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Current Trends in Toxicity Assessment of Herbal Medicines: A Narrative Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in modern times, the popularity level of medicinal plants and herbal medicines in therapy is still high. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of the population in developing countries uses these types of remedies. Even though herbal medicine products are usually perceived as low risk, their potential health risks should be carefully assessed. Several factors can cause the toxicity of herbal medicine products: plant components or metabolites with a toxic potential, adulteration, environmental pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides), or contamination of microorganisms (toxigenic fungi). Their correct evaluation is essential for the patient’s safety. The toxicity assessment of herbal medicine combines in vitro and in vivo methods, but in the past decades, several new techniques emerged besides conventional methods. The use of omics has become a valuable research tool for prediction and toxicity evaluation, while DNA sequencing can be used successfully to detect contaminants and adulteration. The use of invertebrate models (Danio renio or Galleria mellonella) became popular due to the ethical issues associated with vertebrate models. The aim of the present article is to provide an overview of the current trends and methods used to investigate the toxic potential of herbal medicinal products and the challenges in this research field.
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Gao W, Guo L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xia S, Gong H, Zhang BK, Yan M. Dissecting the Crosstalk Between Nrf2 and NF-κB Response Pathways in Drug-Induced Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:809952. [PMID: 35186957 PMCID: PMC8847224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.809952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 and NF-κB are important regulators of the response to oxidative stress and inflammation in the body. Previous pharmacological and genetic studies have confirmed crosstalk between the two. The deficiency of Nrf2 elevates the expression of NF-κB, leading to increased production of inflammatory factors, while NF-κB can affect the expression of downstream target genes by regulating the transcription and activity of Nrf2. At the same time, many therapeutic drug-induced organ toxicities, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, dermal toxicity, and neurotoxicity, have received increasing attention from researchers in clinical practice. Drug-induced organ injury can destroy body function, reduce the patients’ quality of life, and even threaten the lives of patients. Therefore, it is urgent to find protective drugs to ameliorate drug-induced injury. There is substantial evidence that protective medications can alleviate drug-induced organ toxicity by modulating both Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Thus, it has become increasingly important to explore the crosstalk mechanism between Nrf2 and NF-κB in drug-induced toxicity. In this review, we summarize the potential molecular mechanisms of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways and the important effects on adverse effects including toxic reactions and look forward to finding protective drugs that can target the crosstalk between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Miao Yan,
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Chen J, Kong A, Shelton D, Dong H, Li J, Zhao F, Bai C, Huang K, Mo W, Chen S, Xu H, Tanguay RL, Dong Q. Early life stage transient aristolochic acid exposure induces behavioral hyperactivity but not nephrotoxicity in larval zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105916. [PMID: 34303159 PMCID: PMC8881052 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AA) are nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids found in plants of the Aristolochiaceae family. Humans are exposed to AA by deliberately taking herbal medicines or unintentionally as a result of environmental contamination. AA is notorious for its nephrotoxicity, however, fewer studies explore potential neurotoxicity associated with AA exposure. The developing nervous system is vulnerable to xenobiotics, and pregnant women exposed to AA may put their fetuses at risk. In the present study, we used the embryonic zebrafish model to evaluate the developmental neurotoxicity associated with AA exposure. At non-teratogenic concentrations (≤ 4 µM), continuous AA exposure from 8 to 120 hours post fertilization (hpf) resulted in larval hyperactivity that was characterized by increased moving distance, elevated activity and faster swimming speeds in several behavioral assays. Further analysis revealed that 8-24 hpf is the most sensitive exposure window for AA-induced hyperactivity. AA exposures specifically increased motor neuron proliferation, increased apoptosis in the eye, and resulted in cellular oxidative stress. In addition, AA exposures increased larval eye size and perturbed the expression of vision genes. Our study, for the first time, demonstrates that AA is neurotoxic to the developmental zebrafish with a sensitive window distinct from its well-documented nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfei Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China..
| | - Aijun Kong
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Delia Shelton
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States
| | - Haojia Dong
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Jiani Li
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Chenglian Bai
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Wen Mo
- Zhejiang rehabilitation medical center, Hangzhou 310051, PR China
| | - Shan Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China..
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Yang F, Ozols E, Ma FY, Leong KG, Tesch GH, Jiang X, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. c-Jun Amino Terminal Kinase Signaling Promotes Aristolochic Acid-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Front Physiol 2021; 12:599114. [PMID: 33643061 PMCID: PMC7907440 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.599114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a toxin that induces DNA damage in tubular epithelial cells of the kidney and is the cause of Balkan Nephropathy and Chinese Herb Nephropathy. In cultured tubular epithelial cells, AA induces a pro-fibrotic response via the c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. This study investigated the in vivo role of JNK signaling with a JNK inhibitor (CC-930) in mouse models of acute high dose AA-induced kidney injury (day 3) and renal fibrosis induced by chronic low dose AA exposure (day 22). CC-930 treatment inhibited JNK signaling and protected from acute AA-induced renal function impairment and severe tubular cell damage on day 3, with reduced macrophage infiltration and expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. In the chronic model, CC-930 treatment inhibited JNK signaling but did not affect AA-induced renal function impairment, tubular cell damage including the DNA damage response and induction of senescence, or renal fibrosis; despite a reduction in the macrophage pro-inflammatory response. In conclusion, JNK signaling contributes to acute high dose AA-induced tubular cell damage, presumably via an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism, but is not involved in tubular atrophy and senescence that promote chronic kidney disease caused by ongoing DNA damage in chronic low dose AA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Elyce Ozols
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank Y. Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Khai Gene Leong
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Greg H. Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Xiaoyun Jiang, ;
| | - David J. Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: David J. Nikolic-Paterson,
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Huang YT, Wu TS, Lu CC, Yu FY, Liu BH. Aristolochic acid I interferes with the expression of BLCAP tumor suppressor gene in human cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 291:129-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Subramanian I, Singh VK, Jere A. Elucidating mechanistic insights into drug action for atopic dermatitis: a systems biology approach. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29415693 PMCID: PMC5803917 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-018-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical Betamethasone (BM) and Pimecrolimus (PC) are widely used drugs in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Though the biomolecules and biological pathways affected by the drugs are known, the causal inter-relationships among these pathways in the context of skin is not available. We aim to derive this insight by using transcriptomic data of AD skin samples treated with BM and PC using systems biology approach. METHODS Transcriptomic datasets of 10 AD patients treated with Betamethasone and Pimecrolimus were obtained from GEO datasets. We used a novel computational platform, eSkIN ( www.persistent.com/eskin ), to perform pathway enrichment analysis for the given datasets. eSkIN consists of 35 skin specific pathways, thus allowing skin-centric analysis of transcriptomic data. Fisher's exact test was used to compute the significance of the pathway enrichment. The enriched pathways were further analyzed to gain mechanistic insights into the action of these drugs. RESULTS Our analysis highlighted the molecular details of the mechanism of action of the drugs and corroborated the known facts about these drugs i.e. BM is more effective in triggering anti-inflammatory response but also causes more adverse effect on skin barrier than PC. In particular, eSkIN helped enunciate the biological pathways activated by these drugs to trigger anti-inflammatory response and its effect on skin barrier. BM suppresses pathways like TNF and TLRs, thus inhibiting NF-κB while PC targets inflammatory genes like IL13 and IL6 via known calcineurin-NFAT pathway. Furthermore, we show that the reduced skin barrier function by BM is due to the suppression of activators like AP1 transcription factors, CEBPs. CONCLUSION We thus demonstrate the detailed mechanistic insight into drug action of AD using a novel computational approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek K Singh
- LABS, Persistent Systems Limited, 9A/12, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India.
| | - Abhay Jere
- LABS, Persistent Systems Limited, 9A/12, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India
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Erasto P, Omolo J, Sunguruma R, Munissi JJ, Wiketye V, de Konig C, Ahmed AF. Evaluation of Antimycobacterial Activity of Higenamine Using Galleria mellonella as an In Vivo Infection Model. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2018; 8:63-69. [PMID: 29357092 PMCID: PMC5803147 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Phytochemical investigation on MeOH extract on the bark of Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart. & Zucc (Aristolochiaceae) led to the isolation of major compound (1) as light brown grainy crystals. The compound was identified as 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol (higenamine) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The compound was evaluated for its antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), using Galleria mellonella larva as an in vivo infection model. The survival of MIP infected larvae after a single dose treatment of 100 mg/kg body weight of higenamine was 80% after 24 h. Quantitatively the compound exhibited a dose dependent activity, as evidenced by the reduction of colony density from 105 to 103 CFU for test concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively. The IC50 value for higenamine was 161.6 mg/kg body weight as calculated from a calibration curve. Further analysis showed that, a complete inhibition of MIP in the G. mellonella could be achieved at 334 mg/kg body weight. Despite the fact that MIP has been found to be highly resistant against isoniazid (INH) in an in vitro assay model, in this study the microbe was highly susceptible to this standard anti-TB drug. The isolation of higenamine from the genus Aristolochia and the method used to evaluate its in vivo antimycobacterial activity in G. mellonella are herein reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Erasto
- National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Justin Omolo
- National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Richard Sunguruma
- National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joan J Munissi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Victor Wiketye
- National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles de Konig
- School of Chemistry, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Atallah F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Giovannini P, Howes MJR. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 199:240-256. [PMID: 28179114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Every year between 1.2 and 5.5 million people worldwide are victims of snakebites, with about 400,000 left permanently injured. In Central America an estimated 5500 snakebite cases are reported by health centres, but this is likely to be an underestimate due to unreported cases in rural regions. The aim of this study is to review the medicinal plants used traditionally to treat snakebites in seven Central American countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on published primary data on medicinal plants of Central America and those specifically pertaining to use against snakebites. Plant use reports for traditional snakebite remedies identified in primary sources were extracted and entered in a database, with data analysed in terms of the most frequent numbers of use reports. The scientific evidence that might support the local uses of the most frequently reported species was also examined. RESULTS A total of 260 independent plant use reports were recorded in the 34 sources included in this review, encompassing 208 species used to treat snakebite in Central America. Only nine species were reported in at least three studies: Cissampelos pareira L., Piper amalago L., Aristolochia trilobata L., Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, Strychnos panamensis Seem., Dorstenia contrajerva L., Scoparia dulcis L., Hamelia patens Jacq., and Simaba cedron Planch. Genera with the highest number of species used to treat snakebite were Piper, Aristolochia, Hamelia, Ipomoea, Passiflora and Peperomia. The extent of the scientific evidence available to understand any pharmacological basis for their use against snakebites varied between different plant species. CONCLUSION At least 208 plant species are traditionally used to treat snakebite in Central America but there is a lack of clinical research to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Available pharmacological data suggest different plant species may target different symptoms of snakebites, such as pain or anxiety, although more studies are needed to further evaluate the scientific basis for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Giovannini
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Melanie-Jayne R Howes
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Prediction and Characterisation of the System Effects of Aristolochic Acid: A Novel Joint Network Analysis towards Therapeutic and Toxicological Mechanisms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17646. [PMID: 26620132 PMCID: PMC4664954 DOI: 10.1038/srep17646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is the major active component of medicinal plants from the Aristolochiaceae family of flowering plants widely utilized for medicinal purposes. However, the molecular mechanisms of AA systems effects remain poorly understood. Here, we employed a joint network analysis that combines network pharmacology, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) database, biological processes analysis and functional annotation analysis to explore system effects. Firstly, we selected 15 protein targets (14 genes) in the PubChem database as the potential target genes and used PPI knowledge to incorporate these genes into an AA-specific gene network that contains 129 genes. Secondly, we performed biological processes analysis for these AA-related targets using ClueGO, some of new targeted genes were randomly selected and experimentally verified by employing the Quantitative Real-Time PCR assay for targeting the systems effects of AA in HK-2 cells with observed dependency of concentration. Thirdly, the pathway-based functional enrichment analysis was manipulated using WebGestalt to identify the mostly significant pathways associated with AA. At last, we built an AA target pathway network of significant pathways to predict the system effects. Taken together, this joint network analysis revealed that the systematic regulatory effects of AA on multidimensional pathways involving both therapeutic action and toxicity.
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Wang YY, Li Z, Chen T, Zhao XM. Understanding the aristolochic acid toxicities in rat kidneys with regulatory networks. IET Syst Biol 2015; 9:141-6. [PMID: 26243830 PMCID: PMC8687369 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2014.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural products containing aristolochic acid (AA) have been widely used for acne, gastritis and so on. Recently, it is becoming accepted that AA may be responsible for acute and chronic renal failures as the side effects of Chinese herbs. However, it is unclear what happens in the cells after the AA treatment. In this study, the authors built a gene regulatory network as well as a microRNA-gene regulatory network to investigate the molecular dynamics induced by AA from a systematic perspective. With the regulatory networks, they detected some important pathways and biological processes that were affected by AA treatment, which can help explain the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AA. They found some important regulators and genes responding to AA treatment, and these genes have been reported to be related to the kidney functions, indicating their important roles in the toxicity of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ying Wang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
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Malik A, Bissinger R, Calabrò S, Faggio C, Jilani K, Lang F. Aristolochic acid induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:408-19. [PMID: 25412628 DOI: 10.1159/000368454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Aristolochic Acid, a component of Aristolochia plants, has been shown to cause acute kidney injury, renal aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy, and urothelial carcinoma. Aristolochic acid nephropathy may be associated with severe anemia. The anemia could theoretically be due to stimulation of eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with translocation of phosphatidylserine to the erythrocyte cell membrane surface. Signalling involved in the stimulation of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca(2+)-activity ([Ca(2+)]i) and formation of ceramide. METHODS Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin V binding, [Ca(2+)]i from Fluo3 fluorescence, and ceramide abundance from binding of fluorescent antibodies in flow cytometry. RESULTS A 48 hours exposure to Aristolochic Acid (≥ 75 µg/ml) was followed by a significant decrease of forward scatter and increase of annexin-V-binding. The effects were paralleled by a significant increase of [Ca(2+)]i and significantly blunted, but not abrogated by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). Aristolochic Acid further significantly increased ceramide abundance. CONCLUSIONS Aristolochic Acid triggers eryptosis, an effect at least in part due to entry of extracellular Ca(2+) and ceramide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abaid Malik
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
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12
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Lo HY, Li CC, Huang HC, Lin LJ, Hsiang CY, Ho TY. Application of transcriptomics in Chinese herbal medicine studies. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:105-14. [PMID: 24716122 PMCID: PMC3942912 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomics using DNA microarray has become a practical and popular tool for herbal medicine study because of high throughput, sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and reproducibility. Therefore, this article focuses on the overview of DNA microarray technology and the application of DNA microarray in Chinese herbal medicine study. To understand the number and the objectives of articles utilizing DNA microarray for herbal medicine study, we surveyed 297 frequently used Chinese medicinal herbs listed in Pharmacopoeia Commission of People's Republic of China. We classified these medicinal herbs into 109 families and then applied PudMed search using “microarray” and individual herbal family as keywords. Although thousands of papers applying DNA microarray in Chinese herbal studies have been published since 1998, most of the articles focus on the elucidation of mechanisms of certain biological effects of herbs. Construction of the bioactivity database containing large-scaled gene expression profiles of quality control herbs can be applied in the future to analyze the biological events induced by herbs, predict the therapeutic potential of herbs, evaluate the safety of herbs, and identify the drug candidate of herbs. Moreover, the linkage of systems biology tools, such as functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics, will become a new translational platform between Western medicine and Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Li
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Romanov V, Whyard TC, Waltzer WC, Grollman AP, Rosenquist T. Aristolochic acid-induced apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest depends on ROS generation and MAP kinases activation. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhou Z, Luo J, Pan K, Kong L. A new alkaloid glycoside from the rhizomes of Aristolochia fordiana. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1065-9. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.905934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Shiau AL, Shen YT, Hsieh JL, Wu CL, Lee CH. Scutellaria barbata inhibits angiogenesis through downregulation of HIF-1 α in lung tumor. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:363-370. [PMID: 22331677 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a hallmark of many solid tumors, is associated with angiogenesis and tumor progression. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays a significant role in tumor angiogenesis. In this study, the authors constructed a selective platform to screen the traditional Chinese medicine as anti-angiogenic agent. The authors examined the molecular mechanism by which Scutellaria barbata regulates HIF-1-dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is an important angiogenic factor. Hypoxia promotes angiogenesis by increasing VEGF expression and secretion. Herein, the expression of VEGF was decreased by treatment with S. barbata in tumor cells. Meanwhile, S. barbata reduced the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells under hypoxic condition. S. barbata inhibited the expression of HIF-1α, as well as phosphorylated their upstream signal mediators AKT. S. barbata significantly inhibited the tumor growth in vivo and immunohistochemical studies in the tumors revealed decreased intratumoral microvessel density. These results suggest that the traditional Chinese medicine therapy using S. barbata, which exerts anti-angiogenic activities, represents a promising strategy for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Tsai KD, Chen W, Wang SH, Hsiao YW, Chi JY, Wu HY, Lee YJ, Wong HY, Tseng MJ, Lin TH. Downregulation of connective tissue growth factor by LPS/IFN-γ-induced nitric oxide is reversed by aristolochic acid treatment in glomerular mesangial cells via STAT-1α and NF-κB signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 210:86-95. [PMID: 24412304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a common cause of Chinese herb nephropathy. The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AA nephropathy (AAN) are intricate. One well-documented effect of AA in the kidney is its pro-fibrotic activity. Nitric oxide (NO), a messenger gas generated from l-arginine, is the product of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO is involved in renal hemodynamics and exerts cytoprotective effects against renal injury. In the present study, the role of NO in AAN was investigated in MES-13 cells, a glomerular mesangial cell line. NO endogenously generated by the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ) significantly downregulated connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein expression in MES-13 cells. AA significantly suppressed LPS/IFN-γ-induced NO production and reversed CTGF expression that was downregulated by LPS/IFN-γ. AA decreased iNOS gene and protein expressions in a concentration-dependent manner. AA caused declines in LPS/IFN-γ-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription-1α (STAT-1α) phosphorylation and interferon response factor-1 (IRF-1) mRNA expression. Furthermore, AA attenuated IκB phosphorylation and reduced NF-κB translocation to the nuclear fraction. Taken together, our data indicate that AA reversed the CTGF expression inhibited by LPS/IFN-γ treatment via suppression of NO and iNOS expressions in MES-13 cells through inhibition of the JAK/STAT-1α and NF-κB signaling pathways. NO potentially exerts antifibrotic activity by down regulation of CTGF in MES-13 cells and inhibition of the iNOS gene by AA might partially account for the fibrotic effects of AA in nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Daw Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Beigang Hospital, 123, Sinde Road, Beigang Township, Yunlin County 65152, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sue-Hong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Wei Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jhih-Ying Chi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-Yu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ju Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ho-Yiu Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Beigang Hospital, 123, Sinde Road, Beigang Township, Yunlin County 65152, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Jen Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Hui Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Jianguo North Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan, ROC.
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Hsiang CY, Hseu YC, Chang YC, Kumar KS, Ho TY, Yang HL. Toona sinensis and its major bioactive compound gallic acid inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in nuclear factor-κB transgenic mice as evaluated by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Food Chem 2013; 136:426-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kuo PC, Li YC, Wu TS. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of the Aristolochia ( mădōu ling) species. J Tradit Complement Med 2012; 2:249-66. [PMID: 24716140 PMCID: PMC3942903 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochia ( mădōu ling) is an important genus widely cultivated and had long been known for their extensive use in traditional Chinese medicine. The genus has attracted so much great interest because of their numerous biological activity reports and unique constituents, aristolochic acids (AAs). In 2004, we reviewed the metabolites of Aristolochia species which have appeared in the literature, concerning the isolation, structural elucidation, biological activity and literature references. In addition, the nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acids, biosynthetic studies, ecological adaptation, and chemotaxonomy researches were also covered in the past review. In the present manuscript, we wish to review the various physiologically active compounds of different classes reported from Aristolochia species in the period between 2004 and 2011. In regard to the chemical and biological aspects of the constituents from the Aristolochia genus, this review would address the continuous development in the phytochemistry and the therapeutic application of the Aristolochia species. Moreover, the recent nephrotoxicity studies related to aristolochic acids would be covered in this review and the structure-toxicity relationship would be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue-Chiun Li
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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Gene expression profiling of hybridoma cells after bursal-derived bioactive factor BP5 treatment. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2443-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Li CC, Lo HY, Hsiang CY, Ho TY. DNA microarray analysis as a tool to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms and drug development of Chinese medicinal herbs. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Chiang SY, Shih WC, Liao HT, Shu PC, Wey MT, Huang HF, Wu KY. Analysis of urinary aristolactams by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Stachurska A, Kozakowska M, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Loboda A. Aristolochic acid I and ochratoxin A differentially regulate VEGF expression in porcine kidney epithelial cells--the involvement of SP-1 and HIFs transcription factors. Toxicol Lett 2011; 204:118-26. [PMID: 21554934 PMCID: PMC3154282 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) and ochratoxin A (OTA) cause chronic kidney diseases. Recently, the contribution of hypoxic injuries and angiogenic disturbances to nephropathies has been suggested, but underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. In porcine kidney epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1 cells, treatment with non-toxic doses of AAI increased whereas with OTA decreased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the angiogenic factor with well-defined functions in kidney. Moreover, the activity of transcription factors regulating VEGF expression was differentially affected by examined compounds. Activity of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and SP-1 was increased by AAI but diminished by OTA. Interestingly, AP-1 activity was inhibited while NFκB was not influenced by both toxins. Mithramycin A, a SP-1 inhibitor, as well as chetomin, an inhibitor of HIFs, reversed AAI-induced up-regulation of VEGF synthesis, indicating the importance of SP-1 and HIFs in this effect. Additionally, adenoviral overexpression of HIF-2α but not HIF-1α prevented OTA-diminished VEGF production suggesting the protective effect of this isoform towards the consequences exerted by OTA. These observations provide new insight into complex impact of AAI and OTA on angiogenic gene regulation. Additionally, it adds to our understanding of hypoxia influence on nephropathies pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachurska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Liu MC, Lin TH, Wu TS, Yu FY, Lu CC, Liu BH. Aristolochic acid I suppressed iNOS gene expression and NF-κB activation in stimulated macrophage cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 202:93-9. [PMID: 21291967 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a phytotoxin that has been found in various herbal remedies and linked to the development of human carcinogenesis. To investigate the playing role of AAI in the function of macrophages, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells RAW264.7 were employed as a model to examine the effect of AAI on the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. AAI reduced the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, as well as the production of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Treatment of transfected macrophages with AAI effectively suppressed the luciferase activities of the iNOS promoter which is activated by LPS. The results of promoter deletion and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that the NF-κB binding site at nucleotides -86 to -76 was the major site that was most responsible for the inhibitory effect of AAI. Moreover, the presence of AAI substantially reduced the phosphorylation of the inhibitory κBα (IκBα) protein in LPS-stimulated cultures. AAI also down-regulated the LPS-induction of TNF-α, a NF-κB regulated gene. On the other hand, AAI did not modulate the luciferase activities of reporter construct that contained iNOS mRNA 3'-UTR. Taken together, the data herein suggest that in activated macrophages, AAI effectively down-regulated the expression of iNOS gene by interfering with the activation of NF-κB at the transcription level. The stability of iNOS mRNA was not the target of AAI inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
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Liu BH, Chi JY, Hsiao YW, Tsai KD, Lee YJ, Lin CC, Hsu SC, Yang SM, Lin TH. The fungal metabolite, citrinin, inhibits lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-induced nitric oxide production in glomerular mesangial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1608-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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