade. However, the widespread use of NPs in the industry increases the exposure risk of NPs to humans due to their migration from the environment to food. Nevertheless, some NPs, such as carbon dots, NPs found in various thermally processed foods, are also naturally produced from the food during food processing. Given their excellent ability to penetrate biopermeable barriers, the potential safety hazards of NPs on human health have attracted increased attention. Herein, three emerging NPs are introduced including carbon-based NPs (e.g., CNTs), nanoselenium NPs (SeNPs), and rare earth oxide NPs (e.g., CeO2 NPs). In addition, their applications in the food industry, absorption pathways into the human body, and potential risk mechanisms are discussed. Challenges and prospects for the use of NPs in food are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqun Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Fan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
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16
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Fiedler J, Berland K, Borchert JW, Corkery RW, Eisfeld A, Gelbwaser-Klimovsky D, Greve MM, Holst B, Jacobs K, Krüger M, Parsons DF, Persson C, Presselt M, Reisinger T, Scheel S, Stienkemeier F, Tømterud M, Walter M, Weitz RT, Zalieckas J. Perspectives on weak interactions in complex materials at different length scales. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2671-2705. [PMID: 36637007 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials consist of nanometer-sized quantum objects such as atoms, molecules, voids or nanoparticles embedded in a host material. These quantum objects can be exploited as a super-structure, which can be designed to create material properties targeted for specific applications. For electromagnetism, such targeted properties include field enhancements around the bandgap of a semiconductor used for solar cells, directional decay in topological insulators, high kinetic inductance in superconducting circuits, and many more. Despite very different application areas, all of these properties are united by the common aim of exploiting collective interaction effects between quantum objects. The literature on the topic spreads over very many different disciplines and scientific communities. In this review, we present a cross-disciplinary overview of different approaches for the creation, analysis and theoretical description of nanocomposites with applications related to electromagnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fiedler
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - K Berland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Ås Universitetstunet 3, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - J W Borchert
- 1st Institute of Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R W Corkery
- Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Eisfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - D Gelbwaser-Klimovsky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Helen Diller Quantum Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - M M Greve
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - B Holst
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - K Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Max Planck School Matter to Life, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Krüger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D F Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - C Persson
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Presselt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - T Reisinger
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Scheel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - F Stienkemeier
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Tømterud
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - M Walter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - R T Weitz
- 1st Institute of Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Zalieckas
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
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17
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Jung K. A Proposed Interpretation of the Wave-Particle Duality. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1535. [PMID: 36359625 PMCID: PMC9689755 DOI: 10.3390/e24111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of quantum mechanics, the wave function squared describes the probability density of particles. In this article, another description of the wave function is given which embeds quantum mechanics into the traditional fields of physics, thus making new interpretations dispensable. The new concept is based on the idea that each microscopic particle with non-vanishing rest mass is accompanied by a matter wave, which is formed by adjusting the phases of the vacuum fluctuations in the vicinity of the vibrating particle. The vibrations of the particle and wave are phase-coupled. Particles move on continuous approximately classical trajectories. By the phase coupling mechanism, the particle transfers the information on its kinematics and thus also on the external potential to the wave. The space dependence of the escorting wave turns out to be equal to the wave function. The new concept fundamentally differs from the pilot wave concept of Bohmian mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Jung
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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18
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Satpathi U, Ray S, Vardi A. Chaos-assisted many-body tunnelling. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:L042204. [PMID: 36397523 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.l042204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We study the interplay of chaos and tunneling between two weakly coupled Bose-Josephson junctions. The classical phase space of the composite system has a mixed structure including quasi-integrable self-trapping islands for particles and excitations, separated by a chaotic sea. We show that the many-body dynamical tunneling gap between macroscopic Schrödinger cat states supported by these islands is chaos-enhanced. The many-body tunneling rate fluctuates over several orders of magnitude with small variations of the system parameters or the particle number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbashi Satpathi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sayak Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Physikalisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nußallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Amichay Vardi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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19
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Huang C, Huang YC, Nie YY. New quantum physics, solving puzzles of Wheeler's delayed choice and a particle's passing N slits simultaneously and quantum oscillator in experiments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14410. [PMID: 36002473 PMCID: PMC9402567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discovers new quantum physics, and gives solutions to puzzles of Wheeler’s delayed choice and a particle’s passing many slits simultaneously by exact quantum physics expressions. We further show new quantum control, new quantum oscillation, new quantum control experiments and new quantum oscillator being able to be installed in quantum communication network etc. We discover that the ability of a photon to hit electrons out in photoelectric effect is complementarily equivalent to the ability of wave of a photon to simultaneously pass through many slits in wave-particle duality. Objective criterion for distinguishing classical and quantum particles is found, and this paper gives applicable realm of quantum theories and new quantum physics expressions of wave-particle duality. All these studies above should be classified as classical and quantum particles, then classical particle and quantum particle wave cannot and can pass many slits, respectively. This paper discovers wave-particle duality’s origin of displaying both wave property from plane wave part of the general Fourier expansion and particle property from the general Fourier expansion coefficients with the particle’s global property and spins etc. We give the superposition state representation of wave-particle duality, further find the collapse of the duality superposition state to wave or particle state. The collapsed wave or particle state is related to the measure of wave or particle property. Then, we explain why sometimes it's a wave or a particle. Our achieved results are truly tested, and we discover new measured attractive state and quantum wave collapse velocity expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Huang
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China. .,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, W. Lafayette, IN, 47907-2036, USA.
| | - Yong-Chang Huang
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China. .,Institute of Theoretical Physics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yi-You Nie
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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20
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Maia MR, Jonathan D, de Oliveira TR, Khoury AZ, Tasca DS. Optical computing of quantum revivals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27180-27195. [PMID: 36236895 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interference is the mechanism through which waves can be structured into the most fascinating patterns. While for sensing, imaging, trapping, or in fundamental investigations, structured waves play nowadays an important role and are becoming the subject of many interesting studies. Using a coherent optical field as a probe, we show how to structure light into distributions presenting collapse and revival structures in its wavefront. These distributions are obtained from the Fourier spectrum of an arrangement of aperiodic diffracting structures. Interestingly, the resulting interference may present quasiperiodic structures of diffraction peaks on a number of distance scales, even though the diffracting structure is not periodic. We establish an analogy with revival phenomena in the evolution of quantum mechanical systems and illustrate this computation numerically and experimentally, obtaining excellent agreement with the proposed theory.
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21
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Linnemann N. Quantisation as a method of generation: The nature and prospects of theory changes through quantisation. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2022; 92:209-223. [PMID: 35272111 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantisation is a highly successful heuristic tool for constructing a quantum theory out of a classical theory --- even though it is typically accepted that the classical is derivative on the quantum. With this paper, I aim to show that there are overlooked philosophical issues concerning theory generation, and theory change, that appear when considering the quantisation of classical theories. More concretely, I will reveal three major challenges to quantisation qua method of generation and discuss how they can be met. To begin with, given that quantisation goes the wrong way (at least on any orthodox account on the relationship between the classical and the quantum), it must involve ambiguities. A central task in understanding quantisation better as a method of generation is thus to investigate the scope of these ambiguities as well as possible remedies to them. This will be the topic of the first half of the paper. Ambiguities are, however, just one aspect --- albeit a central one --- of quantisation qua method of generation. How to think of quantisation as method of generation overall? In the second part of the paper, I offer a conceptualisation of quantisation as a form of prescription for translating between two theoretical frameworks --- namely a classical and a quantum one. Making use of the characterisation of quantisation as prescriptional theory change, we make a first stab at assessing quantisation with respect to two other central issues of a generative strategy (over and above the ambiguity issue): that is how deep the structure it generates is (deep structure issue), and how it is justified (justification issue). Independently of my hope to offer the reader various specific insights on quantisation as a method of generation, this paper has already achieved its goal if it manages to reveal and map out the rich but unappreciated philosophical problems associated with quantisation qua method of generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Linnemann
- Institute of Philosophy, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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22
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Eckstein M, Horodecki P. Probing the limits of quantum theory with quantum information at subnuclear scales. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern quantum engineering techniques enabled successful foundational tests of quantum mechanics. Yet, the universal validity of quantum postulates is an open question. Here we propose a new theoretical framework of Q-data tests, which recognizes the established validity of quantum theory, but allows for more general—‘post-quantum’—scenarios in certain physical regimes. It can accommodate a large class of models with modified quantum wave dynamics, correlations beyond entanglement or general probabilistic postulates. We discuss its experimental implementation suited to probe the nature of strong nuclear interactions. In contrast to the present accelerator experiments, it shifts the focus from high-luminosity beam physics to individual particle coherent control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Eckstein
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30–348 Kraków, Poland
- Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, ul. Szczepańska 1/5, 31-011 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Horodecki
- International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, National Quantum Information Centre, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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23
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The Classical-Quantum Dichotomy from the Perspective of the Process Algebra. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24020184. [PMID: 35205478 PMCID: PMC8870932 DOI: 10.3390/e24020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The classical-quantum dichotomy is analyzed from the perspective of the Process Algebra approach, which views fundamental phenomena through the lens of complex systems theory and Whitehead’s process theory. Broadly, the dichotomy can be framed in terms of differences in ontology (phenomena and their behavior) and differences in epistemology (theoretical languages used in their description). The Process Algebra posits a reality, generated by processes, whose fundamental characteristics include becoming, generativity, transience, locality, and contextuality. From this perspective, the classical-quantum dichotomy appears to be a false dichotomy—it arises because of stereotyped, strawman-like depictions of what it means to be classical or quantum. A more careful examination reveals that reality is unitary, that whether a system behaves in a quantum or classical manner depends upon its particularities, in particular, whether it is complex or not, and how information flows govern its dynamics.
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24
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Coccia M. New Directions in Quantum Technologies. SSRN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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25
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Zhou H, Perreault WE, Mukherjee N, Zare RN. Quantum mechanical double slit for molecular scattering. Science 2021; 374:960-964. [PMID: 34793222 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nandini Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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26
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Suzuki F, Lemeshko M, Zurek WH, Krems RV. Anderson Localization of Composite Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:160602. [PMID: 34723592 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.160602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of coupling between translational and internal degrees of freedom of composite quantum particles on their localization in a random potential. We show that entanglement between the two degrees of freedom weakens localization due to the upper bound imposed on the inverse participation ratio by purity of a quantum state. We perform numerical calculations for a two-particle system bound by a harmonic force in a 1D disordered lattice and a rigid rotor in a 2D disordered lattice. We illustrate that the coupling has a dramatic effect on localization properties, even with a small number of internal states participating in quantum dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Suzuki
- IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Mikhail Lemeshko
- IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Wojciech H Zurek
- Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Roman V Krems
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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27
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Jaworski A, Hedin N. Local energy decomposition analysis and molecular properties of encapsulated methane in fullerene (CH 4@C 60). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21554-21567. [PMID: 34550137 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02333k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methane has been successfully encapsulated within cages of C60 fullerene, which is an appropriate model system to study confinement effects. Its chemistry and physics are also relevant for theoretical model descriptions. Here we provide insights into intermolecular interactions and predicted spectroscopic responses of the CH4@C60 complex and compared them with results from other methods and with data from the literature. Local energy decomposition analysis (LED) within the domain-based local pair natural orbital coupled cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) framework was used, and an efficient protocol for studies of endohedral complexes of fullerenes is proposed. This approach allowed us to assess energies in relation to electronic and geometric preparation, electrostatics, exchange, and London dispersion for the CH4@C60 endohedral complex. The calculated stabilization energy of CH4 inside the C60 fullerene was -13.5 kcal mol-1 and its magnitude was significantly larger than the latent heat of evaporation of CH4. Evaluation of vibrational frequencies and polarizabilities of the CH4@C60 complex revealed that the infrared (IR) and Raman bands of the endohedral CH4 were essentially "silent" due to the dielectric screening effect of C60, which acted as a molecular Faraday cage. Absorption spectra in the UV-vis domain and ionization potentials of C60 and CH4@C60 were predicted. They were almost identical. The calculated 1H/13C NMR shifts and spin-spin coupling constants were in very good agreement with experimental data. In addition, reference DLPNO-CCSD(T) interaction energies for complexes with noble gases (Ng@C60; Ng = He, Ne, Ar, Kr) were calculated. The values were compared with those derived from supramolecular MP2/SCS-MP2 calculations and estimates with London-type formulas by Pyykkö and coworkers [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 12, 6187-6203], and with values derived from DFT-based symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (DFT-SAPT) by Hesselmann & Korona [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 732-743]. Selected points at the potential energy surface of the endohedral He2@C60 trimer were considered. In contrast to previous theoretical attempts with the DFT/MP2/SCS-MP2/DFT-SAPT methods, our calculations at the DLPNO-CCSD(T) level of theory predicted the He2@C60 trimer to be thermodynamically stable, which is in agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Jaworski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Niklas Hedin
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Plotnitsky A. Nature Has No Elementary Particles and Makes No Measurements or Predictions: Quantum Measurement and Quantum Theory, from Bohr to Bell and from Bell to Bohr. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23091197. [PMID: 34573822 PMCID: PMC8470679 DOI: 10.3390/e23091197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reconsiders the concept of physical reality in quantum theory and the concept of quantum measurement, following Bohr, whose analysis of quantum measurement led him to his concept of a (quantum) "phenomenon," referring to "the observations obtained under the specified circumstances," in the interaction between quantum objects and measuring instruments. This situation makes the terms "observation" and "measurement," as conventionally understood, inapplicable. These terms are remnants of classical physics or still earlier history, from which classical physics inherited it. As defined here, a quantum measurement does not measure any preexisting property of the ultimate constitution of the reality responsible for quantum phenomena. An act of measurement establishes a quantum phenomenon by an interaction between the instrument and the quantum object or in the present view the ultimate constitution of the reality responsible for quantum phenomena and, at the time of measurement, also quantum objects. In the view advanced in this article, in contrast to that of Bohr, quantum objects, such as electrons or photons, are assumed to exist only at the time of measurement and not independently, a view that redefines the concept of quantum object as well. This redefinition becomes especially important in high-energy quantum regimes and quantum field theory and allows this article to define a new concept of quantum field. The article also considers, now following Bohr, the quantum measurement as the entanglement between quantum objects and measurement instruments. The argument of the article is grounded in the concept "reality without realism" (RWR), as underlying quantum measurement thus understood, and the view, the RWR view, of quantum theory defined by this concept. The RWR view places a stratum of physical reality thus designated, here the reality ultimately responsible for quantum phenomena, beyond representation or knowledge, or even conception, and defines the corresponding set of interpretations quantum mechanics or quantum field theory, such as the one assumed in this article, in which, again, not only quantum phenomena but also quantum objects are (idealizations) defined by measurement. As such, the article also offers a broadly conceived response to J. Bell's argument "against 'measurement'".
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Plotnitsky
- Literature, Theory and Cultural Studies Program, Philosophy and Literature Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Luski A, Segev Y, David R, Bitton O, Nadler H, Barnea AR, Gorlach A, Cheshnovsky O, Kaminer I, Narevicius E. Vortex beams of atoms and molecules. Science 2021; 373:1105-1109. [PMID: 34516841 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Luski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair Segev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rea David
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ora Bitton
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hila Nadler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Ronny Barnea
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ori Cheshnovsky
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Asokan S, Ivan JS. Polarization-spatial Gaussian entanglement in partially coherent light fields. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2021; 38:1304-1311. [PMID: 34613137 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.430464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The problem of bipartite entanglement in partially coherent paraxial vector light fields is addressed. A generalized uncertainty principle suited for the polarization-spatial degrees of freedom is introduced. Partial transpose is implemented through the obtained generalized uncertainty principle. Partial transpose is shown to be necessary and sufficient in detecting entanglement for a class of partially coherent vector light fields which have a spatial part to be Gaussian. An experimental realization of the studied entangled states using classical optical interferometry is outlined.
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Plotnitsky A. On "Decisions and Revisions Which a Minute Will Reverse": Consciousness, The Unconscious and Mathematical Modeling of Thinking. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:1026. [PMID: 34441166 PMCID: PMC8391280 DOI: 10.3390/e23081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article considers a partly philosophical question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using quantum-like models or theories (models and theories based on the mathematical formalism of quantum theory) vs. classical-like ones (based on the mathematics of classical physics), in considering human thinking and decision making? This question is only partly philosophical because it also concerns the scientific understanding of the phenomena considered by the theories that use mathematical models of either type, just as in physics itself, where this question also arises as a physical question. This is because this question is in effect: What are the physical reasons for using, even if not requiring, these types of theories in considering quantum phenomena, which these theories predict fully in accord with the experiment? This is clearly also a physical, rather than only philosophical, question and so is, accordingly, the question of whether one needs classical-like or quantum-like theories or both (just as in physics we use both classical and quantum theories) in considering human thinking in psychology and related fields, such as decision science. It comes as no surprise that many of these reasons are parallel to those that are responsible for the use of QM and QFT in the case of quantum phenomena. Still, the corresponding situations should be understood and justified in terms of the phenomena considered, phenomena defined by human thinking, because there are important differences between these phenomena and quantum phenomena, which this article aims to address. In order to do so, this article will first consider quantum phenomena and quantum theory, before turning to human thinking and decision making, in addressing which it will also discuss two recent quantum-like approaches to human thinking, that by M. G. D'Ariano and F. Faggin and that by A. Khrennikov. Both approaches are ontological in the sense of offering representations, different in character in each approach, of human thinking by the formalism of quantum theory. Whether such a representation, as opposed to only predicting the outcomes of relevant experiments, is possible either in quantum theory or in quantum-like theories of human thinking is one of the questions addressed in this article. The philosophical position adopted in it is that it may not be possible to make this assumption, which, however, is not the same as saying that it is impossible. I designate this view as the reality-without-realism, RWR, view and in considering strictly mental processes as the ideality-without-idealism, IWI, view, in the second case in part following, but also moving beyond, I. Kant's philosophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Plotnitsky
- Literature, Theory and Cultural Studies Program, Philosophy and Literature Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Petruzziello L, Illuminati F. Quantum gravitational decoherence from fluctuating minimal length and deformation parameter at the Planck scale. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4449. [PMID: 34294717 PMCID: PMC8298405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schemes of gravitationally induced decoherence are being actively investigated as possible mechanisms for the quantum-to-classical transition. Here, we introduce a decoherence process due to quantum gravity effects. We assume a foamy quantum spacetime with a fluctuating minimal length coinciding on average with the Planck scale. Considering deformed canonical commutation relations with a fluctuating deformation parameter, we derive a Lindblad master equation that yields localization in energy space and decoherence times consistent with the currently available observational evidence. Compared to other schemes of gravitational decoherence, we find that the decoherence rate predicted by our model is extremal, being minimal in the deep quantum regime below the Planck scale and maximal in the mesoscopic regime beyond it. We discuss possible experimental tests of our model based on cavity optomechanics setups with ultracold massive molecular oscillators and we provide preliminary estimates on the values of the physical parameters needed for actual laboratory implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Petruzziello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, (SA), Italy.
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo collegato di Salerno, Fisciano, (SA), Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Illuminati
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, (SA), Italy.
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo collegato di Salerno, Fisciano, (SA), Italy.
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Thomsen K. Timelessness Strictly inside the Quantum Realm. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:772. [PMID: 34207444 PMCID: PMC8235759 DOI: 10.3390/e23060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Time is one of the undisputed foundations of our life in the real world. Here it is argued that inside small isolated quantum systems, time does not pass as we are used to, and it is primarily in this sense that quantum objects enjoy only limited reality. Quantum systems, which we know, are embedded in the everyday classical world. Their preparation as well as their measurement-phases leave durable records and traces in the entropy of the environment. The Landauer Principle then gives a quantitative threshold for irreversibility. With double slit experiments and tunneling as paradigmatic examples, it is proposed that a label of timelessness offers clues for rendering a Copenhagen-type interpretation of quantum physics more "realistic" and acceptable by providing a coarse but viable link from the fundamental quantum realm to the classical world which humans directly experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud Thomsen
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Idris Z, Zakaria Z, Yee AS, Fitzrol DN, Ghani ARI, Abdullah JM, Wan Hassan WMN, Hassan MH, Manaf AA, Chong Heng RO. Quantum and Electromagnetic Fields in Our Universe and Brain: A New Perspective to Comprehend Brain Function. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050558. [PMID: 33925002 PMCID: PMC8146693 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of wholeness or oneness refers to not only humans, but also all of creation. Similarly, consciousness may not wholly exist inside the human brain. One consciousness could permeate the whole universe as limitless energy; thus, human consciousness can be regarded as limited or partial in character. According to the limited consciousness concept, humans perceive projected waves or wave-vortices as a waveless item. Therefore, human limited consciousness collapses the wave function or energy of particles; accordingly, we are only able to perceive them as particles. With this “limited concept”, the wave-vortex or wave movement comes into review, which also seems to have a limited concept, i.e., the limited projected wave concept. Notably, this wave-vortex seems to embrace photonic light, as well as electricity and anything in between them, which gives a sense of dimension to our brain. These elements of limited projected wave-vortex and limitless energy (consciousness) may coexist inside our brain as electric (directional pilot wave) and quantum (diffused oneness of waves) brainwaves, respectively, with both of them giving rise to one brain field. Abnormality in either the electrical or the quantum field or their fusion may lead to abnormal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-9-767-6299; Fax: +60-9-764-8613
| | - Zaitun Zakaria
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Ang Song Yee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Diana Noma Fitzrol
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Wan Mohd Nazaruddin Wan Hassan
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hasyizan Hassan
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abdul Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia;
| | - Raymond Ooi Chong Heng
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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Tsukamoto T, Kambe T, Imaoka T, Yamamoto K. Modern cluster design based on experiment and theory. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:338-347. [PMID: 37117837 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For decades, chemists have explored cluster compounds according to theoretical models that have proved too simplistic to accurately predict cluster properties, stabilities and functions. By incorporating molecular symmetry into existing cluster models, we can better study real polyatomic molecules and have new guidelines for their design. This symmetry-adapted cluster model allows us to discover substances that shatter the conventional notion of clusters. Theoretical predictors will point to the viability of new clusters, whose syntheses can be realized with parallel advances in experimental methods. This Perspective describes these modern experimental and theoretical strategies for cluster design and how they may give rise to new fields in cluster chemistry.
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Fiedler J, Walter M, Buhmann SY. Effective screening of medium-assisted van der Waals interactions between embedded particles. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104102. [PMID: 33722018 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of an implicit medium on dispersive interactions of particle pairs is discussed, and simple expressions for the correction relative to vacuum are derived. We show that a single point Gauss quadrature leads to the intuitive result that the vacuum van der Waals C6-coefficient is screened by the permittivity squared of the environment evaluated near to the resonance frequencies of the interacting particles. This approximation should be particularly relevant if the medium is transparent at these frequencies. In this manuscript, we provide simple models and sets of parameters for commonly used solvents, atoms, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fiedler
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Yoshi Buhmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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37
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Neuwald AF. Reflections on the quest to obtain biological information from genomic data. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.15302/j-qb-021-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Drug Delivery Systems of Natural Products in Oncology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194560. [PMID: 33036240 PMCID: PMC7582809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, increasing interest in the use of natural products in anticancer therapy field has been observed, mainly due to unsolved drug-resistance problems. The antitumoral effect of natural compounds involving different signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms has been largely demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. The encapsulation of natural products into different delivery systems may lead to a significant enhancement of their anticancer efficacy by increasing in vivo stability and bioavailability, reducing side adverse effects and improving target-specific activity. This review will focus on research studies related to nanostructured systems containing natural compounds for new drug delivery tools in anticancer therapies.
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Quantum state holography to reconstruct the molecular wave packet using an attosecond XUV-XUV pump-probe technique. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12981. [PMID: 32737413 PMCID: PMC7395139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An attosecond molecular interferometer is proposed by using a XUV-XUV pump-probe scheme. The interferograms resulting in the photoelectron distributions enable the full reconstruction of the molecular wave packet associated to excited states using a quantum state holographic approach that, to our knowledge, has only been proposed for simple atomic targets combining attosecond XUV pulses with IR light. In contrast with existing works, we investigate schemes where one- and two-photon absorption paths contribute to ionize the hydrogen molecule and show that it is possible to retrieve the excitation dynamics even when imprinted in a minority channel. Furthermore, we provide a systematic analysis of the time-frequency maps that reveal the distinct, but tightly coupled, motion of electrons and nuclei.
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Pedernales JS, Morley GW, Plenio MB. Motional Dynamical Decoupling for Interferometry with Macroscopic Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:023602. [PMID: 32701327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.023602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We extend the concept of dynamical decoupling from spin to mechanical degrees of freedom of macroscopic objects, for application in interferometry. In this manner, the superposition of matter waves can be made resilient to many important sources of noise when these are driven along suitable paths in space. As a concrete implementation, we present the case of levitated (or free falling) nanodiamonds hosting a color center in a magnetic field gradient. We point out that these interferometers are inherently affected by diamagnetic forces, which restrict the separation of the superposed states to distances that scale with the inverse of the magnetic field gradient. Periodic forcing of the mechanical degree of freedom is shown to overcome this limitation, achieving a linear-in-time growth of the separation distance independent of the magnetic field gradient, while simultaneously protecting the coherence of the superposition from environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen S Pedernales
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gavin W Morley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Reality, Indeterminacy, Probability, and Information in Quantum Theory. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22070747. [PMID: 33286518 PMCID: PMC7517274 DOI: 10.3390/e22070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following the view of several leading quantum-information theorists, this paper argues that quantum phenomena, including those exhibiting quantum correlations (one of their most enigmatic features), and quantum mechanics may be best understood in quantum-informational terms. It also argues that this understanding is implicit already in the work of some among the founding figures of quantum mechanics, in particular W. Heisenberg and N. Bohr, half a century before quantum information theory emerged and confirmed, and gave a deeper meaning to, to their insights. These insights, I further argue, still help this understanding, which is the main reason for considering them here. My argument is grounded in a particular interpretation of quantum phenomena and quantum mechanics, in part arising from these insights as well. This interpretation is based on the concept of reality without realism, RWR (which places the reality considered beyond representation or even conception), introduced by this author previously, in turn, following Heisenberg and Bohr, and in response to quantum information theory.
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42
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Paneru D, Cohen E, Fickler R, Boyd RW, Karimi E. Entanglement: quantum or classical? REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:064001. [PMID: 32235071 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab85b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
From its seemingly non-intuitive and puzzling nature, most evident in numerous EPR-like gedanken experiments to its almost ubiquitous presence in quantum technologies, entanglement is at the heart of modern quantum physics. First introduced by Erwin Schrödinger nearly a century ago, entanglement has remained one of the most fascinating ideas that came out of quantum mechanics. Here, we attempt to explain what makes entanglement fundamentally different from any classical phenomenon. To this end, we start with a historical overview of entanglement and discuss several hidden variables models that were conceived to provide a classical explanation and demystify quantum entanglement. We discuss some inequalities and bounds that are violated by quantum states thereby falsifying the existence of some of the classical hidden variables theories. We also discuss some exciting manifestations of entanglement, such as N00N states and the non-separable single particle states. We conclude by discussing some contemporary results regarding quantum correlations and present a future outlook for the research of quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Paneru
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5 Canada
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Suárez-Forero DG, Ardizzone V, Covre da Silva SF, Reindl M, Fieramosca A, Polimeno L, Giorgi MD, Dominici L, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Ballarini D, Laussy F, Rastelli A, Sanvitto D. Quantum hydrodynamics of a single particle. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:85. [PMID: 32435468 PMCID: PMC7221079 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor devices are strong competitors in the race for the development of quantum computational systems. In this work, we interface two semiconductor building blocks of different dimensionalities with complementary properties: (1) a quantum dot hosting a single exciton and acting as a nearly ideal single-photon emitter and (2) a quantum well in a 2D microcavity sustaining polaritons, which are known for their strong interactions and unique hydrodynamic properties, including ultrafast real-time monitoring of their propagation and phase mapping. In the present experiment, we can thus observe how the injected single particles propagate and evolve inside the microcavity, giving rise to hydrodynamic features typical of macroscopic systems despite their genuine intrinsic quantum nature. In the presence of a structural defect, we observe the celebrated quantum interference of a single particle that produces fringes reminiscent of wave propagation. While this behavior could be theoretically expected, our imaging of such an interference pattern, together with a measurement of antibunching, constitutes the first demonstration of spatial mapping of the self-interference of a single quantum particle impinging on an obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gustavo Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Saimon Filipe Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Marcus Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Laura Polimeno
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrice Laussy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY UK
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Wang L, Liu M, Yu S, Xu P, He X, Wang K, Wang J, Zhan M. Effect of an echo sequence to a trapped single-atom interferometer with photon momentum kicks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15038-15049. [PMID: 32403537 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a single-atom interferometer (SAI) in an optical dipole trap (ODT) with photon momentum kicks. An echo sequence is used for the SAI. We find experimentally that interference visibilities of a counter-propagating Raman type SAI decay much faster than the co-propagating case. To understand the underlying mechanism, a wave-packet propagating simulation is developed for the ODT-guided SAI. We show that in state dependent dipole potentials, the coupling between external dynamics and internal states makes the atom evolve in different paths during the interfering process. The acquired momentum from counter-propagating Raman pulses forces the external motional wave packets of two paths be completely separated and the interferometer visibility decays quickly compared to that of the co-propagating Raman pulses process. Meanwhile, the echo interference visibility experiences revival or instantaneous collapse which depends on the π pulse adding time at approximate integer multiples or half integer multiples of the trap period.
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Shayeghi A, Rieser P, Richter G, Sezer U, Rodewald JH, Geyer P, Martinez TJ, Arndt M. Matter-wave interference of a native polypeptide. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1447. [PMID: 32193414 PMCID: PMC7081299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The de Broglie wave nature of matter is a paradigmatic example of quantum physics and it has been exploited in precision measurements of forces and fundamental constants. However, matter-wave interferometry has remained an outstanding challenge for natural polypeptides, building blocks of life, which are fragile and difficult to handle. Here, we demonstrate the wave nature of gramicidin, a natural antibiotic composed of 15 amino acids. Its center of mass is delocalized over more than 20 times the molecular size in our time-domain Talbot-Lau interferometer. We compare the observed interference fringes with a model that includes both a rigorous treatment of the peptide’s quantum wave nature as well as a quantum chemical assessment of its optical properties to distinguish our result from classical predictions. The realization of quantum optics with this prototypical biomolecule paves the way for quantum-assisted measurements on a large class of biologically relevant molecules. Matter-wave interferometry of complex molecules is challenging due to difficulties in preparing and detecting molecular beams. Here the authors demonstrate quantum behavior of a polypeptide using matter-wave interference in an all-optical time-domain Talbot-Lau interferometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shayeghi
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Rieser
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Richter
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Sezer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - J H Rodewald
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P Geyer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - T J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M Arndt
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Johnson CW, Bauer DH, McMorran BJ. Improved control of electron computer-generated holographic grating groove profiles using ion beam gas-assisted etching. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1594-1601. [PMID: 32225657 DOI: 10.1364/ao.376876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a transmission electron microscope, electrons are described by matter-waves with wavelengths five orders of magnitude smaller than optical electromagnetic waves. Analogous to optical holography, electron wavefronts can be shaped using nanoscale holographic gratings. Here we demonstrate a novel, scalable nanofabrication method for creating off-axis holographic gratings that demonstrate near ideal diffraction efficiencies for binary, sinusoidal, and blazed grating groove profiles. We show that this method can produce up to 50 µm diameter area gratings that diffract up to 68% of the transmitted electron wave into a desired diffraction order with less than 7% into any other order. Additionally, we find that the amount of inelastically scattered electrons from the material gratings remaining in the coherent diffraction orders from the gratings is negligible in the far field.
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47
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Maleki Y. Stereographic geometry of coherence and which-path information. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5513-5516. [PMID: 31730096 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that quantum entanglement is an indispensable part of the duality behavior of light. Here we report a surprisingly intimate connection between the stereographic projection and the duality-entanglement nature of a single photon. We show that the duality-entanglement relation [Optica5, 942 (2018)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.5.000942] naturally emerges from the stereographic projection geometry. We demonstrate that this geometry is complementarity sensitive, in the sense that it is sensitive to the particle nature, wave nature, and entanglement nature of a single photon.
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48
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Antimatter Quantum Interferometry. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The wave–particle duality hypothesis for massive particles has been confirmed by an overwhelming variety of indirect experimental evidence. In addition, direct interferometric tests have been made on particles like electrons, neutrons and even a few molecules, explicitly showing wave-like diffraction and interference phenomena. Of particular interest in this direction, single particle interference has also been demonstrated, but only for the electron case. No such kind of direct information was available for antiparticles or antimatter in general. After briefly discussing the subjects of antimatter research and interferometry, I present here the first evidence of single particle antimatter interference, made with positrons.
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49
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Villalpando C, Modak SK. Minimal length effect on the broadening of free wave packets and its physical implications. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.100.024054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Liu Y, Ning CG, Wang LS. Double- and multi-slit interference in photodetachment from nanometer organic molecular anions. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:244302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Chuan-Gang Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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