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Xu P, Cai X, Guan X, Xie W. Sulfoconjugation of protein peptides and glycoproteins in physiology and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108540. [PMID: 37777160 PMCID: PMC10842354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein sulfoconjugation, or sulfation, represents a critical post-translational modification (PTM) process that involves the attachment of sulfate groups to various positions of substrates within the protein peptides or glycoproteins. This process plays a dynamic and complex role in many physiological and pathological processes. Here, we summarize the importance of sulfation in the fields of oncology, virology, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and atherosclerosis. In oncology, sulfation is involved in tumor initiation, progression, and migration. In virology, sulfation influences viral entry, replication, and host immune response. In DILI, sulfation is associated with the incidence of DILI, where altered sulfation affects drug metabolism and toxicity. In IBD, dysregulation of sulfation compromises mucosal barrier and immune response. In atherosclerosis, sulfation influences the development of atherosclerosis by modulating the accumulation of lipoprotein, and the inflammation, proliferation, and migration of smooth muscle cells. The current review underscores the importance of further research to unravel the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential of targeting sulfoconjugation in various diseases. A better understanding of sulfation could facilitate the emergence of innovative diagnostic or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiuchen Guan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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2
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Ercoli MF, Luu DD, Rim EY, Shigenaga A, Teixeira de Araujo A, Chern M, Jain R, Ruan R, Joe A, Stewart V, Ronald P. Plant immunity: Rice XA21-mediated resistance to bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121568119. [PMID: 35131901 PMCID: PMC8872720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121568119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe the development of the plant immunity field, starting with efforts to understand the genetic basis for disease resistance, which ∼30 y ago led to the discovery of diverse classes of immune receptors that recognize and respond to infectious microbes. We focus on knowledge gained from studies of the rice XA21 immune receptor that recognizes RaxX (required for activation of XA21 mediated immunity X), a sulfated microbial peptide secreted by the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. XA21 is representative of a large class of plant and animal immune receptors that recognize and respond to conserved microbial molecules. We highlight the complexity of this large class of receptors in plants, discuss a possible role for RaxX in Xanthomonas biology, and draw attention to the important role of sulfotyrosine in mediating receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Ercoli
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Dee Dee Luu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ellen Youngsoo Rim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alexandra Shigenaga
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Artur Teixeira de Araujo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rashmi Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Randy Ruan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Anna Joe
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Valley Stewart
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis 95616, CA
| | - Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Deng S, Zhao L, Zhu J, Chen L, Zhou R. Complement C3aR/C5aR-binding protein Suilysin of Streptococcus suis contributes to monocyte chemotaxis. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108599. [PMID: 32122603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging swine and human pathogen causing severe infections and sudden death. During infection, complement C3a and C5a were reported to induce immune cells towards infection and injury sites via their corresponding receptors C3aR and C5aR. However, how S. suis evade immune surveillance mediated by C3aR and C5aR remains unclear. In this study, we analyze and construct an S. suis bacterial two-hybrid prey library containing 39 LPXTG motif anchored proteins and 18 secreted proteins. Two highly possible C3aR-binding proteins: thiol-activated toxin Suilysin, putative RTX family exoprotein A gene and three highly possible C5aR-binding proteins: thiol-activated toxin Suilysin, putative 5'-nucleotidase and subtilisin-like serine protease are identified through bacterial two-hybrid assay. Far-western blot assay confirms that a cholesterol-binding cytolysin Suilysin can interact with both C3aR and C5aR. Chemotaxis assays demonstrate that recombinant and natural Suilysin can inhibit monocyte chemotaxis mediated by C3a and C5a. These findings enlarge our knowledge of suilysin biological significance and provide a new perspective on S. suis complement evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Liyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China; International Research Center for Animal Diseases (MOST), Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang M, Lou L, Li L, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhou W, Bai Y, Gao J. IRAK-M Associates with Susceptibility to Adult-Onset Asthma and Promotes Chronic Airway Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:899-911. [PMID: 30617222 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-M regulates lung immunity during asthmatic airway inflammation. However, the regulatory effect of IRAK-M differs when airway inflammation persists. A positive association between IRAK-M polymorphisms with childhood asthma has been reported. In this study, we investigated the role of IRAK-M in the susceptibility to adult-onset asthma and in chronic airway inflammation using an animal model. Through genetic analysis of IRAK-M polymorphisms in a cohort of adult-onset asthma patients of Chinese Han ethnicity, we identified two IRAK-M single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs1624395 and rs1370128, genetically associated with adult-onset asthma. Functionally, the top-associated rs1624395, with an enhanced affinity to the transcription factor c-Jun, was associated with a higher expression of IRAK-M mRNA in blood monocytes. In contrast to the protective effect of IRAK-M in acute asthmatic inflammation, we found a provoking impact of IRAK-M on chronic asthmatic inflammation. Following chronic OVA stimulation, IRAK-M knockout (KO) mice presented with significantly less inflammatory cells, a lower Th2 cytokine level, a higher IFN-γ concentration, and increased percentage of Th1 cells in the lung tissue than wild type mice. Moreover, lung dendritic cells (DC) from OVA-treated IRAK-M KO mice expressed a higher percentage of costimulatory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2. Mechanistically, in vitro TLR ligation led to a greater IFN-γ production by IRAK-M KO DCs than wild type DCs. These findings demonstrated a distinctive role of IRAK-M in maintaining chronic Th2 airway inflammation via inhibiting the DC-mediated Th1 activation and indicated a complex role for IRAK-M in the initiation and progression of experimental allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lili Lou
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lun Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Genomics Medicine Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weixun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; and
| | - Yan Bai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
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Hunter MR, Grimsey NL, Glass M. Sulfation of the FLAG epitope is affected by co-expression of G protein-coupled receptors in a mammalian cell model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27316. [PMID: 27273047 PMCID: PMC4895180 DOI: 10.1038/srep27316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important therapeutic targets and therefore extensively studied. Like most transmembrane proteins, there has been considerable difficulty in developing reliable specific antibodies for them. To overcome this, epitope tags are often used to facilitate antibody recognition in studies on fundamental receptor signalling and trafficking. In our study of cannabinoid CB1/dopamine D2 interactions we sought to generate HEK293 cells expressing FLAG-tagged D2 for use in antibody-based assays of GPCR localisation and trafficking activity, however observed that stable FLAG-hD2 expression was particularly challenging to maintain. In contrast, when expressed in cell lines expressing hCB1 robust and stable FLAG-hD2 expression was observed. We hypothesised that co-expression of CB1 might stabilise surface FLAG-hD2 expression, and therefore investigated this further. Here, we describe the observation that co-expression of either cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors in HEK293 decreases the sulfation of a FLAG epitope appended at the N-terminus of the dopamine D2 receptor. Sulfation alters epitope recognition by some anti-FLAG antibodies, leading to the detection of fewer receptors, even though expression is maintained. This demonstrates that cannabinoid receptor expression modifies posttranslational processing of the FLAG-hD2 receptor, and importantly, has wider implications for the utilisation and interpretation of receptor studies involving epitope tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag Rose Hunter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natasha Lillia Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:199-230. [PMID: 24847020 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including humans, single-celled eukaryotes, and numerous bacterial species. In bacteria, some of the most notable pore-forming molecules are protein toxins that interact with mammalian cell membranes to promote lysis, deliver effectors, and modulate cellular homeostasis. Of the bacterial species capable of producing pore-forming toxic molecules, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious. S. aureus can produce seven different pore-forming protein toxins, all of which are believed to play a unique role in promoting the ability of the organism to cause disease in humans and other mammals. The most diverse of these pore-forming toxins, in terms of both functional activity and global representation within S. aureus clinical isolates, are the bicomponent leucocidins. From the first description of their activity on host immune cells over 100 years ago to the detailed investigations of their biochemical function today, the leucocidins remain at the forefront of S. aureus pathogenesis research initiatives. Study of their mode of action is of immediate interest in the realm of therapeutic agent design as well as for studies of bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an updated perspective on our understanding of the S. aureus leucocidins and their function, specificity, and potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Kanan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - Muayyad R. Al Ubaidi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
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Koymans KJ, Vrieling M, Gorham RD, van Strijp JAG. Staphylococcal Immune Evasion Proteins: Structure, Function, and Host Adaptation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 409:441-489. [PMID: 26919864 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a successful human and animal pathogen. Its pathogenicity is linked to its ability to secrete a large amount of virulence factors. These secreted proteins interfere with many critical components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive, and hamper proper immune functioning. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted in order to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction of evasion molecules with the host immune system. Structural studies have fundamentally contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of the individual factors. Furthermore, such studies revealed one of the most striking characteristics of the secreted immune evasion molecules: their conserved structure. Despite high-sequence variability, most immune evasion molecules belong to a small number of structural categories. Another remarkable characteristic is that S. aureus carries most of these virulence factors on mobile genetic elements (MGE) or ex-MGE in its accessory genome. Coevolution of pathogen and host has resulted in immune evasion molecules with a highly host-specific function and prevalence. In this review, we explore how these shared structures and genomic locations relate to function and host specificity. This is discussed in the context of therapeutic options for these immune evasion molecules in infectious as well as in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J Koymans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Manouk Vrieling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kanan Y, Siefert JC, Kinter M, Al-Ubaidi MR. Complement factor H, vitronectin, and opticin are tyrosine-sulfated proteins of the retinal pigment epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105409. [PMID: 25136834 PMCID: PMC4138151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of tyrosine sulfation of ocular proteins results in disorganized photoreceptor structure and drastically reduced visual function, demonstrating the importance of this post-translational modification to vision. To understand the role that tyrosine sulfation plays in the function of ocular proteins, we identified some tyrosine-sulfated proteins in the retinal pigment epithelium using two independent methods, immuno-affinity column purification with an anti-sulfotyrosine specific antibody and computer-based sequence analysis of retinal pigment epithelium secretome by means of the prediction program Sulfinator. Radioactive labeling followed by thin layer electrophoresis revealed that three proteins, vitronectin, opticin, and complement factor H (CFH), were post-translationally modified by tyrosine sulfation. The identification of vitronectin and CFH as tyrosine-sulfated proteins is significant, since both are deposited in drusen in the eyes of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Furthermore, mutations in CFH have been determined to be a major risk factor in the development of AMD. Future studies that seek to understand the role of CFH in the development of AMD should take into account the role that tyrosine sulfation plays in the interaction of this protein with its partners, and examine whether modulating sulfation provides a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Kanan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Siefert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michael Kinter
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Muayyad R. Al-Ubaidi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Klos A, Wende E, Wareham KJ, Monk PN. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXVII. Complement peptide C5a, C4a, and C3a receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:500-43. [PMID: 23383423 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the complement cascade, a cornerstone of the innate immune response, produces a number of small (74-77 amino acid) fragments, originally termed anaphylatoxins, that are potent chemoattractants and secretagogues that act on a wide variety of cell types. These fragments, C5a, C4a, and C3a, participate at all levels of the immune response and are also involved in other processes such as neural development and organ regeneration. Their primary function, however, is in inflammation, so they are important targets for the development of antiinflammatory therapies. Only three receptors for complement peptides have been found, but there are no satisfactory antagonists as yet, despite intensive investigation. In humans, there is a single receptor for C3a (C3a receptor), no known receptor for C4a, and two receptors for C5a (C5a₁ receptor and C5a₂ receptor). The most recently characterized receptor, the C5a₂ receptor (previously known as C5L2 or GPR77), has been regarded as a passive binding protein, but signaling activities are now ascribed to it, so we propose that it be formally identified as a receptor and be given a name to reflect this. Here, we describe the complex biology of the complement peptides, introduce a new suggested nomenclature, and review our current knowledge of receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klos
- Department for Medical Microbiology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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