1
|
Rehman A, Fatima I, Noor F, Qasim M, Wang P, Jia J, Alshabrmi FM, Liao M. Role of small molecules as drug candidates for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells: A comprehensive review. Comput Biol Med 2024; 177:108661. [PMID: 38810477 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
With the use of specific genetic factors and recent developments in cellular reprogramming, it is now possible to generate lineage-committed cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from readily available and common somatic cell types. However, there are still significant doubts regarding the safety and effectiveness of the current genetic methods for reprogramming cells, as well as the conventional culture methods for maintaining stem cells. Small molecules that target specific epigenetic processes, signaling pathways, and other cellular processes can be used as a complementary approach to manipulate cell fate to achieve a desired objective. It has been discovered that a growing number of small molecules can support lineage differentiation, maintain stem cell self-renewal potential, and facilitate reprogramming by either increasing the efficiency of reprogramming or acting as a genetic reprogramming factor substitute. However, ongoing challenges include improving reprogramming efficiency, ensuring the safety of small molecules, and addressing issues with incomplete epigenetic resetting. Small molecule iPSCs have significant clinical applications in regenerative medicine and personalized therapies. This review emphasizes the versatility and potential safety benefits of small molecules in overcoming challenges associated with the iPSCs reprogramming process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Israr Fatima
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Fatima Noor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University of Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University of Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Peng Wang
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jinrui Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fahad M Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chehelgerdi M, Behdarvand Dehkordi F, Chehelgerdi M, Kabiri H, Salehian-Dehkordi H, Abdolvand M, Salmanizadeh S, Rashidi M, Niazmand A, Ahmadi S, Feizbakhshan S, Kabiri S, Vatandoost N, Ranjbarnejad T. Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:189. [PMID: 38017433 PMCID: PMC10683363 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of iPSCs has brought about a significant transformation in stem cell research, opening up promising avenues for advancing cancer treatment. The formation of cancer is a multifaceted process influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. iPSCs offer a distinctive platform for investigating the origin of cancer, paving the way for novel approaches to cancer treatment, drug testing, and tailored medical interventions. This review article will provide an overview of the science behind iPSCs, the current limitations and challenges in iPSC-based cancer therapy, the ethical and social implications, and the comparative analysis with other stem cell types for cancer treatment. The article will also discuss the applications of iPSCs in tumorigenesis, the future of iPSCs in tumorigenesis research, and highlight successful case studies utilizing iPSCs in tumorigenesis research. The conclusion will summarize the advancements made in iPSC-based tumorigenesis research and the importance of continued investment in iPSC research to unlock the full potential of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matin Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Behdarvand Dehkordi
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Kabiri
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Abdolvand
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharareh Salmanizadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezar-Jereeb Street, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Anoosha Niazmand
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saba Ahmadi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Sara Feizbakhshan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saber Kabiri
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nasimeh Vatandoost
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Ranjbarnejad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mendoza G, González-Pastor R, Sánchez JM, Arce-Cerezo A, Quintanilla M, Moreno-Bueno G, Pujol A, Belmar-López C, de Martino A, Riu E, Rodriguez TA, Martin-Duque P. The E1a Adenoviral Gene Upregulates the Yamanaka Factors to Induce Partial Cellular Reprogramming. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091338. [PMID: 37174738 PMCID: PMC10177049 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of pluripotency by enforced expression of different sets of genes in somatic cells has been achieved with reprogramming technologies first described by Yamanaka's group. Methodologies for generating induced pluripotent stem cells are as varied as the combinations of genes used. It has previously been reported that the adenoviral E1a gene can induce the expression of two of the Yamanaka factors (c-Myc and Oct-4) and epigenetic changes. Here, we demonstrate that the E1a-12S over-expression is sufficient to induce pluripotent-like characteristics closely to epiblast stem cells in mouse embryonic fibroblasts through the activation of the pluripotency gene regulatory network. These findings provide not only empirical evidence that the expression of one single factor is sufficient for partial reprogramming but also a potential mechanistic explanation for how viral infection could lead to neoplasia if they are surrounded by the appropriate environment or the right medium, as happens with the tumorogenic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Mendoza
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rebeca González-Pastor
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Juan Miguel Sánchez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Altamira Arce-Cerezo
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal y de Terapia Génica (CBATEG), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), (UAM-CSIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), (UAM-CSIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, 28033 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC) and Red de Nanomedicina y Nanomateriales (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Pujol
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal y de Terapia Génica (CBATEG), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Belmar-López
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- OncoGenomics Lab, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15038, Peru
| | - Alba de Martino
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Efrén Riu
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal y de Terapia Génica (CBATEG), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tristan A Rodriguez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Pilar Martin-Duque
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC) and Red de Nanomedicina y Nanomateriales (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Araid, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhatti JS, Khullar N, Mishra J, Kaur S, Sehrawat A, Sharma E, Bhatti GK, Selman A, Reddy PH. Stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease - Promises and pitfalls. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166712. [PMID: 37030521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread form of neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory loss and multiple cognitive issues. The underlying mechanisms of AD include the build-up of amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, elevated levels of microglia and astrocytes, abnormal microRNAs, mitochondrial dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, and age-related neuronal loss. However, the etiology of AD is complex and involves a multitude of environmental and genetic factors. Currently, available AD medications only alleviate symptoms and do not provide a permanent cure. Therefore, there is a need for therapies that can prevent or reverse cognitive decline, brain tissue loss, and neural instability. Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for AD because stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into any type of cell and maintain their self-renewal. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology of AD and existing pharmacological treatments. This review article focuses on the role of various types of stem cells in neuroregeneration, the potential challenges, and the future of stem cell-based therapies for AD, including nano delivery and gaps in stem cell technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Naina Khullar
- Department of Zoology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Jayapriya Mishra
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Satinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Eva Sharma
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ashley Selman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Guttieres D, Koenigsberg A, Barone PW, Sinskey AJ, Springs SL. Large-scale cultured meat production: Trends, challenges and promising biomanufacturing technologies. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121274. [PMID: 34871881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food systems of the future will need to face an increasingly clear reality - that a protein-rich diet is essential for good health, but traditional meat products will not suffice to ensure safety, sustainability, and equity of food supply chains at a global scale. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of bioprocess technologies needed for cell-based meat production and challenges in reaching commercial scale. Specifically, it reviews state-of-the-art bioprocess technologies, current limitations, and opportunities for research across four domains: cell line development, cell culture media, scaffolding, and bioreactors. This also includes exploring innovations to make cultured meat a viable protein alternative across numerous key performance indicators and for specific applications where traditional livestock is not an option (e.g., local production, space exploration). The paper explores tradeoffs between production scale, product quality, production cost, and footprint over different time horizons. Finally, a discussion explores various factors that may impact the ability to successfully scale and market cultured meat products: social acceptance, environmental tradeoffs, regulatory guidance, and public health benefits. While the exact nature of the transition from traditional livestock to alternative protein products is uncertain, it has already started and will likely continue to build momentum in the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Donovan Guttieres
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Andrea Koenigsberg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Paul W Barone
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Stacy L Springs
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cell Transdifferentiation and Reprogramming in Disease Modeling: Insights into the Neuronal and Cardiac Disease Models and Current Translational Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102558. [PMID: 34685537 PMCID: PMC8533873 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transdifferentiation and reprogramming approaches in recent times have enabled the manipulation of cell fate by enrolling exogenous/artificial controls. The chemical/small molecule and regulatory components of transcription machinery serve as potential tools to execute cell transdifferentiation and have thereby uncovered new avenues for disease modeling and drug discovery. At the advanced stage, one can believe these methods can pave the way to develop efficient and sensitive gene therapy and regenerative medicine approaches. As we are beginning to learn about the utility of cell transdifferentiation and reprogramming, speculations about its applications in translational therapeutics are being largely anticipated. Although clinicians and researchers are endeavoring to scale these processes, we lack a comprehensive understanding of their mechanism(s), and the promises these offer for targeted and personalized therapeutics are scarce. In the present report, we endeavored to provide a detailed review of the original concept, methods and modalities enrolled in the field of cellular transdifferentiation and reprogramming. A special focus is given to the neuronal and cardiac systems/diseases towards scaling their utility in disease modeling and drug discovery.
Collapse
|
7
|
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Hope in the Treatment of Diseases, including Muscular Dystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155467. [PMID: 32751747 PMCID: PMC7432218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are laboratory-produced cells that combine the biological advantages of somatic adult and stem cells for cell-based therapy. The reprogramming of cells, such as fibroblasts, to an embryonic stem cell-like state is done by the ectopic expression of transcription factors responsible for generating embryonic stem cell properties. These primary factors are octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct3/4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), and the proto-oncogene protein homolog of avian myelocytomatosis (c-Myc). The somatic cells can be easily obtained from the patient who will be subjected to cellular therapy and be reprogrammed to acquire the necessary high plasticity of embryonic stem cells. These cells have no ethical limitations involved, as in the case of embryonic stem cells, and display minimal immunological rejection risks after transplant. Currently, several clinical trials are in progress, most of them in phase I or II. Still, some inherent risks, such as chromosomal instability, insertional tumors, and teratoma formation, must be overcome to reach full clinical translation. However, with the clinical trials and extensive basic research studying the biology of these cells, a promising future for human cell-based therapies using iPS cells seems to be increasingly clear and close.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gam R, Sung M, Prasad Pandurangan A. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Direct Cell Reprogramming: Recent Advancement and Future Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E1189. [PMID: 31581647 PMCID: PMC6829265 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of direct cell reprogramming, also named transdifferentiation, permits for the conversion of one mature cell type directly into another, without returning to a dedifferentiated state. This makes direct reprogramming a promising approach for the development of several cellular and tissue engineering therapies. To achieve the change in the cell identity, direct reprogramming requires an arsenal of tools that combine experimental and computational techniques. In the recent years, several methods of transdifferentiation have been developed. In this review, we will introduce the concept of direct cell reprogramming and its background, and cover the recent developments in the experimental and computational prediction techniques with their applications. We also discuss the challenges of translating this technology to clinical setting, accompanied with potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Gam
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Minkyung Sung
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Majolo F, Marinowic DR, Machado DC, Da Costa JC. Important advances in Alzheimer's disease from the use of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:15. [PMID: 30728025 PMCID: PMC6366077 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various types of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent and is clinically defined as the appearance of progressive deficits in cognition and memory. Considering that AD is a central nervous system disease, getting tissue from the patient to study the disease before death is challenging. The discovery of the technique called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allows to reprogram the patient’s somatic cells to a pluripotent state by the forced expression of a defined set of transcription factors. Many studies have shown promising results and made important conclusions beyond AD using iPSCs approach. Due to the accumulating knowledge related to this topic and the important advances obtained until now, we review, using PubMed, and present an update of all publications related to AD from the use of iPSCs. The first iPSCs generated for AD were carried out in 2011 by Yahata et al. (PLoS One 6:e25788, 2011) and Yaqi et al. (Hum Mol Genet 20:4530–9, 2011). Like other authors, both authors used iPSCs as a pre-clinical tool for screening therapeutic compounds. This approach is also essential to model AD, testing early toxicity and efficacy, and developing a platform for drug development. Considering that the iPSCs technique is relatively recent, we can consider that the AD field received valuable contributions from iPSCs models, contributing to our understanding and the treatment of this devastating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Majolo
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences (PUCRS), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences (PUCRS), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610000, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences (PUCRS), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610000, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa Da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences (PUCRS), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee J, Lee J, Cho YS. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Agonist and Its Target Nanog Cooperate to Induce Pluripotency. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120488. [PMID: 30486372 PMCID: PMC6306698 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical compounds that modulate pluripotent stem cell (PSC) identity and function are increasingly adopted to generate qualified PSCs and their derivatives, which have promising potential in regenerative medicine, in pursuit of more accuracy and safety and less cost. Here, we demonstrate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist as a novel enhancer of pluripotency acquisition and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. We found that PPARα agonist, examined and selected Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -approved compound libraries, increase the expression of pluripotency-associated genes, such as Nanog, Nr5A2, Oct4, and Rex1, during the reprogramming process and facilitate iPSC generation by enhancing their reprogramming efficiency. A reprogramming-promoting effect of PPARα occurred via the upregulation of Nanog, which is essential for the induction and maintenance of pluripotency. Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified putative peroxisome proliferator responsive elements (PPREs) located within the promoter region of the Nanog gene. We also determined that PPARα can activate Nanog transcription by specific binding to putative PPREs. Taken together, our findings suggest that PPARα is an important regulator of PSC pluripotency and reprogramming, and PPARα agonists can be used to improve PSC technology and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoon Lee
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Yee Sook Cho
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Majolo F, Marinowic DR, Moura AÁ, Machado DC, da Costa JC. Use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and cerebral organoids in modeling the congenital infection and neuropathogenesis induced by Zika virus. J Med Virol 2018; 91:525-532. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Majolo
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns) from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns) from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | | | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns) from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns) from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chromatin de-condensation by switching substrate elasticity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12655. [PMID: 30140058 PMCID: PMC6107547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the cellular environment are known to influence cell fate. Chromatin de-condensation appears as an early event in cell reprogramming. Whereas the ratio of euchromatin versus heterochromatin can be increased chemically, we report herein for the first time that the ratio can also be increased by purely changing the mechanical properties of the microenvironment by successive 24 h-contact of the cells on a soft substrate alternated with relocation and growth for 7 days on a hard substrate. An initial contact with soft substrate caused massive SW480 cancer cell death by necrosis, whereas approximately 7% of the cells did survived exhibiting a high level of condensed chromatin (21% heterochromatin). However, four consecutive hard/soft cycles elicited a strong chromatin de-condensation (6% heterochromatin) correlating with an increase of cellular survival (approximately 90%). Furthermore, cell survival appeared to be reversible, indicative of an adaptive process rather than an irreversible gene mutation(s). This adaptation process is associated with modifications in gene expression patterns. A completely new approach for chromatin de-condensation, based only on mechanical properties of the microenvironment, without any drug mediation is presented.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xie X, Fu Y, Liu J. Chemical reprogramming and transdifferentiation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:104-113. [PMID: 28755566 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The revolutionizing somatic cell reprogramming/transdifferentiation technologies provide a new path for cell replacement therapies and drug screening. The original method for reprogramming involves the delivery of exogenous transcription factors, leading to the safety concerns about the possible genome integration. Many efforts have been taken to avoid genetic alteration in somatic cell reprogramming/transdifferentiation by using non-integrating gene delivery approaches, cell membrane permeable proteins, and small molecule compounds. Compared to other methods, small-molecule compounds have several unique advantages, such as structural versatility and being easy to control in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent way. More importantly, small molecules have been used as drugs to treat human diseases for thousands of years. So the small molecule approach to reprogramming might be more acceptable in clinical-related uses. In the past few years, small molecule approaches have made significant progresses in inducing pluripotent or functional differentiated cells from somatic cells. Here we review the recent achievements of chemical reprogramming/transdifferentiation and discuss the advantages and challenges facing this strategy in future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fan K, Huang Q, Li S, Yu W. The wax deposition rate of water-in-crude oil emulsions based on the laboratory flow loop experiment. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2015.1050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Distribution Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qiyu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Distribution Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Si Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Distribution Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yu
- Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Design Incorporation, Dongying, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bisicchia E, Latini L, Cavallucci V, Sasso V, Nicolin V, Molinari M, D'Amelio M, Viscomi MT. Autophagy Inhibition Favors Survival of Rubrospinal Neurons After Spinal Cord Hemisection. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4896-4907. [PMID: 27514755 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are devastating conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) for which there are no restorative therapies. Neuronal death at the primary lesion site and in remote regions that are functionally connected to it is one of the major contributors to neurological deficits following SCI.Disruption of autophagic flux induces neuronal death in many CNS injuries, but its mechanism and relationship with remote cell death after SCI are unknown. We examined the function and effects of the modulation of autophagy on the fate of axotomized rubrospinal neurons in a rat model of spinal cord dorsal hemisection (SCH) at the cervical level. Following SCH, we observed an accumulation of LC3-positive autophagosomes (APs) in the axotomized neurons 1 and 5 days after injury. Furthermore, this accumulation was not attributed to greater initiation of autophagy but was caused by a decrease in AP clearance, as demonstrated by the build-up of p62, a widely used marker of the induction of autophagy. In axotomized rubrospinal neurons, the disruption of autophagic flux correlated strongly with remote neuronal death and worse functional recovery. Inhibition of AP biogenesis by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly attenuated remote degeneration and improved spontaneous functional recovery, consistent with the detrimental effects of autophagy in remote damage after SCH. Collectively, our results demonstrate that autophagic flux is blocked in axotomized neurons on SCI and that the inhibition of AP formation improves their survival. Thus, autophagy is a promising target for the development of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of SCIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Latini
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Unit of Molecular Neurosciences, University Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, I-00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
iPS Cells-The Triumphs and Tribulations. Dent J (Basel) 2016; 4:dj4020019. [PMID: 29563461 PMCID: PMC5851259 DOI: 10.3390/dj4020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2006 will be remembered monumentally in science, particularly in the stem cell biology field, for the first instance of generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse embryonic/adult fibroblasts being reported by Takahashi and Yamanaka. A year later, human iPSCs (hiPSCs) were generated from adult human skin fibroblasts by using quartet of genes, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. This revolutionary technology won Yamanaka Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2012. Like human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), iPSCs are pluripotent and have the capability for self-renewal. Moreover, complications of immune rejection for therapeutic applications would be greatly eliminated by generating iPSCs from individual patients. This has enabled their use for drug screening/discovery and disease modelling in vitro; and for immunotherapy and regenerative cellular therapies in vivo, paving paths for new therapeutics. Although this breakthrough technology has a huge potential, generation of these unusual cells is still slow, ineffectual, fraught with pitfalls, and unsafe for human use. In this review, I describe how iPSCs are being triumphantly used to lay foundation for a fully functional discipline of regenerative dentistry and medicine, alongside discussing the challenges of translating therapies into clinics. I also discuss their future implications in regenerative dentistry field.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tafreshi AP, Sylvain A, Sun G, Herszfeld D, Schulze K, Bernard CCA. Lithium chloride improves the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurospheres. Biol Chem 2016; 396:923-8. [PMID: 25719317 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurospheres, which consist mainly of neural progenitors, are considered to be a good source of neural cells for transplantation in regenerative medicine. In this study, we have used lithium chloride, which is known to be a neuroprotective agent, in an iPSC-derived neurosphere model, and examined both the formation rate and size of the neurospheres as well as the proliferative and apoptotic status of their contents. Our results showed that lithium enhanced the formation and the sizes of the iPSC-derived neurospheres, increased the number of Ki67-positive proliferating cells, but reduced the number of the TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. This increased number of Ki67 proliferating cells was secondary to the decreased apoptosis and not to the stimulation of cell cycle entry, as the expression of the proliferation marker cyclin D1 mRNA did not change after lithium treatment. Altogether, we suggest that lithium enhances the survival of neural progenitors and thus the quality of the iPSC-derived neurospheres, which may strengthen the prospect of using lithium-treated pluripotent cells and their derivatives in a clinical setting.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nunes ML, Carlini CR, Marinowic D, Neto FK, Fiori HH, Scotta MC, Zanella PLÁ, Soder RB, da Costa JC. Microcephaly and Zika virus: a clinical and epidemiological analysis of the current outbreak in Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2016; 92:230-40. [PMID: 27049675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to critically review the literature available regarding the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil and its possible association with microcephaly cases. SOURCES Experts from Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul performed a critical (nonsystematic) literature review regarding different aspects of the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil, such as transmission, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and its possible association with the increase of microcephaly reports. The PubMed search using the key word "Zika virus" in February 2016 yielded 151 articles. The manuscripts were reviewed, as well as all publications/guidelines from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC - United States). SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Epidemiological data suggest a temporal association between the increased number of microcephaly notifications in Brazil and outbreak of Zika virus, primarily in the Brazil's Northeast. It has been previously documented that many different viruses might cause congenital acquired microcephaly. Still there is no consensus on the best curve to measure cephalic circumference, specifically in preterm neonates. Conflicting opinions regarding the diagnosis of microcephaly (below 2 or 3 standard deviations) that should be used for the notifications were also found in the literature. CONCLUSION The development of diagnostic techniques that confirm a cause-effect association and studies regarding the physiopathology of the central nervous system impairment should be prioritized. It is also necessary to strictly define the criteria for the diagnosis of microcephaly to identify cases that should undergo an etiological investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Lahorgue Nunes
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Celia Regina Carlini
- Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Marinowic
- Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Kalil Neto
- Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Humberto Holmer Fiori
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Comerlato Scotta
- Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luis Ávila Zanella
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bernardi Soder
- Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Diagnostic Methods, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Zika-Team, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nunes ML, Carlini CR, Marinowic D, Neto FK, Fiori HH, Scotta MC, Zanella PLÁ, Soder RB, da Costa JC. Microcephaly and Zika virus: a clinical and epidemiological analysis of the current outbreak in Brazil. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
20
|
Techniques of Human Embryonic Stem Cell and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derivation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:349-70. [PMID: 26939778 PMCID: PMC5021740 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Developing procedures for the derivation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) gave rise to novel pathways into regenerative medicine research. For many years, stem cells have attracted attention as a potentially unlimited cell source for cellular therapy in neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and spinal cord injuries, for example. In these studies, adult stem cells were insufficient; therefore, many attempts were made to obtain PSCs by other means. This review discusses key issues concerning the techniques of pluripotent cell acquisition. Technical and ethical issues hindered the medical use of somatic cell nuclear transfer and embryonic stem cells. Therefore, induced PSCs (iPSCs) emerged as a powerful technique with great potential for clinical applications, patient-specific disease modelling and pharmaceutical studies. The replacement of viral vectors or the administration of analogous proteins or chemical compounds during cell reprogramming are modifications designed to reduce tumorigenesis risk and to augment the procedure efficiency. Intensified analysis of new PSC lines revealed other barriers to overcome, such as epigenetic memory, disparity between human and mouse pluripotency, and variable response to differentiation of some iPSC lines. Thus, multidimensional verification must be conducted to fulfil strict clinical-grade requirements. Nevertheless, the first clinical trials in patients with spinal cord injury and macular dystrophy were recently carried out with differentiated iPSCs, encouraging alternative strategies for potential autologous cellular therapies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Torres F, Barbosa M, Maciel P. Recurrent copy number variations as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: critical overview and analysis of clinical implications. J Med Genet 2015; 53:73-90. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which leads to destruction of both the soft and hard tissues of the periodontium. Tissue engineering is a therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine that aims to induce new functional tissue regeneration via the synergistic combination of cells, biomaterials, and/or growth factors. Advances in our understanding of the biology of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, have provided opportunities for periodontal tissue engineering. However, there remain a number of limitations affecting their therapeutic efficiency. Due to the considerable proliferation and differentiation capacities, recently described induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a new way for cell-based therapies for periodontal regeneration. This review outlines the latest status of periodontal tissue engineering and highlights the potential use of iPSCs in periodontal tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Du
- Shandong provincial key laboratory of oral tissue regeneration, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, No.44-1 West Wenhua Rd., Jinan, 250012 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Duan
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.324 Jingwu Rd., Jinan, 250000 People's Republic of China
| | - Pishan Yang
- Shandong provincial key laboratory of oral tissue regeneration, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, No.44-1 West Wenhua Rd., Jinan, 250012 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Edwards BS, Sklar LA. Flow Cytometry: Impact on Early Drug Discovery. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2015; 20:689-707. [PMID: 25805180 PMCID: PMC4606936 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115578273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modern flow cytometers can make optical measurements of 10 or more parameters per cell at tens of thousands of cells per second and more than five orders of magnitude dynamic range. Although flow cytometry is used in most drug discovery stages, "sip-and-spit" sampling technology has restricted it to low-sample-throughput applications. The advent of HyperCyt sampling technology has recently made possible primary screening applications in which tens of thousands of compounds are analyzed per day. Target-multiplexing methodologies in combination with extended multiparameter analyses enable profiling of lead candidates early in the discovery process, when the greatest numbers of candidates are available for evaluation. The ability to sample small volumes with negligible waste reduces reagent costs, compound usage, and consumption of cells. Improved compound library formatting strategies can further extend primary screening opportunities when samples are scarce. Dozens of targets have been screened in 384- and 1536-well assay formats, predominantly in academic screening lab settings. In concert with commercial platform evolution and trending drug discovery strategies, HyperCyt-based systems are now finding their way into mainstream screening labs. Recent advances in flow-based imaging, mass spectrometry, and parallel sample processing promise dramatically expanded single-cell profiling capabilities to bolster systems-level approaches to drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Edwards
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Innovation Discovery and Training Center, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Innovation Discovery and Training Center, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Csöbönyeiová M, Polák Š, Danišovič L. Perspectives of induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiovascular system regeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:549-56. [PMID: 25595188 PMCID: PMC4935267 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214565976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for basic research and regenerative medicine. They offer the same advantages as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and moreover new perspectives for personalized medicine. iPSCs can be generated from adult somatic tissues by over-expression of a few defined transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-myc. For regenerative medicine in particular, the technology provides great hope for patients with incurable diseases or potentially fatal disorders such as heart failure. The endogenous regenerative potentials of adult hearts are extremely limited and insufficient to compensate for myocardial loss occurring after myocardial infarction. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that iPSCs have the potential to significantly advance future cardiovascular regenerative therapies. Moreover, iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells of patients with genetic basis for their disease. This human iPSC derivates offer tremendous potential for new disease models. This paper reviews current applications of iPSCs in cardiovascular regenerative medicine and discusses progress in modeling cardiovascular diseases using iPSCs-derived cardiac cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csöbönyeiová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'uboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seki T, Fukuda K. Methods of induced pluripotent stem cells for clinical application. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:116-125. [PMID: 25621111 PMCID: PMC4300922 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprograming somatic cells using exogenetic gene expression represents a groundbreaking step in regenerative medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are expected to yield novel therapies with the potential to solve many issues involving incurable diseases. In particular, applying iPSCs clinically holds the promise of addressing the problems of immune rejection and ethics that have hampered the clinical applications of embryonic stem cells. However, as iPSC research has progressed, new problems have emerged that need to be solved before the routine clinical application of iPSCs can become established. In this review, we discuss the current technologies and future problems of human iPSC generation methods for clinical use.
Collapse
|
27
|
Li G, He X, Sun C. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapies for inherited arrhythmias: opportunities and challenges involved (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3-10. [PMID: 25323841 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology represents great potential for recapitulating complex physiological phenotypes, probing toxicological testing and screening candidate drugs, demonstrating novel mechanistic insights and, in particular, applying iPSC-based therapeutic strategies for inherited disorders. Inherited arrhythmias are caused by various genetic abnormalities and harbor similar clinical outcomes. Clinically, the poorest outcomes are fatal arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, the current therapeutic options for inherited arrhythmias are inadequate and problematic. In this review, we summarize the advances of the iPSC technique in the field of inherited arrhythmias and discuss the possibility of iPSC‑based therapies for inherited arrhythmias. Additionally, we highlight the key challenges faced in the field of iPSC and the emerging strategies used to address these concerns before the novel technique can be used safely and efficiently in clinical practice. It is likely that the iPSC technique will present opportunities and further challenges in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:244-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
29
|
Chen G, Xu X, Zhang L, Fu Y, Wang M, Gu H, Xie X. Blocking autocrine VEGF signaling by sunitinib, an anti-cancer drug, promotes embryonic stem cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Res 2014; 24:1121-36. [PMID: 25145356 PMCID: PMC4152737 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could be achieved by activating the extrinsic signaling, i.e., the use of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), or blocking the intrinsic differentiation pathways, i.e., the use of GSK3 and MEK inhibitors (2i). Here we found that even in medium supplemented with LIF, mESCs still tend to differentiate toward meso-endoderm lineages after long-term culture and the culture spontaneously secretes vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). Blocking VEGF signaling with sunitinib, an anti-cancer drug and a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor mainly targeting VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), is capable of maintaining the mESCs in the undifferentiated state without the need for feeder cells or LIF. Sunitinib facilitates the derivation of mESCs from blastocysts, and the mESCs maintained in sunitinib-containing medium remain pluripotent and are able to contribute to chimeric mice. Sunitinib also promotes iPSC generation from MEFs with only Oct4. Knocking down VEGFR2 or blocking it with neutralizing antibody mimicks the effect of sunitinib, indicating that blocking VEGF/VEGFR signaling is indeed beneficial to the self-renewal of mESCs. We also found that hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF1α) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are involved in the production of VEGF in mESCs. Blocking both pathways inhibits the expression of VEGF and prevents spontaneous differentiation of mESCs. Interestingly, LIF may also exert its effect by downregulating HIF1α and ER stress pathways and subsequent VEGF expression. These results indicate the existence of an intrinsic differentiation pathway in mESCs by activating the autocrine VEGF signaling. Blocking VEGF signaling with sunitinib or other small molecules help to maintain the mESCs in the ground state of pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinxiu Xu
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China [2] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China [2] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wei X, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhan Y, Zhang R, Wang M, Hua Q, Gu H, Nan F, Xie X. Small molecule compound induces chromatin de-condensation and facilitates induced pluripotent stem cell generation. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:409-20. [PMID: 24838272 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides a new means for cell replacement therapies and drug screening. Small molecule compounds have been found extremely useful to improve the generation of iPSCs and understand the reprogramming mechanism. Here we report the identification of a novel chemical, CYT296, which improves OSKM-mediated induction of iPSCs for >10 folds and enables efficient reprogramming with only Oct4 in combination with other small molecules. The derived iPSCs are genuinely pluripotent and support the development of two 'All-iPSC' mice by tetraploid complementation. CYT296 profoundly impacts heterochromatin formation without affecting cell viability. MEFs treated with CYT296 exhibit de-condensed chromatin structure with markedly reduced loci containing heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α) and H3K9me3, which is very similar to the chromatin configuration in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Given that an open chromatin structure serves as a hallmark of pluripotency and has to be acquired to fulfill reprogramming, we propose that CYT296 might facilitate this process by disrupting condensed chromatin, thereby creating a more favorable environment for reprogramming. In agreement of this idea, shRNA targeting HP1α also promotes the generation of iPSCs. Thus current findings not only provide a novel chemical for efficient iPSC induction, but also suggest a new approach to regulate somatic cell reprogramming by targeting chromatin de-condensation with small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yueting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongyu Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiuhong Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu WT, Yan QY, Fang Y, qiu ZD, Zhang SM. Transient folate deprivation in combination with small-molecule compounds facilitates the generation of somatic cell-derived pluripotent stem cells in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:151-156. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
32
|
Li G, Cheng G, Wu J, Ma S, Sun C. New iPSC for old long QT syndrome modeling: putting the evidence into perspective. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:131-40. [PMID: 24363251 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213514000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells or iPSCs) are typically derived by transfection of certain stem cell-associated genes into non-pluripotent cells, such as adult fibroblasts (typically adult somatic cells). Various diseases can be modeled through iPSC technology. The important implication of iPSCs to offer an unprecedented opportunity to recapitulate pathologic human tissue formation in vitro has generated great excitement and interest in the whole biomedical research community. Long QT syndrome (LQTS), an inherited heart disease, is characterized by prolonged QT interval on a surface electrocardiogram. LQTS presents with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, which can lead to fainting, syncope, and sudden death. The iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from LQTS patients offer a potentially unlimited source of materials for biomedical study. They can be used to recapitulate complex physiological phenotypes, probe toxicological testing and drug screening, clarify the novel mechanistic insights and may also rectify gene defects at the cellular and molecular level. Despite the emerging challenges, iPSC technology has been increasingly recognized as a valuable and growing toolkit for modeling LQTS over other various models of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|