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Liang J, Zhang W, Yang J, Wu M, Dai Q, Yin H, Xiao Y, Kong L. Deep learning supported discovery of biomarkers for clinical prognosis of liver cancer. NAT MACH INTELL 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-023-00635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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2
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Kuo HCD, Wu R, Sarwar MS, Zheng M, Wang C, Sargsyan D, Suh N, Kong ANT. DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Study of Triterpenoid CDDO in TPA-Mediated Skin Carcinogenesis Model. AAPS J 2022; 24:115. [PMID: 36324037 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation and environmental carcinogens drive skin cancer development through redox imbalance and gene mutation. Antioxidants such as triterpenoids have exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials to alleviate skin carcinogenesis. This study investigated the methylome and transcriptome altered by tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or TPA with 2-cyano 2,3-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO). The results show that CDDO blocks TPA-induced transformation dose dependently. Several differential expressed genes (DEGs) involved in skin cell transformation, while counteracted by CDDO, were revealed by differential expression analysis including Lyl1, Lad1, and Dennd2d. In CpG methylomic profiles, the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the promoter region altered by TPA while showing the opposite methylation status in the CDDO treatment group were identified. The correlation between DNA methylation and RNA expression has been established and DMRs showing inverse correlation were further studied as potential therapeutic targets. From the CpG methylome and transcriptome results, CDDO significantly restored gene expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) inhibited by TPA by decreasing their promoter CpG methylation. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) shows that CDDO neutralized the effect of TPA through modulating cell cycles, cell migration, and inflammatory and immune response regulatory pathways. Notably, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 (TNFR2) signaling was significantly downregulated by CDDO potentially contributing to prevention of TPA-induced cell transformation. Overall, incorporating the transcriptome, CpG methylome, and signaling pathway network, we reveal potential therapeutic targets and pathways by which CDDO could reverse TPA-induced carcinogenesis. The results could be useful for future human study and targets development for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chen Dina Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, Piscataway, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Md Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Meinizi Zheng
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, Piscataway, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, Piscataway, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, NJ, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA.
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Lan TT, Song Y, Liu XH, Liu CP, Zhao HC, Han YS, Wang CH, Yang N, Xu Z, Tao M, Li H. IP6 reduces colorectal cancer metastasis by mediating the interaction of gut microbiota with host genes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:979135. [PMID: 36118769 PMCID: PMC9479145 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.979135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a phytochemical widely found in grains and legumes that plays an anti-cancer role. However, the mechanism underlying the inhibition of colorectal cancer metastasis by IP6 through host genes, gut microbiota, and their interactions remain elusive. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to study the effect of IP6 on gut microbiota in an orthotopic transplantation model of colorectal cancer mice. The transcriptome was used to study the changes of host genes in metastasis and the relationship with gut microbiota. The results showed that the gut microbiota composition of model mice was significantly different from that of normal mice. The beta diversity partly tended to return to the normal level after IP6 intervention. Especially, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactococcus lactis were recovered after IP6-treated. Enrichment analysis showed that the enrichment score of the Cytokine-Cytokine receptor interaction signal pathway decreased after IP6 treatment compared to the model group. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this pathway showed that IP6 reduced the expression of the Tnfrsf1b gene related to the area of liver metastasis, and the Tnfrsf1b gene was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus helveticus. Our results presented that host gene, microbiome and their interaction may serve as promising targets for the mechanism of IP6 intervention in colorectal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Lan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song
| | - Xiao-Han Liu
- Institute of STD and AIDS Prevention, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui-Ping Liu
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Chao Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Sa Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chu-Hui Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Tao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Williams GS, Mistry B, Guillard S, Ulrichsen JC, Sandercock AM, Wang J, González-Muñoz A, Parmentier J, Black C, Soden J, Freeth J, Jovanović J, Leyland R, Al-Lamki RS, Leishman AJ, Rust SJ, Stewart R, Jermutus L, Bradley JR, Bedian V, Valge-Archer V, Minter R, Wilkinson RW. Phenotypic screening reveals TNFR2 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68278-68291. [PMID: 27626702 PMCID: PMC5356554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target cell-surface molecules on T cells can enhance anti-tumor immune responses, resulting in sustained immune-mediated control of cancer. We set out to find new cancer immunotherapy targets by phenotypic screening on human regulatory T (Treg) cells and report the discovery of novel activators of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) and a potential role for this target in immunotherapy. A diverse phage display library was screened to find antibody mimetics with preferential binding to Treg cells, the most Treg-selective of which were all, without exception, found to bind specifically to TNFR2. A subset of these TNFR2 binders were found to agonise the receptor, inducing iκ-B degradation and NF-κB pathway signalling in vitro. TNFR2 was found to be expressed by tumor-infiltrating Treg cells, and to a lesser extent Teff cells, from three lung cancer patients, and a similar pattern was also observed in mice implanted with CT26 syngeneic tumors. In such animals, TNFR2-specific agonists inhibited tumor growth, enhanced tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells and increased CD8+ T cell IFN-γ synthesis. Together, these data indicate a novel mechanism for TNF-α-independent TNFR2 agonism in cancer immunotherapy, and demonstrate the utility of target-agnostic screening in highlighting important targets during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bina Mistry
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, UK
| | - Jim Freeth
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, UK
| | | | | | - Rafia S Al-Lamki
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Steven J Rust
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ross Stewart
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vahe Bedian
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca-R&D Boston, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | - Ralph Minter
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
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Ham B, Fernandez MC, D’Costa Z, Brodt P. The diverse roles of the TNF axis in cancer progression and metastasis. TRENDS IN CANCER RESEARCH 2016; 11:1-27. [PMID: 27928197 PMCID: PMC5138060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a multi-step process that ultimately depends on the ability of disseminating cancer cells to establish favorable communications with their microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment consists of multiple and continuously changing cellular and molecular components. One of the factors regulating the tumor microenvironment is TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine that plays key roles in apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and immunity. TNF-α can have both pro- and anti-tumoral effects and these are transmitted via two major receptors, the 55 kDa TNFR1 and the 75 kDa TNFR2 that have distinct, as well as overlapping functions. TNFR1 is ubiquitously expressed while the expression of TNFR2 is more restricted, mainly to immune cells. While TNFR1 can transmit pro-apoptotic or pro-survival signals through a complex network of downstream mediators, the role of TNFR2 is less well understood. One of its main functions is to act as a survival factor and moderate the pro-apoptotic effects of TNFR1, particularly in immune cells. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the involvement of the TNF system in the progression of the metastatic process from its contribution to the early steps of tumor cell invasion to its role in the colonization of distant sites, particularly the liver. We show how the TNF receptors each contribute to these processes by regulating and shaping the tumor microenvironment. Current evidence and concepts on the potential use of TNF targeting agents for cancer prevention and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Ham
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Celia Fernandez
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zarina D’Costa
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Ham B, Wang N, D'Costa Z, Fernandez MC, Bourdeau F, Auguste P, Illemann M, Eefsen RL, Høyer-Hansen G, Vainer B, Evrard M, Gao ZH, Brodt P. TNF Receptor-2 Facilitates an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in the Liver to Promote the Colonization and Growth of Hepatic Metastases. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5235-47. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen X, Oppenheim JJ. The phenotypic and functional consequences of tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 expression on CD4(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. Immunology 2011; 133:426-33. [PMID: 21631498 PMCID: PMC3143354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine receptors expressed by CD4(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) not only serve as a phenotypic marker for the identification of this important population of immunosuppressive cells, they also promote the function of Treg cells. CD25, the α-chain of interleukin-2 receptor, is a prototype of such a receptor, which enables Treg cells to be activated by interleukin-2. We and others have found that tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 (TNFR2) is another important cytokine receptor preferentially expressed by Treg cells with important phenotypic and functional roles. TNFR2 is preferentially expressed by highly functional human and mouse Treg cells, and mediates the activating effect of TNF on Treg cells. We review here the studies of the regulation of expression of TNFR2 on functional Treg cells as well as on CD4(+) FoxP3(-) effector T cells (Teff cells). We document the critical role of this receptor in the activation, proliferative expansion and survival of Treg cells. The contribution of TNFR2 expression on Treg and Teff cells to the beneficial and detrimental effects of anti-TNF treatment in autoimmune disorders will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Chen X, Subleski JJ, Kopf H, Howard OMZ, Männel DN, Oppenheim JJ. Cutting edge: expression of TNFR2 defines a maximally suppressive subset of mouse CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells: applicability to tumor-infiltrating T regulatory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6467-71. [PMID: 18453563 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNFR2 is predominantly expressed by a subset of human and mouse CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs). In this study, we characterized the phenotype and function of TNFR2(+) Tregs in peripheral lymphoid tissues of normal and tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice. We found that TNFR2 was expressed on 30-40% of the Tregs of the peripheral activated/memory subset that were most highly suppressive. In contrast, TNFR2(-) Tregs exhibited the phenotype of naive cells and only had minimal suppressive activity. Although not typically considered to be Tregs, CD4(+)CD25(-)TNFR2(+) cells nevertheless possessed moderate suppressive activity. Strikingly, the suppressive activity of TNFR2(+) Tregs was considerably more potent than that of reportedly highly suppressive CD103(+) Tregs. In the Lewis lung carcinoma model, more highly suppressive TNFR2(+) Tregs accumulated intratumorally than in the periphery. Thus, TNFR2 identifies a unique subset of mouse Tregs with an activated/memory phenotype and maximal suppressive activity that may account for tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte-mediated immune evasion by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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Hehlgans T, Seitz C, Lewis C, Männel DN. Hypoxic upregulation of TNF receptor type 2 expression involves NF-IL-6 and is independent of HIF-1 or HIF-2. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:757-62. [PMID: 11576469 DOI: 10.1089/107999001753124480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts its biologic activity via two distinct membrane receptors, TNF receptor type 1 (p55TNFR) and TNF receptor type 2 (p75TNFR). Whereas the p55TNFR gene is rather constitutively expressed, transcription of p75TNFR is strongly modulated by a number of stimulatory agents. Experimental evidence suggested the involvement of p75TNFR in endothelial cell activation. Therefore, we have tested the transcriptional activity of p75TNFR under conditions of hypoxia and reoxygenation. Northern blot analysis revealed that p75TNFR mRNA is upregulated in NIH3T3 cells under hypoxia and reoxygenation. This observation directly originates from transcriptional activation of the p75TNFR gene, as shown by reporter gene analysis. Cotransfection experiments clearly showed that the transcriptional induction of the p75TNFR gene is independent of the hypoxia-induced factors, HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha. Using deletion mutants of the 5'-flanking region of the p75TNFR gene, we were able to identify a putative DNA binding site for the transcription factor nuclear factor-interleukin-6 (NF-IL-6) to be responsible for the transcriptional upregulation of the p75TNFR gene under conditions of hypoxia and reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hehlgans
- Institute of Pathology/Tumor Immunology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Zaks TZ, Chappell DB, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Fas-mediated suicide of tumor-reactive T cells following activation by specific tumor: selective rescue by caspase inhibition. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1999; 162:3273-9. [PMID: 10092779 PMCID: PMC2239009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes that specifically recognize tumor cells can be isolated and expanded ex vivo. While the lytic properties of these cells have been well described, their fate upon encounter with cognate tumor is not known. We performed reverse 51Cr release assays in which the lymphocyte effectors rather than the tumor cell targets were radioactively labeled. We found that melanoma tumor cells caused the apoptotic death of tumor-specific T cells only upon specific MHC class I-restricted recognition. This death was entirely blockable by the addition of an Ab directed against the Fas death receptor (APO-1, CD95). Contrary to the prevailing view that tumor cells cause the death of anti-tumor T cells by expressing Fas ligand (FasL), our data suggested that FasL was instead expressed by T lymphocytes upon activation. While the tumor cells did not express FasL by any measure (including RT-PCR), functional FasL (as well as FasL mRNA) was consistently found on activated anti-tumor T cells. We could successfully block the activation-induced cell death with z-VAD-fmk, a tripeptide inhibitor of IL-1 beta-converting enzyme homologues, or with anti-Fas mAbs. Most importantly, these interventions did not inhibit T cell recognition as measured by IFN-gamma release, nor did they adversely affect the specific lysis of tumor cell targets. These results imply that Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death could be a limiting factor in the in vivo efficacy of adoptive transfer of class I-restricted CD8+ T cells and provide a means of potentially enhancing their growth in vitro as well as their function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Z Zaks
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zaks TZ, Chappell DB, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Fas-Mediated Suicide of Tumor-Reactive T Cells Following Activation by Specific Tumor: Selective Rescue by Caspase Inhibition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes that specifically recognize tumor cells can be isolated and expanded ex vivo. While the lytic properties of these cells have been well described, their fate upon encounter with cognate tumor is not known. We performed reverse 51Cr release assays in which the lymphocyte effectors rather than the tumor cell targets were radioactively labeled. We found that melanoma tumor cells caused the apoptotic death of tumor-specific T cells only upon specific MHC class I-restricted recognition. This death was entirely blockable by the addition of an Ab directed against the Fas death receptor (APO-1, CD95). Contrary to the prevailing view that tumor cells cause the death of anti-tumor T cells by expressing Fas ligand (FasL), our data suggested that FasL was instead expressed by T lymphocytes upon activation. While the tumor cells did not express FasL by any measure (including RT-PCR), functional FasL (as well as FasL mRNA) was consistently found on activated anti-tumor T cells. We could successfully block the activation-induced cell death with z-VAD-fmk, a tripeptide inhibitor of IL-1β-converting enzyme homologues, or with anti-Fas mAbs. Most importantly, these interventions did not inhibit T cell recognition as measured by IFN-γ release, nor did they adversely affect the specific lysis of tumor cell targets. These results imply that Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death could be a limiting factor in the in vivo efficacy of adoptive transfer of class I-restricted CD8+ T cells and provide a means of potentially enhancing their growth in vitro as well as their function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Z. Zaks
- *Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Dale B. Chappell
- †Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- *Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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Barth RJ, Camp BJ, Martuscello TA, Dain BJ, Memoli VA. The cytokine microenvironment of human colon carcinoma. Lymphocyte expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-4 predicts improved survival. Cancer 1996; 78:1168-78. [PMID: 8826937 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960915)78:6<1168::aid-cncr2>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional significance of cytokines expressed in situ by tumor cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in human colon carcinomas is largely unknown. METHODS We assessed TIL expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and tumor cell expression of IL-10 and TGF-beta in situ in 49 primary colon carcinomas and 20 metastases using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The percentage of primary colon carcinoma samples in which > 20% of TIL expressed each cytokine was as follows: IL-4: 47%; TNF-alpha: 22%; TGF-beta: 10%; IFN-gamma: 6%; IL-2:2%; IL-10: 0%; and GM-CSF: 0%. Lymphocytes more commonly infiltrated colon carcinoma primaries than metastases, and TIL expression of IL-4 and TNF-alpha was more common in primary than metastastatic carcinomas. Expression of TNF-alpha by even a small proportion (> or = 3%) of the TIL in a colon carcinoma specimen was associated with better overall survival (P = 0.01) when compared with patients with little or no TIL TNF-alpha expression (5-year survival 82% vs. 47%). Expression of IL-4 by > or = 20% of colon carcinoma TIL was also associated with improved survival (P = 0.01; 5-year survival 87% vs. 50%). The expression of IL-10 or TGF-beta by colon carcinoma TIL or colon tumor cells themselves was not associated with impaired survival. Benign epithelial cells stained positively for IL-10 and TGF-beta more frequently than tumor cells (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There are differences between the immune microenvironment of primary tumors and metastases. Although IL-10 is expressed by colon carcinoma cells and TIL, it is unlikely that it plays an important immunosuppressive role. TNF-alpha and IL-4 are commonly expressed by colon carcinoma TIL and both are associated with improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Barth
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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