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Hong JY, Park SY, Park YL, You GR, Yoon JH, Joo YE, Choi SK, Cho SB. Impact of Prospero Homeobox-1 (PROX-1) οn the Oncogenic Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:295-304. [PMID: 38670585 PMCID: PMC11059600 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Transcriptional factor prospero homeobox-1 (PROX-1) is crucial for the embryonic development of various organs and cell fate specification. It exhibits either an oncogenic or tumor suppressive activity depending on cancer types. However, the relationship between PROX-1 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains obscure. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of PROX-1 on the invasive and oncogenic phenotypes of human HCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of PROX-1 on tumor cell behavior was investigated by using a pcDNA-myc vector and a small interfering RNA in HepG2 and Huh7 human HCC cell lines. Flow cytometry, migration, invasion, proliferation, and tube formation assays were performed. PROX-1 expression in human HCC cells was explored by western blotting. RESULTS PROX-1 overexpression enhanced tumor cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by modulating the activities of caspase-3, PARP, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, including p21, p27, and p57 in HCC cells. After PROX-1 overexpression, the number of migrating and invading HCC cells significantly increased, and the expression levels of N-cadherin and Snail increased in HCC cells. PROX-1 overexpression enhanced angiogenesis through increased VEGF-A and VEGF-C expression and decreased angiostatin expression. PROX-1 overexpression also increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in HCC cells. After PROX-1 knockdown, their phosphorylation was reversed. CONCLUSION PROX-1 overexpression is associated with the invasive and oncogenic phenotypes of human HCC cells via GSK-3β and FOXO1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Ram You
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Ivanov KI, Samuilova OV, Zamyatnin AA. The emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:197. [PMID: 37407839 PMCID: PMC10322780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA sequencing technologies helped uncover what was once uncharted territory in the human genome-the complex and versatile world of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Previously thought of as merely transcriptional "noise", lncRNAs have now emerged as essential regulators of gene expression networks controlling development, homeostasis and disease progression. The regulatory functions of lncRNAs are broad and diverse, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are highly variable, acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to support the important role of lncRNAs in the development and functioning of the lymphatic vasculature and associated pathological processes such as tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of lncRNAs in regulating the key genes and pathways involved in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of lncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets and outline possible strategies for the development of lncRNA-based therapeutics to treat diseases of the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I Ivanov
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Olga V Samuilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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3
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Yuan C, Liao Y, Liao S, Huang M, Li D, Wu W, Quan Y, Li L, Yu X, Si W. Triptolide inhibits the progression of Glioblastoma U251 cells via targeting PROX1. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1077640. [PMID: 36969058 PMCID: PMC10038275 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1077640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal brain cancer in adults, characterized by rapid growth, extensive invasiveness, and poor prognosis, and there is still a lack of effective treatments. Here, we aimed to explore the role of triptolide (TPL), purified from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, on glioblastoma cell growth, apoptosis, proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as potential underlying mechanisms.MethodsThe publicly available clinical data of Brain Lower Grade Glioma (LGG) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) had been screened to observe PROX1 expression. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the relationship between PROX1 expression and GBM prognosis. CCK8, cell cycle, EDU, apoptosis, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed to detect the effects of TPL on glioblastoma U251 cell viability, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, respectively. Further, a soft agar colony assay was used to calculate the growth of glioblastoma cells. The qRT-PCR and western blot were conducted to quantify PROX1 mRNA and protein levels. The transcriptional regulation of TPL was detected by Dual luciferase reporter assay.ResultsWe found that TPL inhibited glioblastoma cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion, but enhanced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of cell cycle inhibitor, P21, and pro-apoptosis factor, Bax was increased, while invasion-related factors MMP2 and MMP9 were silenced after TPL treatments. Mechanistically, TPL showed transcriptional inhibition of PROX1 appearance. Moreover, ectopic expression of PROX1 partially rescued the effects of TPL on glioblastoma cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, and on the expression of cell function-related genes.ConclusionThis study verified that TPL inhibited the progression of glioblastoma cells by transcriptionally depressing the expression of PROX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- Department of Oncology, Zhaoqing First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanli Liao
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengjie Liao
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Mi Huang
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanzhuo Li
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Quan
- Department of Oncology, Zhaoqing First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- Department of Oncology, Zhaoqing First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxia Si, ; ; Xin Yu, ;
| | - Wenxia Si
- Department of Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- Department of Oncology, Zhaoqing First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxia Si, ; ; Xin Yu, ;
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Wang Y, Luo M, Wang F, Tong Y, Li L, Shu Y, Qiao K, Zhang L, Yan G, Liu J, Ji H, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Gao WQ, Liu Y. AMPK induces degradation of the transcriptional repressor PROX1 impairing branched amino acid metabolism and tumourigenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7215. [PMID: 36433955 PMCID: PMC9700865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cell metabolic plasticity is essential for tumour progression and therapeutic responses, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify Prospero-related homeobox 1 (PROX1) as a crucial factor for tumour metabolic plasticity. Notably, PROX1 is reduced by glucose starvation or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and is elevated in liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-deficient tumours. Furthermore, the Ser79 phosphorylation of PROX1 by AMPK enhances the recruitment of CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase to promote PROX1 degradation. Downregulation of PROX1 activates branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) degradation through mediating epigenetic modifications and inhibits mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. Importantly, PROX1 deficiency or Ser79 phosphorylation in liver tumour shows therapeutic resistance to metformin. Clinically, the AMPK-PROX1 axis in human cancers is important for patient clinical outcomes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that deficiency of the LKB1-AMPK axis in cancers reactivates PROX1 to sustain intracellular BCAA pools, resulting in enhanced mTOR signalling, and facilitating tumourigenesis and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjun Luo
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Tong
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Qiao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoquan Yan
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglong Zhang
- grid.412528.80000 0004 1798 5117Central Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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5
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The Role of PROX1 in Neoplasia: A Key Player Often Overlooked. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071624. [PMID: 35885529 PMCID: PMC9320018 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human PROX1 gene (Prospero homeobox gene 1) is a member of the homeobox transcription factor family. PROX1 plays a key role in the development of the lymphatic system and is primarily used as a lymphatic vessel marker. However, as the accumulating evidence indicates that PROX1 is also implicated in the tumorigenesis of various cancer types, the scientific community has attempted to elucidate its complicated function in neoplasia pathogenesis, as well as its utility in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. PROX1 has been shown to participate in the complex molecular mechanisms affecting tumorigenesis and has been associated with a plethora of clinicopathological parameters, including tumor stage and patients’ overall survival. Depending on the specific organ affected, PROX1 has exhibited both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing properties, with its inhibition and reactivation representing possible novel therapeutic interventions, respectively. Moreover, researchers have reported PROX1 as a useful tool in the fields of diagnosis and prognosis assessment. The current study aims to summarize and present the existing data that render PROX1 a novel and useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as a possible therapeutic target.
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Zheng Y, Wang Y, Mai R, Liu L, Zhu Z, Cao Y. Circ_0007534 Silencing Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration and Invasion and Induces the Apoptosis of Glioma Cells Partly Through Down-Regulating PROX1 Via Elevating miR-22-3p Level. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2819-2832. [PMID: 34536179 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is a common malignant brain neoplasm. The role and mechanism of circular RNA 0,007,534 (circ_0007534) in glioma progression were investigated in this study. The expression of circ_0007534, microRNA-22-3p (miR-22-3p) and prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1) messenger RNA (mRNA) was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The proliferation, migration and invasion abilities were analyzed by colony formation assay, transwell migration assay and transwell invasion assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed through measuring the activity of Caspase-3 using the Caspase-3 kit and the apoptosis rate using flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the target interaction between miR-22-3p and circ_0007534 or PROX1. The protein level of PROX1 was examined by Western blot assay. Animal studies were conducted to analyze the influence of circ_0007534 interference on xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Circ_0007534 was highly expressed in glioma tissues and cell lines relative to that in normal tissues and NHA cell line. Circ_0007534 knockdown suppressed the proliferation and motility while induced the apoptosis of glioma cells. Circ_0007534 negatively regulated miR-22-3p level through targeting it in glioma cells. Circ_0007534 interference-induced influences in glioma cells were partly overturned by the silencing of miR-22-3p. PROX1 was a target of miR-22-3p, and circ_0007534 interference-mediated effects in glioma cells were largely diminished by the overexpression of PROX1. Circ_0007534 interference restrained glioma development in vivo. Circ_0007534 aggravated glioma progression through elevating PROX1 expression via targeting miR-22-3p, which provided new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), No. 118, Longjing Second Road, Xin'an Street, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518101, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongkang Mai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), No. 118, Longjing Second Road, Xin'an Street, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), No. 118, Longjing Second Road, Xin'an Street, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Zifeng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), No. 118, Longjing Second Road, Xin'an Street, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), No. 118, Longjing Second Road, Xin'an Street, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518101, China
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Latini F, Fahlström M, Beháňová A, Sintorn IM, Hodik M, Staxäng K, Ryttlefors M. The link between gliomas infiltration and white matter architecture investigated with electron microscopy and diffusion tensor imaging. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102735. [PMID: 34247117 PMCID: PMC8274339 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Possible favorable factors for glioma infiltration were investigated with MRI, TEM and DTI analysis. The infiltration of white matter bundles (WMB) displayed regional differences in three gliomaś subgroups. Regional differences within the same WMB were detected by morphological (TEM) and DTI analysis. HIF regions, common to all gliomas subgroups, displayed a smaller fiber diameter, lower FA and higher RD. Morphological features and diffusion parameters of the VMB may be linked to preferential locations of gliomas.
Diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGG) display different preferential locations in eloquent and secondary associative brain areas. The reason for this tendency is still unknown. We hypothesized that the intrinsic architecture and water diffusion properties of the white matter bundles in these regions may facilitate gliomas infiltration. Magnetic resonance imaging of sixty-seven diffuse low-grade gliomas patients were normalized to/and segmented in MNI space to create three probabilistic infiltration weighted gradient maps according to the molecular status of each tumor group (IDH mutated, IDH wild-type and IDH mutated/1p19q co-deleted). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)- based parameters were derived for five major white matter bundles, displaying regional differences in the grade of infiltration, averaged over 20 healthy individuals acquired from the Human connectome project (HCP) database. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze fiber density, fiber diameter and g-ratio in 100 human white matter regions, sampled from cadaver specimens, reflecting areas with different gliomas infiltration in each white matter bundle. Histological results and DTI-based parameters were compared in anatomical regions of high- and low grade of infiltration (HIF and LIF) respectively. We detected differences in the white matter infiltration of five major white matter bundles in three groups. Astrocytomas IDHm infiltrated left fronto-temporal subcortical areas. Astrocytomas IDHwt were detected in the posterior-temporal and temporo-parietal regions bilaterally. Oligodendrogliomas IDHm/1p19q infiltrated anterior subcortical regions of the frontal lobes bilaterally. Regional differences within the same white matter bundles were detected by both TEM- and DTI analysis linked to different topographical variables. Our multimodal analysis showed that HIF regions, common to all the groups, displayed a smaller fiber diameter, lower FA and higher RD compared with LIF regions. Our results suggest that the both morphological features and diffusion parameters of the white matter may be different in regions linked to the preferential location of DLGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Latini
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Markus Fahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Beháňová
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida-Maria Sintorn
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hodik
- Immunology, Genetics and Pathology - Biovis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Staxäng
- Immunology, Genetics and Pathology - Biovis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Ryttlefors
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lasica AB, Jaunmuktane Z, Fersht N, Kirkman MA, Dixon L, Hoskote C, Brandner S, Samandouras G. Genomic Prognosticators and Extent of Resection in Molecularly Subtyped World Health Organization Grade II and III Gliomas-A Single-Institution, Nine-Year Data. World Neurosurg 2021; 151:e217-e233. [PMID: 33866029 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and III isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type (IDH-wt) gliomas are often treated as WHO grade IV glioblastomas. However, cumulative evidence indicates that IDH mutation status alone is insufficient in predicting survival. The current study examines molecular and clinical markers to further prognostically stratify WHO grade II and III gliomas, in particular, IDH-wt. METHODS A single institution's records were retrospectively reviewed for molecularly stratified WHO grade II and grade III gliomas over a 9-year period (2010-2019). Clinical data, IDH1/IDH2 status, EGFR amplification, and other molecular markers were recorded and correlated to the study outcomes. These outcomes were defined as progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and time to malignant progression (TtMP). RESULTS A total of 167 and 42 WHO grade II and III gliomas, respectively, were identified, totaling 209 cases with 157 IDH1/2 mutated and 52 IDH-wt tumors. The presence of IDH1/2 mutation was associated with longer OS (P < 0.0001) and PFS (P < 0.0001) but not with TtMP (P = 0.314). Lack of EGFR amplification, younger age, and greater extent of resection (EOR) (≥80%) were identified as independent, favorable OS prognostic factors. In the IDH-wt cohort, multivariate analysis indicated that older age (P = 0.003) and lesser EOR (<80%) (P = 0.007) are associated with worse OS. In addition, EGFR amplification showed a trend toward shorter OS in the IDH-wt cohort (P = 0.073). CONCLUSIONS IDH1/2 mutation favors longer OS and PFS but does not protect from malignant progression. Lack of EGFR amplification, younger age and greater EOR are favorable OS prognosticators. In the IDH-wt cohort, older age and lesser EOR were linked to worse OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra B Lasica
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Fersht
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Kirkman
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Dixon
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chandrashekar Hoskote
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Samandouras
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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The Impact of Transcription Factor Prospero Homeobox 1 on the Regulation of Thyroid Cancer Malignancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093220. [PMID: 32370142 PMCID: PMC7247360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) is continuously expressed in the lymphatic endothelial cells, playing an essential role in their differentiation. Many reports have shown that PROX1 is implicated in cancer development and acts as an oncoprotein or suppressor in a tissue-dependent manner. Additionally, the PROX1 expression in many types of tumors has prognostic significance and is associated with patient outcomes. In our previous experimental studies, we showed that PROX1 is present in the thyroid cancer (THC) cells of different origins and has a high impact on follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) phenotypes, regulating migration, invasion, focal adhesion, cytoskeleton reorganization, and angiogenesis. Herein, we discuss the PROX1 transcript and protein structures, the expression pattern of PROX1 in THC specimens, and its epigenetic regulation. Next, we emphasize the biological processes and genes regulated by PROX1 in CGTH-W-1 cells, derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Finally, we discuss the interaction of PROX1 with other lymphatic factors. In our review, we aimed to highlight the importance of vascular molecules in cancer development and provide an update on the functionality of PROX1 in THC biology regulation.
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Meng FW, Liu FS, Liu WH, Li L, Jie LL. Formation of new lymphatic vessels in glioma: An immunohistochemical analysis. Neuropathology 2020; 40:215-223. [PMID: 31960509 PMCID: PMC7317190 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the distribution and formation of new lymphatic vessels in gliomas. Specimens from seven glioma cases were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for CD34, lymphatic endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1 (LYVE‐1), prospero‐related homeobox 1 (Prox1), nestin, and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α). Three types of vessels were observed in glioma specimens: LYVE‐1+ lymphatic vessels, CD34+ blood vessels, and LYVE‐1+/CD34+ blood vessels. Prox1+/LYVE‐1+ cells were distributed in some lymphatic vessels as well as among vascular endothelial cells and glioma cells. Nestin+ cells were scattered throughout the gliomas, and some lymphatic cells also expressed nestin. HIF‐1α+ Prox1+ cells were widely distributed within the glioma specimens. The present immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulation of Prox1 and HIF‐1α in some glioma tissues as well as the differentiation of nestin+ tumor stem cells into LYVE‐1+ lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Wei Meng
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | - Lin-Lin Jie
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
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11
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Transcription Factor Prospero Homeobox 1 (PROX1) as a Potential Angiogenic Regulator of Follicular Thyroid Cancer Dissemination. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225619. [PMID: 31717665 PMCID: PMC6888435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) is a crucial regulator of lymphangiogenesis, that reprograms blood endothelial cells to lymphatic phenotype. However, the role of PROX1 in tumor progression, especially in angiogenesis remains controversial. Herein, we studied the role of PROX1 in angiogenesis in cell lines derived from follicular thyroid cancer (FTC: FTC-133) and squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland (SCT: CGTH-W-1) upon PROX1 knockdown. The genes involved in angiogenesis were selected by RNA-seq, and the impact of PROX1 on vascularization potential was investigated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in conditioned medium collected from FTC- or SCT-derived cancer cell lines after PROX1 silencing. The angiogenic phenotype was examined in connection with the analysis of focal adhesion and correlated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) levels. Additionally, the expression of selected genes involved in angiogenesis was detected in human FTC tissues. As a result, we demonstrated that PROX1 knockdown resulted in upregulation of factors associated with vascularization, such as metalloproteinases (MMP1 and 3), FGF2, vascular endothelial growth factors C (VEGFC), BAI1 associated protein 2 (BAIAP2), nudix hydrolase 6 (NUDT6), angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR). The observed molecular changes resulted in the enhanced formation of capillary-like structures by HUVECs and upregulated focal adhesion in FTC-133 and CGTH-W-1 cells. The signature of selected angiogenic genes' expression in a series of FTC specimens varied depending on the case. Interestingly, PROX1 and FGF2 showed opposing expression levels in FTC tissues and seven thyroid tumor-derived cell lines. In summary, our data revealed that PROX1 is involved in the spreading of thyroid cancer cells by regulation of angiogenesis.
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12
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Zhang L, He L, Lugano R, Roodakker K, Bergqvist M, Smits A, Dimberg A. IDH mutation status is associated with distinct vascular gene expression signatures in lower-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1505-1516. [PMID: 29846705 PMCID: PMC6176806 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular gene expression patterns in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs; diffuse World Health Organization [WHO] grades II–III gliomas) have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize LGG vessels and determine if tumor isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status affects vascular phenotype. Methods Gene expression was analyzed using an in-house dataset derived from microdissected vessels and total tumor samples from human glioma in combination with expression data from 289 LGG samples available in the database of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Vascular protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in human brain tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs) representing WHO grades II–IV gliomas and nonmalignant brain samples. Regulation of gene expression was examined in primary endothelial cells in vitro. Results Gene expression analysis of WHO grade II glioma indicated an intermediate stage of vascular abnormality, less severe than that of glioblastoma vessels but distinct from normal vessels. Enhanced expression of laminin subunit alpha 4 (LAMA4) and angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) in WHO grade II glioma was confirmed by staining of human TMAs. IDH wild-type LGGs displayed a specific angiogenic gene expression signature, including upregulation of ANGPT2 and serpin family H (SERPINH1), connected to enhanced endothelial cell migration and matrix remodeling. Transcription factor analysis indicated increased transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and hypoxia signaling in IDH wild-type LGGs. A subset of genes specifically induced in IDH wild-type LGG vessels was upregulated by stimulation of endothelial cells with TGFβ2, vascular endothelial growth factor, or cobalt chloride in vitro. Conclusion IDH wild-type LGG vessels are molecularly distinct from the vasculature of IDH-mutated LGGs. TGFβ and hypoxia-related signaling pathways may be potential targets for anti-angiogenic therapy of IDH wild-type LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Roberta Lugano
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenney Roodakker
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Bergqvist
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Gävle Hospital, Gävle, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences and Oncology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Rudzińska M, Grzanka M, Stachurska A, Mikula M, Paczkowska K, Stępień T, Paziewska A, Ostrowski J, Czarnocka B. Molecular Signature of Prospero Homeobox 1 (PROX1) in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092212. [PMID: 31060342 PMCID: PMC6539481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) transcription factor is a product of one of the lymphangiogenesis master genes. It has also been suggested to play a role in carcinogenesis, although its precise role in tumour development and metastasis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to gain more knowledge on the PROX1 function in thyroid tumorigenesis. Follicular thyroid cancer-derived cells—CGTH-W-1—were transfected with PROX1-siRNA (small interfering RNA) and their proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and motility were then analysed. The transcriptional signature of PROX1 depletion was determined using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the expression of relevant genes was further validated using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot and immunocytochemistry. PROX1 depletion resulted in a decreased cell motility, with both migratory and invasive potential being significantly reduced. The cell morphology was also affected, while the other studied cancer-related cell characteristics were not significantly altered. RNA-seq analysis revealed significant changes in the expression of transcripts encoding genes involved in both motility and cytoskeleton organization. Our transcriptional analysis of PROX1-depleted follicular thyroid carcinoma cells followed by functional and phenotypical analyses provide, for the first time, evidence that PROX1 plays an important role in the metastasis of thyroid cancer cells by regulating genes involved in focal adhesion and cytoskeleton organization in tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rudzińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Grzanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Stachurska
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Paczkowska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stępień
- Clinic of Endocrinological and General Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Czarnocka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Shen W, Li Y, Cao L, Cai X, Ge Y, Zhu W. Decreased Expression of Prox1 Is Associated With Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:1210-1218. [PMID: 29947772 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prox1 is a transcription factor necessary for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between the expression of Prox1 and postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease [CD]. METHODS Forty CD patients who underwent ileo-colonic resection were included. Expression levels of Prox1 and D2-40 were detected using immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of Prox1, VEGFR3, and VEGFC protein were also detected in fresh CD specimens using western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction [Q-PCR]. Endoscopic recurrence was used as the endpoint. Patients comprised two groups: endoscopic recurrence [Group R+] and no endoscopic recurrence [Group R-]. RESULTS Prox1 protein expression was significantly higher in CD than in normal tissues [p <0.05], as detected using both immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Analysis of inter-relationships revealed significant correlation between Prox1 expression and lymphatic vessel density [p <0.001, r = 0.823]. There was also significant correlation between Prox1 expression and the visceral fat area [VFA] [p = 0.002, r = -0.469]. The Group R- patients had significantly higher Prox1 expression than the Group R+ patients [21.08 ± 1.61 versus 15.64 ± 1.17, p = 0.011]. Also, the lymphatic vessel density value was lower in Group R+ than in Group R- patients [6.02 ± 0.39 versus 8.13 ± 0.59, p = 0.004]. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the VFA between Group R- and Group R+ patients [64.43 ± 7.76 versus 90.44 ± 6.11, p = 0.016]. In addition to Prox1, VEGFC/VEGFR3 was found to increase, which was further confirmed using Q-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Prox1 expression could be useful as a protective factor against recurrence in CD patients. The therapeutic role of Prox1 may lead to improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingchen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Goudarzi KM, Espinoza JA, Guo M, Bartek J, Nistér M, Lindström MS, Hägerstrand D. Reduced Expression of PROX1 Transitions Glioblastoma Cells into a Mesenchymal Gene Expression Subtype. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5901-5916. [PMID: 30135192 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor PROX1 has been linked to several cancer types, including gliomas, but its functions remain to be further elucidated. Here we describe a functional role and the prognostic value of PROX1 in glioblastoma. Low expression of PROX1 correlated with poor overall survival and the mesenchymal glioblastoma subtype signature. The latter finding was recapitulated in vitro, where suppression or overexpression of PROX1 in glioma cell cultures transitioned cells to a mesenchymal or to a nonmesenchymal glioblastoma gene expression signature, respectively. PROX1 modulation affected proliferation rates that coincided with changes in protein levels of CCNA1 and CCNE1 as well as the cyclin inhibitors CDKN1A, CDKN1B, and CDKN1C. Overexpression of SOX2 increased PROX1 expression, but treatment with a CDK2 inhibitor subsequently decreased PROX1 expression, which was paralleled by decreased SOX2 levels. The THRAP3 protein was a novel binding partner for PROX1, and suppression of THRAP3 increased both transcript and protein levels of PROX1. Together, these findings highlight the prognostic value of PROX1 and its role as a regulator of glioblastoma gene expression subtypes, intratumoral heterogeneity, proliferation, and cell-cycle control.Significance: These findings demonstrate the role and prognostic value of PROX1 in glioblastomas; low PROX1 levels correlate with a mesenchymal gene expression subtype and shorter survival in glioblastoma tumors. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5901-16. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh M Goudarzi
- SciLifeLab, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- SciLifeLab, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Min Guo
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- SciLifeLab, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monica Nistér
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Lindström
- SciLifeLab, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hägerstrand
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Abstract
The transcription factor PROX1 is essential for development and cell fate specification. Its function in cancer is context-dependent since PROX1 has been shown to play both oncogenic and tumour suppressive roles. Here, we show that PROX1 suppresses the transcription of MMP14, a metalloprotease involved in angiogenesis and cancer invasion, by binding and suppressing the activity of MMP14 promoter. Prox1 deletion in murine dermal lymphatic vessels in vivo and in human LECs increased MMP14 expression. In a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line expressing high endogenous levels of PROX1, its silencing increased both MMP14 expression and MMP14-dependent invasion in 3D. Moreover, PROX1 ectopic expression reduced the MMP14-dependent 3D invasiveness of breast cancer cells and angiogenic sprouting of blood endothelial cells in conjunction with MMP14 suppression. Our study uncovers a new transcriptional regulatory mechanism of cancer cell invasion and endothelial cell specification.
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17
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Roy A, Attarha S, Weishaupt H, Edqvist PH, Swartling FJ, Bergqvist M, Siebzehnrubl FA, Smits A, Pontén F, Tchougounova E. Serglycin as a potential biomarker for glioma: association of serglycin expression, extent of mast cell recruitment and glioblastoma progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24815-24827. [PMID: 28445977 PMCID: PMC5421891 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serglycin is an intracellular proteoglycan with a unique ability to adopt highly divergent structures by glycosylation with variable types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) when expressed by different cell types. Serglycin is overexpressed in aggressive cancers suggesting its protumorigenic role. In this study, we explored the expression of serglycin in human glioma and its correlation with survival and immune cell infiltration. We demonstrate that serglycin is expressed in glioma and that increased expression predicts poor survival of patients. Analysis of serglycin expression in a large cohort of low- and high-grade human glioma samples reveals that its expression is grade dependent and is positively correlated with mast cell (MC) infiltration. Moreover, serglycin expression in patient-derived glioma cells is significantly increased upon MC co-culture. This is also accompanied by increased expression of CXCL12, CXCL10, as well as markers of cancer progression, including CD44, ZEB1 and vimentin.In conclusion, these findings indicate the importance of infiltrating MCs in glioma by modulating signaling cascades involving serglycin, CD44 and ZEB1. The present investigation reveals serglycin as a potential prognostic marker for glioma and demonstrates an association with the extent of MC recruitment and glioma progression, uncovering potential future therapeutic opportunities for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanaz Attarha
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Florian A Siebzehnrubl
- Cardiff University School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Smits
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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PROX1 is a novel pathway-specific prognostic biomarker for high-grade astrocytomas; results from independent glioblastoma cohorts stratified by age and IDH mutation status. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72431-72442. [PMID: 27626492 PMCID: PMC5341919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PROX1 is a transcription factor with an essential role in embryonic development and determination of cell fate. In addition, PROX1 has been ascribed suppressive as well as oncogenic roles in several human cancers, including brain tumors. In this study we explored the correlation between PROX1 expression and patient survival in high-grade astrocytomas. For this purpose, we analyzed protein expression in tissue microarrays of tumor samples stratified by patient age and IDH mutation status. We initially screened 86 unselected high-grade astrocytomas, followed by 174 IDH1-R132H1 immunonegative glioblastomas derived from patients aged 60 years and older enrolled in the Nordic phase III trial of elderly patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Representing the younger population of glioblastomas, we studied 80 IDH-wildtype glioblastomas from patients aged 18-60 years. There was no correlation between PROX1 protein and survival for patients with primary glioblastomas included in these cohorts. In contrast, high expression of PROX1 protein predicted shorter survival in the group of patients with IDH-mutant anaplastic astrocytomas and secondary glioblastomas. The prognostic impact of PROX1 in IDH-mutant 1p19q non-codeleted high-grade astrocytomas, as well as the negative findings in primary glioblastomas, was corroborated by gene expression data extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas. We conclude that PROX1 is a new prognostic biomarker for 1p19q non-codeleted high-grade astrocytomas that have progressed from pre-existing low-grade tumors and harbor IDH mutations.
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Gao T, Ma C, Li Y, Ju J, Kang X, Cai Y, Sun M. High Expression of Prospero-Related Homeobox-1 (PROX1) Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76:1440-1446. [PMID: 29406257 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prospero-related homeobox-1 (PROX1) plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of many human cancers. However, the expression pattern of PROX1 in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate PROX1 expression and its prognostic value in SACC. MATERIALS AND METHODS PROX1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in SACC tissue specimens. Correlations between PROX1 expression and clinicopathologic features were investigated. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the correlation between PROX1 expression and survival. Independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS The IHC data showed that the PROX1 positivity rate in SACC tissue specimens was significantly higher than that in normal salivary gland tissues (71.1 vs 13.3%; P < .05). PROX1 expression was detected mainly in the nucleolus. In addition, PROX1 expression was correlated with perineural invasion, local regional recurrence, and distant metastasis of patients with SACC (P < .05), and no significant association was found between PROX1 expression and other clinicopathologic parameters. Data indicated that patients with positive PROX1 expression had poor OS compared with those with negative PROX1 expression (P = .0005). Multivariate analysis showed that PROX1 expression, local regional recurrence, and distant metastasis were independent prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed that PROX1 expression was statistically higher in SACC specimens. Positive expression of PROX1 might serve as a potential predictor of prognosis in SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Attending Physician, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Hospital of Yulin, Stomatological Hospital of Yulin, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Resident, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Li
- Resident, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Ju
- Resident, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Xi'an; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kang
- Resident, Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Yulin, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanlin Cai
- Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Yulin, Shaanxi, China
| | - Moyi Sun
- Professor, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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20
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Zetterling M, Berhane L, Alafuzoff I, Jakola AS, Smits A. Prognostic markers for survival in patients with oligodendroglial tumors; a single-institution review of 214 cases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188419. [PMID: 29186201 PMCID: PMC5706698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the 2016 WHO classification, the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma has been restricted to IDH mutated, 1p19q codeleted tumors (IDHmut-codel). IDHmut oligoastrocytoma is now classified either as oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma based on presence of 1p19q codeletion. There is growing evidence that this molecular classification more closely reflects patient outcome. Due to the strong association between IDHmut-codel with oligodendroglial morphology, the additional impact of these markers on prognostic accuracy is largely unknown. Our aim was to assess the prognostic impact of IDHmut-codel in an unselected cohort of morphologically classified oligodendroglial tumors. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of oligodendroglial tumors (WHO grade II and III) operated since 1983. A total of 214 tumors were included, and molecular information was available for 96 tumors. The prognostic impact of IDHmut-codel together with clinical parameters was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression. Results IDHmut-codel was registered in 64 tumors while for 150 tumors the molecular profile was negative for IDHmut-codel, unknown or incomplete. Comparison between the two groups showed that patients with IDHmut-codel tumors were younger (42 vs. 48 years), had more frequent frontal tumor location (48 vs. 33%) and presented more often with seizures (72 vs. 51%) and no signs of neurological impairment (14 vs. 30%) than patients harboring tumors with unknown or incomplete molecular profile. Multivariate survival analysis identified young age (HR 1.78 ≥ 40 years), the absence of neurological deficits or personality changes (HR 0.57), frontal tumor location (HR 0.64) and the presence of IDHmut-codel (HR 0.50) as independent predictors for longer survival, whereas tumor grade was not. Conclusion In this unselected single-institution cohort, the presence of IDHmut-codel was associated with more beneficial clinical parameters and was identified as an independent prognostic factor. We conclude that the classical oligodendroglioma genotype provides additional prognostic data beyond clinical characteristics, morphology and tumor grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zetterling
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Luwam Berhane
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asgeir S. Jakola
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anja Smits
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Park KJ, Cho SB, Park YL, Kim N, Park SY, Myung DS, Lee WS, Kweon SS, Joo YE. Prospero homeobox 1 mediates the progression of gastric cancer by inducing tumor cell proliferation and lymphangiogenesis. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20:104-115. [PMID: 26759228 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) functions as a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene in various cancer types. However, the distinct function of PROX1 in gastric cancer is unclear. We determined whether PROX1 affected the oncogenic behavior of gastric cancer cells and investigated its prognostic value in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS A small interfering RNA against PROX1 was used to silence PROX1 expression in gastric cancer cell lines AGS and SNU638. Expression of PROX1 in gastric cancer tissues was investigated by performing immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis were determined by performing the TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67, CD34, and D2-40. RESULTS PROX1 knockdown induced apoptosis by activating cleaved caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and by decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. PROX1 knockdown also suppressed tumor cell proliferation. In addition, PROX1 knockdown decreased lymphatic endothelial cell invasion and tube formation and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and -D and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. However, PROX1 knockdown only decreased umbilical vein endothelial cell invasion, not tube formation. The mean Ki-67 labeling index and lymphatic vessel density value of PROX1-positive tumors were significantly higher than those of PROX1-negative tumors. However, no significant difference was observed between PROX1 expression and apoptotic index or microvessel density. PROX1 expression was significantly associated with age, cell differentiation, lymph node metastasis, cancer stage, and poor survival. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PROX1 mediates the progression of gastric cancer by inducing tumor cell proliferation and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea.
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22
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PROX1 promotes human glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion via activation of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:963-968. [PMID: 28035380 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1) is highly expressed in high-grade malignant astrocytic gliomas. However, the role of PROX1 in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains unclear. The present study overexpressed PROX1 in human GBM cell lines and examined its effects on cell growth, tumorigenesis, and invasiveness. In addition, the involvement of the nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling pathway in the action of PROX1 was examined. It was identified that overexpression of PROX1 significantly increased the proliferation and colony formation of glioblastoma cells, compared with empty vector‑transfected controls. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PROX1 promoted the growth of GBM xenograft tumors. Western blot analysis revealed that PROX1 overexpression induced nuclear accumulation of NF‑κB p65 and upregulated the expression levels of the NF‑κB responsive genes cyclin D1 and matrix metallopeptidase 9. An NF‑κB reporter assay demonstrated that PROX1‑overexpressing glioblastoma cells had significantly greater NF‑κB‑dependent reporter activities compared with empty vector‑transfected controls. Transfection of a dominant inhibitor of κBα mutant into PROX1‑overexpressing cells significantly impaired their proliferation and invasion capacities, which was accompanied by reduced levels of nuclear NF‑κB p65. Collectively, these data indicated that PROX1 serves an oncogenic role in GBM and promotes cell proliferation and invasiveness potentially via activation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Therefore, PROX1 may represent a potential target for the treatment of GBM.
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Abstract
Background IDH (Isocitrate dehydrogenase) mutations occur frequently in gliomas, but their prognostic impact has not been fully assessed. We performed a meta-analysis of the association between IDH mutations and survival in gliomas. Methods Pubmed and EMBASE databases were searched for studies reporting IDH mutations (IHD1/2 and IDH1) and survival in gliomas. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS); the secondary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effect modeling. Funnel plot and Egger's test were conducted to examine the risk of publication bias. Results Fifty-five studies (9487 patients) were included in the analysis. Fifty-four and twenty-seven studies investigated the association between IDH1/2 mutations and OS/PFS respectively in patients with glioma. The results showed that patients possessing an IDH1/2 mutation had significant advantages in OS (HR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.34–0.45; P < 0.001) and PFS (HR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.35–0.51; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed a consistent result with pooled analysis, and patients with glioma of WHO grade III or II-III had better outcomes. Conclusions These findings provide further indication that patients with glioma harboring IDH mutations have improved OS and PFS, especially for patients with WHO grade III and grade II-III.
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Park YL, Myung E, Park SY, Kim N, Oak CY, Myung DS, Cho SB, Lee WS, Kweon SS, Kim HS, Joo YE. Impact of prospero homeobox-1 on tumor cell behavior and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:3286-3300. [PMID: 26807311 PMCID: PMC4697677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) is up-regulated in colorectal cancer and plays an oncogenic role. In the present study, we sought to investigate the impact of PROX1 on oncogenic processes and to assess the prognostic value of PROX1 expression in colorectal cancer. A small interfering RNA or pcDNA6-myc vector was used to control PROX1 gene expression in colorectal cancer DLD1 and SW480 cell lines. The expression of PROX1 in colorectal cancer tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and tumor cell proliferation were assessed by analyzing the expression of respective markers of these phenomena, CD34, D2-40, and Ki-67 after immunohistochemical staining. PROX1 knockdown decreased both umbilical vein endothelial cell invasion and tube formation, down-regulated the expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1α, and up-regulated the expression of angiostatin. Lymphatic endothelial cell invasion and tube formation as well as the expression of VEGF-C were also suppressed by PROX1 knockdown. PROX1 knockdown suppressed tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In contrast, PROX1 overexpression enhanced tumor cell angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Levels of phosphorylated Akt, GSK3β, and MAPK were decreased by PROX1 knockdown and increased by PROX1 overexpression. PROX1 expression positively correlated with tumor size, extent of differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, stage, and poor survival. The mean microvessel density and Ki-67 labeling index values of PROX1-positive tumors were significantly higher than those of PROX1-negative tumors. However, there was no significant correlation between PROX1 expression and lymphatic vessel density. These results indicate that PROX1 influences tumor progression in colorectal cancer by regulating angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Young Oak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
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PROX1 is involved in progression of rectal neuroendocrine tumors, NETs. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:279-84. [PMID: 26063416 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PROX1 is a homeobox transcription factor involved in the development of the lens, liver and heart and found upregulated in colorectal cancers. We studied PROX1 expression by immunohistochemistry in rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Approximately 10 to 15 % of gastroenteropancreatic NETs occur in the rectum, and some may metastasize. Yet little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of rectal NETs or their metastasis propensity. The objectives were to find out whether PROX1 plays a role in progression of rectal NETs and whether it has value as prognostic marker. In grading of rectal NETs, we applied the WHO 2010 classification. We carried out immunohistochemical staining of PROX1 on 72 primary tumors and six metastases and evaluated nuclear positivity in each tumor. Correlation between PROX1 expression, metastasis and patient survival was then assessed. Annexin A1, a downstream target of PROX1, was immunohistochemically assessed in 18 tumors. PROX1 protein was detected in about half of the tumors, with stronger expression in metastasized cases. PROX1 expression correlated with tumor metastasis and patient prognosis. Annexin A1 was negative in most of the high-grade tumors correlating strongly with grade and metastatic potential. Our results indicate that immunohistochemical detection of PROX1 correlates with a more malignant phenotype in rectal NETs. High PROX1 expression was associated with increased metastatic potential and poor patient survival but not as strongly as grade by the WHO 2010 classification. PROX1 may be involved in progression of rectal NETs as a part of the Wnt pathway.
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Rodrigues MFSD, de Oliveira Rodini C, de Aquino Xavier FC, Paiva KB, Severino P, Moyses RA, López RM, DeCicco R, Rocha LA, Carvalho MB, Tajara EH, Nunes FD. PROX1 gene is differentially expressed in oral cancer and reduces cellular proliferation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e192. [PMID: 25526434 PMCID: PMC4603077 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes are a family of transcription factors that play a pivotal role in embryogenesis. Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene in various types of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We have previously identified PROX1 as a downregulated gene in OSCC. The aim of this study is to clarify the underlying mechanism by which PROX1 regulates tumorigenicity of OSCC cells. PROX1 mRNA and protein expression levels were first investigated in 40 samples of OSCC and in nontumor margins. Methylation and amplification analysis was also performed to assess the epigenetic and genetic mechanisms involved in controlling PROX1 expression. OSCC cell line SCC9 was also transfected to stably express the PROX1 gene. Next, SCC9-PROX1-overexpressing cells and controls were subjected to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion assays in vitro. OSCC samples showed reduced PROX1 expression levels compared with nontumor margins. PROX1 amplification was associated with better overall survival. PROX1 overexpression reduces cell proliferation and downregulates cyclin D1. PROX1-overexpressing cells also exhibited reduced CK18 and CK19 expression and transcriptionally altered the expression of WISP3, GATA3, NOTCH1, and E2F1. Our results suggest that PROX1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F S D Rodrigues
- From the Department of Estomatology (MFSDR, LAR, FDN), School of Dentistry; Department of Biochemistry (KBP), Chemistry Institute; Department of Head and Neck Surgery (RAM), School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology (RML), Public Health; Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EHT), Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo; Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute (PS), Albert Einstein Israelita Hospital, Center for Experimental Research; Department of Head and Neck Surgery (RDC), Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho Cancer Institute; Department of Head and Neck Surgery (MBC), Heliopolis Hospital Complex, São Paulo; Department of Estomatology (FCdAX), School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador; Department of Histology (CdOR), School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru; and Department of Molecular Biology (EHT), School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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Nikas JB. A mathematical model for short-term vs. long-term survival in patients with glioma. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:862-873. [PMID: 25520874 PMCID: PMC4266718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, the most common primary brain tumors in adults, constitute clinically, histologically, and molecularly a most heterogeneous type of cancer. Owing to this, accurate clinical prognosis for short-term vs. long-term survival for patients with grade II or III glioma is currently nonexistent. A rigorous, multi-method bioinformatic approach was used to identify the top most differentially expressed genes as captured by mRNA sequencing of tumor tissue. Mathematical modeling was employed to develop the model, and three different and independent methods of validation were used to assess its performance. I present here a mathematical model that can identify with a high accuracy (sensitivity=92.9%, specificity=96.0%) those patients with glioma (grade II or III) who will experience short-term survival (≤ 1 year), as well as those with long-term survival (≥ 3 years), at the time of diagnosis and prior to surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. The 5 gene input variables to the model are: FAM120AOS, PDLIM4, OCIAD2, PCDH15, and MXI1. MXI1, a transcriptional repressor, represents the top biomarker of survival and the most promising target for the development of a pharmacological treatment.
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28
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Lv T, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu L, Zhu Y, Yin H, An H, Lin Z, Xie Y, Chen L. Impact of an altered PROX1 expression on clinicopathology, prognosis and progression in renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95996. [PMID: 24797520 PMCID: PMC4010401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PROX1 (prospero homeobox 1) has a critical role in the development of various organs, and has been implicated in both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions in human cancers. However, the role of PROX1 in the development of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has not yet been studied. Here, we reported that PROX1 expression was decreased in human RCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. In RCC tissues, however, poorly differentiated RCC expressed higher PROX1 levels compared with well-differentiated RCC. In addition, the PROX1 immunostaining levels were positively correlated with tumor nuclear grade and lymph node metastasis. Further, high PROX1 expression indicated poor survival for patients. These findings imply that in the different developmental stages of RCC, PROX1 may exert distinct functions according to the specific microenvironment of tumor. Moreover, in vitro experiments revealed that PROX1 overexpression enhanced the proliferation and migration of RCC cells; conversely, PROX1 depletion by siRNA attenuated the proliferation and migration of RCC cells. Collectively, these observations suggest that PROX1 plays an important role in RCC development and progression, and PROX1 may be a novel target for prevention and treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hankun Yin
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin An
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongming Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (YX); (LC)
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (YX); (LC)
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Children Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (YX); (LC)
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Sasahira T, Ueda N, Yamamoto K, Kurihara M, Matsushima S, Bhawal UK, Kirita T, Kuniyasu H. Prox1 and FOXC2 act as regulators of lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92534. [PMID: 24647631 PMCID: PMC3960274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) and forkhead box (FOX) C2 regulate angiogenesis and/or lymphangiogenesis. However, the detailed role and function of Prox1 and FOXC2 in cancer remains controversial. In the present study, we examined the expression of Prox1 and FOXC2 proteins in specimens from 163 cases with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Furthermore, the role of Prox1 and FOXC2 in cancer cell growth and invasion was evaluated in cultured OSCC cells. Prox1 expression was significantly associated with local progression of the tumor (P = 0.0023), clinical stage (P<0.0001), lymphovessel density (LVD) (P<0.0001), nodal metastasis (P<0.0001), and worse prognosis (P<0.0001). Immunoreactivity of FOXC2 was strongly correlated with microvessel density (MVD) (P<0.0001) and poor prognosis (P = 0.0076). In vitro analysis demonstrated that Prox1 regulates cell growth, proliferation, invasion, and lymphangiogenesis by activating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C expression. Furthermore, FOXC2 enhanced the expression level of Prox1 and promoted angiogenesis by enhancement of VEGF-A expression. Our results suggested that Prox1 and FOXC2 play key roles in OSCC progression and that further studies focusing on these proteins may yield useful insights for diagnosis and therapy of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sasahira
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ueda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Miyako Kurihara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Sayako Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Ujjal K. Bhawal
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Põlajeva J, Bergström T, Edqvist PH, Lundequist A, Sjösten A, Nilsson G, Smits A, Bergqvist M, Pontén F, Westermark B, Pejler G, Forsberg Nilsson K, Tchougounova E. Glioma-derived macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes mast cell recruitment in a STAT5-dependent manner. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:50-8. [PMID: 24091309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, glioma research has increased its focus on the diverse types of cells present in brain tumors. We observed previously that gliomas are associated with a profound accumulation of mast cells (MCs) and here we investigate the underlying mechanism. Gliomas express a plethora of chemoattractants. First, we demonstrated pronounced migration of human MCs toward conditioned medium from cultures of glioma cell lines. Subsequent cytokine array analyses of media from cells, cultured in either serum-containing or -free conditions, revealed a number of candidates which were secreted in high amounts in both cell lines. Among these, we then focused on macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which has been reported to be pro-inflammatory and -tumorigenic. Infiltration of MCs was attenuated by antibodies that neutralized MIF. Moreover, a positive correlation between the number of MCs and the level of MIF in a large cohort of human glioma tissue samples was observed. Further, both glioma-conditioned media and purified MIF promoted differential phosphorylation of a number of signaling molecules, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), in MCs. Inhibition of pSTAT5 signaling significantly attenuated the migration of MCs toward glioma cell-conditioned medium shown to contain MIF. In addition, analysis of tissue microarrays (TMAs) of high-grade gliomas revealed a direct correlation between the level of pSTAT5 in MCs and the level of MIF in the medium. In conclusion, these findings indicate the important influence of signaling cascades involving MIF and STAT5 on the recruitment of MCs to gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Põlajeva
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tobias Bergström
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Lundequist
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Box 575, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Sjösten
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anja Smits
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michael Bergqvist
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bengt Westermark
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Box 575, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Forsberg Nilsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Elsir T, Edqvist PH, Carlson J, Ribom D, Bergqvist M, Ekman S, Popova SN, Alafuzoff I, Ponten F, Nistér M, Smits A. A study of embryonic stem cell-related proteins in human astrocytomas: identification of Nanog as a predictor of survival. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1123-31. [PMID: 24037901 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the regulatory networks controlling the functions of stem cells during development may be abnormally active in human cancers. An embryonic stem cell (ESC) gene signature was found to correlate with a more undifferentiated phenotype of several human cancer types including gliomas, and associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. In the present study, we used tissue microarrays of 80 low-grade (WHO Grade II) and 98 high-grade human gliomas (WHO Grades III and IV) to investigate the presence of the ESC-related proteins Nanog, Klf4, Oct4, Sox2 and c-Myc by immunohistochemistry. While similar patterns of co-expressed proteins between low- and high-grade gliomas were present, we found up-regulated protein levels of Nanog, Klf4, Oct4 and Sox2 in high-grade gliomas. Survival analysis by Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant shorter survival in the subgroups of low-grade astrocytomas (n = 42) with high levels of Nanog protein (p = 0.0067) and of Klf4 protein (p = 0.0368), in high-grade astrocytomas (n = 85) with high levels of Nanog (p = 0.0042), Klf4 (p = 0.0447), and c-Myc (p = 0.0078) and in glioblastomas only (n = 71) with high levels of Nanog (p = 0.0422) and of c-Myc (p = 0.0256). In the multivariate model, Nanog was identified as an independent prognostic factor in the subgroups of low-grade astrocytomas (p = 0.0039), high-grade astrocytomas (p = 0.0124) and glioblastomas only (p = 0.0544), together with established clinical variables in these tumors. These findings provide further evidence for the joint regulatory pathways of ESC-related proteins in gliomas and identify Nanog as one of the key players in determining clinical outcome of human astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamador Elsir
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, University Hospital, S-751 85, Uppsala; Karolinska Institute, Department of Oncology-Pathology, CCK R8:05, Karolinska University Hospital, S-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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Elsir T, Smits A, Lindström MS, Nistér M. Transcription factor PROX1: its role in development and cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:793-805. [PMID: 22733308 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox gene PROX1 is critical for organ development during embryogenesis. The Drosophila homologue, known as prospero has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor by controlling asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts. Likewise, alterations in PROX1 expression and function are associated with a number of human cancers including hematological malignancies, carcinomas of the pancreas, liver and the biliary system, sporadic breast cancer, Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, colon cancer, and brain tumors. PROX1 is involved in cancer development and progression and has been ascribed both tumor suppressive and oncogenic properties in a variety of different cancer types. However, the exact mechanisms through which PROX1 regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells are by large unknown. This review provides an update on the role of PROX1 in organ development and on its emerging functions in cancer, with special emphasis on the central nervous system and glial brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamador Elsir
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:05, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Prognostic significance of IDH mutation in adult low-grade gliomas: a meta-analysis. J Neurooncol 2013; 113:277-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sousa-Nunes R, Somers WG. Mechanisms of asymmetric progenitor divisions in the Drosophila central nervous system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:79-102. [PMID: 23696353 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila central nervous system develops from polarised asymmetric divisions of precursor cells, called neuroblasts. Decades of research on neuroblasts have resulted in a substantial understanding of the factors and molecular events responsible for fate decisions of neuroblasts and their progeny. Furthermore, the cell-cycle dependent mechanisms responsible for asymmetric cortical protein localisation, resulting in the unequal partitioning between daughters, are beginning to be exposed. Disruption to the appropriate partitioning of proteins between neuroblasts and differentiation-committed daughters can lead to supernumerary neuroblast-like cells and the formation of tumours. Many of the factors responsible for regulating asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts are evolutionarily conserved and, in many cases, have been shown to play a functionally conserved role in mammalian neurogenesis. Recent genome-wide studies coupled with advancements in live-imaging technologies have opened further avenues of research into neuroblast biology. We review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating neuroblast divisions, a powerful system to model mammalian neurogenesis and tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sousa-Nunes
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Abstract
Glioma is a heterogeneous disease process with differential histology and treatment response. It was previously thought that the histological features of glial tumors indicated their cell of origin. However, the discovery of continuous neuro-gliogenesis in the normal adult brain and the identification of brain tumor stem cells within glioma have led to the hypothesis that these brain tumors originate from multipotent neural stem or progenitor cells, which primarily divide asymmetrically during the postnatal period. Asymmetric cell division allows these cell types to concurrently self-renew whilst also producing cells for the differentiation pathway. It has recently been shown that increased symmetrical cell division, favoring the self-renewal pathway, leads to oligodendroglioma formation from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In contrast, there is some evidence that asymmetric cell division maintenance in tumor stem-like cells within astrocytoma may lead to acquisition of treatment resistance. Therefore cell division mode in normal brain stem and progenitor cells may play a role in setting tumorigenic potential and the type of tumor formed. Moreover, heterogeneous tumor cell populations and their respective cell division mode may confer differential sensitivity to therapy. This review aims to shed light on the controllers of cell division mode which may be therapeutically targeted to prevent glioma formation and improve treatment response.
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GABA-A channel subunit expression in human glioma correlates with tumor histology and clinical outcome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37041. [PMID: 22615883 PMCID: PMC3355166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and is present in high concentrations in presynaptic terminals of neuronal cells. More recently, GABA has been ascribed a more widespread role in the control of cell proliferation during development where low concentrations of extrasynaptic GABA induce a tonic activation of GABA receptors. The GABA-A receptor consists of a ligand-gated chloride channel, formed by five subunits that are selected from 19 different subunit isoforms. The functional and pharmacological properties of the GABA-A channels are dictated by their subunit composition. Here we used qRT-PCR to compare mRNA levels of all 19 GABA-A channel subunits in samples of human glioma (n = 29) and peri-tumoral tissue (n = 5). All subunits except the ρ1 and ρ3 subunit were consistently detected. Lowest mRNA levels were found in glioblastoma compared to gliomas of lower malignancy, except for the θ subunit. The expression and cellular distribution of the α1, γ1, ρ2 and θ subunit proteins was investigated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 87 gliomas grade II. We found a strong co-expression of ρ2 and θ subunits in both astrocytomas (r = 0.86, p<0.0001) and oligodendroglial tumors (r = 0.66, p<0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate the impact of GABA-A channel subunit expression on survival identified the ρ2 subunit (p = 0.043) but not the θ subunit (p = 0.64) as an independent predictor of improved survival in astrocytomas, together with established prognostic factors. Our data give support for the presence of distinct GABA-A channel subtypes in gliomas and provide the first link between specific composition of the A-channel and patient survival.
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