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Balmanno A, Falconer JR, Ravuri HG, Mills PC. Strategies to Improve the Transdermal Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:675. [PMID: 38794337 PMCID: PMC11124993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has the potential to overcome some of the major disadvantages relating to oral NSAID usage, such as gastrointestinal adverse events and compliance. However, the poor solubility of many of the newer NSAIDs creates challenges in incorporating the drugs into formulations suitable for application to skin and may limit transdermal permeation, particularly if the goal is therapeutic systemic drug concentrations. This review is an overview of the various strategies used to increase the solubility of poorly soluble NSAIDs and enhance their permeation through skin, such as the modification of the vehicle, the modification of or bypassing the barrier function of the skin, and using advanced nano-sized formulations. Furthermore, the simple yet highly versatile microemulsion system has been found to be a cost-effective and highly successful technology to deliver poorly water-soluble NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - James R. Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park Campus, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Halley G. Ravuri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
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Ravuri HG, Sadowski P, Noor Z, Satake N, Mills PC. Plasma proteomic changes in response to surgical trauma and a novel transdermal analgesic treatment in dogs. J Proteomics 2022; 265:104648. [PMID: 35691609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of pain responses and inflammation during animal surgery is difficult because traditional methods, such as visual analogue scores, are not applicable while under anaesthesia. Acute phase proteins (APPs), such as C-reactive protein and haptoglobin, that are typically monitored in veterinary research, do not show a significant change until at least 2 h post-surgery and therefore, immediate pathophysiological changes are uncertain. The current study used sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) to investigate plasma proteome changes that occur immediately following surgery in dogs and also to assess the efficacy of a novel transdermal ketoprofen (TK) formulation. Castration was chosen as surgical model in this study. The procedure was performed on twelve dogs (n = 6 in two groups) and blood samples were collected at 0 h, 1 and 2 h after surgery for proteomic analysis. Following surgery, there was a general downregulation of proteins, including complement C- 3, complement factor B, complement factor D, transthyretin, and proteins associated with lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolisms, reflecting the systemic response to surgical trauma. Many of these changes were diminished in the transdermal group (TD) since ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibits prostanoids and the associated chemotactic neutrophil migration to site of tissue injury. SIGNIFICANCE: SWATH-MS Proteomic analysis revealed significant changes in plasma proteins, predominantly involved in early acute phase and inflammatory response at 1 & 2 h after surgery in castrated dogs. Pre-operative application of transdermal ketoprofen formulation had reduced the systemic immune response, which was confirmed by negligible alteration of proteins in transdermal treated group. A key outcome of this experiment was studying the efficacy of a novel transdermal NSAID formulation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Gora Ravuri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zainab Noor
- ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Nana Satake
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.
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Ravuri HG, Satake N, Balmanno A, Skinner J, Kempster S, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Novel Transdermal Ketoprofen Formulation in Healthy Dogs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030646. [PMID: 35336020 PMCID: PMC8953954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs undergo various surgical procedures such as castration, ovariohysterectomy, and other orthopedic procedures, which are known to cause inflammation and pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very effective analgesics for alleviating postoperative pain in veterinary medicine. Ketoprofen is currently approved in Australia and the United States for treating different painful conditions in dogs. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen after intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) administration in healthy dogs. A novel transdermal ketoprofen (TDK) formulation containing 20% ketoprofen, dissolved in a combination of 45:45% isopropanol and Transcutol, along with 10% eucalyptus oil, was developed and evaluated for in vitro dermal permeation using Franz diffusion cells. A crossover study was then conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of the formulation in six dogs following IV ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) and TDK (10 mg/kg) administration. A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-M/MS) method was used to measure plasma concentrations of ketoprofen over time, and a non-compartmental analysis determined the pharmacokinetic parameters. The mean terminal elimination half-life (T½ h), AUC0-t (µg·h/mL), and mean residence time (MRT, h) between IV and TDK groups were 4.69 ± 1.33 and 25.77 ± 22.15 h, 15.75 ± 7.72 and 8.13 ± 4.28 µg·h/mL, and 4.86 ± 1.81 and 41.63 ± 32.33 h, respectively. The calculated bioavailability (F%) was ~7%, with a lag time of 30 min to achieve effective plasma concentrations after the application of TDK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Gora Ravuri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Nana Satake
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Jazmine Skinner
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Samantha Kempster
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Paul C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Plummer C, White PJ, Kimble B, Govendir M, Van der Saag D. Preliminary Investigation into a Novel Sustained-Release Formulation of Meloxicam in Sheep ( Ovis aries)-Pharmacokinetic Profile. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092484. [PMID: 34573450 PMCID: PMC8466480 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Meloxicam is an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) suitable for ameliorating pain in sheep. Pain caused by husbandry procedures and other inflammatory conditions in sheep can persist for an extended time beyond the duration of action of currently available formulations of NSAIDs. This study investigates a novel sustained-release formulation of meloxicam to determine its potential for extended pain alleviation. Compared to a conventional formulation of meloxicam, the sustained-release formulation provided extended half-life making it a suitable candidate for providing extended pain relief. Abstract This study is a preliminary investigation describing the pharmacokinetic profile of a novel subcutaneous sustained-release meloxicam formulation (SRMF) in sheep. Six merino ewe hoggets (41.5 ± 4.6 kg) were treated with a novel subcutaneous SRMF at 2 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). Blood samples were collected at t = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 168, 192, and 336 h following treatment, and interstitial (ISF) fluid samples were collected at periods of 8 to 12 h, 12 to 24 h, 24 to 48 h, 48 to 52 h, and 92 to 96 h following treatment. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with ultraviolet detection was utilised to determine the concentration of meloxicam in plasma and ISF. The SRMF exhibited the following mean (±SD) pharmacokinetic indices: Cmax of 1.58 μg/mL (±0.82 μg/mL) at a Tmax of 10.0 h (±1.79 h), and half life (t1/2) of 31.4 h (±13.17 h) in sheep plasma. Interstitial fluid samples were collected from three of the six sheep, with a decrease in meloxicam concentration exhibited over 52 h. This study demonstrates a variable extended t1/2, a delayed Tmax, and a lower Cmax of the SRMF, as compared to that of a conventional meloxicam formulation (CMF) in sheep, as previously referenced (t1/2: 14.28 h; Tmax: 5 h; Cmax: 15.94 μg/mL). Further research to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of the SRMF in sheep is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Plummer
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Peter J. White
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
| | - Merran Govendir
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
| | - Dominique Van der Saag
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
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Guo F, Li Y, Yang D, Jiang X, Ren J, Miao Y, Ding F, Yu Z. Comparative pharmacokinetics of meloxicam oil suspension in pigs at different dosages following intramuscular administration. Res Vet Sci 2021; 139:172-176. [PMID: 34333251 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary safety of self-developed meloxicam (MEL) oil suspension and determine the comparative pharmacokinetics of it at 0.8 and 2mg/kg body weight (b.w.) dosages in pigs following a single intramuscular administration. Six rabbits were used for the study of preliminary safety and six healthy pigs were used for pharmacokinetics study by a crossover design in two periods. The muscle irritation results showed that both of the MEL oil suspension and the conventional injection had no significant changes at the dosage of 0.4 mg/kg b.w.. However, at the dosage of 2 mg/kg b.w., both of the self-developed MEL oil suspension and the MEL conventional injection showed mild irritation to muscle. Plasma concentrations of MEL were measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The MEL plasma concentrations were quantified up to 30 h and 72 h after intramuscular administration at the low- and high-dosage, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05) between different dosages in pharmacokinetic parameters of t1/2λz, Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-μ, MRT, and Vd. The Cmax values of MEL were 1.92 ± 0.34 μg/ml and 3.03 ± 1.25 μg/ml at dosages of 0.8 and 2 mg/kg b.w. while the tmax values were 3.25 ± 1.04 h and 4.00 ± 1.26 h, respectively. The pharmacokinetics results of self-developed MEL oil suspension demonstrated that the retention time of it in pigs was prolonged, showing the sustained-release effect. Therefore, Oil suspension was an ideal new drug loading form of MEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxi Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dawei Yang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiangyuan Jiang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Juncai Ren
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yingxue Miao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangyi Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zugong Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Park JS, Kim S, Lee J, Choi JC, Kim Y, Park CW, Lee S. Preliminary bioequivalence of an oral integrating film formulation containing meloxicam with a suspension formulation in beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:342-348. [PMID: 33295645 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oral disintegrating film (ODF) has advantages over suspension and tablet. These include convenience of administration, patient compliance, and accurate dosing. We evaluated the bioequivalence between the ODF and the meloxicam suspension by using a crossover design with a 3-week washout period. Six healthy male beagle dogs were randomized to receive both formulations of meloxicam, 2 mg. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were measured at the same times. From the start until maximum concentration, the initial absorption of the ODF meloxicam formulation was more rapid (2.08 ± 1.56 hr) as compared to the suspension (3.33 ± 1.03 hr). Mean elimination half-lives were 28.77 ± 4.01 and 32.85 ± 9.79 hr for the ODF and the suspension, respectively. Bioequivalence of the ODF was confirmed, based on the relative ratios of geometric mean concentrations (and 90% confidence intervals within the range of 80%-125%) for a maximum concentration of 101.05% (88.59-115.25), for the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) to the last sampling time of 96.07% (87.06-115.25), and for AUC to infinity of 92.65% (86.76-98.94). The meloxicam ODF may be used as an alternative to suspension formulations in the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases and painful musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Shik Park
- Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - YoungAh Kim
- Korea Bioprocessing Training Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Soohan Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Korea
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Smith BJ, Kirschner SM, Kendall LV. Pharmacokinetics of Sustained-release, Oral, and Subcutaneous Meloxicam over 72 Hours in Male Beagle Dogs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:737-741. [PMID: 32878683 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In cynomolgus macaques, plasma levels of sustained-release formulations of meloxicam meet or exceed efficacious concentrations for 48 to 72 h, thereby allowing less animal handling and providing more consistent efficacy than standard formulations of meloxicam. The goal of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of a single subcutaneous dose of a sustained-release formulation of meloxicam (Melox-SR) with those of oral (Melox-PO) and standard subcutaneous (Melox-SC) formulations dosed every 24 h for 3 consecutive days. Dogs (5 or 6 adult male Beagles) each received the following 3 treat- ments: first, Melox-SR (10 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/kg SC once), next Melox-SC (0.2 mg/kg SC once, followed by 0.1 mg/kg SC every 24 h), and finally Melox-PO (same dosage as Melox-SC), with a washout period of at least 2 wk between formulations. Blood was collected at 0 (baseline), 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after the initial administration of each formulation for comparison of meloxicam plasma concentrations. Blood was also collected before administration and at 48 h after Melox-SR injection for CBC and chemistry analysis. Plasma concentrations (mean ± 1 SD) of Melox-SR peaked at the 1-h time point (2180 ± 359 ng/ mL), whereas those of Melox-PO (295 ± 55 ng/mL) and Melox-SC (551 ± 112 ng/mL) peaked at the 4-h time point. Melox-SR yielded significantly higher plasma concentrations than Melox-PO and Melox-SC until the 48 and 72-h time points, respec- tively. Melox-SC plasma concentrations were significantly higher than those of Melox-PO at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. No lesions were noted at the Melox-SR injection sites, and Melox-SR administration was not associated with changes in the CBC and serum chemistry panels. A single 0.6-mg/kg dose of Melox-SR can yield plasma concentrations that exceed 350 ng/mL for at least 72 h in adult male dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado;,
| | | | - Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado
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Bekker A, Kloepping C, Collingwood S. Meloxicam in the management of post-operative pain: Narrative review. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2018; 34:450-457. [PMID: 30774225 PMCID: PMC6360894 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_133_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral formulations of meloxicam, a preferential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, have long been used to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, as well as various pain syndromes of skeletomuscular origin (e.g., low back pain). However, these preparations are rarely indicated for the treatment of acute pain due to a poor dissolution rate and consequently a slow onset of action. The recent introduction of an intravenous (IV) NanoCrystal Colloidal Dispersion formulation opens up the possibility of using this drug during the perioperative period. The present review summarizes the pharmacologic properties of meloxicam, including its pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and tolerability. In addition, we critically examined a number of recently completed clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy and safety of meloxicam IV in the treatment of post-operative pain. Literature retrieval was performed through PubMed and Medline (through March 2018) using combinations of the terms meloxicam, acute pain, and pharmacology. In addition, bibliographical information, including contributory unpublished data, was requested from the company developing the drug. Clinical trials suggest that single IV doses of 30 mg meloxicam significantly reduce post-operative pain as well as opioid requirements. We conclude that meloxicam IV is an effective and well-tolerated analgesic agent for the management of moderate to severe post-operative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Carolyn Kloepping
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shemille Collingwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Walton S, Ryan KA, Davis JL, Acierno M. Treatment of meloxicam overdose in a dog via therapeutic plasma exchange. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:444-450. [PMID: 28481472 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the treatment of a meloxicam overdose in a dog with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). CASE SUMMARY A 6-month-old female Bulldog, presented for routine laparoscopic ovariectomy. Postoperatively the dog received an accidental overdose of meloxicam (1 mg/kg IV [intravenously]). The patient was treated with supportive medical therapy and TPE over 210 minutes achieving 1.2 plasma volume exchanges. During therapy, heparinized blood and effluent samples were collected. Meloxicam concentrations were determined in the samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. Post TPE, the dog continued to receive supportive medical therapy and was discharged 48 hours after the overdose. The dog remained asymptomatic for meloxicam intoxication. Follow-up rechecks at 1 and 6 weeks were unremarkable with no further treatment required. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION This report describes the successful use of TPE adjunctively following an acute meloxicam overdose. An 82% reduction of plasma meloxicam concentration was achieved over 210 minutes. Twenty-four hours after therapy, a 47% sustained reduction of plasma meloxicam was measured after redistribution of drug between body compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Walton
- Section of Companion Animal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Kirk A Ryan
- Section of Companion Animal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607
| | - Mark Acierno
- Section of Companion Animal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
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Uney K, Altan F, Aboubakr M, Cetin G, Dik B. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:439-44. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.5.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen J, Gao Y. Strategies for meloxicam delivery to and across the skin: a review. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3146-3156. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1157839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Putian University, Fujian, China and
| | - Yunhua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bauer C, Frost P, Kirschner S. Pharmacokinetics of 3 formulations of meloxicam in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2014; 53:502-511. [PMID: 25255073 PMCID: PMC4181692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Meloxicam is a commonly used COX2-preferential NSAID in both human and veterinary patients. Minimal information has been published regarding appropriate dosing in nonhuman primates. Here we investigated the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3 formulations of meloxicam in cynomolgus macaques. A single dose of meloxicam SR, an extended-release formulation purported to provide therapeutic levels for as long as 72 h, was compared with the intramuscular and oral formulations dosed for 3 consecutive days and as a single dose. The oral formulation, both over 3 d and as a single dose, yielded lower plasma levels and a shorter duration than did intramuscular and sustained-release subcutaneous formulations. The intramuscular formulation, both over 3 d and as a single dose, provided lower plasma levels and a shorter duration than did a sustained-release subcutaneous formulation. The sustained-release formulations generated the highest plasma concentrations for the longest periods of time. None of the formulations caused significant effects on kidney or liver function. Our results indicate that the sustained-release formulation of meloxicam can achieve an adequate steady-state plasma concentration for 2 to 3 d in nonhuman primates. The standard intramuscular formulation provides adequate plasma concentrations for 12 to 24 h, with waxing and waning levels associated with daily dosing. The oral formulation has limited utility in nonhuman primates because of low circulating levels of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra Bauer
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Patrice Frost
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stephen Kirschner
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Research and Development, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Budsberg SC, Stoker AM, Johnston SA, Liska W, Reno LR, Cook JL. In vitro effects of meloxicam on metabolism in articular chondrocytes from dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1198-205. [PMID: 23977892 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.9.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess effects of in vitro meloxicam exposure on metabolism in articular chondrocytes from dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. SAMPLE Femoral head cartilage from 16 dogs undergoing total hip replacement. PROCEDURES Articular cartilage samples were obtained. Tissue sulfated glycosaminoglycan (SGAG), collagen, and DNA concentrations were measured. Collagen, SGAG, chondroitin sulfate 846, NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 concentrations in culture medium were analyzed. Aggrecan, collagen II, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS)-4, ADAMTS-5, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression were evaluated. Comparisons between tissues cultured without (control) and with meloxicam at concentrations of 0.3, 3.0, and 30.0 μg/mL for up to 30 days were performed by means of repeated-measures analysis. RESULTS Meloxicam had no effect on chondrocyte SGAG, collagen, or DNA concentrations. Expression of ADAMTS-5 was significantly decreased in all groups on all days, compared with the day 0 value. On day 3, culture medium PGE2 concentrations were significantly lower in all meloxicam-treated groups, compared with values for controls, and values remained low. Culture medium MMP-3 concentrations were significantly lower on day 30 than on day 3 in all meloxicam-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that in vitro meloxicam treatment of osteoarthritic canine cartilage for up to 30 days did not induce matrix degradation or stimulate MMP production. Meloxicam lowered PGE2 release from this tissue, and effects on tissue chondrocyte content and matrix composition were neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Budsberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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14
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Oh N, Kim S, Hosoya K, Okumura M. Compensatory cellular reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on osteogenic differentiation in canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:629-36. [PMID: 24419976 PMCID: PMC4073330 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppressive effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the
bone healing process have remained controversial, since no clinical data have clearly
shown the relationship between NSAIDs and bone healing. The aim of this study was to
assess the compensatory response of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
(BMSCs) to several classes of NSAIDs, including carprofen, meloxicam, indomethacin and
robenacoxib, on osteogenic differentiation. Each of the NSAIDs (10 µM)
was administered during 20 days of the osteogenic process with human recombinant IL-1β (1
ng/ml) as an inflammatory stimulator. Gene expression
of osteoblast differentiation markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin), receptors of
PGE2 (EP2 and EP4) and enzymes for prostaglandin (PG) E2 synthesis (COX-1,
COX-2, cPGES and mPGES-1) was measured by using quantitative reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein production levels of alkaline
phosphatase, osteocalcin and PGE2 were quantified using an alkaline phosphatase
activity assay, osteocalcin immunoassay and PGE2 immunoassay, respectively.
Histologic analysis was performed using alkaline phosphatase staining, von Kossa staining
and alizarin red staining. Alkaline phosphatase and calcium deposition were suppressed by
all NSAIDs. However, osteocalcin production showed no significant suppression by NSAIDs.
Gene expression levels of PGE2-related receptors and enzymes were upregulated
during continuous treatment with NSAIDs, while certain channels for PGE2
synthesis were utilized differently depending on the kind of NSAIDs. These data suggest
that canine BMSCs have a compensatory mechanism to restore PGE2 synthesis,
which would be an intrinsic regulator to maintain differentiation of osteoblasts under
NSAID treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgil Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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15
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Ingrao JC, Johnson R, Tor E, Gu Y, Litman M, Turner PV. Aqueous stability and oral pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and carprofen in male C57BL/6 mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2013; 52:553-559. [PMID: 24041210 PMCID: PMC3784660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We found that carprofen and meloxicam under 3 environmental conditions (ambient dark, ambient light, and 4 °C) remained stable for at least 7 d. We then evaluated the oral pharmacokinetics of meloxicam (20 mg/kg) and carprofen (10 mg/kg) in male C57BL/6 mice after oral gavage or administration in the drinking water. Mice did not drink meloxicam-medicated water but readily consumed carprofen-medicated water, consuming an average of 14.19 mL carprofen-medicated water per 100 g body weight daily; mice drank more during the dark phase than during the light phase. Plasma analyzed by HPLC (meloxicam) and tandem mass spectrometry (carprofen) revealed that the peak meloxicam and carprofen concentrations were 16.7 and 20.3 μg/mL and occurred at 4 and 2 h after oral gavage, respectively. Similar blood levels were achieved after 12 h access to the carprofen-medicated water bottle. At 24 h after oral gavage, the drugs were not detectable in plasma. Meloxicam plasma AUC, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent oral clearance were 160.4 mg/L × h, 7.4 h, 0.36 L/kg, and 0.125 mL/h × kg, respectively. Carprofen plasma AUC, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent oral clearance were 160.8 mg/L × h, 7.4 h, 0.42 L/kg, and 0.062 mL/h × kg, respectively. No gross or microscopic evidence of toxicity was seen in any mouse. Our findings indicate that carprofen can be administered in drinking water to mice and that medicated water bottles should be placed 12 to 24 h prior to painful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Tor
- CAHFS-Toxicology Lab, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Marcus Litman
- Office of Research Services, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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16
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Matyas JR, Gutmann A, Randev J, Hurtig M, Bertram JEA. Intra-articular anaesthesia mitigates established pain in experimental osteoarthritis: a preliminary study of gait impulse redistribution as a biomarker of analgesia pharmacodynamics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1365-73. [PMID: 23973151 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop a sensitive, functional biomarker of persistent joint pain in a large animal model of experimental osteoarthritis. Evaluate Impulse Ratio as a measure of weight distribution among supporting limbs throughout the early natural history of osteoarthritis and with local anaesthesia and analgesia. DESIGN The distribution of weight bearing in the trot of 11 skeletally-mature dogs was analyzed before and after unilateral surgical intervention (cranial cruciate transection or distal femoral focal impact). The short-term effects of two analgesic treatments (intra-articular lidocaine and intra-dermal meloxicam) were then evaluated as an index of pain relief based on the redistribution of weight-bearing impulse between normal and injured limbs. RESULTS Impulse Ratio was able to resolve weight redistribution between limbs in both long-term (weekly for over 400 days) and short-term (15 min intervals) joint evaluations. Joint pain relief from lidocaine administration could be reliably tracked over its brief acting time course. Meloxicam administration resulted in ambiguous results, where average weight bearing in the injured limb did not increase, but the variability of limb use changed transiently and reversibly. CONCLUSION Joint function and the role of persistent joint pain in the development of osteoarthritis can be investigated effectively and efficiently in a large animal model through the use of Impulse Ratio. Impulse Ratio can be a functionally relevant and sensitive biomarker of locomotion-related joint pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Matyas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Canada.
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Waldherr K, Zurbriggen A, Spreng DE, Forterre S. In vitro cytoprotective effects of acetylsalicylic acid, carprofen, meloxicam, or robenacoxib against apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprusside in canine cruciate ligament cells. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1752-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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