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Ko CS, Chen JH, Su WT. Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth: A Concise Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:61-76. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666191018122109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) originate from the embryonic
neural crest as ectodermal mesenchymal stem cells and are isolated from human deciduous teeth.
SHED expresses the same cell markers as Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), such as OCT4 and NANOG,
which make SHED to have a significant impact on clinical applications. SHED possess higher rates of
proliferation, higher telomerase activity, increased cell population doubling, form sphere-like clusters,
and possess immature and multi-differentiation capacity; such high plasticity makes SHED one of the
most popular sources of stem cells for biomedical engineering. In this review, we describe the isolation
and banking method, the current development of SHED in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering
in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jen-Hao Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ta Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bower R, Green VL, Kuvshinova E, Kuvshinov D, Karsai L, Crank ST, Stafford ND, Greenman J. Maintenance of head and neck tumor on-chip: gateway to personalized treatment? Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO174. [PMID: 28670466 PMCID: PMC5481812 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are solid tumors with low overall survival (40-60%). In a move toward personalized medicine, maintenance of tumor biopsies in microfluidic tissue culture devices is being developed. METHODOLOGY/RESULTS HNSCC (n = 15) was dissected (5-10 mg) and either analyzed immediately or cultured in a microfluidic device (37°C) for 48 h. No difference was observed in morphology between pre- and postculture specimens. Dissociated samples were analyzed using trypan blue exclusion (viability), propidium iodide flow cytometry (death) and MTS assay (proliferation) with no significant difference observed highlighting tissue maintenance. Computational fluid dynamics showed laminar flow within the system. CONCLUSION The microfluidic culture system successfully maintained HNSCC for 48 h, the culture system will allow testing of different treatment modalities with response monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Bower
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Victoria L Green
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Elena Kuvshinova
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Dmitriy Kuvshinov
- School of Engineering & Computer Science, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Laszlo Karsai
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Stephen T Crank
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Nicholas D Stafford
- Castle Hill Hospital, University of Hull, Daisy Building, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - John Greenman
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Jeon M, Song JS, Choi BJ, Choi HJ, Shin DM, Jung HS, Kim SO. In vitro and in vivo characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth obtained by enzymatic disaggregation and outgrowth. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1013-23. [PMID: 24960116 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are a good source of dental tissue for regeneration therapy, and can be obtained using different primary culture methods. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the in vitro and in vivo characteristics between SHED isolated via enzymatic disaggregation (e-SHED) and outgrowth (o-SHED) primary culture methods. DESIGN Dental pulp stem cells were isolated from 14 exfoliated deciduous teeth by enzymatic disaggregation (n=7) and outgrowth (n=7). Their proliferation potential and colony-forming ability were evaluated in vitro, as was their mesenchymal stem-cell-marker expression (using flow cytometry), and their differentiation was verified using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and histochemical staining. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the hard tissue that was generated after in vivo transplantation were compared using haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, qPCR, and quantitative alkaline phosphatase analysis. RESULTS The cell-proliferation potential, colony-forming ability, and Stro-1 and CD146 expression were higher in e-SHED than in o-SHED. While the in vitro adipogenic differentiation potential was greater in e-SHED than in o-SHED, the in vitro osteogenic differentiation did not differ significantly between the two cell types. Although in vivo hard tissue formation was greater following transplantation of o-SHED into mice, there was no difference in the quality of hard tissue generated by e-SHED and o-SHED. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that e-SHED exhibit stronger stemness characteristics, but that o-SHED are more suitable for hard-tissue regeneration therapy in teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Jeon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Seon Song
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jai Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Oh Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of human tumor immune infiltration after mechanical and enzymatic disaggregation. J Immunol Methods 2011; 372:119-26. [PMID: 21782822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-parametric flow cytometry analysis is a reliable method for phenotypic and functional characterization of tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIIC). The isolation of infiltrating leukocytes from solid tumors can be achieved through various methods which can be both enzymatic and mechanical; however, these methods may alter cell biology. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three tissue disaggregation techniques on TIIC biology in breast, kidney and lung tumor specimens. We therefore compared two enzymatic treatments using either collagenase type IA alone or in combination with collagenase type IV and DNase I type II, and one mechanical system (Medimachine™). We evaluated the impact of treatments on cell viability, surface marker integrity and proliferative capacity. We show that cell viability was not significantly altered by treatments. However, enzymatic treatments decreased cell proliferation; specifically collagenases and DNase provoked a significant decrease in detection of surface markers such as CD4, CD8, CD45RA and CD14, indicating that results of phenotypic studies employing these techniques could be affected. In conclusion, mechanical tissue disaggregation by Medimachine™ appears to be optimal to maintain phenotypic and functional TIIC features.
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5
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Mutin M, George F, Lesaule G, Sampol J. Reevaluation of Trypsin-EDTA for Endothelial Cell Detachment before Flow Cytometry Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10623329609024704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aabo K, Vindeløv LL, Spang-Thomsen M. Clonal dominance between subpopulations of mixed small cell lung cancer xenografts implanted ectopically in nude mice. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:222-9. [PMID: 7718329 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Clonal evolution of neoplastic cells during solid tumour growth leads to the emergence of new tumour cell subpopulations with diverging phenotypic characteristics which may alter the behaviour of a malignant disease. Cellular interaction was studied in mixed xenografts in nude mice and during in vitro growth of two sets of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) subpopulations (54A, 54B and NYH, NYH2). The tumour cell lines differed in cellular DNA content enabling flow cytometric DNA analysis (FCM) to be used to monitor changes in the fractional composition of the mixed cell populations. The progeny clone 54B was found to dominate the parent 54A clone when grown as mixed subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice, whereas no dominance was exerted during in vitro growth. The in vivo dominance could not be explained by differences in growth kinetics between the two tumour cell lines, and the interaction was not dependent on 54B being in excess in mixed tumours. The dominance was dependent on close in vivo contact as no remote effect on the growth of 54A was found when the dominating 54B cells were growing in the opposite flank of tumour-bearing mice. Irradiation inactivated 54B cells were unable to exert the dominating effect, indicating that the interaction required viable and proliferating cells. Clonal dominance was not found in mixed NYH-NYH2 tumours indicating that the dominance mechanism(s) may not always be operational between subpopulations in heterogeneous tumours. Recognition of interaction between tumour cell populations may result in a better understanding of the behaviour of heterogeneous human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aabo
- University Institute of Pathological Anatomy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Zalupski MM, Ryan JR, Ensley JF, Maciorowski Z, Pietraszkiewicz H, Hussein ME, Kukuruga M, Sundareson AS, Baker LH. Development and optimization of tissue preparative methodology for DNA content analysis of soft tissue neoplasms. CYTOMETRY 1993; 14:922-30. [PMID: 8287735 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990140811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Data regarding DNA content parameters in soft tissue sarcoma is limited. Development and optimization of tissue specific preparative techniques for DNA flow cytometry was undertaken prior to routine DNA content analysis of soft tissue neoplasms; 154 soft tissue tumors were studied. Dissociation dependent differences in cellular yields, viabilities, maintenance of DNA aneuploid populations, coefficients of variation, and DNA index supported the need for these developmental studies. Fifty-six of eighty-nine patients had DNA aneuploid soft tissue sarcomas. A relationship between DNA aneuploidy and grade was seen in this series with 38% with low grade, 59% with moderate grade, and 69% with high grade tumors demonstrating DNA aneuploid populations (P < 0.005). The mean S-phase fraction for DNA diploid and aneuploid sarcomas was 7.2% and 13.3%, respectively (P < 0.001). When classified by histologic grade of the primary tumor, a greater percentage of metastatic lesions were DNA aneuploid (4 of 7 grade 2 lesions, and 15 of 16 grade 3 lesions). Decreases in cellular yields and rate of DNA aneuploidy were observed in a subgroup of patients with localized high grade sarcoma treated preoperatively, as compared to patients treated with initial surgery. Prospective correlation of DNA content parameters to prognosis and response to cytotoxic therapy are now possible and are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Zalupski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Manzotti C, Audisio RA, Pratesi G. Importance of orthotopic implantation for human tumors as model systems: relevance to metastasis and invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis 1993; 11:5-14. [PMID: 8422706 DOI: 10.1007/bf00880061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of human tumors into immunodeficient athymic nude mice has become an important experimental approach to study the biology and the treatment of human cancer. Most human tumor xenograft experiments have employed subcutaneous injection procedures, but the main limit of this technique is the lack of metastasis from the subcutaneous site. The possibility of producing experimental metastasis by intravenous injection of cells in the animals has been known for a long time, and it has been recently reported that tumorigenic properties and metastatic ability of human cancer can be altered by transplantation of the tumor into its organ or tissue of origin in the recipient animals (orthotopic transplantation). In this paper we review (1) the principal techniques of orthotopic injection of most solid tumors, (2) the most recent techniques to achieve experimental metastases, and (3) the methods for preparing tumor cell suspensions from human surgical specimens suitable for transplantation into animals. These animal models should be used for a more appropriate evaluation of new antitumor treatments including the ones targeted to inhibit metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manzotti
- Boehringer Mannheim Italia, Research Centre, Monza, Milan
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10
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Danesi DT, Spanò M, Altavista P. Quality control study of the Italian group of cytometry on flow cytometry cellular DNA content measurements. CYTOMETRY 1993; 14:576-83. [PMID: 8354132 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990140519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A quality control study on DNA flow cytometry, extended to 43 national laboratories, has been carried out by the Italian Group of Cytometry, using defined fixed suspensions of cultured human leukemia K562 cells and human blood lymphocytes. The participating laboratories were allowed to follow their own staining and measurement protocols. Aliquots of cellular suspension had to be measured three times on the same day and two other times on different days. A large heterogeneity of procedures emerged among participants. The average of mean DNA index laboratory values, from 36 laboratories who sent evaluable data, was 1.68, with a range from 1.49 to 1.97. The coefficients of variation ranged from 2.35 to 9.39% and from 2.79 to 8.5% for diploid and aneuploid peaks, respectively. Statistical analysis of the results showed quite good intralaboratory reproducibility, but statistically significant differences were observed among laboratories, for both DNA indices and coefficients of variation. These differences appear to be consistent. For standardization, it is essential that efforts should be made to identify the main sources of variation and to control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Danesi
- Italian Group of Cytometry (GIC), Department of Biological and Health Effects, ENEA CRE casaccia, Rome
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Ensley JF, Maciorowski Z, Hassan M, Pietraszkiewicz H, Sakr W, Heilbrun LK. Variations in DNA aneuploid cell content during tumor dissociation in human colon and head and neck cancers analyzed by flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY 1993; 14:550-8. [PMID: 8354128 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990140515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research involving human solid tumors often requires single cell suspensions of high yield that are representative of the tissue of origin and in which the cellular property of interest is preserved. This is particularly necessary for the determination of DNA ploidy by flow cytometry. Mechanical dissaggregation and proteolytic enzyme digestion are the most commonly employed dissociation techniques for solid tumors. Comparative testing of techniques is often not performed. Mechanical and proteolytic enzyme dissociation techniques were comparatively tested in 77 human squamous cell cancers of the head and neck (SCCHN) and 25 human colon cancers for cellular yield, dye exclusion viability, quality, and morphology of DNA histograms, and the presence and proportion of DNA aneuploid subpopulations. Significant and consistent DNA aneuploid subpopulation losses were noted in mechanical preparations of SCCHN and enzymatic preparations of colon cancers. The frequency of SCCHN specimens with DNA aneuploid subpopulations was underestimated by 52% in mechanical cell suspensions, and the proportion of DNA aneuploid cells was diminished in an additional 30% of the specimens. Conversely, the frequency of specimens with DNA aneuploid subpopulations was underestimated by 38% in cell suspensions from enzymatically dissociated human colon cancer and their proportion diminished in an additional 50% of the specimens. Incubations of human colon cancers with three commonly employed proteolytic enzymes demonstrated a progressive loss of DNA aneuploid subpopulations as a function of enzyme concentration and incubation time. This is a serious potential source of error in the flow cytometric determination of DNA ploidy in human solid tumors, and may contribute to the diversity of results obtained and occasional contradictory conclusions reached in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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12
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Abstract
Using three methods to measure cell proliferation, namely DNA cell cycle; anti-proliferating cell monoclonal antibody (MAb) (Ki67, P145) analysis by flow cytometry; and the histological silver (argyrophilic) staining technique to visualize nuclear-organizing regions (AgNOR), twenty-two paired samples of primary breast tumour and axillary lymph node were analysed. The results showed variable levels of correlation between the methods used for the tumour group (r = 0.915, P less than 0.001 for Ki677 versus P145; r = 0.42, P less than 0.005 for percentage S/G2/M-phase versus P145; r = 0.16, P less than 0.5 for percentage S/G2/M-phase versus AgNOR; r = 0.400, P less than 0.1 for Ki67 versus AgNOR). The lymph-node group showed slightly poorer correlations, yet involved nodes showed a consistently higher level of proliferation than non-involved nodes by all methods used. Overall, MAb binding of Ki67 or P145 was seen to be a good indicator of cycling cells, detecting G1-phase cells in addition to S/G2/M-phase cells identified by the other methods used. However, no advantage was found over the usual DNA flow cytometric analysis of cells, which had clear prognostic value. AgNOR scores were found to be able to discriminate between diploid and aneuploid; and dividing and non-dividing cells, but areas of score overlap limited the application of this technique to that of a positive discriminator only.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lawry
- University Department of Virology, University Medical School, Sheffield, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cerra
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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14
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Ensley JF, Maciorowski Z, Pietraszkiewicz H, deBraud F, Sakr W. Methodology and clinical applications of cellular DNA content parameters determined by flow cytometry in squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. Cancer Treat Res 1990; 52:225-42. [PMID: 1976368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1499-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Rennie IG, Rees RC, Parsons MA, Lawry J, Cottam D. Estimation of DNA content in uveal melanomas by flow cytometry. Eye (Lond) 1989; 3 ( Pt 5):611-7. [PMID: 2630338 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1989.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to evaluate ploidy and tumour cycle kinetics in fresh tissue samples obtained from 19 uveal melanomas. The results were compared with other parameters including, histological cell type, tumour size and anatomical location. Three tumours (15.8%) were aneuploid (two mixed cell, one epithelioid cell). Cell turnover was estimated in the 16 diploid tumours by summating the total percentage of cells in S and G2/M phases. We found the mean percentage of cells in G2/M/S to be 5.96% (range 2.2-9.8%). Spindle cell neoplasms appeared to have lower cell turnover rates (4.5 +/- 1.2%) than epithelioid cell turnover (8.4 +/- 1.2%). There was no correlation between cell turnover and either tumour size or anatomical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Rennie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital
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Ensley JF, Maciorowski Z, Pietraszkiewicz H, Klemic G, KuKuruga M, Sapareto S, Corbett T, Crissman J. Solid tumor preparation for flow cytometry using a standard murine model. CYTOMETRY 1987; 8:479-87. [PMID: 2444398 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of flow cytometry (FCM) to solid human tumors has been hindered by the difficulty in producing high yield, viable, unaltered single cell suspensions. Carcinomas containing a high desmosomal content, such as well-differentiated squamous cell (SCC) cancers of the head and neck (H&N) region, are particularly difficult to prepare. The desire to employ FCM to study cellular DNA parameters of these tumors led to the use of a 3-methylcholanthrene induced murine SCC for the comparative testing of preparative techniques. Dissociation techniques, including mechanical, enucleation, chemical, single and combination enzymes methods, were comparatively tested. Of these, the combination enzyme treatment employing trypsin and collagenase produced the highest cell yields in the shortest time with the highest dye exclusion viability and the least expense. Several fixation systems including glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetic acid, and ethanol were comparatively tested using percent of cell loss and quality of the DNA histograms produced as end points. Ethanol-water systems with added fetal calf serum provided minimal cell loss and high quality histograms which were stable for extended periods of time. A murine tumor, closely mimicking the histology of the human tumor of interest, may be used as a model for the determination of optimum techniques of solid tumor preparation for flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Bijman JT, Wagener DJ, Wessels JM, Elprana D, van den Broek P. In vitro proliferation of primary human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas evaluated by flow cytometry. Cancer Lett 1987; 36:71-81. [PMID: 3581058 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(87)90104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro proliferation of primary human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas was investigated using single cell suspensions and tissue explants of primary specimens and xenografts from 20 tumor specimens. The evaluations of the cells emerging in culture were performed with flow cytometry. Epithelial-like cells proliferated in serum-free medium, while no fibroblast-like cells were observed in culture. The epithelial-like cells could be subcultured several passages before senescence occurred. Conditioned medium or serum supplementation was necessary for a sustained outgrowth of malignant squamous cells as documented by flow cytometry. From a tumor line established in nude mice slowly proliferating tumor cells emerged. After 4-5 months in culture tumor cells seemed to be adapted to the culture conditions used. This resulted in a more consistent tumor cell proliferation. Early passage cultures from primary human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are clearly difficult to obtain either from primary human specimens or from tumor lines established in nude mice.
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18
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Allalunis-Turner MJ, Siemann DW. Recovery of cell subpopulations from human tumour xenografts following dissociation with different enzymes. Br J Cancer 1986; 54:615-22. [PMID: 3535863 PMCID: PMC2001505 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1986.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermoid tumours (Co112, HEp3, A431, ME180) grown in nude mice were dissociated using four different enzyme cocktails: 0.025% collagenase, 0.05% pronase, 0.04% DNase; 0.1% protease IX; 0.14% trypsin, 0.04% DNase; 0.025% collagenase, 0.02% DNase. Using these different enzymatic procedures, the total cell yields, host to tumour cell ratios, plating efficiencies and cell cycle distribution profiles obtained from each tumour model were compared. For all tumours tested, enzyme cocktail 1 was the most effective in releasing the greatest total number of cells g-1 tumour. However, for each tumour the percentage of neoplastic cells recovered, the plating efficiency and the cell cycle distributions varied according to the enzyme cocktail used to dissociate the tumour. For example, for HEp3 tumours, the highest plating efficiency was achieved using enzyme cocktail 4, whereas for ME180 tumours, this enzyme cocktail produced the lowest plating efficiency. Further, the effect of lethally irradiated (HR) feeder cells on the plating efficiency of the various tumours was found to be influenced by the enzymes chosen to dissociate the tumours. These studies indicate that the choice of an enzyme dissociation technique may profoundly influence the results obtained using human tumour xenografts.
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Engelholm SA, Spang-Thomsen M, Vindeløv LL, Brünner N, Nielsen MH, Hirsch F, Nielsen A, Hansen HH. Comparison of characteristics of human small cell carcinoma of the lung in patients, in vitro and transplanted into nude mice. ACTA PATHOLOGICA, MICROBIOLOGICA, ET IMMUNOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 1986; 94:325-36. [PMID: 3020867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1986.tb03001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Specimens from 24 patients with metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung were explanted in vitro as well as transplanted directly into nude mice. A method to obtain fibroblast-free cultures is described. This method resulted in cell lines which could be grown for more than one year in 79% of the cases. Fifty-four % of the tumours could be established as serially transplantable tumours in nude mice. The tumours were characterized by histology, electron microscopy, DNA index, and cell cycle distribution. The in vitro cell lines were furthermore characterized by the plating efficiency and by doubling time. The macroscopic growth of the heterotransplanted tumours was ascribed to a transformed Gompertz function. The tumour cells preserved their light microscopic constitution of small cell carcinoma of the lung in the model systems. The heterogeneity of the original tumours was reflected in vitro and in nude mice and the model systems thus allows an expression of the inherent heterogeneity and instability. The panel of transplantable tumours and the in vitro cell lines offer the study of biology inclusive of tumour progression of SCCL.
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Engelholm SA, Spang-Thomsen M, Vindeløv LL, Brünner NA. Chemosensitivity of human small cell carcinoma of the lung detected by flow cytometric DNA analysis of drug-induced cell cycle perturbations in vitro. CYTOMETRY 1986; 7:243-50. [PMID: 3011370 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990070304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A method based on detection of drug-induced cell cycle perturbation by flow cytometric DNA analysis has previously been described in Ehrlich ascites tumors as a way to estimate chemosensitivity. The method is extended to test human small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Three tumors with different sensitivities to melphalan in nude mice were used. Tumors were disaggregated by a combined mechanical and enzymatic method and thereafter have incubated with different doses of melphalan. After incubation the cells were plated in vitro on agar, and drug induced cell cycle changes were monitored by flow cytometric DNA analysis. Melphalan produced a dose-related S phase accumulation in the two sensitive tumors, whereas no changes in the cell cycle distribution were found in the resistant tumor. The size of S phase accumulation correlated to the chemosensitivity in vivo. For low concentrations of melphalan, the S phase accumulation was accompanied by G2 + M accumulation. The results indicate that the method may be extended to sensitivity testing of human solid tumors, including screening for new agents.
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21
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Bijman JT, Wagener DJ, Wessels JM, van den Broek P, Ramaekers FC. Cell size, DNA, and cytokeratin analysis of human head and neck tumors by flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY 1986; 7:76-81. [PMID: 2419057 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990070111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell subsets have been discriminated in cell suspensions derived from 37 human head and neck tumors by means of light scatter, DNA, and cytokeratin flow cytometry (FCM). Cell dispersion was performed overnight at 4 degrees C in two different enzyme mixtures, i.e., trypsin/dithioerythritol and collagenase/DNase, under slight agitation of sliced tumor tissue. Cells were examined before and after fractionation on a discontinuous low-density bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradient. Forward and right-angle light scatter FCM of 23 tumor specimens revealed four main subpopulations with different size and structure. Fractionation of primary cell suspensions on a BSA gradient at unit gravity separated debris, small cells and large cells. DNA FCM of the enriched populations demonstrated a relation between large cells and DNA aneuploidy. Epithelial cells, as recognized by cytokeratin antibodies, were also related with large cells. The results demonstrated the usefulness of light scatter, DNA, and cytokeratin analysis of crude and fractionated tumor cell suspensions for assessment of the efficacy of a particular dispersion technique and to obtain information of the cell subsets dispersed.
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