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Wang R, Wu G, Dai T, Lang Y, Chi Z, Yang S, Dong D. Naringin attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and inflammation. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:66. [PMID: 33365066 PMCID: PMC7716641 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis is a typical feature of all progressive renal diseases. The process of fibrosis is frequently coupled with the presence of pro-fibrotic factors and inflammation. Naringin is a dihydroflavone compound that has been previously reported to exhibit anti-fibrotic effects in the liver, where it prevents oxidative damage. In the present study, a rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis and fibrosis cell model were established to evaluate the effects of naringin on inflammatory proteins and fibrosis markers in kidney of rats and NRK-52E cells, and to elucidate the role of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in this mechanism. Compared with those in fibrotic NRK-52E cells that were stimulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), gene expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen 1 (COL1A1), collagen 3 (COL3A1), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were all found to be significantly decreased in fibrotic NRK-52E cells following treatment with naringin (50, 100 and 200 ng/ml). Results from the histopathological studies showed that naringin treatment preserved the renal tissue structure and reduced the degree of fibrosis in the kidney tissues of rats that underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). In addition, naringin administration reduced the expression of α-SMA, COL1A1, COL3A1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the kidneys of rats following UUO. The current study, using western blot analysis, indicated that naringin also downregulated the activation of Smad2/3 and the expression of Smad4, high-mobility group protein B1, activator protein-1, NF-κB and cyclooxygenase-2 whilst upregulating the expression of Smad7 in fibrotic NRK-52E cells and rats in the UUO group. In conclusion, naringin could antagonize renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating the TGF-β/Smad pathway and the expression of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Gaolei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116037, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yitian Lang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Zhongchao Chi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Shilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Deshi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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A self-designed CpG ODN enhanced the anti-melanoma effect of pimozide. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106397. [PMID: 32220805 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas represent the deadliest form of skin cancers. Due to the intricacy of tumorigenesis, it is emergent to find effective therapies for melanomas. Researches have proved that pimozide inhibits the growth of melanoma, but the limited curing effect needs to be further improved. Nowadays, tumor immunotherapy has been widely recognized as the sole therapy that can eradicate cancers. Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), TLR9 receptor agonist, can significantly enhance anti-tumor immune responses. This study explored the therapeutic effect of pimozide combined with CpG ODN on melanoma-bearing mice. The results showed that pimozide combined with CpG ODN effectively inhibited the growth of melanoma and prolonged the survival of melanoma-bearing mice, inhibited the expression of MMP2 and p-Stat5, increased the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor, raised the ratios of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and NK cells. These all indicated that the combination treatment improved the anti-tumor effect of pimozide on mice. The anti-tumor mechanism might be attributed to cell apoptosis induction, invasion inhibition, and immune regulation. A more effective combination treatment concerning with pimozide is being under investigation.
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Chen Z, Wu Z, Ning W. Advances in Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment of Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:162-169. [PMID: 30342294 PMCID: PMC6197541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a common complication in patients with lung cancer and breast cancer after receiving thoracic radiotherapy. The average incidence of RIPF is 16%-28% after radiotherapy. RIPF includes a heterogeneous group of lung disorders characterized by progressive and irreversible destruction of lung architecture and disruption of gas exchange. The clinical signs of RIPF include increasing dyspnea, deteriorating lung function, and accumulation of interstitial fluid, eventually leading to respiratory failure. No medical therapy for RIPF has been approved for routine clinical use despite the apparent need for an effective treatment. Numerous signaling pathways are involved in the initiation and progression of RIPF. Also, various approaches for RIPF treatments have focused on several aspects of the current understanding of the molecular pathology of RIPF. This review used the mechanistic categories of associated cell signaling pathways, epithelial cell dysfunction and senescence, abnormal lung remodeling, and aberrant innate and adaptive immunity to review the published literature on RIPF to date and then to identify potential areas for the effective treatment of RIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides may be effective for preventing ionizing radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicol Lett 2018; 292:181-189. [PMID: 29679710 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious adverse effect of radiotherapy for thoracic tumor, which is believed to be a process that is tightly regulated by the phenotype of the developing Th response after radiation. Here, we will investigate whether CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) prevent radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by shifting the imbalance of Th1 and Th2 response and summarizes the possible mechanism. In this study, female C57BL/6 mice were chosen to preform pulmonary fibrosis model, the whole-thorax of mice was exposed to a single radiation dose of 15 Gy. When irradiated mice were administrated with CpG-ODN, forming of pulmonary fibrosis was significantly prevented. Th2-related cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) expression decreased, Th1 related-cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-12) expression increased. Alveolar macrophage accumulation was reduced in irradiated tissue. Profibrotic cytokine TGF-β1 expression stayed at lower level. In TGF-β1-Smad-dependent pathways, TGF-β1, TβR and phosphor-Smad 2/3 were down regulated, and Smad 7 was up regulated. These suggested that CpG-ODN prevented pulmonary fibrosis after radiation. The mechanism might be associated with reduction of alveolar macrophages accumulation and profibrogenic cytokines secretion TGF-β1 through stimulating the combination of Th1-promoting and Th2-limiting responses after radiation, and finally inhibited the fibrosis-related downstream TGF-β1-Smad-dependent pathway.
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Abstract
Uric acid is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), released from ischemic tissues and dying cells which, when crystalized, is able to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Soluble uric acid (sUA) is found in high concentrations in the serum of great apes, and even higher in some diseases, before the appearance of crystals. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether uric acid, in the soluble form, could also activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce the production of IL-1β. We monitored ROS, mitochondrial area and respiratory parameters from macrophages following sUA stimulus. We observed that sUA is released in a hypoxic environment and is able to induce IL-1β release. This process is followed by production of mitochondrial ROS, ASC speck formation and caspase-1 activation. Nlrp3-/- macrophages presented a protected redox state, increased maximum and reserve oxygen consumption ratio (OCR) and higher VDAC protein levels when compared to WT and Myd88-/- cells. Using a disease model characterized by increased sUA levels, we observed a correlation between sUA, inflammasome activation and fibrosis. These findings suggest sUA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. We propose that future therapeutic strategies for renal fibrosis should include strategies that block sUA or inhibit its recognition by phagocytes.
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Chen J, Tian X, Mei Z, Wang Y, Yao Y, Zhang S, Li X, Wang H, Zhang J, Xie C. The effect of the TLR9 ligand CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide on the protective immune response to radiation-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Mol Immunol 2016; 80:33-40. [PMID: 27825048 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) is not only reported to protect against airway hyper responsiveness but is also known as a potent vaccine adjuvant for anti-tumor therapy. Little is known about the effect of CpG-ODN in mice with radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF), a common late stage form of tissue damage that occurs after thorax radiotherapy (RT). Here, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of CpG-ODN on the development of RILF. Mice were divided into four groups: (1) RT, single dose of 12Gy to the whole thorax; (2) CpG, only intraperitoneal injection of CpG-ODN for total 5 weeks; (3) RT+CpG, irradiation plus CpG-ODN treatment before and after irradiation for total 5 weeks; and (4) control (CTL): No RT or CpG-ODN treatment. In this study, we found that CpG-ODN treatment attenuated lung fibrosis and collagen deposition by increasing the number of M1 macrophagocytes, levels of Type-2 cytokines and TGF-β. CpG-ODN administration up-regulated the expression of TLR9 and STAT1 phosphorylation and reversed the expression of Type-2 immune response key transcription factor GATA-3. Activation of the JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway further enhanced M1 macrophage differentiation and Type-1 cytokine production. This study reveals the mitigating effect of early exposure to CpG-ODN on lung injury caused by irradiation in mice. The potential mechanism of action may be related to enhancement of Type-1 immunity. In conclusion, CpG-ODN may be a potential therapeutic target to treat RILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Zijie Mei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Yacheng Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China.
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Zhang C, Li Z, Sun Q, Wang P, Wang S, Liu W. CO2 foam properties and the stabilizing mechanism of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate and hydrophobic nanoparticle mixtures. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:946-956. [PMID: 26563818 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01408e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have prepared CO2-in-water foam by mixing partially hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and studied its properties. The observation of the appearance of the foam revealed that, with the continuous addition of AOT, the phase behavior of the SiO2 nanoparticle and the AOT mixed system transformed from that of a two-phase system of aggregated nanoparticles into that of a uniform dispersed phase. Both foaming ability and foam stability were optimized when the nanoparticles and the AOT were mixed in a proportion of 1 : 5. On the basis of our findings from measurements of the dispersion properties, including measurements of the adsorption isotherm of the surfactant on the nanoparticles, zeta potentials, interfacial tension and the three-phase contact angle, we concluded that the synergistic interactions between the SiO2 nanoparticles and the AOT led to the adsorption of nanoparticles around the bubble surface and the formation of a spatial network structure of nanoparticles in the film, thereby enhancing the mechanical strength of the bubble and improving the resistance to outside disturbances, deformation and drainage. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LCSM) analysis of the same foams further confirmed the existence of a "viscoelastic shell" wrapped around and protecting the bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China.
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Micera A, Balzamino BO, Zazzo AD, Biamonte F, Sica G, Bonini S. Toll-Like Receptors and Tissue Remodeling: The Pro/Cons Recent Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
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Hu D, Yang X, Xiang Y, Li H, Yan H, Zhou J, Caudle Y, Zhang X, Yin D. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates sepsis-induced mortality through suppressing excessive inflammatory response. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:92-8. [PMID: 25880099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a major clinical problem with high morbidity and mortality, is caused by overwhelming systemic host-inflammatory response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in induction of hyperinflammation and tissue damage in sepsis. In this study, we demonstrate a protective role of TLR9 inhibition against the dysregulated inflammatory response and tissue injury in sepsis. TLR9 deficiency decreased the mortality of mice following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. TLR9 knockout mice showed dampened p38 activation and augmented Akt phosphorylation in the spleen, lung and liver. In addition, TLR9 deficiency decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and attenuated splenic apoptosis after CLP. These results indicate that TLR9 inhibition might offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Yanxiao Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiology,Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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Yiu WH, Lin M, Tang SCW. Toll-like receptor activation: from renal inflammation to fibrosis. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2014; 4:20-25. [PMID: 26312146 PMCID: PMC4536963 DOI: 10.1038/kisup.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a conserved family of pattern recognition receptors that play a fundamental role in the innate immune system by triggering proinflammatory signaling pathways in response to microbial pathogens through exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns or tissue injury through endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns. In the kidney, TLRs are widely expressed in a variety of cell types. Emerging evidence demonstrates the participation of TLRs in the activation of these cells during renal fibrosis. This review highlights the role of TLRs and their endogenous ligands in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis using ureteral obstruction and diabetic nephropathy as models of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Miao Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tubulointerstitial injury in the kidney is complex, involving a number of independent and overlapping cellular and molecular pathways, with renal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) as the final common pathway. Furthermore, there are multiple ways to assess IFTA. RECENT FINDINGS Cells involved include tubular epithelial cells, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, myofibroblasts, monocyte/macrophages, and mast cells with complex and still incompletely characterized cell-molecular interactions. Molecular mediators involved are numerous and involve pathways such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Recent genomic approaches have shed insight into some of these cellular and molecular pathways. Pathologic evaluation of IFTA is central in assessing the severity of chronic disease; however, there are a variety of methods used to assess IFTA. Most assessment of IFTA relies on pathologist assessment of special stains such as trichrome, Sirius Red, and collagen III immunohistochemistry. Visual pathologist assessment can be prone to intra and interobserver variability, but some methods employ computerized morphometery, without a clear consensus as to the best method. SUMMARY IFTA results from on orchestration of cell types and molecular pathways. Opinions vary on the optimal qualitative and quantitative assessment of IFTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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