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Esperante D, Flisser A, Mendlovic F. The many faces of parasite calreticulin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101390. [PMID: 36993959 PMCID: PMC10040973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin from parasites and its vertebrate hosts share ~50% identity and many of its functions are equally conserved. However, the existing amino acid differences can affect its biological performance. Calreticulin plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis and as a chaperone involved in the correct folding of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. Outside the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin is involved in several immunological functions such as complement inhibition, enhancement of efferocytosis, and immune upregulation or inhibition. Several parasite calreticulins have been shown to limit immune responses and promote infectivity, while others are strong immunogens and have been used for the development of potential vaccines that limit parasite growth. Furthermore, calreticulin is essential in the dialogue between parasites and hosts, inducing Th1, Th2 or regulatory responses in a species-specific manner. In addition, calreticulin participates as initiator of endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells and promotion of immunogenic cell death and removal by macrophages. Direct anti-tumoral activity has also been reported. The highly immunogenic and pleiotropic nature of parasite calreticulins, either as positive or negative regulators of the immune response, render these proteins as valuable tools to modulate immunopathologies and autoimmune disorders, as well as a potential treatment of neoplasms. Moreover, the disparities in the amino acid composition of parasite calreticulins might provide subtle variations in the mechanisms of action that could provide advantages as therapeutic tools. Here, we review the immunological roles of parasite calreticulins and discuss possible beneficial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Esperante
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Fela Mendlovic,
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2
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Immanuel T, Li J, Green TN, Bogdanova A, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Deregulated calcium signaling in blood cancer: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1010506. [PMID: 36330491 PMCID: PMC9623116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling regulates diverse physiological and pathological processes. In solid tumors, changes to calcium channels and effectors via mutations or changes in expression affect all cancer hallmarks. Such changes often disrupt transport of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria, impacting apoptosis. Evidence rapidly accumulates that this is similar in blood cancer. Principles of intracellular Ca2+ signaling are outlined in the introduction. We describe different Ca2+-toolkit components and summarize the unique relationship between extracellular Ca2+ in the endosteal niche and hematopoietic stem cells. The foundational data on Ca2+ homeostasis in red blood cells is discussed, with the demonstration of changes in red blood cell disorders. This leads to the role of Ca2+ in neoplastic erythropoiesis. Then we expand onto the neoplastic impact of deregulated plasma membrane Ca2+ channels, ER Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ pumps and exchangers, as well as Ca2+ sensor and effector proteins across all types of hematologic neoplasms. This includes an overview of genetic variants in the Ca2+-toolkit encoding genes in lymphoid and myeloid cancers as recorded in publically available cancer databases. The data we compiled demonstrate that multiple Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms and Ca2+ responsive pathways are altered in hematologic cancers. Some of these alterations may have genetic basis but this requires further investigation. Most changes in the Ca2+-toolkit do not appear to define/associate with specific disease entities but may influence disease grade, prognosis, treatment response, and certain complications. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms may lead to novel treatments, with the aim to tailor drugs to different patterns of deregulation. To our knowledge this is the first review of its type in the published literature. We hope that the evidence we compiled increases awareness of the calcium signaling deregulation in hematologic neoplasms and triggers more clinical studies to help advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Immanuel
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jixia Li
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan City, China
| | - Taryn N. Green
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Shide K. Calreticulin mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 365:179-226. [PMID: 34756244 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a chaperone present in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in the quality control of N-glycosylated proteins and storage of calcium ions. In 2013, the C-terminal mutation in CALR was identified in half of the patients with essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis who did not have a JAK2 or MPL mutation. The results of 8 years of intensive research are changing the clinical practice associated with treating myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The presence or absence of CALR mutations and their mutation types already provide important information for diagnosis and treatment decision making. In addition, the interaction with the thrombopoietin receptor MPL, which is the main mechanism of transformation by CALR mutation, and the expression of the mutant protein on the cell surface have a great potential as targets for molecular-targeted drugs and immunotherapy. This chapter presents recent findings on the clinical significance of the CALR mutation and the molecular basis by which this mutation drives MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Shide
- Division of Haematology, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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4
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Kanduła Z, Lewandowski K. Calreticulin – a multifaced protein. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a highly conserved multi-function protein that primarily localizes within
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It participates in various processes in the cells,
including glycoprotein chaperoning, regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, antigen processing and
presentation for adaptive immune response, cell adhesion/migration, cell proliferation, immunogenic
cell death, gene expression and RNA stability. The role of CALR in the assembly,
retrieval and cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules is well known. A fraction of
the total cellular CALR is localized in the cytosol, following its retro-translocation from the
ER. In the cell stress conditions, CALR is also expressed on the cell surface via an interaction
with phosphatidylserine localized on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The abovementioned
mechanism is relevant for the recognition of the cells, as well as immunogenicity
and phagocytic uptake of proapoptotic and apoptotic cells.
Lastly, the presence of CALR exon 9 gene mutations was confirmed in patients with myeloproliferative
neoplasms. Their presence results in an abnormal CALR structure due to the
loss of its ER-retention sequence, CALR extra-ER localisation, the formation of a complex
with thrombopoietin receptor, and oncogenic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. It
is also known that CALR exon 9 mutants are highly immunogenic and induce T cell response.
Despite this fact, CALR mutant positive hematopoietic cells emerge. The last phenomenon is
probably the result of the inhibition of phagocytosis of the cancer cells exposing CALR mutant
protein by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kanduła
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Guijarro-Hernández A, Vizmanos JL. A Broad Overview of Signaling in Ph-Negative Classic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050984. [PMID: 33652860 PMCID: PMC7956519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is growing evidence that Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms are disorders in which multiple signaling pathways are significantly disturbed. The heterogeneous phenotypes observed among patients have highlighted the importance of having a comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind these diseases. This review aims to show a broad overview of the signaling involved in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and other processes that can modify them, which could be helpful to better understand these diseases and develop more effective targeted treatments. Abstract Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF)) are infrequent blood cancers characterized by signaling aberrations. Shortly after the discovery of the somatic mutations in JAK2, MPL, and CALR that cause these diseases, researchers extensively studied the aberrant functions of their mutant products. In all three cases, the main pathogenic mechanism appears to be the constitutive activation of JAK2/STAT signaling and JAK2-related pathways (MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT). However, some other non-canonical aberrant mechanisms derived from mutant JAK2 and CALR have also been described. Moreover, additional somatic mutations have been identified in other genes that affect epigenetic regulation, tumor suppression, transcription regulation, splicing and other signaling pathways, leading to the modification of some disease features and adding a layer of complexity to their molecular pathogenesis. All of these factors have highlighted the wide variety of cellular processes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of MPNs. This review presents an overview of the complex signaling behind these diseases which could explain, at least in part, their phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Intrinsically disordered protein domain of human ameloblastin in synthetic fusion with calmodulin increases calmodulin stability and modulates its function. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:1-12. [PMID: 33290768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Constantly increasing attention to bioengineered proteins has led to the rapid development of new functional targets. Here we present the biophysical and functional characteristics of the newly designed CaM/AMBN-Ct fusion protein. The two-domain artificial target consists of calmodulin (CaM) and ameloblastin C-terminus (AMBN-Ct). CaM as a well-characterized calcium ions (Ca2+) binding protein offers plenty of options in terms of Ca2+ detection in biomedicine and biotechnologies. Highly negatively charged AMBN-Ct belongs to intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). CaM/AMBN-Ct was designed to open new ways of communication synergies between the domains with potential functional improvement. The character and function of CaM/AMBN-Ct were explored by biophysical and molecular modelling methods. Experimental studies have revealed increased stability and preserved CaM/AMBN-Ct function. The results of molecular dynamic simulations (MDs) outlined different interface patterns between the domains with potential allosteric communication within the fusion.
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7
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Hearn JI, Green TN, Chopra M, Nursalim YNS, Ladvanszky L, Knowlton N, Blenkiron C, Poulsen RC, Singleton DC, Bohlander SK, Kalev-Zylinska ML. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction in Meg-01 Cells Reveals a Role for Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis in Balancing Megakaryocytic-Erythroid Differentiation. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:671-686. [PMID: 32289863 PMCID: PMC7286128 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The release of calcium ions (Ca
2+
) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and related store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) regulate maturation of normal megakaryocytes. The
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) provides an additional mechanism for Ca
2+
influx in megakaryocytic cells, but its role remains unclear. We created a model of NMDAR hypofunction in Meg-01 cells using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of the
GRIN1
gene, which encodes an obligate, GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR. We found that compared with unmodified Meg-01 cells, Meg-01-
GRIN1−/−
cells underwent atypical differentiation biased toward erythropoiesis, associated with increased basal ER stress and cell death. Resting cytoplasmic Ca
2+
levels were higher in Meg-01-
GRIN1−/−
cells, but ER Ca
2+
release and SOCE were lower after activation. Lysosome-related organelles accumulated including immature dense granules that may have contributed an alternative source of intracellular Ca
2+
. Microarray analysis revealed that Meg-01-
GRIN1−/−
cells had deregulated expression of transcripts involved in Ca
2+
metabolism, together with a shift in the pattern of hematopoietic transcription factors toward erythropoiesis. In keeping with the observed pro-cell death phenotype induced by
GRIN1
deletion, memantine (NMDAR inhibitor) increased cytotoxic effects of cytarabine in unmodified Meg-01 cells. In conclusion, NMDARs comprise an integral component of the Ca
2+
regulatory network in Meg-01 cells that help balance ER stress and megakaryocytic-erythroid differentiation. We also provide the first evidence that megakaryocytic NMDARs regulate biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, including dense granules. Our results argue that intracellular Ca
2+
homeostasis may be more important for normal megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation than currently recognized; thus, modulation may offer therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Hearn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Chopra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yohanes N S Nursalim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leandro Ladvanszky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Knowlton
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dean C Singleton
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan K Bohlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Mutant Calreticulin in the Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e333. [PMID: 32382708 PMCID: PMC7000472 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene for calreticulin (CALR) were identified in the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (MF) in 2013; in combination with previously described mutations in JAK2 and MPL, driver mutations have now been described for the majority of MPN patients. In subsequent years, researchers have begun to unravel the mechanisms by which mutant CALR drives transformation and to understand their clinical implications. Mutant CALR activates the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL), causing constitutive activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signaling and cytokine independent growth in vitro. Mouse models show increased numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and overproduction of megakaryocytic lineage cells with associated thrombocytosis. In the clinic, detection of CALR mutations has been embedded in World Health Organization and other international diagnostic guidelines. Distinct clinical and laboratory associations of CALR mutations have been identified together with their prognostic significance, with CALR mutant patients showing increased overall survival. The discovery and subsequent study of CALR mutations have illuminated novel aspects of megakaryopoiesis and raised the possibility of new therapeutic approaches.
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9
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Nam AS, Kim KT, Chaligne R, Izzo F, Ang C, Taylor J, Myers RM, Abu-Zeinah G, Brand R, Omans ND, Alonso A, Sheridan C, Mariani M, Dai X, Harrington E, Pastore A, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Tam W, Hoffman R, Rabadan R, Scandura JM, Abdel-Wahab O, Smibert P, Landau DA. Somatic mutations and cell identity linked by Genotyping of Transcriptomes. Nature 2019; 571:355-360. [PMID: 31270458 PMCID: PMC6782071 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defining the transcriptomic identity of malignant cells is challenging in the absence of surface markers that distinguish cancer clones from one another, or from admixed non-neoplastic cells. To address this challenge, here we developed Genotyping of Transcriptomes (GoT), a method to integrate genotyping with high-throughput droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing. We apply GoT to profile 38,290 CD34+ cells from patients with CALR-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms to study how somatic mutations corrupt the complex process of human haematopoiesis. High-resolution mapping of malignant versus normal haematopoietic progenitors revealed an increasing fitness advantage with myeloid differentiation of cells with mutated CALR. We identified the unfolded protein response as a predominant outcome of CALR mutations, with a considerable dependency on cell identity, as well as upregulation of the NF-κB pathway specifically in uncommitted stem cells. We further extended the GoT toolkit to genotype multiple targets and loci that are distant from transcript ends. Together, these findings reveal that the transcriptional output of somatic mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms is dependent on the native cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Nam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyu-Tae Kim
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronan Chaligne
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franco Izzo
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chelston Ang
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert M Myers
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ghaith Abu-Zeinah
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Richard T. Silver MD Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Center, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Brand
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Omans
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Epigenomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Sheridan
- Epigenomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Mariani
- Epigenomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Alessandro Pastore
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Hoffman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Scandura
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Richard T. Silver MD Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Center, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Smibert
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan A Landau
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Zhang X, Zhang Q, Pan J. A novel somatic CALR mutation in essential thrombocythemia and effective response to interferon-alfa-2b therapy. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2018; 73:22-24. [PMID: 30190203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueya Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 34 Zhongshan North Road Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Qichen Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jingxin Pan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 34 Zhongshan North Road Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
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11
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Calcium-Binding Proteins with Disordered Structure and Their Role in Secretion, Storage, and Cellular Signaling. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8020042. [PMID: 29921816 PMCID: PMC6022996 DOI: 10.3390/biom8020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most important second messengers and its intracellular signaling regulates many aspects of cell physiology. Calcium ions, like phosphate ions, are highly charged and thus are able to alter protein conformation upon binding; thereby they constitute key factors in signal transduction. One of the most common calcium-binding structural motifs is the EF-hand, a well-defined helix-loop-helix structural domain, present in many calcium-binding proteins (CBPs). Nonetheless, some CBPs contain non-canonical, disordered motifs, which usually bind calcium with high capacity and low affinity, and which represent a subset of proteins with specific functions, but these functions rarely involve signaling. When compared with phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction, the role of intrinsic disorder in calcium signaling is significantly less prominent and not direct. The list of known examples of intrinsically disordered CBPs is relatively short and the disorder in these examples seems to be linked to secretion and storage. Calcium-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin is an exception, but it represents an example of transient disorder, which is, nevertheless, vital to the functioning of this protein. The underlying reason for the different role of disordered proteins in the two main cellular signaling systems appears to be linked to the gradient of calcium concentration, present in all living cells.
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12
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Kamal T, Green TN, Hearn JI, Josefsson EC, Morel-Kopp MC, Ward CM, During MJ, Kalev-Zylinska ML. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor mediated calcium influx supports in vitro differentiation of normal mouse megakaryocytes but proliferation of leukemic cell lines. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2017; 2:125-138. [PMID: 30046713 PMCID: PMC5974914 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) contribute calcium influx in megakaryocytic cells but their roles remain unclear; both pro- and anti-differentiating effects have been shown in different contexts. Objectives The aim of this study was to clarify NMDAR contribution to megakaryocytic differentiation in both normal and leukemic cells. Methods Meg-01, Set-2, and K-562 leukemic cell lines were differentiated using phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 10 nmol L-1) or valproic acid (VPA, 500 μmol L-1). Normal megakaryocytes were grown from mouse marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitors (lineage-negative and CD41a-enriched) in the presence of thrombopoietin (30-40 nmol L-1). Marrow explants were used to monitor proplatelet formation in the native bone marrow milieu. In all culture systems, NMDARs were inhibited using memantine and MK-801 (100 μmol L-1); their effects compared against appropriate controls. Results The most striking observation from our studies was that NMDAR antagonists markedly inhibited proplatelet formation in all primary cultures employed. Proplatelets were either absent (in the presence of memantine) or short, broad and intertwined (with MK-801). Earlier steps of megakaryocytic differentiation (acquisition of CD41a and nuclear ploidy) were maintained, albeit reduced. In contrast, in leukemic Meg-01 cells, NMDAR antagonists inhibited differentiation in the presence of PMA and VPA but induced differentiation when applied by themselves. Conclusions NMDAR-mediated calcium influx is required for normal megakaryocytic differentiation, in particular proplatelet formation. However, in leukemic cells, the main NMDAR role is to inhibit differentiation, suggesting diversion of NMDAR activity to support leukemia growth. Further elucidation of the NMDAR and calcium pathways in megakaryocytic cells may suggest novel ways to modulate abnormal megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kamal
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - James I Hearn
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Christopher M Ward
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Matthew J During
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,Departments of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,LabPlus Haematology Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand
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13
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Varricchio L, Falchi M, Dall'Ora M, De Benedittis C, Ruggeri A, Uversky VN, Migliaccio AR. Calreticulin: Challenges Posed by the Intrinsically Disordered Nature of Calreticulin to the Study of Its Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:96. [PMID: 29218307 PMCID: PMC5703715 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is a Ca2+-binding chaperone protein, which resides mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum but also found in other cellular compartments including the plasma membrane. In addition to Ca2+, calreticulin binds and regulates almost all proteins and most of the mRNAs deciding their intracellular fate. The potential functions of calreticulin are so numerous that identification of all of them is becoming a nightmare. Still the recent discovery that patients affected by the Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative disorders essential thrombocytemia or primary myelofibrosis not harboring JAK2 mutations carry instead calreticulin mutations disrupting its C-terminal domain has highlighted the clinical need to gain a deeper understanding of the biological activity of this protein. However, by contrast with other proteins, such as enzymes or transcription factors, the biological functions of which are strictly defined by a stable spatial structure imprinted by their amino acid sequence, calreticulin contains intrinsically disordered regions, the structure of which represents a highly dynamic conformational ensemble characterized by constant changes between several metastable conformations in response to a variety of environmental cues. This article will illustrate the Theory of calreticulin as an intrinsically disordered protein and discuss the Hypothesis that the dynamic conformational changes to which calreticulin may be subjected by environmental cues, by promoting or restricting the exposure of its active sites, may affect its function under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Varricchio
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Falchi
- National HIV/AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Dall'Ora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina De Benedittis
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggeri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Anna Rita Migliaccio
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Nangalia J, Grinfeld J, Green AR. Pathogenesis of Myeloproliferative Disorders. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 11:101-26. [PMID: 27193452 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a set of chronic hematopoietic neoplasms with overlapping clinical and molecular features. Recent years have witnessed considerable advances in our understanding of their pathogenetic basis. Due to their protracted clinical course, the evolution to advanced hematological malignancies, and the accessibility of neoplastic tissue, the study of MPNs has provided a window into the earliest stages of tumorigenesis. With the discovery of mutations in CALR, the majority of MPN patients now bear an identifiable marker of clonal disease; however, the mechanism by which mutated CALR perturbs megakaryopoiesis is currently unresolved. We are beginning to understand better the role of JAK2(V617F) homozygosity, the function of comutations in epigenetic regulators and spliceosome components, and how these mutations cooperate with JAK2(V617F) to modulate MPN phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nangalia
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; .,Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Grinfeld
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; .,Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Green
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; .,Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, United Kingdom
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15
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Falchi M, Varricchio L, Martelli F, Marra M, Picconi O, Tafuri A, Girelli G, Uversky VN, Migliaccio AR. The Calreticulin control of human stress erythropoiesis is impaired by JAK2V617F in polycythemia vera. Exp Hematol 2017; 50:53-76. [PMID: 28232234 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a Ca2+-binding protein that shuttles among cellular compartments with proteins bound to its N/P domains. The knowledge that activation of the human erythropoietin receptor induces Ca2+ fluxes prompted us to investigate the role of CALR in human erythropoiesis. As shown by Western blot analysis, erythroblasts generated in vitro from normal sources and JAK2V617F polycythemia vera (PV) patients expressed robust levels of CALR. However, Ca2+ regulated CALR conformation only in normal cells. Normal erythroblasts expressed mostly the N-terminal domain of CALR (N-CALR) on their cell surface (as shown by flow cytometry) and C-terminal domain (C-CALR) in their cytoplasm (as shown by confocal microscopy) and expression of both epitopes decreased with maturation. In the proerythroblast (proEry) cytoplasm, C-CALR was associated with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which initiated the stress response. In these cells, Ca2+ deprivation and inhibition of nuclear export increased GR nuclear localization while decreasing cytoplasmic detection of C-CALR and C-CALR/GR association and proliferation in response to the GR agonist dexamethasone (Dex). C-CALR/GR association and Dex responsiveness were instead increased by Ca2+ and erythropoietin. In contrast, JAK2V617F proErys expressed normal cell-surface levels of N-CALR but barely detectable cytoplasmic levels of C-CALR. These cells contained GR mainly in the nucleus and were Dex unresponsive. Ruxolitinib rescued cytoplasmic detection of C-CALR, C-CALR/GR association, and Dex responsiveness in JAK2V617F proErys and its effects were antagonized by nuclear export and Ca2+ flux inhibitors. These results indicates that Ca2+-induced conformational changes of CALR regulate nuclear export of GR in normal erythroblasts and that JAK2V617F deregulates this function in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Lilian Varricchio
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- Hematology/Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Manuela Marra
- Hematology/Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- Sant'Andrea Hospital-Sapienza, Department of Clinic and Molecular Medicine Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Girelli
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Rita Migliaccio
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy.
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16
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17
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Loghavi S, Bueso-Ramos CE, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Ok CY, Salim AA, Routbort MJ, Mehrotra M, Verstovsek S, Medeiros LJ, Luthra R, Patel KP. Myeloproliferative Neoplasms With Calreticulin Mutations Exhibit Distinctive Morphologic Features. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 145:418-27. [PMID: 27124925 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calreticulin (CALR) mutations are present in 50% to 85% of JAK2/MPL wild-type (wt) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The histopathologic features of CALR-mutated MPNs are unknown. METHODS We identified 71 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis (post-ET MF) with available CALR status. CALR was assessed using capillary electrophoresis followed by Sanger sequencing confirmation. CALR status was correlated with histopathologic features. RESULTS The megakaryocytes of CALR-mutated PMF more often were hyperchromatic (20/21) compared with CALR-wt cases (10/14) (P = .05). CALR-mutated ET showed more megakaryocytic clustering (7/7) compared with CALR-wt cases (5/9) (P = 03). Megakaryocytes of CALR-mutated post-ET MF (8/8) had a predominance of convoluted nuclei compared with CALR-wt cases (2/4) (P = .03). CALR mutations were more frequent in post-ET MF compared with ET (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS CALR-mutated MPNs have a higher frequency of megakaryocytic aberrancies compared with CALR-wt cases. Patients with CALR-mutated ET appear to be more likely to develop myelofibrosis compared with patients with wt CALRUpon completion of this activity you will be able to: describe morphologic features that are associated with CALR-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms.examine cases of essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis and predict which cases are more likely to be CALR-mutated based on histopathologic features.initiate CALR mutation testing for cases likely to have mutations. The ASCP is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCP designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ per article. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. This activity qualifies as an American Board of Pathology Maintenance of Certification Part II Self-Assessment Module. The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose. Exam is located at www.ascp.org/ajcpcme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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18
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Garbati MR, Welgan CA, Landefeld SH, Newell LF, Agarwal A, Dunlap JB, Chourasia TK, Lee H, Elferich J, Traer E, Rattray R, Cascio MJ, Press RD, Bagby GC, Tyner JW, Druker BJ, Dao KHT. Mutant calreticulin-expressing cells induce monocyte hyperreactivity through a paracrine mechanism. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:211-9. [PMID: 26573090 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the calreticulin gene (CALR) were recently identified in approximately 70-80% of patients with JAK2-V617F-negative essential thrombocytosis and primary myelofibrosis. All frameshift mutations generate a recurring novel C-terminus. Here we provide evidence that mutant calreticulin does not accumulate efficiently in cells and is abnormally enriched in the nucleus and extracellular space compared to wildtype calreticulin. The main determinant of these findings is the loss of the calcium-binding and KDEL domains. Expression of type I mutant CALR in Ba/F3 cells confers minimal IL-3-independent growth. Interestingly, expression of type I and type II mutant CALR in a nonhematopoietic cell line does not directly activate JAK/STAT signaling compared to wildtype CALR and JAK2-V617F expression. These results led us to investigate paracrine mechanisms of JAK/STAT activation. Here we show that conditioned media from cells expressing type I mutant CALR exaggerate cytokine production from normal monocytes with or without treatment with a toll-like receptor agonist. These effects are not dependent on the novel C-terminus. These studies offer novel insights into the mechanism of JAK/STAT activation in patients with JAK2-V617F-negative essential thrombocytosis and primary myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Garbati
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Catherine A. Welgan
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Sally H. Landefeld
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Laura F. Newell
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Jennifer B. Dunlap
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
- Department of Pathology; Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Tapan K. Chourasia
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Johannes Elferich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Elie Traer
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Rogan Rattray
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
- Department of Pathology; Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Michael J. Cascio
- Department of Pathology; Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Richard D. Press
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
- Department of Pathology; Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Grover C. Bagby
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Jeffrey W. Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology; Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute; Portland Oregon
| | - Brian J. Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology; Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute; Portland Oregon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Kim-Hien T. Dao
- Knight Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
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19
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Pietra D, Rumi E, Ferretti VV, Di Buduo CA, Milanesi C, Cavalloni C, Sant'Antonio E, Abbonante V, Moccia F, Casetti IC, Bellini M, Renna MC, Roncoroni E, Fugazza E, Astori C, Boveri E, Rosti V, Barosi G, Balduini A, Cazzola M. Differential clinical effects of different mutation subtypes in CALR-mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia 2015; 30:431-8. [PMID: 26449662 PMCID: PMC4740452 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A quarter of patients with essential thrombocythemia or primary myelofibrosis carry a driver mutation of CALR, the calreticulin gene. A 52-bp deletion (type 1) and a 5-bp insertion (type 2 mutation) are the most frequent variants. These indels might differentially impair the calcium binding activity of mutant calreticulin. We studied the relationship between mutation subtype and biological/clinical features of the disease. Thirty-two different types of CALR variants were identified in 311 patients. Based on their predicted effect on calreticulin C-terminal, mutations were classified as: (i) type 1-like (65%); (ii) type 2-like (32%); and (iii) other types (3%). Corresponding CALR mutants had significantly different estimated isoelectric points. Patients with type 1 mutation, but not those with type 2, showed abnormal cytosolic calcium signals in cultured megakaryocytes. Type 1-like mutations were mainly associated with a myelofibrosis phenotype and a significantly higher risk of myelofibrotic transformation in essential thrombocythemia. Type 2-like CALR mutations were preferentially associated with an essential thrombocythemia phenotype, low risk of thrombosis despite very-high platelet counts and indolent clinical course. Thus, mutation subtype contributes to determining clinical phenotype and outcomes in CALR-mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms. CALR variants that markedly impair the calcium binding activity of mutant calreticulin are mainly associated with a myelofibrosis phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pietra
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Rumi
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - V V Ferretti
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - C A Di Buduo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Milanesi
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Cavalloni
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Sant'Antonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - V Abbonante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - I C Casetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Bellini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M C Renna
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Roncoroni
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Fugazza
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Astori
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Boveri
- Anatomic Pathology Section, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - V Rosti
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Barosi
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - M Cazzola
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Luo W, Yu Z. Calreticulin (CALR) mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:16. [PMID: 27358884 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a heterogeneous group of disease, myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have confused hematologists and hematopathologists with their protean clinical presentations and myriads of morphologies. A thought of classifying MPNs based on molecular alterations has gained popularity because there is increasing evidence that molecular or chromosomal alterations have a better correlation with clinical presentation, response to therapies, and prognosis than conventional morphological classification. This type of efforts has been facilitated by the advancement of molecular technologies. A significant number of gene mutations have been identified in MPNs with JAK2 and MPL being the major ones. However, a significant gap is present in that many cases of MPNs do not harbor any of these mutations. This gap is recently filled by the discovery of Calreticulin (CALR) mutation in MPNs without JAK2 or MPL mutation and since then, the clinical and molecular correlation in MPNs has become a hot research topic. There seems to be a fairly consistent correlation between CALR mutation and certain hematological parameters such as a high platelet count and a better prognosis in MPNs with CALR mutation. However, controversies are present regarding the risks of thrombosis, interactions of CALR with other gene mutation, the role of CALR in the pathogenesis, and the optimal treatment strategies. In addition, there are many questions remain to be answered, which all boiled down to the molecular mechanisms by which CALR causes or contributes to MPNs. Here, we summarized current published literatures on CALR mutations in MPNs with an emphasis on the clinical-molecular correlation. We also discussed the controversies and questions remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Zhongxin Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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21
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Kamal T, Green TN, Morel-Kopp MC, Ward CM, McGregor AL, McGlashan SR, Bohlander SK, Browett PJ, Teague L, During MJ, Skerry TM, Josefsson EC, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Inhibition of glutamate regulated calcium entry into leukemic megakaryoblasts reduces cell proliferation and supports differentiation. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1860-72. [PMID: 25982509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human megakaryocytes release glutamate and express glutamate-gated Ca(2+)-permeable N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) that support megakaryocytic maturation. While deregulated glutamate pathways impact oncogenicity in some cancers, the role of glutamate and NMDARs in megakaryocytic malignancies remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if NMDARs participate in Ca(2+) responses in leukemic megakaryoblasts and if so, whether modulating NMDAR activity could influence cell growth. Three human cell lines, Meg-01, Set-2 and K-562 were used as models of leukemic megakaryoblasts. NMDAR components were examined in leukemic cells and human bone marrow, including in megakaryocytic disease. Well-established NMDAR modulators (agonists and antagonists) were employed to determine NMDAR effects on Ca(2+) flux, cell viability, proliferation and differentiation. Leukemic megakaryoblasts contained combinations of NMDAR subunits that differed from normal bone marrow and the brain. NMDAR agonists facilitated Ca(2+) entry into Meg-01 cells, amplified Ca(2+) responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and promoted growth of Meg-01, Set-2 and K-562 cells. Low concentrations of NMDAR inhibitors (riluzole, memantine, MK-801 and AP5; 5-100μM) were weakly cytotoxic but mainly reduced cell numbers by suppressing proliferation. The use-dependent NMDAR inhibitor, memantine (100μM), reduced numbers and proliferation of Meg-01 cells to less than 20% of controls (IC50 20μM and 36μM, respectively). In the presence of NMDAR inhibitors cells acquired morphologic and immunophenotypic features of megakaryocytic differentiation. In conclusion, NMDARs provide a novel pathway for Ca(2+) entry into leukemic megakaryoblasts that supports cell proliferation but not differentiation. NMDAR inhibitors counteract these effects, suggesting a novel opportunity to modulate growth of leukemic megakaryoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kamal
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher M Ward
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ailsa L McGregor
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan R McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan K Bohlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Browett
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lochie Teague
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J During
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Timothy M Skerry
- Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, VIC 3052 Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, 1G Royal Parade, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; LabPlus Haematology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Lim KH, Chang YC, Gon-Shen Chen C, Lin HC, Wang WT, Chiang YH, Cheng HI, Su NW, Lin J, Chang YF, Chang MC, Hsieh RK, Kuo YY, Chou WC. Frequent CALR exon 9 alterations in JAK2 V617F-mutated essential thrombocythemia detected by high-resolution melting analysis. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e295. [PMID: 25794131 PMCID: PMC4382662 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K-H Lim
- 1] Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [3] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan [4] Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Chang
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - C Gon-Shen Chen
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan [3] Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan [4] Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - H-C Lin
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - W-T Wang
- Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Chiang
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - H-I Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - N-W Su
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan [3] Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - J Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-F Chang
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan [3] Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - M-C Chang
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan [3] Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - R-K Hsieh
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Y-Y Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-C Chou
- 1] Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic basis of the Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has moved forward at a staggering pace over the last decade. With the discoveries of underlying mutations in JAK2, MPL, and, most recently, calreticulin (CALR), that together account for ∼90% of patients with MPNs, these conditions are now among the best characterized of hematological malignancies. While JAK-STAT pathway activation has been shown to be central to the pathogenesis of the MPN phenotype, the mechanism by which mutant CALR alters cellular function to result in myeloid proliferation remains unclear. Other mutations in several epigenetic modifiers, such as ASXL1, DNMT3a, TET2, EZH2, IDH1, and IDH2, as well as in genes involved in mRNA splicing, such as SF3B1 and U2AF2, have also been described in recent years in patients with MPNs, and evidence is emerging as to how these may be contributing to disease biology. From a therapeutic perspective, the discovery of aberrations in JAK2 has rapidly translated into the successful clinical use of JAK inhibitors in MPNs. Mutant calreticulin has the potential to be a tumor-specific therapeutic target because the mutations generate a novel protein C-terminus. In this chapter, we detail the genomic alterations that underlie MPNs, with a focus on the recent discovery of mutations in CALR, and explore the clinical and biological relevance of the altered genomic landscape in MPNs.
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24
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Bioinformatic analyses of CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms support a role in signaling. Leukemia 2014; 28:2106-9. [PMID: 24919806 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Guglielmelli P, Bartalucci N, Rotunno G, Vannucchi AM. Calreticulin: a new horizon for the testing and treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:423-5. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.920250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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