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Rehfeldt SCH, Laufer S, Goettert MI. A Highly Selective In Vitro JNK3 Inhibitor, FMU200, Restores Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073701. [PMID: 33918172 PMCID: PMC8037381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are symptomatic and do not affect disease progression. Slowing this progression remains a crucial unmet need for patients and their families. c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) are related to several ND hallmarks including apoptosis, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. JNK inhibitors can play an important role in addressing neuroprotection. This research aims to evaluate the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of a synthetic compound (FMU200) with known JNK3 inhibitory activity in SH-SY5Y and RAW264.7 cell lines. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with FMU200 and cell damage was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell viability and neuroprotective effect were assessed with an MTT assay. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis. The H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were evaluated by DCFDA and JC-1 assays, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effect was determined in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by ELISA assay. In undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells, FMU200 decreased neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA in approximately 20%. In RA-differentiated cells, FMU200 diminished cell death in approximately 40% and 90% after 24 and 48 h treatment, respectively. FMU200 reduced both early and late apoptotic cells, decreased ROS levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and downregulated JNK phosphorylation after H2O2 exposure. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, FMU200 reduced TNF-α levels after a 3 h treatment. FMU200 protects neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against 6-OHDA- and H2O2-induced apoptosis, which may result from suppressing the JNK pathways. Our findings show that FMU200 can be a useful candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (M.I.G.); Tel.: +55-(51)3714-7000 (ext. 5445) (M.I.G.)
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, RS 95914-014, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (M.I.G.); Tel.: +55-(51)3714-7000 (ext. 5445) (M.I.G.)
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Xu K, Guo Y, Ping L, Qiu Y, Liu Q, Li Z, Wang Z. Protective Effects of SIRT6 Overexpression against DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061513. [PMID: 32580272 PMCID: PMC7348883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), as a NAD + -dependent deacetylase, plays an indispensable role in the regulation of health and physiology. Loss of SIRT6 causes spontaneous colitis in mice and makes intestinal epithelial cells prone to stress. However, whether SIRT6 overexpression increases resistance to colitis remains unknown. Here, in vivo results demonstrated that SIRT6 overexpression attenuates DSS-induced colitis in terms of clinical manifestations, histopathological damage, loss of tight junction function and imbalanced intestinal microenvironment. Additionally, we also found that the activation of NF-κB and c-Jun induced by DSS is diminished by SIRT6 overexpression. Furthermore, SIRT6 may regulate TAK1 to inhibit NF-κB and c-Jun signaling. Thus, our findings highlight the protective effect of SIRT6 on colon, further supporting the perspective that SIRT6 may be a therapeutic target for intestine injury under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (K.X.); (Y.G.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yannan Guo
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (K.X.); (Y.G.); (Q.L.)
| | - Lu Ping
- 8-year MD Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Ying Qiu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Qingfei Liu
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (K.X.); (Y.G.); (Q.L.)
| | - Zhongchi Li
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (K.X.); (Y.G.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-10-62772241 (Z.W.)
| | - Zhao Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (K.X.); (Y.G.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-10-62772241 (Z.W.)
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Barreto S, Gonzalez-Vazquez A, Cameron AR, Cavanagh B, Murray DJ, O'Brien FJ. Identification of the mechanisms by which age alters the mechanosensitivity of mesenchymal stromal cells on substrates of differing stiffness: Implications for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:59-69. [PMID: 28216301 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify the mechanisms by which skeletal maturity alters the mechanosensitivity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and, the implications for osteogenesis and angiogenesis during bone formation, we compared the response of MSCs derived from children and skeletally-mature healthy adults cultured on soft and stiff collagen-coated polyacrylamide substrates. MSCs from children were more mechanosensitive, showing enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis on stiff substrates as indicated by increased endothelial tubule formation, PGF production, nuclear-translocation of YAP, ALP activity and mineralisation. To examine these mechanisms in more detail, a customised PCR array identified an age-dependent, stiffness-induced upregulation of NOX1, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, WIF1 and, of particular interest, JNK3 in cells from children compared to adults. When JNK3 activity was inhibited, a reduction in stiffness-induced driven osteogenesis was observed - suggesting that JNK3 might serve as a novel target for recapitulating the enhanced regenerative potential of children in adults suffering from bone degeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We investigated the age-associated changes in the capacity of MSCs for bone regeneration involving the mechanosensitive signalling pathways, which reduce the ability of adult cells to respond to biophysical cues in comparison to cells from children, who are still undergoing bone development. Our results offer new insights into the mechanobiology of MSCs and sheds new light on age-altered mechanosensitivity and, on why children have such an immense capacity to regenerate their skeletal system. We have identified the mechanisms by which skeletal maturity alters the mechanosensitivity of mesenchymal stromal cells and an age-dependent, stiffness-induced upregulation of a number of prominent genes including, most notably, JNK3 in children cells, thus suggesting its potential to promote enhanced bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barreto
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, RCSI & TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Arlyng Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, RCSI & TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew R Cameron
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, RCSI & TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brenton Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dylan J Murray
- National Paediatric Craniofacial Centre, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, RCSI & TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Shvedova MV, Anfinogenova YD, Schepetkin IA, Atochin DN. [JUN N-TERMINAL KINASES AND THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF ISCHE-MIC AND REPERFUSION INJURY OF THE BRAIN]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2017; 103:268-283. [PMID: 30199207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The article reviews the literature regarding the role of c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK) and its inhibitors in brain damage in the settings of ischemia and reperfusion injury. The implication of JNK in signaling mechanisms involved in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury are discussed. Described effects associated with JNK inhibition using synthetic and natural substances in experimental models of ischemic and reperfusion injury of the brain. Results of experimental studies demonstrated that JNK represent promising therapeutic targets for brain protection against ischemic stroke. However, multiple physiologic functions of various JNK family members do not allow for the systemic use of non-specific JNK inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. The authors conclude that the continuous search for selective inhibitors of JNK3 remains an important task.
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Lin W, Wang S, Yang Z, Lin J, Ke Q, Lan W, Shi J, Wu S, Cai B. Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis in Spinal Cord Injury through Down-Regulation of Cdc42-MLK3-MKK7-JNK3 Axis. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:695-706. [PMID: 27526795 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which spinal cord injury (SCI) induces neuronal death has not been thoroughly understood. Investigation on the molecular signal pathways involved in SCI-mediated neuronal apoptosis is important for development of new therapeutics for SCI. In the current study, we explore the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the modulation of mixed lineage kinase 3/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/cJUN N-terminal kinase 3 (MLK3/MKK7/JNK3) signaling, which is a pro-apoptotic pathway, after SCI. We found that MLK3/MKK7/JNK3 signaling was activated by SCI in a time-dependent manner, demonstrated by increase in activating phosphorylation of MLK3, MKK7, and JNK3. SCI also induced HO-1 expression. Administration of HO-1-expressing adeno-associated virus before SCI introduced expression of exogenous HO-1 in injured spinal cords. Exogenous HO-1 reduced phosphorylation of MLK3, MKK7, and JNK3. Consistent with its inhibitory effect on MLK3/MKK7/JNK3 signaling, exogenous HO-1 decreased SCI-induced neuronal apoptosis and improved neurological score. Further, we found that exogenous HO-1 inhibited expression of cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42), which is crucial for MLK3 activation. In vitro experiments indicated that Cdc42 was essential for neuronal apoptosis, while transduction of neurons with HO-1-expressing adeno-associated virus significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis to enhance neuronal survival. Therefore, our study disclosed a novel mechanism by which HO-1 exerted its neuroprotective efficacy. Our discovery might be valuable for developing a new therapeutic approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Lin
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guizhou Province , Guiyang, China
| | - Jianhua Lin
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Ke
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Lan
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinxing Shi
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Wu
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Bin Cai
- 4 Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
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Ansideri F, Lange A, El-Gokha A, Boeckler FM, Koch P. Fluorescence polarization-based assays for detecting compounds binding to inactive c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 and p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase. Anal Biochem 2016; 503:28-40. [PMID: 26954235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two fluorescein-labeled pyridinylimidazoles were synthesized and evaluated as probes for the binding affinity determination of potential kinase inhibitors to the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) and p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Fluorescence polarization (FP)-based competition binding assays were developed for both enzymes using 1-(3',6'-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9'-xanthen]-5-yl)-3-(4-((4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylthio)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)thiourea (5) as an FP probe (JNK3: Kd = 3.0 nM; p38α MAPK: Kd = 5.7 nM). The validation of the assays with known inhibitors of JNK3 and p38α MAPK revealed that both FP assays correlate very well with inhibition data received by the activity assays. This, in addition to the viability of both FP-based binding assays for the high-throughput screening procedure, makes the assays suitable as inexpensive prescreening protocols for JNK3 and p38α MAPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ansideri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Lange
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Design and Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed El-Gokha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
| | - Frank M Boeckler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Design and Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre Koch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Prause M, Christensen DP, Billestrup N, Mandrup-Poulsen T. JNK1 protects against glucolipotoxicity-mediated beta-cell apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87067. [PMID: 24475223 PMCID: PMC3901710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is central to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Prolonged elevated levels of circulating free-fatty acids and hyperglycemia, also termed glucolipotoxicity, mediate β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis associated with increased c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activity. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress are elicited by palmitate and high glucose concentrations further potentiating JNK activity. Our aim was to determine the role of the JNK subtypes JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 in palmitate and high glucose-induced β-cell apoptosis. We established insulin-producing INS1 cell lines stably expressing JNK subtype specific shRNAs to understand the differential roles of the individual JNK isoforms. JNK activity was increased after 3 h of palmitate and high glucose exposure associated with increased expression of ER and mitochondrial stress markers. JNK1 shRNA expressing INS1 cells showed increased apoptosis and cleaved caspase 9 and 3 compared to non-sense shRNA expressing control INS1 cells when exposed to palmitate and high glucose associated with increased CHOP expression, ROS formation and Puma mRNA expression. JNK2 shRNA expressing INS1 cells did not affect palmitate and high glucose induced apoptosis or ER stress markers, but increased Puma mRNA expression compared to non-sense shRNA expressing INS1 cells. Finally, JNK3 shRNA expressing INS1 cells did not induce apoptosis compared to non-sense shRNA expressing INS1 cells when exposed to palmitate and high glucose but showed increased caspase 9 and 3 cleavage associated with increased DP5 and Puma mRNA expression. These data suggest that JNK1 protects against palmitate and high glucose-induced β-cell apoptosis associated with reduced ER and mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala Prause
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Dan Ploug Christensen
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Billestrup
- Section of Cellular and Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kenchappa RS, Tep C, Korade Z, Urra S, Bronfman FC, Yoon SO, Carter BD. p75 neurotrophin receptor-mediated apoptosis in sympathetic neurons involves a biphasic activation of JNK and up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme/ADAM17. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20358-68. [PMID: 20421303 PMCID: PMC2888447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.082834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the sympathetic nervous system, the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has a dual function: promoting survival together with TrkA in response to NGF, but inducing cell death upon binding pro or mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Apoptotic signaling through p75NTR requires activation of the stress kinase, JNK. However, the receptor also undergoes regulated proteolysis, first by a metalloprotease, and then by gamma-secretase, in response to pro-apoptotic ligands and this is necessary for receptor mediated neuronal death (Kenchappa, R. S., Zampieri, N., Chao, M. V., Barker, P. A., Teng, H. K., Hempstead, B. L., and Carter, B. D. (2006) Neuron 50, 219-232). Hence, the relationship between JNK activation and receptor proteolysis remains to be defined. Here, we report that JNK3 activation is necessary for p75NTR cleavage; however, following release of the intracellular domain, there is a secondary activation of JNK3 that is cleavage dependent. Receptor proteolysis and apoptosis were prevented in sympathetic neurons from jnk3(-/-) mice, while activation of JNK by ectopic expression of MEKK1 induced p75NTR cleavage and cell death. Proteolysis of the receptor was not detected until 6 h after BDNF treatment, suggesting that JNK3 promotes cleavage through a transcriptional mechanism. In support of this hypothesis, BDNF up-regulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE)/ADAM17 mRNA and protein in wild-type, but not jnk3(-/-) sympathetic neurons. Down-regulation of TACE by RNA interference blocked BDNF-induced p75NTR cleavage and apoptosis, indicating that this metalloprotease is responsible for the initial processing of the receptor. Together, these results demonstrate that p75NTR-mediated activation of JNK3 is required for up-regulation of TACE, which promotes receptor proteolysis, leading to prolonged activation of JNK3 and subsequent apoptosis in sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajappa S. Kenchappa
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Chhavy Tep
- the Center for Molecular Neurobiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zeljka Korade
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Soledad Urra
- the Department of Physiology, Neurobiology Unit, Center of Aging and Regeneration, Nucleus Millenium in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Alameda 340, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Francisca C. Bronfman
- the Department of Physiology, Neurobiology Unit, Center of Aging and Regeneration, Nucleus Millenium in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Alameda 340, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- the Center for Molecular Neurobiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Bruce D. Carter
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Li C, Xu B, Wang WW, Yu XJ, Zhu J, Yu HM, Han D, Pei DS, Zhang GY. Coactivation of GABA receptors inhibits the JNK3 apoptotic pathway via disassembly of GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 signaling module in KA-induced seizure. Epilepsia 2010; 51:391-403. [PMID: 19694794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Past work has demonstrated that kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures could cause the enhancement of excitation and lead to neuronal death in rat hippocampus. To counteract such an imbalance between excitation and inhibition, we designed experiments by activating the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor to investigate whether such activation suppresses the excitatory glutamate signaling induced by KA and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Muscimol coapplied with baclofen was intraperitoneally administrated to the rats 40 min before KA injection by intracerebroventricular infusion. Subsequently we used a series of methods including immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, histologic analysis, and immunohistochemistry to analyze the interaction, expression, and phosphorylation of relevant proteins as well as the survival of the CA1/CA3 pyramidal neurons. RESULTS Coadministration of muscimol and baclofen exerted neuroprotection against neuron death induced by KA; inhibited the increased assembly of the GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 module induced by KA; and suppressed the activation of MLK3, MKK7, and JNK3. DISCUSSION Taken together, we demonstrate that coactivation of the inhibitory GABA receptors can attenuate the excitatory JNK3 apoptotic signaling pathway via inhibiting the increased assembly of the GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 signaling module induced by KA. This provides a new insight into the therapeutic approach to epileptic seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Research Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Pan J, Xiao Q, Sheng CY, Hong Z, Yang HQ, Wang G, Ding JQ, Chen SD. Blockade of the translocation and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) attenuates dopaminergic neuronal damage in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2009; 54:418-25. [PMID: 19428783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important kinase mediating neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD) model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). JNK3, the only neural-specific isoform, may play an important role in mediating the neurotoxic effects of MPTP in dopaminergic neuronal injury. To analyze the variation in JNK3 activation, the levels of phospho-JNK3 were measured at the various time points of occurrence of MPTP-induced lesions. In our study, we observed that during MPTP intoxication, two peaks of JNK3 activation appeared at 8 and 24h. To further define the mechanism of JNK3 activation and translocation, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine, and the alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate (KA) receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX) were administered to the mice 30 min after each of the four MPTP injections. The results revealed that NAC clearly inhibited JNK3 activation during the early intoxication, whereas ketamine preferably attenuated JNK3 activation during the latter intoxication. DNQX had no significant effects on JNK3 activation during intoxication. Consequently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the NMDA receptor were closely associated with JNK3 activation following MPTP intoxication. NAC and ketamine exerted a preventive effect against MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and suppressed the nuclear translocation of JNK3, suggesting that NAC and ketamine can prevent MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal death by suppressing JNK3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
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Li T, Yu XJ, Zhang GY. Tyrosine phosphorylation of HPK1 by activated Src promotes ischemic brain injury in rat hippocampal CA1 region. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1894-900. [PMID: 18498770 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a hematopoietic cell-restricted member of the Ste20 serine/threonine kinase super family. We recently reported that HPK1 is involved in c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway by sequential activation of MLK3-MKK7-JNK3 after cerebral ischemia. Here, we used 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl) pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine (PP2) and MK801 to investigate the events upstream of HPK1 in ischemic brain injury. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot results showed that PP2 and MK801 significantly decreased the activation of Src, HPK1, MLK3, JNK3 and c-Jun, respectively, during ischemia/reperfusion. Histology and TUNEL staining showed PP2 or MK801 protects against neuron death after brain ischemia. We speculate that this unique signaling pathway through the tyrosine phosphorylation of HPK1 promotes ischemic brain injury by activated Src via N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and, ultimately, the activation of the MLK3-MKK7-JNK3 pathway after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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12
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Han D, Zhang QG, Yong-Liu, Li C, Zong YY, Yu CZ, Wang W, Yan JZ, Zhang GY. Co-activation of GABA receptors inhibits the JNK3 apoptotic pathway via the disassembly of the GluR6-PSD95-MLK3 signaling module in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1298-306. [PMID: 18307989 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether the increase of inhibitory gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) signal suppresses the excitatory glutamate signal induced by cerebral ischemia and the underlying mechanisms. In global cerebral ischemia, focal cerebral ischemia and oxygen-glucose deprivation, application of muscimol and baclofen, agonists of GABA(A) receptor and GABA(B) receptor, exerted neuroprotection. The agonists inhibited the increased assembly of the GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 module induced by cerebral ischemia and the activation of the MLK3-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade. Our results suggest that stimulation of the inhibitory GABA receptors can attenuate the excitatory JNK3 apoptotic signaling pathway via inhibiting the increased assembly of the GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 signaling module in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, People's Republic of China
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13
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Pan J, Wang G, Yang HQ, Hong Z, Xiao Q, Ren RJ, Zhou HY, Bai L, Chen SD. K252a prevents nigral dopaminergic cell death induced by 6-hydroxydopamine through inhibition of both mixed-lineage kinase 3/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) and apoptosis-inducing kinase 1/JNK3 signaling pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1607-18. [PMID: 17855652 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.038463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced unilateral lesion in the nigrostriatal system. Our recent studies have shown that mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) and apoptosis-inducing kinase 1 (ASK1) are all involved in neuronal cell death induced by ischemia, which is mediated by the MLK3/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) and ASK1/JNK signaling pathway. To investigate whether these pathways are correlated with 6-OHDA-induced lesion as well, we examined the phosphorylation of MLK3, ASK1, and JNK3 in 6-OHDA rats. The results showed that both MLK3 and ASK1 could activate JNK3 and then subsequently enhance the neuronal death through its downstream pathways (i.e., nuclear and non-nuclear pathway). K252a have wide-range effects including Trk inhibition, MLK3 inhibition, and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase signaling pathways through interactions with distinct targets and is a well known neuroprotective compound. We found that K252a could protect dopaminergic neurons against cell program death induced by 6-OHDA lesion, and the phenotypes of 6-OHDA rat model treated with K252a were partial rescued. The inhibition of K252a on the activation of MLK3/JNK3 and ASK1/JNK3 provided a link between 6-OHDA lesion and stress-activated kinases. It suggested that both proapoptotic MLK3/JNK3 and ASK1/JNK3 cascade may play an important role in dopaminergic neuronal death in 6-OHDA insult. Thus, the JNK3 signaling may eventually emerge as a prime target for novel therapeutic approaches to treatment of Parkinson disease, and K252a may serve as a potential and important neuroprotectant in therapeutic aspect in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Institute, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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14
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Ijjaali I, Petitet F, Dubus E, Barberan O, Michel A. Assessing potency of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) inhibitors using 2D molecular descriptors and binary QSAR methodology. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4256-64. [PMID: 17451961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
JNK3 signaling pathway is gaining interest due to its involvement in many neurological disorders. The purpose of this study was to explore for the first time the use of a large and diverse dataset in combination with binary QSAR methodology for predicting JNK3 activity class. Data were extracted from Aureus Pharma' AurSCOPE Kinase knowledge database and active or inactive classes were assigned to ligands based on IC50 biological activity. Two sets of 2D molecular descriptors (P_VSA and BCUT) were used to build models using different biological activity thresholds. The design of the models was preceded by the evaluation of the chemical space covered by the datasets and an assessment of its chemical diversity. The best model was found using a 100 nM IC50 threshold with surface-based P_VSA descriptors. This binary QSAR model reached an overall accuracy of 98% and a leave-one-out cross-validated accuracy of 94%. Most relevant descriptors were found to encode size and hydrophobic interactions. These derived models can be useful for screening chemical libraries in the search for new JNK3 inhibitors.
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15
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Zhao J, Pei DS, Zhang QG, Zhang GY. Down-regulation Cdc42 attenuates neuronal apoptosis through inhibiting MLK3/JNK3 cascade during ischemic reperfusion in rat hippocampus. Cell Signal 2007; 19:831-43. [PMID: 17161586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
JNK signaling pathway is activated and involved in the selective neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 subfield following cerebral ischemia. However, little is known about upstream partner controlling the pathway. Here we reported that ischemia/reperfusion significantly elevated Cdc42 activity, enhanced assembly of the Cdc42-MLK3 complex and activation of JNK pathway. Most importantly, knock-down endogenous Cdc42 selectively suppressed the MLK3/MKK7/JNK3 cascade, and subsequently blocked the phosphorylation of c-Jun and FasL expression. Meanwhile, Bcl-2 was inactivated and the release of cytochrome c was diminished. These alterations eventually perturbed the caspase-3 activation as well as post-ischemic neuronal cell death. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that Cdc42 serves as an upstream activator and modulates JNK-mediated apoptosis machinery in vivo, which ultimately results in neuronal apoptosis via nuclear and non-nuclear pathways. Thus, Cdc42 may be a potential therapeutic target in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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16
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Peifer C, Kinkel K, Abadleh M, Schollmeyer D, Laufer S. From five- to six-membered rings: 3,4-diarylquinolinone as lead for novel p38MAP kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1213-21. [PMID: 17323937 DOI: 10.1021/jm061097o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-pyridin-4-ylquinoline-2(1H)-one (5) as a new inhibitor of MAPK with a p38alphaMAPK IC50 of 1.8 muM. By keeping the common vicinal pyridine/4-F-phenyl pharmacophore, such as in prototypical imidazole 20 or isoxazole 13 but in 5 connected to the six-membered quinoline core, we were particularly interested in comparing biological activity, details of molecular geometry, and different binding modes of these compounds. Compounds 20 and 13 were active both in the p38alpha- and JNK3-assay, whereas 5 was selective for p38alpha, with no JNK3 inhibition. By comparing the X-ray structures of the compounds, we found a significantly larger distance between the pyridine and the 4-F-phenyl moiety in five-membered core structures relevant for ligand-protein interactions. Molecular modeling studies support the results based on differences in the ATP pockets of p38alpha and JNK3. Because most five-membered core based p38alpha inhibitors show also activity for JNK3, compound 5 is an interesting lead for selective p38alpha inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8/B, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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17
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Angell RM, Atkinson FL, Brown MJ, Chuang TT, Christopher JA, Cichy-Knight M, Dunn AK, Hightower KE, Malkakorpi S, Musgrave JR, Neu M, Rowland P, Shea RL, Smith JL, Somers DO, Thomas SA, Thompson G, Wang R. N-(3-Cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-2-yl)amides as potent, selective, inhibitors of JNK2 and JNK3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:1296-301. [PMID: 17194588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification and exploration of a novel, potent and selective series of N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-2-yl)amide inhibitors of JNK2 and JNK3 kinases is described. Compounds 5a and 11a were identified as potent inhibitors of JNK3 (pIC50 6.7 and 6.6, respectively), with essentially equal potency against JNK2 (pIC50 6.5). Selectivity within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, against JNK1, p38alpha and ERK2, was observed for the series. X-ray crystallography of 5e and 8a in JNK3 revealed a unique binding mode, with the 3-cyano substituent forming an H-bond acceptor interaction with the hinge region of the ATP-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Angell
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
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18
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Abstract
In light of emerging interest in the relevance of c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase 3 (JNK3) as a promising drug target, we describe here an advanced non-radioactive immunosorbent JNK3 activity assay that is applicable for routine screening of small molecule ATP-competitive enzyme inhibitors. We modified and established a JNK3/ATF-2 protocol based on our previously described p38 MAPK method [1] for a substrate-bound non-radioactive procedure that represents a convenient alternative to conventional radioactive protein kinase assays. The objective of the present study was to validate these conditions by using the reference compounds SP600125 and SB203580 to achieve comparable IC(50) results to published data. Furthermore, an IC(50) for staurosporine was determined. The protocol we describe here represents an accessible and robust screening assay for JNK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Sharma P, Ghoshal N. Exploration of a binding mode of benzothiazol-2-yl acetonitrile pyrimidine core based derivatives as potent c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 inhibitors and 3D-QSAR analyses. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 46:1763-74. [PMID: 16859308 DOI: 10.1021/ci060057q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a therapeutic target for inhibitors which may provide clinical benefit in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as in various apoptosis-related disorders. The benzothiazol-2-yl acetonitrile derivatives, recently reported by Pascale et al. (J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 4596-4607), are the first generation JNK inhibitors of this class. To understand inhibitory mechanisms and elucidate pharmacophoric properties of these derivatives molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies were performed on a set of 44 compounds. Ligand Fit module of Cerius2 (4.9) was employed to locate the binding orientations of all the compounds within the JNK-3 ATP binding site. A good correlation (r2=0.810) between the calculated binding free energies (-PMF score) and the experimental inhibitory activities suggests that the identified binding conformations of these potential inhibitors are reliable. Based on the binding conformations, robust and highly predictive 3D-QSAR models were developed with conventional r2 0.886 and 0.802, full cross-validation r2 0.980 and 0.788, and predictive r2 0.965 and 0.968 for MFA and MSA, respectively. The interaction mode was demonstrated taking into consideration inhibitor conformation, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction. The 3D-QSAR model built in this study will provide clear guidelines for a novel inhibitor design based on the benzothiazole derivatives against JNK-3 for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Drug Design, Development and Molecular Modeling Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), 4 Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata -700032, India
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20
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Shaikh AR, Ismael M, Del Carpio CA, Tsuboi H, Koyama M, Endou A, Kubo M, Broclawik E, Miyamoto A. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3 D-QSAR) and docking studies on (benzothiazole-2-yl) acetonitrile derivatives as c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5917-25. [PMID: 16989998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models were developed for 44 (benzothiazole-2-yl) acetonitrile derivatives, inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3). It includes molecular field analysis (MFA) and receptor surface analysis (RSA). The QSAR model was developed using 34 compounds and its predictive ability was assessed using a test set of 10 compounds. The predictive 3D-QSAR models have conventional r2 values of 0.849 and 0.766 for MFA and RSA, respectively; while the cross-validated coefficient r(cv)2 values of 0.616 and 0.605 for MFA and RSA, respectively. The results of the QSAR model were further compared with a structure-based analysis using docking studies with crystal structure of JNK3. Ligands bind in the ATP pocket and the hydrogen bond with GLN155 was found to be crucial for selectivity among other kinases. The results of 3D-QSAR and docking studies validate each other and hence, the combination of both methodologies provides a powerful tool directed to the design of novel and selective JNK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rajjak Shaikh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-1302 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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21
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Zhang QG, Wang XT, Han D, Yin XH, Zhang GY, Xu TL. Akt inhibits MLK3/JNK3 signaling by inactivating Rac1: a protective mechanism against ischemic brain injury. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1886-98. [PMID: 16831194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The overall goal of this study was to determine the molecular basis by which mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) kinase and its signaling pathways are negatively regulated by the pro-survival Akt pathway in cerebral ischemia. We demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) underlies the increased Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation by orthovanadate. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that endogenous Akt physically interacts with Rac1 in the hippocampal CA1 region, and this interaction is promoted on tyrosine phosphatase inhibition. The elevated Akt activation can deactivate MLK3 by phosphorylation at the Ser71 residue of Rac1, a small Rho family of guanidine triphosphatases required for MLK3 autophosphorylation. Subsequently, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) results in decreased serine phosphorylation of 14-3-3, a cytoplasmic anchor of Bax, and prevents ischemia-induced mitochondrial translocation of Bax, release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase 3. At the same time, the expression of Fas-ligand decreases in the CA1 region after inhibition of c-Jun activation. The neuroprotective effect of Akt activation is significant in the CA1 region after global cerebral ischemia. Our results suggest that the activation of the pro-apoptotic MLK3/JNK3 cascade induced by ischemic stress can be suppressed through activation of the anti-apoptotic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, which provides a direct link between Akt and the family of stress-activated kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Guang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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22
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Lyne PD, Lamb ML, Saeh JC. Accurate Prediction of the Relative Potencies of Members of a Series of Kinase Inhibitors Using Molecular Docking and MM-GBSA Scoring. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4805-8. [PMID: 16884290 DOI: 10.1021/jm060522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of molecular docking, using the program Glide and an MM-GBSA postdocking scoring protocol, to correctly rank a number of congeneric kinase inhibitors was assessed. The approach was successful for the cases considered and suggests that this may be useful for the design of inhibitors in the lead optimization phase of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Lyne
- Cancer Discovery, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham Massachusetts 02451, USA.
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23
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Swahn BM, Xue Y, Arzel E, Kallin E, Magnus A, Plobeck N, Viklund J. Design and synthesis of 2′-anilino-4,4′-bipyridines as selective inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1397-401. [PMID: 16337120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new series of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3) inhibitors with selectivity against JNK1 are reported. The novel series of substituted 2'-anilino-4,4'-bipyridines were designed based on a combination of hits from high throughput screening and X-ray crystal structure information of compounds crystallized into the JNK3 ATP binding active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Swahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85, Södertälje, Sweden.
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24
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Graczyk PP, Khan A, Bhatia GS, Palmer V, Medland D, Numata H, Oinuma H, Catchick J, Dunne A, Ellis M, Smales C, Whitfield J, Neame SJ, Shah B, Wilton D, Morgan L, Patel T, Chung R, Desmond H, Staddon JM, Sato N, Inoue A. The neuroprotective action of JNK3 inhibitors based on the 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4666-70. [PMID: 16153829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole-based structures of p38 inhibitors served as a starting point for the design of JNK3 inhibitors. Construction of a 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole scaffold led to the synthesis of the (S)-enantiomers, which exhibited p38/JNK3 IC50 ratio of up to 10 and were up to 20 times more potent inhibitors of JNK3 than the relevant (R)-enantiomers. The JNK3 inhibitory potency correlated well with inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation and neuroprotective properties of the compounds in low K+-induced cell death of rat cerebellar granule neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr P Graczyk
- Eisai London Research Laboratories, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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25
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Swahn BM, Huerta F, Kallin E, Malmström J, Weigelt T, Viklund J, Womack P, Xue Y, Ohberg L. Design and synthesis of 6-anilinoindazoles as selective inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5095-9. [PMID: 16140012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure-based design and synthesis of a new series of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 inhibitors with selectivity against JNK1 and p38alpha is reported. The novel series of substituted 6-anilinoindazoles were designed based on a combination of hits from high throughput screening and X-ray crystal structure information of the compounds crystallized into the JNK3 ATP binding active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Swahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-15185 Södertälje, Sweden.
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26
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Rochfort SJ, Towerzey L, Carroll A, King G, Michael A, Pierens G, Rali T, Redburn J, Whitmore J, Quinn RJ. Latifolians A and B, novel JNK3 kinase inhibitors from the Papua New Guinean plant Gnetum latifolium. J Nat Prod 2005; 68:1080-2. [PMID: 16038553 DOI: 10.1021/np049616i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As part of our search for natural products active against the JNK3 kinase, two novel, charged benzylisoquinolines, latifolian A (1) and latifolian B (2), were isolated from the stem bark of the Papua New Guinean vine Gnetum latifolium. The planar structures were determined through detailed 2D NMR analysis. The relative configurations were assigned after examination of the ROESY data and through detailed molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J Rochfort
- Natural Product Discovery, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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27
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Abstract
The characterisation of the human kinome in recent years has resulted in the emergence of numerous kinase drug targets in a variety of therapeutic areas. Through the elucidation of the sequence and structural composition of kinase active sites, coupled with the solution of numerous ATP competitive ligand complex structures, significant advances have been made in developing inhibitors that are highly selective. This has shown to be the case not only for kinases that are divergent in primary structure, but also for isoforms with highly conserved structure and ATP binding sites. Here we review the methods employed in the generation of selective inhibitors and describe several successful examples of the design of highly potent and selective kinase ATP competitive ligands. We also describe examples where an alternate approach to selectivity was used. These include the use of small molecules to sequester kinases in inactive conformations, and to block phospho-transferase activity by preventing substrate docking and recruitment. Substrate recruitment sites are promising from a structure based design perspective as they contain features unique to individual protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell McInnes
- Cyclacel Ltd., James Lindsay Place, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland, UK.
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28
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Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) have been recognized as important enzymes in cellular function. JNK3, which is predominantly found in CNS neurons, has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. In particular, JNK3 has been found to have an upstream role in neuronal ischemic apoptosis. JNK3 is highly expressed and activated in postmortem brains of individuals that suffered from Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, mice that are deficient in JNK3 are more resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,6-tetrahydropyridine (a neurotoxin that mimics the neuropathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease) than their wild-type littermates. Because of the involvement of JNK3 in neuronal diseases, the inhibition of this enzyme is an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Resnick
- Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543-8000, USA.
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29
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Pan J, Zhang QG, Zhang GY. The neuroprotective effects of K252a through inhibiting MLK3/MKK7/JNK3 signaling pathway on ischemic brain injury in rat hippocampal CA1 region. Neuroscience 2005; 131:147-59. [PMID: 15680699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that the activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway and caspase-3 signal are involved in the delayed neuronal cell death in cerebral ischemia. In this study, we first detected the activation pattern of JNK signaling including mixed lineage kinase (MLK)3, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK)7 and JNK3 in hippocampal CA1 and CA3/DG regions at various time points after 15 min of ischemia. These results indicated that cerebral ischemia induced the continuous activation of MLK3/MKK7/JNK3 cascade, which all had two active waves only in the CA1 region. We also detected the phosphorylation of JNK substrates c-Jun and Bcl-2, and the activation of a key protease of caspase-3 in CA1 region, which only had one active peak, respectively. Because K252a has recently been shown to be a potent inhibitor of MLK3 activity both in vivo and in vitro, we further examined the possible effects and mechanism of this interesting drug in cerebral ischemia. In our present paper, we found that administration of K252a 20 min prior to ischemia inhibited MLK3/MKK7/JNK3 signaling, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, the activation of c-Jun and caspase-3, but had no significant effects on these protein expressions. Additionally, pretreatment of K252a significantly increased the number of the surviving CA1 pyramidal cells at 5 days of reperfusion. Our results suggest that K252a play a neuroprotective role in ischemic injury via inhibition of the JNK pathway, involving the death effector of caspase-3. Thus, JNK signaling may eventually emerge as a prime target for novel therapeutic approaches to treatment of ischemic stroke, and K252a may serve as a potential and important neuroprotectant in therapeutic aspect in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pan
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, PR China
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