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Velusamy P, Muthusami S, Arumugam R. In vitro evaluation of p-coumaric acid and naringin combination in human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431). Med Oncol 2023; 41:4. [PMID: 38019336 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is considered most detrimental due to high mortality worldwide. Among them, skin cancers play a major part by affecting one in three cancer patients globally. About 2-3 million cancer cases were reported to be non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers, respectively. Although chemotherapeutic drugs act on cancer cells but results in long-lasting morbidities which affects one's quality of life and also works only in the initial stage of the cancer. Hence, an idea of traditional medicine to cure the disease efficiently with less side effects was pursued by the researchers. We have assessed the combination effect of p-coumaric acid and naringin in exerting anticancer activity using A431 (epidermoid carcinoma) cells. The MTT analysis of the combination on A431 cells showed the least IC50 concentration of 41 µg/ml which is effective than the standard drug imiquimod with IC50 concentration of 52 µg/ml. Further, flow cytometric analysis was carried out to identify the molecular mechanism behind the anticancer effects of the combination. The results revealed that the combination arrested the A431 cell cycle at S phase, induced apoptosis as indicated by more early and late apoptotic cells when compared with the control, and further altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential in A431 cells. Hence, the results suggest the potential anticancer effects of p-coumaric acid and naringin combination against the skin cancer (A431) cell line. The observed effects may be additive or synergistic effects in inducing ROS generation and apoptosis, and reducing the viability of A431 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Velusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Deemed to be University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 32, India
| | - Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Deemed to be University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 32, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Arumugam
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Deemed to be University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 32, India.
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Alafnan A, Alamri A, Hussain T, Rizvi SMD. Cucurbitacin-B Exerts Anticancer Effects through Instigation of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest within Human Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells via Downregulating JAK/STAT Signaling Cascade. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101229. [PMID: 36297341 PMCID: PMC9609558 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbitacin-B (Cur-B) is an analogue triterpenoid belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. Previous reports have explicitly outlined various biological activities of Cucurbitaceae family members, including the anticancer activity of Cur-B. In the present study, we tried to elucidate the anticancer efficacy of Cur-B against prostate cancer PC3 cells. PC3 cells were exposed to purified Cur-B at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 µM for 24. Cur-B exposure reduced cell viability of PC3 cells at 5 µM (p < 0.05), with further reduction with increased Cur-B concentration (15 µM, p < 0.01 and 25 µM, p < 0.001). Cur-B also succeeded in instigating nuclear fragmentation and condensation, followed by activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3 proportionally with increasing concentrations of Cur-B. Treatment with Cur-B also instigated ROS-mediated oxidative stress both qualitatively and quantitatively at 5 µM, p < 0.05; 15 µM, p < 0.01 and 25 µM, p < 0.001. Increased ROS after Cur-B treatment also led to dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby resulting in considerable apoptosis (p < 0.001), which, again, was proportionally dependent on Cur-B concentration. Cur-B exposure to PC3 cells was concomitantly followed by reduced cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression and augmented mRNA expression of CDK inhibitor p21Cip1. Intriguingly, Cur-B exposure also led to considerable downregulation of the JAK/STAT signaling cascade, which may be the reason behind Cur-B-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest within PC3 cells. Therefore, these observations explicitly establish that Cur-B could serve in the prevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
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Yang CB, Liu J, Tong BCK, Wang ZY, Zhu Z, Su CF, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Wu JX, Iyaswamy A, Krishnamoorthi S, Huang SY, Cheung KH, Song JX, Tan JQ, Lu JH, Li M. TFEB, a master regulator of autophagy and biogenesis, unexpectedly promotes apoptosis in response to the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1251-1263. [PMID: 34417577 PMCID: PMC9061728 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, is generally regarded as a pro-survival factor. Here, we identify that besides its effect on autophagy induction, TFEB exerts a pro-apoptotic effect in response to the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-∆-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Specifically, 15d-PGJ2 promotes TFEB translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to induce autophagy and lysosome biogenesis via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production rather than mTORC1 inactivation. Surprisingly, TFEB promotes rather than inhibits apoptosis in response to 15d-PGJ2. Mechanistically, ROS-mediated TFEB translocation into the nucleus transcriptionally upregulates the expression of ATF4, which is required for apoptosis elicited by 15d-PGJ2. Additionally, inhibition of TFEB activation by ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine or inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide effectively compromises ATF4 upregulation and apoptosis in response to 15d-PGJ2. Collectively, these results indicate that ROS-induced TFEB activation exerts a novel role in promoting apoptosis besides its role in regulating autophagy in response to 15d-PGJ2. This work not only evidences how TFEB is activated by 15d-PGJ2, but also unveils a previously unexplored role of ROS-dependent activation of TFEB in modulating cell apoptosis in response to 15d-PGJ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-bin Yang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020 China ,grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Liu
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-ying Wang
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng-fu Su
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia-xi Wu
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Senthilkumar Krishnamoorthi
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shi-ying Huang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020 China
| | - King-ho Cheung
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ju-xian Song
- grid.221309.b0000 0004 1764 5980Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Jie-qiong Tan
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410006 China
| | - Jia-hong Lu
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Plant-Derived Terpenoids: A Promising Tool in the Fight against Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030502. [PMID: 35158770 PMCID: PMC8833325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite the numerous therapies, melanoma remains the deadliest of all skin cancers; however, plant-derived terpenoids are defense molecules that have proven anti-cancer properties. In this review, we present the results of the search for anti-melanoma plant terpenoids. Additionally, we show the effects of combining terpenoids with standard drugs, radiation therapy, or other plant substances on melanoma cell lines and animal models. Finally, we present some examples of drug delivery systems that increase the uptake of terpenoids by melanoma tissue. Abstract Melanoma is responsible for the highest number of skin cancer-caused deaths worldwide. Despite the numerous melanoma-treating options, the fight against it remains challenging, mainly due to its great heterogeneity and plasticity, as well as the high toxicity of standard drugs. Plant-derived terpenoids are a group of plant defense molecules that have been proven effective in killing many different types of cancer cells, both in in vitro experiments and in vivo models. In this review, we focus on recent results in the search for plant terpenoids with anti-melanoma activity. We also report on the synergistic action of combining terpenoids with other plant-derived substances, MAP kinase inhibitors, or radiation. Additionally, we present examples of terpenoid-loaded nanoparticle carriers as anti-melanoma agents that have increased permeation through the cancer tissue.
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Wang X, Zhao Y, Jiang C, Chang M, Huang J, Xie D. Enzymatic synthesis of bornyl linoleate in a solvent-free system. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rehfeldt SCH, Laufer S, Goettert MI. A Highly Selective In Vitro JNK3 Inhibitor, FMU200, Restores Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073701. [PMID: 33918172 PMCID: PMC8037381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are symptomatic and do not affect disease progression. Slowing this progression remains a crucial unmet need for patients and their families. c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) are related to several ND hallmarks including apoptosis, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. JNK inhibitors can play an important role in addressing neuroprotection. This research aims to evaluate the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of a synthetic compound (FMU200) with known JNK3 inhibitory activity in SH-SY5Y and RAW264.7 cell lines. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with FMU200 and cell damage was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell viability and neuroprotective effect were assessed with an MTT assay. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis. The H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were evaluated by DCFDA and JC-1 assays, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effect was determined in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by ELISA assay. In undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells, FMU200 decreased neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA in approximately 20%. In RA-differentiated cells, FMU200 diminished cell death in approximately 40% and 90% after 24 and 48 h treatment, respectively. FMU200 reduced both early and late apoptotic cells, decreased ROS levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and downregulated JNK phosphorylation after H2O2 exposure. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, FMU200 reduced TNF-α levels after a 3 h treatment. FMU200 protects neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against 6-OHDA- and H2O2-induced apoptosis, which may result from suppressing the JNK pathways. Our findings show that FMU200 can be a useful candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (M.I.G.); Tel.: +55-(51)3714-7000 (ext. 5445) (M.I.G.)
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, RS 95914-014, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (M.I.G.); Tel.: +55-(51)3714-7000 (ext. 5445) (M.I.G.)
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7
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JNK signaling as a target for anticancer therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:405-434. [PMID: 33710509 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The JNKs are members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) which regulate many physiological processes including inflammatory responses, macrophages, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and death. It is increasingly clear that the continuous activation of JNKs has a role in cancer development and progression. Therefore, JNKs represent attractive oncogenic targets for cancer therapy using small molecule kinase inhibitors. Studies showed that the two major JNK proteins JNK1 and JNK2 have opposite functions in different types of cancers, which need more specification in the design of JNK inhibitors. Some of ATP- competitive and ATP non-competitive inhibitors have been developed and widely used in vitro, but this type of inhibitors lack selectivity and inhibits phosphorylation of all JNK substrates and may lead to cellular toxicity. In this review, we summarized and discussed the strategies of JNK binding inhibitors and the role of JNK signaling in the pathogenesis of different solid and hematological malignancies.
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8
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Yang C, Zhu Z, Tong BCK, Iyaswamy A, Xie WJ, Zhu Y, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Senthilkumar K, Cheung KH, Song JX, Zhang HJ, Li M. A stress response p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190 promoted TFEB/TFE3-dependent autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis independent of p38. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101445. [PMID: 32037305 PMCID: PMC7264467 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TFEB (transcription factor EB) and TFE3 (transcription factor E3) are “master regulators” of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. The stress response p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases affect multiple intracellular responses including inflammation, cell growth, differentiation, cell death, senescence, tumorigenesis, and autophagy. Small molecule p38 MAP kinase inhibitors such as SB202190 are widely used in dissection of related signal transduction mechanisms including redox biology and autophagy. Here, we initially aimed to investigate the links between p38 MAP kinase and TFEB/TFE3-mediated autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Unexpectedly, we found that only SB202190, rather than several other p38 inhibitors, promotes TFEB and TFE3 to translocate from the cytosol into the nucleus and subsequently enhances autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. In addition, siRNA-mediated Tfeb and Tfe3 knockdown effectively attenuated SB202190-induced gene expression and lysosomal biogenesis. Mechanistical studies showed that TFEB and TFE3 activation in response to SB202190 is dependent on PPP3/calcineurin rather than on the inhibition of p38 or MTOR signaling, the main pathway for regulating TFEB and TFE3 activation. Importantly, SB202190 increased intracellular calcium levels, and calcium chelator BAPTAP-AM blocked SB202190-induced TFEB and TFE3 activation as well as autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium is required for TFEB and TFE3 activation in response to SB202190. In summary, we identified a previously uncharacterized role of SB202190 in activating TFEB- and TFE3-dependent autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis via ER calcium release and subsequent calcium-dependent PPP3/calcineurin activation, leading to dephosphorylation of TFEB and TFE3. Given the importance of p38 MAP kinase invarious conditions including oxidative stress, the findings collectively indicate that SB202190 should not be used as a specific inhibitor for elucidating the p38 MAP kinase biological functions due to its potential effect on activating autophagy-lysosomal axis. A stress response p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190 promoted TFEB/TFE3-dependent autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. SB202190-induced TFEB/TFE3 activation is independent of p38 MAP kinase inhibition. SB202190-induced TFEB/TFE3 activation is independent of mTOR inhibition. ER calcium-induced PPP3/calcineurin is required for TFEB/TFE3 activation in response to SB202190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Yang
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen-Jian Xie
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Krishnamoorthi Senthilkumar
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China.
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Caffeates and Caffeamides: Synthetic Methodologies and Their Antioxidant Properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:2592609. [PMID: 31815016 PMCID: PMC6877993 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2592609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and include a variety of chemical structures, from simple molecules such as phenolic acids to condensed tannins and highly polymerized compounds. Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) is one of the hydroxycinnamate metabolites more widely distributed in plant tissues. It is present in many food sources, including coffee drinks, blueberries, apples, and cider, and also in several medications of popular use, mainly those based on propolis. Its derivatives are also known to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activities, and can contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. This review is an overview of the available information about the chemical synthesis and antioxidant activity of caffeic acid derivatives. Considering the relevance of these compounds in human health, many of them have been the focus of reviews, taking as a center their obtaining from the plants. There are few revisions that compile the chemical synthesis methods, in this way, we consider that this review does an important contribution.
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10
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Baron EP. Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science. Headache 2019; 58:1139-1186. [PMID: 30152161 DOI: 10.1111/head.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive literature reviews of historical perspectives and evidence supporting cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of pain, including migraine and headache, with associated neurobiological mechanisms of pain modulation have been well described. Most of the existing literature reports on the cannabinoids Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), or cannabis in general. There are many cannabis strains that vary widely in the composition of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. These components work synergistically to produce wide variations in benefits, side effects, and strain characteristics. Knowledge of the individual medicinal properties of the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids is necessary to cross-breed strains to obtain optimal standardized synergistic compositions. This will enable targeting individual symptoms and/or diseases, including migraine, headache, and pain. OBJECTIVE Review the medical literature for the use of cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of migraine, headache, facial pain, and other chronic pain syndromes, and for supporting evidence of a potential role in combatting the opioid epidemic. Review the medical literature involving major and minor cannabinoids, primary and secondary terpenes, and flavonoids that underlie the synergistic entourage effects of cannabis. Summarize the individual medicinal benefits of these substances, including analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION There is accumulating evidence for various therapeutic benefits of cannabis/cannabinoids, especially in the treatment of pain, which may also apply to the treatment of migraine and headache. There is also supporting evidence that cannabis may assist in opioid detoxification and weaning, thus making it a potential weapon in battling the opioid epidemic. Cannabis science is a rapidly evolving medical sector and industry with increasingly regulated production standards. Further research is anticipated to optimize breeding of strain-specific synergistic ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals for predictable user effects, characteristics, and improved symptom and disease-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baron
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurological Restoration - Headache and Chronic Pain Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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11
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Devi U, Singh M, Roy S, Tripathi AC, Gupta PS, Saraf SK, Ansari MN, Saeedan AS, Kaithwas G. PHD-2 activation: a novel strategy to control HIF-1α and mitochondrial stress to modulate mammary gland pathophysiology in ER+ subtype. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1239-1256. [PMID: 31154466 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive mammary gland carcinoma and its involvement in regulation of overexpressed hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fatty acid synthase level in hypoxia influenced cancer cells are the present molecular crosstalk of this entire study. To test the hypothesis, we have proceed our study through chemical activation of prolyl hydroxylase 2 which leads to inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fatty acid synthase in ER+MCF-7 cancer cell line and n-methyl-n-nitrosourea induced mammary gland carcinoma rat model. ER+MCF-7 cells were evident with array of nuclear changes when stained through acridine orange/ethidium bromide. Afterward, JC-1 staining of the cells was evident in mitochondrial depolarization. The cells were arrested in G2/M phase when analyzed with flow cytometry. The morphological analysis of rat mammary gland tissue revealed decrease in alveolar buds, restoration of histopathological features along with intra-arterial cushion. The western blotting and fold change expressions of the genes validating the anticancer efficacy of BBAPH-1 is mediated through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. BBAPH-1 also modulates the expression of prolyl hydroxylase-2 with significant curtailment of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, fatty acid synthase expression, and their respective downstream markers. These finding suggest that the BBAP-1-mediated activation of prolyl hydroxylase-2 significantly decreased the level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fatty acid synthase. BBAPH-1 also activates the mitochondria-mediated death apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Naini, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226025, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226025, India
| | - Avinash C Tripathi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarsi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Babu Banarsi Das University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Pushpraj S Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Naini, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarsi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Babu Banarsi Das University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Md Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S Saeedan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226025, India.
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Devi U, Singh M, Roy S, Gupta PS, Ansari MN, Saeedan AS, Kaithwas G. Activation of prolyl hydroxylase-2 for stabilization of mitochondrial stress along with simultaneous downregulation of HIF-1α/FASN in ER + breast cancer subtype. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:216-227. [PMID: 30950543 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to inquest the chemical activation of prolyl hydroxylase-2 for the curtailment of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fatty acid synthase. It was well documented that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fatty acid synthase were overexpressed in mammary gland carcinomas. After screening a battery of compounds, BBAP-2 was retrieved as a potential prolyl hydroxylase-2 activator and validates its activity using ER + MCF-7 cell line and n-methyl-n-nitrosourea-induced rat in vivo model, respectively. BBAP-2 was palpable for the morphological characteristics of apoptosis along with changes in the mitochondrial intergrity as visualized by acridine orange/ethidium bromide and JC-1 staining against ER + MCF-7 cells. BBAP-2 also arrest the cell cycle of ER + MCF-7 cells at G2/M phase. Afterward, BBAP-2 has scrutinized against n-methyl-n-nitrosourea-induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino Wistar rats. BBAP-2 restored the morphological architecture when screened through carmine staining, haematoxylin and eosin staining, and scanning electron microscopy. BBAP-2 also delineated the markers of oxidative stress favourably. The immunoblotting and mRNA expression analysis validated that BBAP-2 has a potentialty activate the prolyl hydroxylase-2 with sequential downregulating effect on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and its downstream checkpoint. BBAP-2 also fostered apoptosis through mitochondrial-mediated death pathway. The present study elaborates the chemical activation of prolyl hydroxylase-2 by which the increased expression of HIF-1α and FASN can be reduced in mammary gland carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agricultural, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Pushpraj S Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agricultural, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India
| | - Mohd Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, KSA
| | - Abdulaziz S Saeedan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, KSA
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
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13
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Wu L, Wang T, He D, Li X, Jiang Y. EVI‑1 acts as an oncogene and positively regulates calreticulin in breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1645-1653. [PMID: 30592274 PMCID: PMC6390023 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotropic viral integration site‑1 (EVI‑1) is an important transcription factor involved in oncogenesis. Aberrant EVI‑1 expression has been reported to be a characteristic of multiple types of malignancies; however, very little is known about how EVI‑1 regulates breast cancer. Current knowledge of how target genes mediate the biological function of EVI‑1 remains limited. In the present study, overexpression of EVI‑1 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis in breast cancer. By contrast, silencing of EVI‑1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and enhanced apoptosis in breast cancer. In addition, the results also revealed that the aberrant expression of EVI‑1 regulates genes associated with the apoptotic pathway in breast cancer. Furthermore, EVI‑1 was also likely to target the promoter region of calreticulin (CRT) in vitro. It was concluded that EVI‑1 can affect epithelial mesenchymal transition‑associated genes by regulating the expression of CRT in breast cancer. The results revealed that EVI‑1 may be a potential effective therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Dongning He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Youhong Jiang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Silencing of Gal-7 inhibits TGF-β 1-induced apoptosis of human airway epithelial cells through JNK signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 375:100-105. [PMID: 30594507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of epithelial cells is regarded as the initial pathological process of many lung diseases, including asthma. Previous studies have identified that galectin-7 (Gal-7), a regulator of apoptosis, was overexpressed in bronchial epithelial cells in asthma. However, the effect and mechanism of Gal-7 in the progression of asthma is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression and role of Gal-7 in the apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B upon TGF-β1 stimulation. TGF-β1 significantly induced apoptosis of BEAS-2B cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Western blot results revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of Gal-7 were obviously increased after TGF-β1 stimulation. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Gal-7 abrogated TGF-β1-evoked cell apoptosis. Simultaneously, increased Bcl-2 expression, decreased Bax expression and the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 activity were also monitored in TGF-β1-treated cells after Gal-7 siRNA transfection. Gal-7 silence also inhibited TGF-β1-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, anisomycin, a specific activator for JNK, reversed the effect of Gal-7 siRNA on cell apoptosis induced by TGF-β1. These results demonstrate that Gal-7 silence attenuates TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells through the inactivation of JNK pathway. Therefore, Gal-7 may act as a potential target for asthma treatment.
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15
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Park S, Lim W, Song G. Chrysophanol selectively represses breast cancer cell growth by inducing reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress via AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Khan F, Khan I, Farooqui A, Ansari IA. Carvacrol Induces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-mediated Apoptosis Along with Cell Cycle Arrest at G0/G1 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:1075-1087. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1359321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arshi Farooqui
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Irfan A. Ansari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Yang C, Cheng Y, Zhao J, Rong J. Releasing Nrf2 to promote neurite outgrowth. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1934-5. [PMID: 26889175 PMCID: PMC4730811 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.169618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Yang C, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Le XC, Rong J. N-Propargyl Caffeate Amide (PACA) Potentiates Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-Induced Neurite Outgrowth and Attenuates 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-Induced Toxicity by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1560-9. [PMID: 26147318 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient production of neurotrophic factors is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of N-propargyl caffeate amide (PACA) to enhance nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth and the underlying mechanisms. We discovered that PACA not only potentiated NGF-induced neurite outgrowth but also attenuated 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxicity in dopaminergic PC12 cells and primary rat midbrain neurons. To identify the PACA-binding proteins, we introduced a biotin tag to the covalent PACA-protein adducts via "click chemistry" alkyne-azido cycloaddition. As a result, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) was isolated as the predominant protein from PACA treated PC12 cells. We demonstrated that the formation of PACA-Keap1 conjugates induced the nuclear translocation of transcription factor Nrf2 and the expression of antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Importantly, specific HO-1 inhibitor SnPP diminished the neuroprotective and neuritogenic activities of PACA. Moreover, PACA attenuated 6-OHDA-induced production of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. PACA also preserved mitochondrial membrane integrity and enhanced the cellular resistance against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity. These results suggest that PACA may exhibit neuroprotective and neuritogenic activities via activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Yang
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - X. Chris Le
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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New benzimidazole acridine derivative induces human colon cancer cell apoptosis in vitro via the ROS-JNK signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1074-84. [PMID: 26235743 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanisms underlying anticancer action of the benzimidazole acridine derivative N-{(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl}-2-butylacridin-9-amine(8m) against human colon cancer cells in vitro. METHODS Human colon cancer cell lines SW480 and HCT116 were incubated in the presence of 8m, and then the cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured. The expression of apoptotic/signaling genes and proteins was detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting. ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were visualized with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS 8m dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of SW480 and HCT116 cells with IC50 values of 6.77 and 3.33 μmol/L, respectively. 8m induced apoptosis of HCT116 cells, accompanied by down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of death receptor-5 (DR5), truncation of Bid, cleavage of PARP, and activation of caspases (including caspase-8 and caspase-9 as well as the downstream caspases-3 and caspase-7). Moreover, 8m selectively activated JNK and p38 without affecting ERK in HCT116 cells. Knockout of JNK1, but not p38, attenuated 8m-induced apoptosis. In addition, 8m induced ROS production and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in HCT116 cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine or glutathione attenuated 8m-induced apoptosis and JNK activation in HCT116 cells. CONCLUSION The new benzimidazole acridine derivative, 8m exerts anticancer activity against human colon cancer cells in vitro by inducing both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways via the ROS-JNK1 pathway.
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Pan CH, Lin WH, Chien YC, Liu FC, Sheu MJ, Kuo YH, Wu CH. K20E, an oxidative-coupling compound of methyl caffeate, exhibits anti-angiogenic activities through down-regulations of VEGF and VEGF receptor-2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 282:215-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Yang C, Li X, Rong J. Amygdalin isolated from Semen Persicae (Tao Ren) extracts induces the expression of follistatin in HepG2 and C2C12 cell lines. Chin Med 2014; 9:23. [PMID: 25237385 PMCID: PMC4167460 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese medicine formulation ISF-1 (also known as Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang) for post-stroke rehabilitation could increase the expression of growth-regulating protein follistatin by approximately 4-fold. This study aims to identify the active compounds of ISF-1 for the induction of follistatin expression. METHODS Active compounds in ISF-1 responsible for induction of follistatin were identified by a bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure involving liquid-liquid extraction, HPLC separation and RT-PCR detection. The aqueous extracts of seven ISF-1 ingredients including Semen Persicae (Tao Ren) and the S. Persicae-derived fractions were assayed for the induction of follistatin mRNA expression in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells by RT-PCR. The concentrations of isolated compounds were proportionally normalized to the reported IC50 concentration (5.8 mg/mL) of the formulation ISF-1 in HepG2. The active fractions were characterized by reverse-phase HPLC on a C18 column and identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Three ingredients of ISF-1, namely S. Persicae (Tao Ren), Pheretima (Di Long), and Flos Carthami (Hong Hua), induced the expression of follistatin mRNA. Among these, the ingredient S. Persicae were the most active, and amygdalin from S. Persicae extract was identified as a novel follistatin inducer. Amygdalin stimulated the growth of skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Amygdalin isolated from S. Persicae extract in ISF-1 through a bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure induced the expression of follistatin in HepG2 and C2C12 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Bioactivity-guided fractionation identifies amygdalin as a potent neurotrophic agent from herbal medicine Semen Persicae extract. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:306857. [PMID: 25050339 PMCID: PMC4094722 DOI: 10.1155/2014/306857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicine Semen Persicae is widely used to treat blood stasis in Chinese medicine and other oriental folk medicines. Although little is known about the effects of Semen Persicae and its active compounds on neuron differentiation, our pilot study showed that Semen Persicae extract promoted neurite outgrowth in rat dopaminergic PC12 cells. In the present study, we developed a bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure for the characterization of the neurotrophic activity of Semen Persicae extract. The resultant fractions were assayed for neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells based on microscopic assessment. Through liquid-liquid extraction and reverse phase HPLC separation, a botanical glycoside amygdalin was isolated as the active compound responsible for the neurotrophic activity of Semen Persicae extract. Moreover, we found that amygdalin rapidly induced the activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). A specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 attenuated the stimulatory effect of amygdalin on neurite outgrowth. Taken together, amygdalin was identified as a potent neurotrophic agent from Semen Persicae extract through a bioactivity-guided fractional procedure. The neurotrophic activity of amygdalin may be mediated by the activation of ERK1/2 pathway.
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Biochemical mechanisms of bornyl caffeate induced cytotoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:133-42. [PMID: 24907532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities of caffeic acid derivatives are highly dependent on the chemical structures and cancer cell types. The objective of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of bornyl caffeate and the underlying molecular mechanisms in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Our initial studies demonstrated that bornyl caffeate exhibited potent cytotoxicity in PC12 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. By examining the cell morphology on a fluorescence microscope and detecting the cell surface phosphoserine with Annexin V-FITC, we proposed that bornyl caffeate could induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of bornyl caffeate on several apoptosis-related biomarkers. These experiments showed that bornyl caffeate induced the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-xl, the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activation of caspase 3 and the cleavage of PARP. Mechanistic studies further revealed that bornyl caffeate caused the depletion of glutathione (GSH), generation of superoxide ion and progressive activation of p38 mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, GSH depletion appeared to be the most important mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of bornyl caffeate. The preservation of the intracellular GSH contents with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), GSH and vitamin C abolished the effect of bornyl caffeate on the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK, preserved the integrity of mitochondrial membrane and ultimately rescued the cells from drug-induced cell death. These results suggest that bornyl caffeate induces apoptosis in PC12 cells via stimulating the depletion of GSH, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
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