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Cheng M, Zhang ZW, Ji XH, Xu Y, Bian E, Zhao B. Super-enhancers: A new frontier for glioma treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188353. [PMID: 32112817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumor in the human brain. Although there are a variety of treatments, such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, glioma is still an incurable disease. Super-enhancers (SEs) are implicated in the control of tumor cell identity, and they promote oncogenic transcription, which supports tumor cells. Inhibition of the SE complex, which is required for the assembly and maintenance of SEs, may repress oncogenic transcription and impede tumor growth. In this review, we discuss the unique characteristics of SEs compared to typical enhancers, and we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of their properties and biological role in gene regulation. Additionally, we highlight that SE-driven lncRNAs, miRNAs and genes are involved in the malignant phenotype of glioma. Most importantly, the application of SE inhibitors in different cancer subtypes has introduced new directions in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zheng Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xing Hu Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yadi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Erbao Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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2
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Giri TK. Breaking the Barrier of Cancer Through Liposome Loaded with Phytochemicals. Curr Drug Deliv 2018; 16:3-17. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201815666180918112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the most important cause of death is cancer. To treat the cancer there are a number of drugs existing in the market but no drug is found to be completely safe and effective. The toxicity of the drugs is the key problem in the cancer chemotherapy. However, plants and plant derived bioactive molecule have proved safe and effective in the treatment of cancers. Phytochemicals that are found in fruits, vegetables, herbs, and plant extract have been usually used for treating cancer. It has been established that several herbal drug have a strong anticancer activity. However, their poor bioavailability, solubility, and stability have severely restricted their use. These problems can be overcome by incorporating the herbal drug in nanolipolomal vesicles. In last few decades, researcher have used herbal drug loaded nanoliposome for the treatment and management of a variety of cancers. Presently, a number of liposomal formulations are on the market for the treatment of cancer and many more are in pipe line. This review discusses about the tumor microenvironment, targeting mechanism of bioactive phytochemicals to the tumor tissue, background of nanoliposome, and the potential therapeutic applications of different bioactive phytochemicals loaded nanoliposome in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Giri
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India
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3
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Rajora MA, Ding L, Valic M, Jiang W, Overchuk M, Chen J, Zheng G. Tailored theranostic apolipoprotein E3 porphyrin-lipid nanoparticles target glioblastoma. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5371-5384. [PMID: 28970916 PMCID: PMC5609152 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-controlled discoidal and cholesteryl oleated-loaded spherical, intrinsically multimodal porphyrin-lipid nanoparticles targeted glioblastoma via apoE3 and LDLR.
The development of curative glioblastoma treatments and tumour-specific contrast agents that can overcome the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and infiltrative tumour morphology remains a challenge. Apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) is a high density lipoprotein apolipoprotein that chaperones the transcytosis of nanoparticles across the BBB, and displays high-affinity binding with the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), a cell-surface receptor overexpressed by glioblastoma cells. This LDLR overexpression and apoE3 binding capacity was exploited for the development of glioblastoma-targeted porphyrin-lipid apoE3 lipid nanoparticles (pyE-LNs) with intrinsic theranostic properties. Size-controlled discoidal and cholesteryl oleate (CO)-loaded spherical pyE-LNs were synthesized through the systematic variation of particle composition, which dictated nanoparticle size and morphology. Composition optimization yielded 30 nm pyE-LNs with stable loading of apoE3 and porphyrin-lipid that simultaneously conferred the nanoparticles with glioblastoma targeting and activatable near-infrared fluorescence imaging functionalities. A 4-fold higher uptake of pyE-LNs by LDLR-expressing U87 glioblastomas cells relative to minimally expressing ldlA7 cells was observed in vitro. This uptake was a result of receptor-mediated endocytosis, which could be inhibited through LDL competition and acetylation of particle apoE3 moieties. ApoE3-dependent delivery of pyE-LN to glioblastomas was also demonstrated in orthotopic U87-GFP tumour-bearing animals. Quantification of CO-loaded pyE-LN biodistribution demonstrated successful selective uptake of porphyrin by malignant tissue, with a 4 : 1 tumour : healthy tissue particle specificity. This allowed for the detection of strong, tumour-localized porphyrin fluorescence, which was diminished when apoE3-devoid py-LN particles were administered. Furthermore, this selective uptake yielded cell-specific potent PDT sensitization in vitro, resulting in an 83% reduction in glioblastoma cell viability. These results highlight the promising capacity of pyE-LNs to target porphyrin delivery to glioblastoma tumours for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rajora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada . .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - L Ding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada .
| | - M Valic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada . .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - W Jiang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada .
| | - M Overchuk
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada . .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - J Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada .
| | - G Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada . .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , 101 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
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4
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Pinto MP, Arce M, Yameen B, Vilos C. Targeted brain delivery nanoparticles for malignant gliomas. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 12:59-72. [PMID: 27876436 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors display the highest mortality rates of all childhood cancers, and over the last decade its prevalence has steadily increased in elderly. To date, effective treatments for brain tumors and particularly for malignant gliomas remain a challenge mainly due to the low permeability and high selectivity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to conventional anticancer drugs. In recent years, the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms involved in the transport of substances into the brain has boosted the development of therapeutic-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) with the ability to cross the BBB. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the available therapeutic strategies developed against malignant gliomas based on 'actively targeted' NPs, the challenges of crossing the BBB and blood-brain tumor barrier as well as its mechanisms and a critical assessment of clinical studies that have used targeted NPs for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Finally, we discuss the potential of actively targeted NP-based strategies in clinical settings, its possible side effects and future directions for therapeutic applications. First draft submitted: 4 October 2016; Accepted for publication: 14 October 2016; Published online: 23 November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Laboratory of Immunology of Reproduction, Faculty of Chemistry & Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Arce
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Basit Yameen
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Chemistry, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine & Innovative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile.,Center for Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
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5
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zarebkohan A, Najafi F, Moghimi HR, Hemmati M, Deevband MR, Kazemi B. SRL-Coated PAMAM Dendrimer Nano-Carrier for Targeted Gene Delivery to the Glioma Cells and Competitive Inhibition by Lactoferrin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2016; 15:629-640. [PMID: 28243262 PMCID: PMC5316243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioma, as a primary tumor of central nervous system, is the main cause of death in patients with brain cancer. Therefore, development of an efficient strategy for treatment of glioma is worthy. The aim of the current study was to develop a SRL peptide-coated dendrimer as a novel dual gene delivery system for targeting the LRP receptor, an up-regulated gene in both BBB and glioma cells. To perform this investigation, our newly developed nanocarrier (PAMAM-PEG-SRL) was used for gene delivery to C6 glioma cell lines. DNA (GFP) was loaded in these functionalized nanoparticles and their cellular uptake/distribution and gene transfection efficacy was evaluated by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. In vitro studies showed that SRL-modified nanoparticles have good transfection efficacy. Results revealed improved gene transfection efficiency of newly-synthesized delivery system. We also found that lactoferrin, as a LRP ligand, reduced the gene transfection efficacy of the delivery system due to its higher affinity compared to SRL peptides (Competitive inhibition). The present results suggest that the synthesized delivery system has the potential to be used as an alternative targeted drug delivery system for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir zarebkohan
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhood Najafi
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hemmati
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Deevband
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail: ,
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6
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Zarebkohan A, Najafi F, Moghimi HR, Hemmati M, Deevband MR, Kazemi B. Synthesis and characterization of a PAMAM dendrimer nanocarrier functionalized by SRL peptide for targeted gene delivery to the brain. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:19-30. [PMID: 26118442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier inhibits most of drugs and genetic materials from reaching the brain. So, developing high efficiency carriers for gene and drug delivery to the brain, is the challenging area in pharmaceutical sciences. This investigation aimed to target DNA to brain using Serine-Arginine-Leucine (SRL) functionalized PAMAM dendrimers as a novel gene delivery system. The SRL peptide was linked on G4 PAMAM dendrimers using bifunctional PEG. DNA was then loaded in these functionalized nanoparticles and their physicochemical properties and cellular uptake/distribution evaluated by AFM, NMR, FTIR and fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Also, biodistribution and brain localization of nanoparticles were studied after IV injection of nanoparticles into rat tail. Unmodified nanoparticles were used as control in all evaluations. In vitro studies showed that SRL-modified nanoparticles have good transfection efficacy and low toxicity. Results also showed that SRL is a LRP ligand and SRL-modified nanoparticles internalized by clathrin/caveolin energy-dependent endocytosis to brain capillary endothelial cells. After intravenous administration, the SRL-modified nanoparticles were able to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain parenchyma. Our result showed that, SRL-modified nanoparticles provide a safe and effective nanocarrier for brain gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zarebkohan
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhood Najafi
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hemmati
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Deevband
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Ercole F, Whittaker MR, Quinn JF, Davis TP. Cholesterol Modified Self-Assemblies and Their Application to Nanomedicine. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1886-914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ercole
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John F. Quinn
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, ULCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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8
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Zhang N, Tao J, Hua H, Sun P, Zhao Y. Low-density lipoprotein peptide-combined DNA nanocomplex as an efficient anticancer drug delivery vehicle. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:20-9. [PMID: 25960329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA is a type of potential biomaterials for drug delivery due to its nanoscale geometry, loading capacity of therapeutics, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Unfortunately, DNA is easily degraded by DNases in the body circulation and has low intracellular uptake. In the present study, we selected three cationic polymers polyethylenimine (PEI), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor targeted peptide (RLT), to modify DNA and improve the issues. A potent anti-tumor anthracycline-doxorubicin (DOX) was intercalated into DNA non-covalently and the DOX/DNA was then combined with PEI, CTAB, and RLT, respectively. Compact nanocomplexes were formed by electrostatic interaction and could potentially protect DNA from DNases. More importantly, RLT had the potential to enhance intracellular uptake by LDL receptor mediated endocytosis. In a series of in vitro experiments, RLT complexed DNA enhanced intracellular delivery of DOX, increased tumor cell death and intracellular ROS production, and reduced intracellular elimination of DOX. All results suggested that the easily prepared and targeted RLT/DNA nanocomplexes had great potential to be developed into a formulation for doxorubicin with enhanced anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, HeNan 45001, PR China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, HeNan 45001, PR China
| | - Haiying Hua
- Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, HeNan 450052, PR China
| | - Pengchao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, HeNan 45001, PR China
| | - Yongxing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, HeNan 45001, PR China.
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9
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Shrivastava M, Jain A, Gulbake A, Hurkat P, Jain N, Vijayraghwan R, Jain SK. Low Density Lipid Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Targeting. Sci Pharm 2014; 82:873-88. [PMID: 26279976 PMCID: PMC4500588 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1401-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant characteristics of cancer cells is their rapid dividing ability and overexpression of LDL receptors, which offers an opportunity for the selective targeting of these cells. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-encapsulated low density lipid nanoparticles (LDLN) were prepared by the emulsion congealing method which mimics the plasma-derived LDL by acquiring the apolipoprotein B-100 from the blood. The average particle size, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and drug content of the prepared LDLN dispersion were found to be 161±3.5 nm, with spherical shape, and 0.370±0.05 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained profile which decreased with a lapse of time. In vivo studies of 5-FU serum concentration and biodistribution revealed a 5-FU serum concentration of 8.5% in tumor cells and about 2.1% in the liver at the end of 24 hr from LDLN. Tumor growth suppression studies showed 185.42% average tumor growth and 89.76% tumor height as compared to the control exhibiting tumor growth at 1166.47% and tumor height at 176.07%. On the basis of these collective data, it is suggested that a higher accumulation of LDLN, when given as an IV, in solid tumors is attributed to the active uptake of LDLN via LDL receptors via apolipoprotein B-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Aviral Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Arvind Gulbake
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Pooja Hurkat
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Neeti Jain
- Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior (M. P), India
| | - R. Vijayraghwan
- Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior (M. P), India
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10
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Zaro JL. Lipid-based drug carriers for prodrugs to enhance drug delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:83-92. [PMID: 25269430 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The combination of lipid drug delivery systems with prodrugs offers several advantages including improved pharmacokinetics, increased absorption, and facilitated targeting. Lipidization and use of lipid carriers can increase the pharmacological half-life of the drug, thus improving pharmacokinetics and allowing less frequent dosing. Lipids also offer advantages such as increased absorption through the intestines for oral drug absorption and to the CNS for brain delivery. Furthermore, the use of lipid delivery systems can enhance drug targeting. Endogenous proteins bind lipids in the blood and carry them to the liver to enable targeting of this organ. Drugs with significant side effects in the stomach can be specifically delivered to enterocytes by exploiting lipases for prodrug activation. Finally, lipids can be used to target the lymphatic system, thus bypassing the liver and avoiding first-pass metabolism. Lymphatic targeting is also important for antiviral drugs in the protection of B and T lymphocytes. In this review, both lipid-drug conjugates and lipid-based carriers will be discussed. An overview, including the chemistry and assembly of the systems, as well as examples from the clinic and in development, will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennica L Zaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., PSC 406BA, Los Angeles, California, 90033, USA,
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11
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LDLR-mediated peptide-22-conjugated nanoparticles for dual-targeting therapy of brain glioma. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9171-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Bildstein L, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Prodrug-based intracellular delivery of anticancer agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:3-23. [PMID: 21237228 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous anticancer agents based on a prodrug approach. However, no attempt has been made to review the ample available literature with a specific focus on the altered cell uptake pathways enabled by the conjugation and on the intracellular drug-release mechanisms. This article focuses on the cellular interactions of a broad selection of parenterally administered anticancer prodrugs based on synthetic polymers, proteins or lipids. The report also aims to highlight the prodrug design issues, which are key points to obtain an efficient intracellular drug delivery. The chemical basis of these molecular concepts is put into perspective with the uptake and intracellular activation mechanisms, the in vitro and in vivo proofs of concepts and the clinical results. Several active targeting strategies and stimuli-responsive architectures are discussed throughout the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bildstein
- UMR CNRS 8612, IFR 141-ITFM, Faculté de Pharmacie, University Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France
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13
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Lacko AG, Nair M, Prokai L, McConathy WJ. Prospects and challenges of the development of lipoprotein-based formulations for anti-cancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 4:665-75. [PMID: 17970668 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.6.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates drug delivery systems that involve intact plasma lipoproteins or some of their components. These complex macromolecules transport highly water-insoluble compounds (cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols) in their natural environment - a property that renders them ideal carriers of hydrophobic drugs. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of lipoproteins as drug delivery agents in cancer chemotherapy. The history and present activity regarding lipoprotein-based formulations are reviewed, with the primary focus on the smaller sized (low and high density) lipoprotein-based formulations and their potential clinical and commercial value. The use of both native and synthetic lipoproteins as drug delivery agents are discussed from the standpoint of therapeutic efficacy, as well as commercial feasibility. The advantages of lipoprotein-based drug delivery formulations are compared with other drug delivery models, with the primary focus on liposomal preparations. Finally, an expert opinion is provided, regarding the potential use of lipoprotein-based formulations in cancer treatment, taking into consideration the major advantages (biocompatibility, safety, drug solubility) and the barriers (manufacturing protein components, financial interest, investments) to their commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras G Lacko
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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14
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Impact of lipoproteins on the biological activity and disposition of hydrophobic drugs: implications for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:84-99. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Lacko AG, Nair M, Paranjape S, Mooberry L, McConathy WJ. Trojan horse meets magic bullet to spawn a novel, highly effective drug delivery model. Chemotherapy 2006; 52:171-3. [PMID: 16691026 DOI: 10.1159/000093268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of their physicochemical properties and the selective receptor-mediated uptake of their core components, reconstituted high-density lipoproteins have unique advantages over conventional formulations to serve as targeted drug delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras G Lacko
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Tex. 76107-2699, USA.
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Sauer I, Nikolenko H, Keller S, Abu Ajaj K, Bienert M, Dathe M. Dipalmitoylation of a cellular uptake-mediating apolipoprotein E-derived peptide as a promising modification for stable anchorage in liposomal drug carriers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:552-61. [PMID: 16681993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes equipped with cellular uptake-mediating peptidic vector compounds have attracted much attention as target-specific drug delivery systems. Aside from the development of the target recognition motif itself, vector coupling to liposomes while conserving the active conformation constitutes an important element in carrier development. To elucidate the most efficient way for adsorptive peptide binding to liposomes, we synthesized and characterized two-domain peptides comprising a cationic sequence derived from the binding domain of apolipoprotein E (apoE) for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and different lipid-binding motifs, that is, an amphipathic helix, a transmembrane helix, single fatty acids or two palmitoyl chains. Peptide properties considered relevant for peptide-liposome complexes to initiate an endocytotic cellular uptake such as lipid binding, helicity, stability of anchorage, bilayer-disturbing activity, and toxicity showed that the dipalmitoyl derivative was the most suitable to associate the apoE peptide to the surface of liposomes. The peptide showed pronounced lipid affinity and was stably anchored within the lipid bilayer on a time scale of at least 30 min. The helicity of about 40% in the lipid-bound state and the location of the amphipathic helix on the liposomal surface provided the prerequisites for interaction of the complex with the cell surface-located receptor. The concentration of the dipalmitoylated peptide to permeabilize neutral lipid bilayers (lipid concentration 25 microM) was 0.06 microM and a 2 microM concentration reduced cell viability to about 80%. Efficient internalization of liposomes bearing about 180 peptide derivatives on the surface into brain capillary endothelial cells was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The concept of complexation using dipalmitoylated peptides may offer an efficient substitute to covalent vector coupling and a prospective way to optimize the capacity of liposomes as drug delivery systems also for different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sauer
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Rodrigues DG, Maria DA, Fernandes DC, Valduga CJ, Couto RD, Ibañez OCM, Maranhão RC. Improvement of paclitaxel therapeutic index by derivatization and association to a cholesterol-rich microemulsion: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 55:565-76. [PMID: 15726368 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A cholesterol-rich microemulsion or nanoparticle termed LDE concentrates in cancer tissues after injection into the bloodstream. Here the cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, toxicity to animals and therapeutic action of a paclitaxel lipophilic derivative associated to LDE is compared with those of the commercial paclitaxel. Results show that LDE-paclitaxel oleate is stable. The cytostatic activity of the drug in the complex is diminished compared with the commercial paclitaxel due to the cytotoxicity of the vehicle Cremophor EL used in the commercial formulation. Competition experiments in neoplastic cultured cells show that paclitaxel oleate and LDE are internalized together by the LDL receptor pathway. LDE-paclitaxel oleate arrests the G(2)/M phase of cell cycle, similarly to commercial paclitaxel. Tolerability to mice is remarkable, such that the lethal dose (LD(50)) was ninefold greater than that of the commercial formulation (LD(50) = 326 microM and 37 microM, respectively). LDE concentrates paclitaxel oleate in the tumor roughly fourfold relative to the normal adjacent tissues. At equimolar doses, the association of paclitaxel oleate with LDE results in remarkable changes in the drug pharmacokinetic parameters when compared to commercial paclitaxel (t(1/2)=218 min and 184 min, AUC=1,334 microg h/ml and 707 microg h/ml and CL=0.125 ml/min and 0.236 ml/min, respectively). Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of the complex is pronouncedly greater than that of the commercial paclitaxel, as indicated by the reduction in tumor growth, increase in survival rates and % cure of treated mice. In conclusion, LDE-paclitaxel oleate is a stable complex and compared with paclitaxel toxicity is considerably reduced and activity is enhanced, which may lead to improved therapeutic index in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora G Rodrigues
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 1 subsolo, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Li H, Gray BD, Corbin I, Lebherz C, Choi H, Lund-Katz S, Wilson JM, Glickson JD, Zhou R. MR and fluorescent imaging of low-density lipoprotein receptors. Acad Radiol 2004; 11:1251-9. [PMID: 15561572 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Over-expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) occurs in many types of malignancies and is related to the requirement for lipids for rapid proliferation of the tumors. On the other hand, LDLRs that are unable to bind LDL are found on hepatocytes of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disease that leads to premature atherosclerosis and death. The highly selective binding of LDL to LDLR makes these particles ideal carriers of therapeutic and diagnostic contrast agents into the targeted cells. The objectives of this paper are to examine whether a prototype contrast agent (PTIR267) with dual detection properties is suitable for labeling of LDL particles for in vivo detection of LDLR by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and for in vitro monitoring of cellular localization by confocal fluorescence microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS PTIR267 is a lipophilic GdDTPA derivative conjugated to a fluorescent dye. The conjugated dye molecule makes the probe sufficiently water soluble to allow labeling of LDL by a brief incubation of LDL with PTIR267 dissolved in PBS at 37 degrees C (mole ratio LDL: PTIR267 = 0.09:1). The molar relaxivity of PTIR267 in saline is 26 mM(-1)s(-1). Specific LDLR-mediated uptake of PTIR267-labeled LDL was demonstrated in vitro by confocal fluorescence imaging of B16 melanoma cells using confocal fluorescence imaging. In vivo uptake of PTIR267-labeled LDL by a subcutaneously implanted B16 melanoma in mice leads to 30% decrease in longitudinal relaxation time (T(1)) in the tumor. In vivo uptake of PTIR267-labeled LDL leads to 70% decrease in T(1) in a normal C57BL/6 mouse liver; however, in the liver of LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice with C57BL/6 background, only 12% decrease in T(1) is observed. CONCLUSIONS The dual fluorescence and MR imaging properties of PTIR267, combined with the ease of LDL labeling, suggest that it will be a useful tool for optimization of LDLR-targeted cancer diagnosis or therapy and for monitoring the efficacy of gene therapy of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Chung NS, Wasan KM. Potential role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family as mediators of cellular drug uptake. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:1315-34. [PMID: 15109771 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/20/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We highlight the importance of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family and its pharmaceutical implications in the field of drug delivery. The members of the LDL receptor family are a group of cell surface receptors that transport a number of macromolecules into cells through a process called receptor-mediated endocytosis. This process involves the receptor recognizing a ligand from the extracellular membrane (ECM), internalizing it through clathrin-coated pits and degrading it upon fusion with lysosomes. There are nine members of the receptor family, which include the LDL receptor, low-density lipoprotein-related protein (LRP), megalin, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor, apoER2 and sorLA/LRP11, LRP1b, MEGF7, LRP5/6; the former six having been identified in humans. Each member is expressed in a number of different tissues and has a wide range of different ligands, not specific to the recognition of the LDL particle. Thus, rather than the original hypothesis that the receptor is only a mediator of cholesterol uptake, it may also be involved in a number of other physiological functions, including the progression of certain disease states and, potentially, cellular drug uptake. A number of studies have suggested that the LDL receptors are involved in endocytosis of drugs and drug formulations including aminoglycosides, anionic liposomes and cyclosporine A (CsA). This article reviews the importance of lipoproteins as a drug delivery system and how LDL receptors are relevant to the design and targeting of specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Chung
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall Ave., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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20
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Rensen PC, Sliedregt LA, Ferns M, Kieviet E, van Rossenberg SM, van Leeuwen SH, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EA. Determination of the upper size limit for uptake and processing of ligands by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37577-84. [PMID: 11479285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101786200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) on hepatocytes plays a role in the clearance of desialylated proteins from the serum. Although its sugar preference (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) >> galactose) and the effects of ligand valency (tetraantennary > triantennary >> diantennary >> monoantennary) and sugar spacing (20 A 10 A 4 A) are well documented, the effect of particle size on recognition and uptake of ligands by the receptor is poorly defined. In the present study, we assessed the maximum ligand size that still allows effective processing by the ASGPr of mouse hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. Here too, we synthesized a novel glycolipid, which possesses a highly hydrophobic steroid moiety for stable incorporation into liposomes, and a triantennary GalNAc(3)-terminated cluster glycoside with a high nanomolar affinity (2 nm) for the ASGPr. Incorporation of the glycolipid into small (30 nm) [(3)H]cholesteryl oleate-labeled long circulating liposomes (1-50%, w/w) caused a concentration-dependent increase in particle clearance that was liver-specific (reaching 85 +/- 7% of the injected dose at 30 min after injection) and mediated by the ASGPr on hepatocytes, as shown by competition studies with asialoorosomucoid in vivo. By using glycolipid-laden liposomes of various sizes between 30 and 90 nm, it was demonstrated that particles with a diameter of >70 nm could no longer be recognized and processed by the ASGPr in vivo. This threshold size for effective uptake was not related to the physical barrier raised by the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelium, which shields hepatocytes from the circulation, because similar results were obtained by studying the uptake of liposomes on isolated mouse hepatocytes in vitro. From these data we conclude that in addition to the species, valency, and orientation of sugar residues, size is also an important determinant for effective recognition and processing of substrates by the ASGPr. Therefore, these data have important implications for the design of ASGPr-specific carriers that are aimed at hepatocyte-directed delivery of drugs and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rensen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Rensen PC, de Vrueh RL, Kuiper J, Bijsterbosch MK, Biessen EA, van Berkel TJ. Recombinant lipoproteins: lipoprotein-like lipid particles for drug targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 47:251-76. [PMID: 11311995 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are endogenous particles that transport lipids through the blood to various cell types, where they are recognised and taken up via specific receptors. These particles are, therefore, excellent candidates for the targeted delivery of drugs to various tissues. For example, the remnant receptor and the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr), which are uniquely localised on hepatocytes, recognise chylomicrons and lactosylated high density lipopoteins (HDL), respectively. In addition, tumour cells of various origins overexpress the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that recognises apolipoprotein E (apoE) on small triglyceride-rich particles and apoB-100 on LDL. Being endogenous, lipoproteins are biodegradable, do not trigger immune reactions, and are not recognised by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). However, their endogenous nature also hampers large-scale pharmaceutical application. In the past two decades, various research groups have successfully synthesised recombinant lipoproteins from commercially available natural and synthetic lipids and serum-derived or recombinant apolipoproteins, which closely mimic the metabolic behaviour of their native counterparts in animal models as well as humans. In this paper, we will summarise the studies that led to the development of these recombinant lipoproteins, and we will address the possibility of using these lipidic particles to selectively deliver a wide range of lipophilic, amphiphilic, and polyanionic compounds to hepatocytes and tumour cells. In addition, the intrinsic therapeutic activities of recombinant chylomicrons and HDL in sepsis and atherosclerosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rensen
- Sylvius Laboratories, Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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22
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Masquelier M, Vitols S, Pålsson M, Mårs U, Larsson BS, Peterson CO. Low density lipoprotein as a carrier of cytostatics in cancer chemotherapy: study of stability of drug-carrier complexes in blood. J Drug Target 2000; 8:155-64. [PMID: 10938525 DOI: 10.3109/10611860008996861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several solid tumour and leukemia cell types have a higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake than the corresponding normal cells. We are investigating the possibilities to use LDL as a drug carrier to increase the selectivity of antineoplastic drugs in cancer chemotherapy. We have developed a method to incorporate lipophilic cytotoxic agents without interfering with the in vitro and in vivo properties of LDL. In this study, we examined the stability of some drug-LDL complexes in blood and plasma as this is an important prerequisite to achieve a selective therapy. The in vitro dialysis of N-trifluoroacetyl-adriamycin-14-valerat-LDL (AD-32-LDL) against plasma revealed a slow dissociation of the complex. The same method showed a fast and total leakage of paclitaxel from paclitaxel-LDL into the plasma chamber. The dissociation of paclitaxel was confirmed by an autoradiographic study of the distribution of paclitaxel-LDL in tumour-bearing mice. In patients with leukemia the rapid plasma dissociation of AD-32 from LDL illustrated a much higher in vivo instability of this complex. With this method, cholesteryl-linoleate only could be incorporated into LDL in a stable manner as shown by dialysis and autoradiography results. The incorporation of cytotoxic drug derivatives, containing lipophilic anchors, is now under study in order to obtain LDL complexes with better plasma stability.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Doxorubicin/analogs & derivatives
- Doxorubicin/blood
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Drug Carriers
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia/blood
- Leukemia/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Paclitaxel/blood
- Paclitaxel/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masquelier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, S-171-76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Vyas SP, Sihorkar V. Endogenous carriers and ligands in non-immunogenic site-specific drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 43:101-64. [PMID: 10967224 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery has gained recognition in modern therapeutics and attempts are being made to explore the potentials and possibilities of cell biology related bioevents in the development of specific, programmed and target oriented systems. The components which have been recognized to be tools include receptors and ligands, where the receptors act as molecular targets or portals, and ligands, with receptor specificity and selectivity, are trafficked en route to the target site. Although ligands of exogenous or synthetic origin contribute to the selectivity component of carrier constructs, they may impose immunological manifestations of different magnitudes. The latter may entail a continual quest for bio-compatible, non-immunogenic and target orientated delivery. Endogenous serum, cellular and extracellular bio-ligands interact with the colloidal carrier constructs and influence their bio-fate. However, these endogenous bio-ligands can themselves serve as targeting modules either in their native form or engineered as carrier cargo. Bio-regulatory, nutrient and immune ligands are sensitive, specific and effective site directing handles which add to targeted drug delivery. The present review provides an exhaustive account of the identified bio-ligands, which are not only non-immunogenic in nature but also site-specific. The cell-related bioevents which are instrumental in negotiating the uptake of bio-ligands are discussed. Further, a brief account of ligand-receptor interactions and the set of biological events which ensures ligand-driven trafficking of the ligand-receptor complex to the cellular interior is also presented. Since ligand-receptor interaction is a critical pre-requisite for negotiating cellular uptake of endogenous ligands and anchored carrier cargo, an attempt has been made to identify differential expression of receptors and bio-ligands under normal and etiological conditions. Studies which judiciously utilized bio-ligands or their analogs in negotiating site-specific drug delivery have been reviewed and presented. Targeted delivery of bioactives using endogenous bio-ligands offers enormous options and opportunities through carrier construct engineering and could become a future reality in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, M.P. 470003, Sagar, India.
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Rump ET, de Vrueh RL, Manoharan M, Waarlo IH, van Veghel R, Biessen EA, van Berkel TJ, Bijsterbosch MK. Modification of the plasma clearance and liver uptake of steroid ester-conjugated oligodeoxynucleotides by association with (lactosylated) low-density lipoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1407-16. [PMID: 10751550 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been proposed as carrier for the selective delivery of anticancer drugs to tumor cells. We reported earlier the association of several lipidic steroid-conjugated anticancer oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with LDL. In the present study, we determined the stability of these complexes. When the complexes were incubated with a mixture of high-density lipoprotein and albumin, or with rat plasma, the oleoyl steroid-conjugated ODNs appeared to be more stably associated with LDL than the cholesteryl-conjugated ODN. Intravenously injected free lipid-ODNs were very rapidly cleared from the circulation of rats. The area under the curve (AUC) of the lipid-ODNs in plasma was <0.4 microg x min/mL. After complexation with LDL, plasma clearance of the lipid-ODNs was delayed. This was most evident for ODN-5, the ODN conjugated with the oleoyl ester of lithocholic acid (AUC = 6.82 +/- 1.34 microg x min/mL). The AUC of ODN-4, a cholesteryl-conjugated ODN, was 1.49 +/- 0.37 microg x min/mL. In addition, the liver uptake of the LDL-complexed lipid-ODNs was reduced. The lipid-ODNs were also administered as a complex with lactosylated LDL, a modified LDL particle that is selectively taken up by the liver. A high proportion of ODN-5 was transported to the liver along with lactosylated LDL (69.1 +/- 8.1% of the dose at 15 min after injection), whereas much less ODN-4 was transported (36.6 +/- 0.1% of the dose at 15 min after injection). We conclude that the oleoyl ester of lithocholic acid is a more potent lipid anchor than the other steroid lipid anchors. Because of the stable association, the oleoyl ester of lithocholic acid is an interesting candidate for tumor targeting of anticancer ODNs with lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Rump
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Literature alerts. J Microencapsul 1999; 16:665-79. [PMID: 10499845 DOI: 10.1080/026520499288843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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