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SBP, DBP, and pulse blood pressure variability are temporally associated with the increase in pulse wave velocity in a model of aortic stiffness. J Hypertens 2016; 34:666-75. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oltean A, Huang J, Beebe DC, Taber LA. Tissue growth constrained by extracellular matrix drives invagination during optic cup morphogenesis. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1405-1421. [PMID: 26984743 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the early embryo, the eyes form initially as relatively spherical optic vesicles (OVs) that protrude from both sides of the brain tube. Each OV grows until it contacts and adheres to the overlying surface ectoderm (SE) via an extracellular matrix (ECM) that is secreted by the SE and OV. The OV and SE then thicken and bend inward (invaginate) to create the optic cup (OC) and lens vesicle, respectively. While constriction of cell apices likely plays a role in SE invagination, the mechanisms that drive OV invagination are poorly understood. Here, we used experiments and computational modeling to explore the hypothesis that the ECM locally constrains the growing OV, forcing it to invaginate. In chick embryos, we examined the need for the ECM by (1) removing SE at different developmental stages and (2) exposing the embryo to collagenase. At relatively early stages of invagination (Hamburger-Hamilton stage HH14[Formula: see text]), removing the SE caused the curvature of the OV to reverse as it 'popped out' and became convex, but the OV remained concave at later stages (HH15) and invaginated further during subsequent culture. Disrupting the ECM had a similar effect, with the OV popping out at early to mid-stages of invagination (HH14[Formula: see text] to HH14[Formula: see text]). These results suggest that the ECM is required for the early stages but not the late stages of OV invagination. Microindentation tests indicate that the matrix is considerably stiffer than the cellular OV, and a finite-element model consisting of a growing spherical OV attached to a relatively stiff layer of ECM reproduced the observed behavior, as well as measured temporal changes in OV curvature, wall thickness, and invagination depth reasonably well. Results from our study also suggest that the OV grows relatively uniformly, while the ECM is stiffer toward the center of the optic vesicle. These results are consistent with our matrix-constraint hypothesis, providing new insight into the mechanics of OC (early retina) morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Oltean
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, Saint Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA.
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Larry A Taber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, Saint Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA
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Bouissou-Schurtz C, Lindesay G, Regnault V, Renet S, Safar ME, Molinie V, Dabire H, Bezie Y. Development of an Experimental Model to Study the Relationship Between Day-to-Day Variability in Blood Pressure and Aortic Stiffness. Front Physiol 2015; 6:368. [PMID: 26696902 PMCID: PMC4672044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to develop an animal model of long-term blood pressure variability (BPV) and to investigate its consequences on aortic damage. We hypothesized that day-to-day BPV produced by discontinuous treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by valsartan may increase arterial stiffness. For that purpose, rats were discontinuously treated, 2 days a week, or continuously treated by valsartan (30 mg/kg/d in chow) or placebo. Telemetered BP was recorded during 2 min every 15 min, 3 days a week during 8 weeks to cover the full BP variations in response to the treatment schedule. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and aortic structure evaluated by immunohistochemistry were investigated in a second set of rats treated under the same conditions. Continuous treatment with valsartan reduced systolic BP (SBP) and reversed the aortic structural alterations observed in placebo treated SHR (decrease of medial cross-sectional area). Discontinuous treatment with valsartan decreased SBP to a similar extent but increased the day-to-day BPV, short term BPV, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PWV as compared with continuous treatment. Despite no modifications in the elastin/collagen ratio and aortic thickness, an increase in PWV was observed following discontinuous treatment and was associated with a specific accumulation of fibronectin and its αv-integrin receptor compared with both groups of rats. Taken together the present results indicate that a discontinuous treatment with valsartan is able to induce a significant increase in day-to-day BPV coupled to an aortic phenotype close to that observed in hypertension. This experimental model should pave the way for future experimental and clinical studies aimed at assessing how long-term BPV increases aortic stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georges Lindesay
- Cardiovascular Department, Institut de Recherches Servier Suresnes, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1116 Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Renet
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Department of Pharmacy Paris, France
| | - Michel E Safar
- Centre de Diagnostic et Université René Descartes, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, UFR Médecine Paris, France
| | - Vincent Molinie
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Meynard Fort de France, France
| | - Hubert Dabire
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U955, Equipe 03 Créteil, France
| | - Yvonnick Bezie
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Department of Pharmacy Paris, France
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Sehgel NL, Vatner SF, Meininger GA. "Smooth Muscle Cell Stiffness Syndrome"-Revisiting the Structural Basis of Arterial Stiffness. Front Physiol 2015; 6:335. [PMID: 26635621 PMCID: PMC4649054 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the pervasiveness of increased arterial stiffness in patients with cardiovascular disease has become increasingly apparent. Though, this phenomenon has been well documented in humans and animal models of disease for well over a century, there has been surprisingly limited development in a deeper mechanistic understanding of arterial stiffness. Much of the historical literature has focused on changes in extracellular matrix proteins—collagen and elastin. However, extracellular matrix changes alone appear insufficient to consistently account for observed changes in vascular stiffness, which we observed in our studies of aortic stiffness in aging monkeys. This led us to examine novel mechanisms operating at the level of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)—that include increased cell stiffness and adhesion to extracellular matrix—which that may be interrelated with other mechanisms contributing to arterial stiffness. We introduce these observations as a new concept—the Smooth Muscle Cell Stiffness Syndrome (SMCSS)—within the field of arterial stiffness and posit that stiffening of vascular cells impairs vascular function and may contribute stiffening to the vasculature with aging and cardiovascular disease. Importantly, this review article revisits the structural basis of arterial stiffness in light of these novel findings. Such classification of SMCSS and its contextualization into our current understanding of vascular mechanics may be useful in the development of strategic therapeutics to directly target arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Sehgel
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University - Biomedical and Health Sciences Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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Sehgel NL, Sun Z, Hong Z, Hunter WC, Hill MA, Vatner DE, Vatner SF, Meininger GA. Augmented vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness and adhesion when hypertension is superimposed on aging. Hypertension 2014; 65:370-7. [PMID: 25452471 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension and aging are both recognized to increase aortic stiffness, but their interactions are not completely understood. Most previous studies have attributed increased aortic stiffness to changes in extracellular matrix proteins that alter the mechanical properties of the vascular wall. Alternatively, we hypothesized that a significant component of increased vascular stiffness in hypertension is due to changes in the mechanical and adhesive properties of vascular smooth muscle cells, and that aging would augment the contribution from vascular smooth muscle cells when compared with the extracellular matrix. Accordingly, we studied aortic stiffness in young (16-week-old) and old (64-week-old) spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto wild-type controls. Systolic and pulse pressures were significantly increased in young spontaneously hypertensive rats when compared with young Wistar-Kyoto rats, and these continued to rise in old spontaneously hypertensive rats when compared with age-matched controls. Excised aortic ring segments exhibited significantly greater elastic moduli in both young and old spontaneously hypertensive rats versus Wistar-Kyoto rats. were isolated from the thoracic aorta, and stiffness and adhesion to fibronectin were measured by atomic force microscopy. Hypertension increased both vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness and vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion, and these increases were both augmented with aging. By contrast, hypertension did not affect histological measures of aortic collagen and elastin, which were predominantly changed by aging. These findings support the concept that stiffness and adhesive properties of vascular smooth muscle cells are novel mechanisms contributing to the increased aortic stiffness occurring with hypertension superimposed on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Sehgel
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.)
| | - Zhe Sun
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.)
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.)
| | - William C Hunter
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.)
| | - Michael A Hill
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.)
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.)
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.).
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H., D.E.V., S.F.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (N.L.S., W.C.H.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., Z.H., M.A.H., G.A.M.).
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Increased stiffness and cell-matrix interactions of abdominal aorta in two experimental nonhypertensive models: long-term chemically sympathectomized and sinoaortic denervated rats. J Hypertens 2014; 32:652-8. [PMID: 24356541 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sinoaortic denervated (SAD) and chemically sympathectomized (SNX) rats are characterized by a decrease in arterial distensibility without hypertension and would, thus, be relevant for analyzing arterial wall stiffening independently of blood pressure level. The fibronectin network, which plays a pivotal role in cell-matrix interactions, is a major determinant of arterial stiffness. We hypothesized that in SAD and SNX rats, arterial stiffness is increased, due to alterations of cell-matrix anchoring leading to spatial reorganization of the extracellular matrix. METHODS The intrinsic elastic properties of the arterial wall were evaluated in vivo by the relationship between incremental elastic modulus determined by echotracking and circumferential wall stress. The changes of cell-extracellular matrix links in the abdominal aorta were evaluated by studying fibronectin, vascular integrin receptors, and ultrastructural features of the aorta by immunochemistry. RESULTS In both experimental conditions, wall stiffness increased, associated with different modifications of cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. In SAD rats, increased media cross-sectional area was coupled with an increase of muscle cell attachments to its extracellular matrix via fibronectin and its α5-β1 integrin. In SNX rats, reduced media cross-sectional area was associated with upregulation of αv-β3 integrin and more extensive connections between dense bands and elastic fibers despite the disruption of the elastic lamellae. CONCLUSION In aorta of SNX and SAD rats, a similar arterial stiffness is associated to different structural alterations. An increase in αvβ3 or α5β1 integrins together with the already reported increase in the proportion of less distensible (collagen) to more distensible (elastin) components in both models contributes to remodeling and stiffening of the abdominal aorta.
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Galmiche G, Pizard A, Gueret A, El Moghrabi S, Ouvrard-Pascaud A, Berger S, Challande P, Jaffe IZ, Labat C, Lacolley P, Jaisser F. Smooth muscle cell mineralocorticoid receptors are mandatory for aldosterone-salt to induce vascular stiffness. Hypertension 2014; 63:520-526. [PMID: 24296280 PMCID: PMC4446717 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is recognized as a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. Aldosterone via its binding to and activation of the mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) is a main regulator of blood pressure by controlling renal sodium reabsorption. Although both clinical and experimental data indicate that MR activation by aldosterone is involved in arterial stiffening, the molecular mechanism is not known. In addition to the kidney, MR is expressed in both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), but the specific contribution of the VSMC MR to aldosterone-induced vascular stiffness remains to be explored. To address this question, we generated a mouse model with conditional inactivation of the MR in VSMC (MR(SMKO)). MR(SMKO) mice show no alteration in renal sodium handling or vascular structure, but they have decreased blood pressure when compared with control littermate mice. In vivo at baseline, large vessels of mutant mice presented with normal elastic properties, whereas carotids displayed a smaller diameter when compared with those of the control group. As expected after aldosterone/salt challenge, the arterial stiffness increased in control mice; however, it remained unchanged in MR(SMKO) mice, without significant modification in vascular collagen/elastin ratio. Instead, we found that the fibronectin/α5-subunit integrin ratio is profoundly altered in MR(SMKO) mice because the induction of α5 expression by aldosterone/salt challenge is prevented in mice lacking VSMC MR. Altogether, our data reveal in the aldosterone/salt hypertension model that MR activation specifically in VSMC leads to the arterial stiffening by modulation of cell-matrix attachment proteins independent of major vascular structural changes.
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MESH Headings
- Aldosterone/toxicity
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium Chloride, Dietary/toxicity
- Vascular Stiffness/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Galmiche
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Anne Pizard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Alexandre Gueret
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Soumaya El Moghrabi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Antoine Ouvrard-Pascaud
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Stefan Berger
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Pascal Challande
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Carlos Labat
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Patrick Lacolley
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie, Inserm U872 Équipe 1, Paris, France (G.G., S.E.M., F.J.); Inserm U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., C.L., P.L.); Inserm U1096, Rouen, France (A.G., A.O.-P.); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (S.B.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France (P.C.); CNRS, UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.); and Centre for Clinical Investigation, Inserm U9501, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (A.P., F.J.)
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8
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Radchenko GD, Sirenko YM, Kushnir SM, Torbas OO, Dobrokhod AS. Comparative effectiveness of a fixed-dose combination of losartan + HCTZ versus bisoprolol + HCTZ in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension: results of the 6-month ELIZA trial. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013; 9:535-49. [PMID: 24109189 PMCID: PMC3792946 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s44568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the antihypertensive efficacy of losartan 100 mg + hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 25 mg versus bisoprolol 10 mg + HCTZ 25 mg and their influence on arterial stiffness and central blood pressure (BP). Methods Of 60 patients with a mean BP of 173.3 ± 1.7/98.4 ± 1.2 mmHg, 59 were random-ized to losartan + HCTZ (n = 32) or bisoprolol + HCTZ (n = 27). Amlodipine was added if target BP was not achieved at 1 month, and doxazosin was added if target BP was not achieved after 3 months. Body mass index, office and 24-hour ambulatory BP, pulse wave velocity (carotid-femoral [PWVE] and radial [PWVM]), noninvasive central systolic BP, augmentation index (AIx), laboratory investigations, and electrocardiography were done at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Results Losartan + HCTZ was as effective as bisoprolol + HCTZ, with target office BP achieved in 96.9% and 92.6% of patients and target 24-hour BP in 75% and 66.7% of patients, respectively, after 6 months. Effective treatment of BP led to significant lowering of central systolic BP, but this was decreased to a significantly (P < 0.05) greater extent by losartan + HCTZ (−23.0 ± 2.3 mmHg) than by bisoprolol + HCTZ (−15.4 ± 2.9 mmHg) despite equal lowering of brachial BP. Factors correlated with central systolic BP and its lowering differed between the treatment groups. Losartan + HCTZ did not alter arterial stiffness patterns significantly, but bisoprolol + HCTZ significantly increased AIx. We noted differences in ΔPWVE, ΔPWVM, and ΔAIx between the groups in favor of losartan + HCTZ. Decreased heart rate was associated with higher central systolic BP and AIx in the bisoprolol + HCTZ group, but was not associated with increased AIx in the losartan + HCTZ group. Conclusion Although both treatments decreased both office and 24-hour BP, losartan + HCTZ significantly decreased central systolic BP and had a more positive influence on pulse wave velocity, with a less negative effect of decreased heart rate on AIx and central systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Radchenko
- Secondary Hypertension Department, National Scientific Center, Strazhesko Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine
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9
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Galmiche G, Labat C, Mericskay M, Aissa KA, Blanc J, Retailleau K, Bourhim M, Coletti D, Loufrani L, Gao-Li J, Feil R, Challande P, Henrion D, Decaux JF, Regnault V, Lacolley P, Li Z. Inactivation of Serum Response Factor Contributes To Decrease Vascular Muscular Tone and Arterial Stiffness in Mice. Circ Res 2013; 112:1035-45. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Vascular smooth muscle (SM) cell phenotypic modulation plays an important role in arterial stiffening associated with aging. Serum response factor (SRF) is a major transcription factor regulating SM genes involved in maintenance of the contractile state of vascular SM cells.
Objective:
We investigated whether SRF and its target genes regulate intrinsic SM tone and thereby arterial stiffness.
Methods and Results:
The SRF gene was inactivated SM-specific knockout of SRF (SRF
SMKO
) specifically in vascular SM cells by injection of tamoxifen into adult transgenic mice. Fifteen days later, arterial pressure and carotid thickness were lower in SRF
SMKO
than in control mice. The carotid distensibility/pressure and elastic modulus/wall stress curves showed a greater arterial elasticity in SRF
SMKO
without modification in collagen/elastin ratio. In SRF
SMKO
, vasodilation was decreased in aorta and carotid arteries, whereas a decrease in contractile response was found in mesenteric arteries. By contrast, in mice with inducible SRF overexpression, the in vitro contractile response was significantly increased in all arteries. Without endothelium, the contraction was reduced in SRF
SMKO
compared with control aortic rings owing to impairment of the NO pathway. Contractile components (SM-actin and myosin light chain), regulators of the contractile response (myosin light chain kinase, myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, and protein kinase C–potentiated myosin phosphatase inhibitor) and integrins were reduced in SRF
SMKO
.
Conclusions:
SRF controls vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries via vascular SM cell phenotypic modulation linked to changes in contractile protein gene expression. SRF-related decreases in vasomotor tone and cell-matrix attachment increase arterial elasticity in large arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Galmiche
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Carlos Labat
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Mathias Mericskay
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Karima Ait Aissa
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Jocelyne Blanc
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Kevin Retailleau
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Mustapha Bourhim
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Dario Coletti
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Jacqueline Gao-Li
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Robert Feil
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Pascal Challande
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Daniel Henrion
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Jean-François Decaux
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Véronique Regnault
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Patrick Lacolley
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
| | - Zhenlin Li
- From the UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France (G.G., M.M., J.B., D.C., J.G.-L., Z.L.); INSERM-U872, Paris, France (G.G.); INSERM-U1116, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France (C.L., K.A.A., M.B., V.R., P.L.); CNRS, UMR6214, INSERM, U771, Angers, France (K.R., L.L., D.H.); Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.F.); UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7190, Paris, France (P.C.); and Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France (J.-F.D.)
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10
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Koumaras C, Tzimou M, Stavrinou E, Griva T, Gossios TD, Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Karagiannis A. Role of Antihypertensive Drugs in Arterial ‘De-Stiffening’ and Central Pulsatile Hemodynamics. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012; 12:143-56. [DOI: 10.2165/11599040-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Chao JT, Davis MJ. The roles of integrins in mediating the effects of mechanical force and growth factors on blood vessels in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 13:421-9. [PMID: 21879361 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is characterized by a sustained increase in vasoconstriction and attenuated vasodilation in the face of elevated mechanical stress in the blood vessel wall. To adapt to the increased stress, the vascular smooth muscle cell and its surrounding environment undergo structural and functional changes known as vascular remodeling. Multiple mechanisms underlie the remodeling process, including increased expression of humoral factors and their receptors as well as adhesion molecules and their receptors, all of which appear to collaborate and interact in the response to pressure elevation. In this review, we focus on the interactions between integrin signaling pathways and the activation of growth factor receptors in the response to the increased mechanical stress experienced by blood vessels in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tzu Chao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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12
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Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Briet M, Regnault V, Stanton A, Laurent S, Mahmud A. Pharmacological modulation of arterial stiffness. Drugs 2011; 71:1689-701. [PMID: 21902292 DOI: 10.2165/11593790-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness has emerged as an important marker of cardiovascular risk in various populations and reflects the cumulative effect of cardiovascular risk factors on large arteries, which in turn is modulated by genetic background. Arterial stiffness is determined by the composition of the arterial wall and the arrangement of these components, and can be studied in humans non-invasively. Age and distending pressure are two major factors influencing large artery stiffness. Change in arterial stiffness with drugs is an important endpoint in clinical trials, although evidence for arterial stiffness as a therapeutic target still needs to be confirmed. Drugs that independently affect arterial stiffness include antihypertensive drugs, mostly blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, hormone replacement therapy and some antidiabetic drugs such as glitazones. While the quest continues for 'de-stiffening drugs', so far only advanced glycation endproduct cross-link breakers have shown promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boutouyrie
- HEGP, Assistance-publique Hpitaux de Paris, INSERM U970, Universit Paris Descartes, France.
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13
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Arterial stiffness, pulse pressure, and cardiovascular disease—Is it possible to break the vicious circle? Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:263-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Arterial aging can be attributed to two different pathophysiological changes--increase in arterial stiffness and disturbed wave reflections. The capacity of the aorta to absorb the force exerted by the left ventricular ejection and dampen pulsatile flow becomes diminished with advancing age, owing to the progressive hardening of the arterial wall. These changes contribute to increase blood pressure, mainly systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, which can trigger cardiovascular events. Understanding the pulsatile arterial hemodynamics that elevate cardiovascular risk has led to the use of pharmacological therapies, which prevent arterial stiffness and reduce wave reflections, and improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Antifibrotic agents, such as those that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, are often given in association with diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, or both, but not with standard beta-blockers. Consistent reductions in cardiovascular outcomes obtained using these agents can be predicted through noninvasive measurements of central systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E Safar
- Diagnosis Center, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre-Dame, 75181 Paris Cedex 04, France
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15
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Safar ME, Jankowski P. Antihypertensive therapy and de-stiffening of the arteries. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:2625-34. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.496452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Abstract
In some controlled therapeutic trials for hypertension, a selective reduction of systolic blood pressure has been obtained with long-term treatment. The greatest effects on cardiovascular outcomes stem from a decrease of central blood pressure through a significant reduction of arterial stiffness, wave reflections, or both. Until now, all protocols have used angiotensin II blockade, mainly through angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Cardiovascular outcomes have been significantly improved when compared with controls, but most of them have been treated with beta blockers. Such "de-stiffening" therapies are important to consider and require additional trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E Safar
- Centre de Diagnostic et de Thérapeutique, Hôtel-Dieu 1 Place du Parvis Notre-Dame, Paris Cedex 04, France.
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17
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Safar ME. De-stiffening drug therapy and blood pressure control. Integr Blood Press Control 2010; 3:1-9. [PMID: 21949616 PMCID: PMC3172059 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In hypertensive subjects, cardiovascular risk reduction is critically related to the decrease of systolic blood pressure (SBP). De-stiffening therapy means that, in a controlled therapeutic trial of long duration, a selective reduction of SBP has been obtained in the studied group by comparison with the control group, and that this SBP reduction is due to a decrease of either arterial stiffness, or wave reflections, or both. Central SBP reduction and cardiovascular remodeling are specifically involved. Most protocols require the presence of an angiotensin II blocker, potentially associated with a diuretic compound and/or a calcium-channel blocker. Cardiovascular outcomes are significantly reduced by comparison with the control group, particularly when this latter group involves administration of a beta-blocking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E Safar
- Paris-Descartes University, Faculty of Medicine, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Diagnosis Center, Paris, France
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19
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Matsui Y, Eguchi K, O'Rourke MF, Ishikawa J, Miyashita H, Shimada K, Kario K. Differential Effects Between a Calcium Channel Blocker and a Diuretic When Used in Combination With Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker on Central Aortic Pressure in Hypertensive Patients. Hypertension 2009; 54:716-23. [PMID: 19667251 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Matsui
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.M., K.E., J.I., H.M., K.S., K.K.), Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; University of New South Wales/St. Vincent’s Clinic (M.F.O.), Sydney, Australia
| | - Kazuo Eguchi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.M., K.E., J.I., H.M., K.S., K.K.), Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; University of New South Wales/St. Vincent’s Clinic (M.F.O.), Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael F. O'Rourke
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.M., K.E., J.I., H.M., K.S., K.K.), Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; University of New South Wales/St. Vincent’s Clinic (M.F.O.), Sydney, Australia
| | - Joji Ishikawa
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.M., K.E., J.I., H.M., K.S., K.K.), Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; University of New South Wales/St. Vincent’s Clinic (M.F.O.), Sydney, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Miyashita
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.M., K.E., J.I., H.M., K.S., K.K.), Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; University of New South Wales/St. Vincent’s Clinic (M.F.O.), Sydney, Australia
| | - Kazuyuki Shimada
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.M., K.E., J.I., H.M., K.S., K.K.), Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; University of New South Wales/St. Vincent’s Clinic (M.F.O.), Sydney, Australia
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.M., K.E., J.I., H.M., K.S., K.K.), Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; University of New South Wales/St. Vincent’s Clinic (M.F.O.), Sydney, Australia
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20
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Safar ME, Protogerou A, Blacher J. Central blood pressure under angiotensin and calcium channel blockade. Hypertension 2009; 54:704-6. [PMID: 19667254 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.137406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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