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Marquez J, Dong J, Hayashi J, Serrero G. Prostaglandin F2 Receptor Negative Regulator (PTGFRN) Expression Correlates With a Metastatic-like Phenotype in Epidermoid Carcinoma, Pediatric Medulloblastoma, and Mesothelioma. J Cell Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38924562 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN) is a transmembrane protein associated with metastatic characteristics of certain cancer types. However, it remains poorly characterized and its direct function in cancer remains unclear. The study presented here aims to further examine whether PTGFRN expression affects a cancer cell's phenotype, as well as metastatic-like characteristics. We used stable shRNA and cDNA transfections to respectively knockdown and overexpress PTGFRN in three different cancer cell lines, two of which are representative of rare and aggressive cancers (Mesothelioma and Pediatric Medulloblastoma). We then examined the characteristics of the resulting clones and showed a decrease in proliferation, migration, colony formation, and spheroid growth capabilities in cells where PTGFRN expression had been inhibited, while cells overexpressing PTGFRN showed the opposite. In addition, we showed that PTGFRN displayed direct binding to two protein partners, Integrin β1 and E. Cadherin, the latter of which is a novel direct binding partner to PTGFRN. Furthermore, silencing PTGFRN expression impacted the cellular process of autophagy, thereby providing another avenue by which PTGFRN potentially contributes to a cancer cell phenotype. Our findings demonstrate the potential role of PTGFRN in cancer metastasis and suggest PTGFRN as a future target for drug development in the treatment of metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Target Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianping Dong
- Target Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Hayashi
- Precision Antibody Service, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Ginette Serrero
- Target Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
- Precision Antibody Service, Columbia, Maryland, USA
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2
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Marquez J, Weldemariam MM, Dong J, Hayashi J, Kane MA, Serrero G. Effect of PTFGRN Expression on the Proteomic Profile of A431 Cells and Determination of the PTGFRN Interactome. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14381-14387. [PMID: 38559916 PMCID: PMC10975668 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN) is a transmembrane protein whose expression has been previously implicated in cancer metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which PTGFRN influences cancer progression are still unknown. As such, our laboratory set out to investigate how PTGFRN knockdown affected the expression of other proteins. We also carried out coimmunoprecipitation experiments using a monoclonal anti-PTGFRN antibody. We employed mass spectrometry-based proteomics for both experiments to identify proteins that were associated with PTGFRN. Our data show that PTGFRN knockdown increased pathways related to innate immune responses and decreased pathways associated with the synthesis of metabolic precursors and protein processing, among others. Additionally, the coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that PTGFRN is associated with proteins involved in processing and metabolism, as well as VEGF signaling molecules. These results highlight the role of PTGFRN as a protein processing regulator, which may be influencing cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marquez
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States of America
- Target
Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical,
Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21045, United States of America
| | - Mehari M. Weldemariam
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States of America
| | - Jianping Dong
- Target
Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical,
Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21045, United States of America
| | - Jun Hayashi
- Precision
Antibody Service, 9130
Red Branch Rd., Suite X Columbia, Maryland 21045, United States
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States of America
| | - Ginette Serrero
- Target
Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical,
Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21045, United States of America
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3
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Bailly C, Thuru X. Targeting of Tetraspanin CD81 with Monoclonal Antibodies and Small Molecules to Combat Cancers and Viral Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072186. [PMID: 37046846 PMCID: PMC10093296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD81 plays major roles in cell-cell interactions and the regulation of cellular trafficking. This cholesterol-embarking transmembrane protein is a co-receptor for several viruses, including HCV, HIV-1 and Chikungunya virus, which exploits the large extracellular loop EC2 for cell entry. CD81 is also an anticancer target implicated in cancer cell proliferation and mobility, and in tumor metastasis. CD81 signaling contributes to the development of solid tumors (notably colorectal, liver and gastric cancers) and has been implicated in the aggressivity of B-cell lymphomas. A variety of protein partners can interact with CD81, either to regulate attachment and uptake of viruses (HCV E2, claudin-1, IFIM1) or to contribute to tumor growth and dissemination (CD19, CD44, EWI-2). CD81-protein interactions can be modulated with molecules targeting the extracellular domain of CD81, investigated as antiviral and/or anticancer agents. Several monoclonal antibodies anti-CD81 have been developed, notably mAb 5A6 active against invasion and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells. CD81-EC2 can also be targeted with natural products (trachelogenin and harzianoic acids A-B) and synthetic compounds (such as benzothiazole-quinoline derivatives). They are weak CD81 binders but offer templates for the design of new compounds targeting the open EC2 loop. There is no anti-CD81 compound in clinical development at present, but this structurally well-characterized tetraspanin warrants more substantial considerations as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, F-59290 Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, F-59006 Lille, France
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Ding Y, Chen J, Li S, Wren JD, Bajpai AK, Wang J, Tanaka T, Rice HC, Hays FA, Lu L, Zhang XA. EWI2 and its relatives in Tetraspanin-enriched membrane domains regulate malignancy. Oncogene 2023; 42:861-868. [PMID: 36788350 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies on immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) member EWI2 reveal that it suppresses a variety of solid malignant tumors including brain, lung, skin, and prostate cancers in animal models and inhibits tumor cell movement and growth in vitro. While EWI2 appears to support myeloid leukemia in mouse models and maintain leukemia stem cells. Bioinformatics analyses suggest that EWI2 gene expression is downregulated in glioblastoma but upregulated in melanoma, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer. The mechanism of action for EWI2 is linked to its inhibition of growth factor receptors and cell adhesion proteins through its associated tetraspanin-enriched membrane domains (TEMDs), by altering the cell surface clustering and endolysosome trafficking/turnover of these transmembrane proteins. Recent studies also show that EWI2 modulates the nuclear translocation of ERK and TFEB to change the activities of these gene expression regulators. For EWI2 relatives including FPRP, IgSF3, and CD101, although their roles in malignant diseases are not fully clear and remain to be determined experimentally, FPRP and IgSF3 likely promote the progression of solid malignant tumors while CD101 seems to modulate immune cells of tumor microenvironment. Distinctive from other tumor regulators, the impacts of EWI subfamily members on solid malignant tumors are likely to be context dependent. In other words, the effect of a given EWI subfamily member on a tumor probably depends on the molecular network and composition of TEMDs in that tumor. Collectively, EWI2 and its relatives are emerged as important regulators of malignant diseases with promising potentials to become anti-cancer therapeutics and cancer therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Ding
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Junxiong Chen
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shuping Li
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Jie Wang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Takemi Tanaka
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Heather C Rice
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Franklin A Hays
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xin A Zhang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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5
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Mala U, Baral TK, Somasundaram K. Integrative analysis of cell adhesion molecules in glioblastoma identified prostaglandin F2 receptor inhibitor (PTGFRN) as an essential gene. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:642. [PMID: 35690717 PMCID: PMC9188228 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults exhibiting infiltration into surrounding tissues, recurrence, and resistance to therapy. GBM infiltration is accomplished by many deregulated factors such as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are membrane proteins that participate in cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions to regulate survival, proliferation, migration, and stemness. Methods A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of CAMs (n = 518) in multiple available datasets revealed genetic and epigenetic alterations among CAMs in GBM. Univariate Cox regression analysis using TCGA dataset identified 127 CAMs to be significantly correlated with survival. The poor prognostic indicator PTGFRN was chosen to study its role in glioma. Silencing of PTGFRN in glioma cell lines was achieved by the stable expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against the PTGFRN gene. PTGFRN was silenced and performed cell growth, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays. Neurosphere and limiting dilution assays were also performed after silencing of PTGFRN in GSCs. Results Among the differentially regulated CAMs (n = 181, 34.9%), major proportion of them were found to be regulated by miRNAs (n = 95, 49.7%) followed by DNA methylation (n = 32, 16.7%), and gene copy number variation (n = 12, 6.2%). We found that PTGFRN to be upregulated in GBM tumor samples and cell lines with a significant poor prognostic correlation with patient survival. Silencing PTGFRN diminished cell growth, colony formation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasion and led to cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. At the mechanistic level, silencing of PTGFRN reduced pro-proliferative and promigratory signaling pathways such as ERK, AKT, and mTOR. PTGFRN upregulation was found to be due to the loss of its promoter methylation and downregulation of miR-137 in GBM. PTGFRN was also found to be higher in glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) than the matched differentiated glioma cells (DGCs) and is required for GSC growth and survival. Silencing of PTGFRN in GSCs reduced transcript levels of reprogramming factors (Olig2, Pou3f2, Sall2, and Sox2). Conclusion In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of the differential regulation of CAMs and the probable causes for their deregulation in GBM. We also establish an oncogenic role of PTGFRN and its regulation by miR-137 in GBM, thus signifying it as a potential therapeutic target. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09682-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchurappa Mala
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Baral
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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6
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Weng SS, Tsai WC, Chen HW, Lin MC, Wu PR, Chang YC. Prostaglandin F2 receptor inhibitor overexpression predicts advanced who grades and adverse prognosis in human glioma tissue. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:93-102. [DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_97_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Lorico A, Lorico-Rappa M, Karbanová J, Corbeil D, Pizzorno G. CD9, a tetraspanin target for cancer therapy? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1121-1138. [PMID: 33601913 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220981855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present minireview, we intend to provide a brief history of the field of CD9 involvement in oncogenesis and in the metastatic process of cancer, considering its potential value as a tumor-associated antigenic target. Over the years, CD9 has been identified as a favorable prognostic marker or predictor of metastatic potential depending on the cancer type. To understand its implications in cancer beside its use as an antigenic biomarker, it is essential to know its physiological functions, including its molecular partners in a given cell system. Moreover, the discovery that CD9 is one of the most specific and broadly expressed markers of extracellular membrane vesicles, nanometer-sized entities that are released into extracellular space and various physiological body fluids and play a role in intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions, notably the establishment of cancer metastases, has added a new dimension to our knowledge of CD9 function in cancer. Here, we will discuss these issues as well as the possible cancer therapeutic implications of CD9, their limitations, and pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Lorico
- Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | | | - Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Pizzorno
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, TN 37403 , USA
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8
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Marquez J, Dong J, Dong C, Tian C, Serrero G. Identification of Prostaglandin F2 Receptor Negative Regulator (PTGFRN) as an internalizable target in cancer cells for antibody-drug conjugate development. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246197. [PMID: 33503070 PMCID: PMC7840024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are effective antibody-based therapeutics for hematopoietic and lymphoid tumors. However, there is need to identify new targets for ADCs, particularly for solid tumors and cancers with unmet needs. From a hybridoma library developed against cancer cells, we selected the mouse monoclonal antibody 33B7, which was able to bind to, and internalize, cancer cell lines. This antibody was used for identification of the target by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analysis, followed by target validation. After target validation, 33B7 binding and target positivity were tested by flow cytometry and western blot analysis in several cancer cell lines. The ability of 33B7 conjugated to saporin to inhibit in vitro proliferation of PTFRN positive cell lines was investigated, as well as the 33B7 ADC in vivo effect on tumor growth in athymic mice. All flow cytometry and in vitro internalization assays were analyzed for statistical significance using a Welsh's T-test. Animal studies were analyzed using Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) utilizing post-hoc Bonferroni analysis, and/or Mixed Effects analysis. The 33B7 cell surface target was identified as Prostaglandin F2 Receptor Negative Regulator (PTGFRN), a transmembrane protein in the Tetraspanin family. This target was confirmed by showing that PTGFRN-expressing cells bound and internalized 33B7, compared to PTGFRN negative cells. Cells able to bind 33B7 were PTGFRN-positive by Western blot analysis. In vitro treatment PTGFRN-positive cancer cell lines with the 33B7-saporin ADC inhibited their proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. 33B7 conjugated to saporin was also able to block tumor growth in vivo in mouse xenografts when compared to a control ADC. These findings show that screening antibody libraries for internalizing antibodies in cancer cell lines is a good approach to identify new cancer targets for ADC development. These results suggest PTGFRN is a possible therapeutic target via antibody-based approach for certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marquez
- Target Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianping Dong
- Target Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chun Dong
- Precision Antibody Division, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Changsheng Tian
- Target Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ginette Serrero
- Target Discovery Division, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
- Precision Antibody Division, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
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9
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Neviani V, van Deventer S, Wörner TP, Xenaki KT, van de Waterbeemd M, Rodenburg RNP, Wortel IMN, Kuiper JK, Huisman S, Granneman J, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Heck AJR, van Spriel AB, Gros P. Site-specific functionality and tryptophan mimicry of lipidation in tetraspanin CD9. FEBS J 2020; 287:5323-5344. [PMID: 32181977 PMCID: PMC7818406 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipidation of transmembrane proteins regulates many cellular activities, including signal transduction, cell–cell communication, and membrane trafficking. However, how lipidation at different sites in a membrane protein affects structure and function remains elusive. Here, using native mass spectrometry we determined that wild‐type human tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 exhibit nonstochastic distributions of bound acyl chains. We revealed CD9 lipidation at its three most frequent lipidated sites suffices for EWI‐F binding, while cysteine‐to‐alanine CD9 mutations markedly reduced binding of EWI‐F. EWI‐F binding by CD9 was rescued by mutating all or, albeit to a lesser extent, only the three most frequently lipidated sites into tryptophans. These mutations did not affect the nanoscale distribution of CD9 in cell membranes, as shown by super‐resolution microscopy using a CD9‐specific nanobody. Thus, these data demonstrate site‐specific, possibly conformation‐dependent, functionality of lipidation in tetraspanin CD9 and identify tryptophan mimicry as a possible biochemical approach to study site‐specific transmembrane‐protein lipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Neviani
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van Deventer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias P Wörner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van de Waterbeemd
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Remco N P Rodenburg
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M N Wortel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen K Kuiper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Huisman
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Granneman
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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10
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Huang G, Lai Y, Pan X, Zhou L, Quan J, Zhao L, Li Z, Lin C, Wang J, Li H, Yuan H, Yang Y, Lai Y, Ni L. Tumor suppressor miR-33b-5p regulates cellular function and acts a prognostic biomarker in RCC. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:3346-3360. [PMID: 32774704 PMCID: PMC7407706 DOI: pmid/32774704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a renal parenchyma neoplasm with a 30% recurrence rate even when treated properly. MicroRNAs are noncoding small RNAs that are involved in cellular communication and may participate in cancer development. This study aimed to explore the relationship between miR-33b-5p expression and RCC progression and prognosis. METHOD RT-qPCR, CCK-8 assay, wound scratch assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry assay were used to evaluate the expression and function of miR-33b-5p in RCC. Additionally, RCC samples and survival data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used to analyze the prognostic functions of miR-33b-5p. RESULTS miR-33b-5p expression in RCC tissues and cell lines (786-O, ACHN) were found to be significantly downregulated, compared with normal tissues and cell lines (P<0.001). The miR-33b-5p mimic transfected cells showed a slower proliferation rate (P<0.01), while its invasion ability decreased by 38.16% (786-O, P<0.001) and 49.19% (ACHN, P<0.05), compared with the negative control (NC). The migration ability of both RCC lines were found to be as follows: miR-33b-5p inhibitor > NC or NC inhibitor > miR-33b-5p mimic. Additionally, TCGA and RCC samples reveal that low miR-33b-5p expression is related to poor survival outcomes (univariate analysis, P=0.029; multivariate analysis, P=0.024; Kaplan-Meier survival curves, P=0.014). Target genes prediction suggests that miR-33b-5p performs its tumor-suppressive effects and prognostic role through targeting TBX15, SLC12A5, and PTGFRN. CONCLUSIONS miR-33b-5p may function as a tumor-suppressive regulator and prognostic biomarker in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Huang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Lai
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, People’s Hospital of LonghuaShenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Pan
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jing Quan
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Zhao
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zuwei Li
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Canbin Lin
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hang Li
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Haichao Yuan
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Lai
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liangchao Ni
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
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11
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Aguila B, Morris AB, Spina R, Bar E, Schraner J, Vinkler R, Sohn JW, Welford SM. The Ig superfamily protein PTGFRN coordinates survival signaling in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Lett 2019; 462:33-42. [PMID: 31377205 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor with a median survival of approximately 14 months. Despite aggressive treatment of surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, only 3-5% of GBM patients survive more than 3 years. Contributing to this poor therapeutic response, it is believed that GBM contains both intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance, including resistance to radiation therapy. In order to define novel mediators of radiation resistance, we conducted a functional knockdown screen, and identified the immunoglobulin superfamily protein, PTGFRN. In GBM, PTGFRN is found to be overexpressed and to correlate with poor survival. Reducing PTGFRN expression radiosensitizes GBM cells and potently decreases the rate of cell proliferation and tumor growth. Further, PTGFRN inhibition results in significant reduction of PI3K p110β and phosphorylated AKT, due to instability of p110β. Additionally, PTGFRN inhibition decreases nuclear p110β leading to decreased DNA damage sensing and DNA damage repair. Therefore overexpression of PTGFRN in glioblastoma promotes AKT-driven survival signaling and tumor growth, as well as increased DNA repair signaling. These findings suggest PTGFRN is a potential signaling hub for aggressiveness in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Aguila
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Adina Brett Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Raffaella Spina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Eli Bar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Julie Schraner
- Department of Radiation Onoclogy, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert Vinkler
- Department of Radiation Onoclogy, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jason W Sohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA
| | - Scott M Welford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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12
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Salinas-Vera YM, Gallardo-Rincón D, García-Vázquez R, Hernández-de la Cruz ON, Marchat LA, González-Barrios JA, Ruíz-García E, Vázquez-Calzada C, Contreras-Sanzón E, Resendiz-Hernández M, Astudillo-de la Vega H, Cruz-Colin JL, Campos-Parra AD, López-Camarillo C. HypoxamiRs Profiling Identify miR-765 as a Regulator of the Early Stages of Vasculogenic Mimicry in SKOV3 Ovarian Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:381. [PMID: 31157166 PMCID: PMC6528691 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a novel cancer hallmark in which malignant cells develop matrix-associated 3D tubular networks with a lumen under hypoxia to supply nutrients needed for tumor growth. Recent studies showed that microRNAs (miRNAs) may have a role in VM regulation. In this study, we examined the relevance of hypoxia-regulated miRNAs (hypoxamiRs) in the early stages of VM formation. Data showed that after 48 h hypoxia and 12 h incubation on matrigel SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells undergo the formation of matrix-associated intercellular connections referred hereafter as 3D channels-like structures, which arose previous to the apparition of canonical tubular structures representative of VM. Comprehensive profiling of 754 mature miRNAs at the onset of hypoxia-induced 3D channels-like structures showed that 11 hypoxamiRs were modulated (FC>1.5; p < 0.05) in SKOV3 cells (9 downregulated and 2 upregulated). Bioinformatic analysis of the set of regulated miRNAs showed that they might impact cellular pathways related with tumorigenesis. Moreover, overall survival analysis in a cohort of ovarian cancer patients (n = 485) indicated that low miR-765, miR-193b, miR-148a and high miR-138 levels were associated with worst patients outcome. In particular, miR-765 was severely downregulated after hypoxia (FC < 32.02; p < 0.05), and predicted to target a number of protein-encoding genes involved in angiogenesis and VM. Functional assays showed that ectopic restoration of miR-765 in SKOV3 cells resulted in a significant inhibition of hypoxia-induced 3D channels-like formation that was associated with a reduced number of branch points and patterned tubular-like structures. Mechanistic studies confirmed that miR-765 decreased the levels of VEGFA, AKT1 and SRC-α transducers and exerted a negative regulation of VEGFA by specific binding to its 3'UTR. Finally, overall survival analysis of a cohort of ovarian cancer patients (n = 1435) indicates that high levels of VEGFA, AKT1 and SRC-α and low miR-765 expression were associated with worst patients outcome. In conclusion, here we reported a novel hypoxamiRs signature which constitutes a molecular guide for further clinical and functional studies on the early stages of VM. Our data also suggested that miR-765 coordinates the formation of 3D channels-like structures through modulation of VEGFA/AKT1/SRC-α axis in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarely M. Salinas-Vera
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dolores Gallardo-Rincón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Translacional y Departamento de Tumores Gastro-Intestinales, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl García-Vázquez
- Programa en Biomedicina Molecular y Red de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Laurence A. Marchat
- Programa en Biomedicina Molecular y Red de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Erika Ruíz-García
- Laboratorio de Medicina Translacional y Departamento de Tumores Gastro-Intestinales, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Horacio Astudillo-de la Vega
- Laboratorio de Investigación Translacional en Cáncer y Terapia Celular, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L. Cruz-Colin
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma D. Campos-Parra
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Zhao K, Wang Z, Hackert T, Pitzer C, Zöller M. Tspan8 and Tspan8/CD151 knockout mice unravel the contribution of tumor and host exosomes to tumor progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:312. [PMID: 30541597 PMCID: PMC6292129 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tetraspanins Tspan8 and CD151 promote metastasis, exosomes (Exo) being suggested to be important in the crosstalk between tumor and host. The contribution of Tspan8 and CD151 to host versus tumor-derived exosome (TEX) activities being not defined, we approached the questions using 3-methylcholanthrene-induced (MCA) tumors from wt, Tspan8ko, CD151ko and Tspan8/CD151 (db)ko mice, implanted into tetraspanin-competent and deficient hosts. METHODS Tumor growth and dissemination, hematopoiesis and angiogenesis were surveyed in wild type (wt), Tspan8ko, CD151ko and dbko mice bearing tetraspanin-competent and -deficient MCA tumors. In vitro studies using tumor cells, bone marrow cells (BMC) and endothelial cells (EC) elaborated the mechanism of serum (s)Exo- and TEX-induced target modulation. RESULTS Tumors grew in autochthonous and syngeneic hosts differing in Tspan8- and/or CD151-competence. However, Tspan8ko- and/or CD151ko-tumor cell dissemination and settlement in metastatic organs was significantly reduced in the autochthonous host, and less severely in the wt-host. Impaired wt-MCA tumor dissemination in the ko-host confirmed a contribution of host- and tumor-Tspan8/-CD151 to tumor cell dissemination, delivery of sExo and TEX being severely impaired by a Tspan8ko/CD151ko. Coculturing tumor cells, BMC and EC with sExo and TEX revealed minor defects in epithelial mesenchymal transition and apoptosis resistance of ko tumors. Strongly reduced migratory and invasive capacity of Tspan8ko/CD151ko-MCA relies on distorted associations with integrins and CAM and missing Tspan8/CD151-promoted recruitment of proteases. The defects, differing between Tspan8ko- and CD151ko-MCA, were rescued by wt-TEX and, less efficiently Tspan8ko- and CD151ko-TEX. Minor defects in hematopoietic progenitor maturation were based on the missing association of hematopoietic growth factors /- receptors with CD151 and, less pronounced, Tspan8. Rescue of impaired angiogenesis in ko mice by wt-sExo and promotion of angiogenesis by TEX depended on the association of Tspan8 and CD151 with GPCR and RTK in EC and tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Tspan8-/CD151-TEX play central roles in tumor progression. Tspan8-/CD151-sExo and TEX contribute by stimulating angiogenesis. Tspan8 and CD151 fulfill these tasks by associating with function-relevant proteins, the additive impact of Tspan8 and CD151 relying on differences in preferred associations. The distinct Tspan8 and CD151 contributions suggest a blockade of TEX-Tspan8 and -CD151 promising for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Pitzer
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core, Institute of Pharmacology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Tetraspanins are a superfamily of small transmembrane proteins that are expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. Through interacting with one another and with other membrane and intracellular proteins, tetraspanins regulate a wide range of proteins such as integrins, cell surface receptors, and signaling molecules, and thereby engage in diverse cellular processes ranging from cell adhesion and migration to proliferation and differentiation. In particular, tetraspanins modulate the function of proteins involved in all determining factors of cell migration including cell-cell adhesion, cell-ECM adhesion, cytoskeletal protrusion/contraction, and proteolytic ECM remodeling. We herein provide a brief overview of collective in vitro and in vivo studies of tetraspanins to illustrate their regulatory functions in the migration and trafficking of cancer cells, vascular endothelial cells, skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), and leukocytes. We also discuss the involvement of tetraspanins in various pathologic and remedial processes that rely on cell migration and their potential value as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- a Institute of Burn Research ; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital; The Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing , China
| | - Yuesheng Huang
- a Institute of Burn Research ; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital; The Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing , China
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15
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Vasse M, Colin S, Guilmain W, Creoff E, Muraine M, Vannier JP, Al-Mahmood S. Les tétraspanines : une nouvelle cible pour la thérapie anti-angiogénique ? ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Li P, Zeng H, Qin J, Zou Y, Peng D, Zuo H, Liu Z. Effects of tetraspanin CD151 inhibition on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1258-65. [PMID: 25351816 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin protein CD151 is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancer types, including lung cancer, and is closely associated with metastasis and poor prognosis of carcinoma. To investigate whether knockdown of CD151 expression can inhibit the malignant biological behavior of lung adenocarcinoma (LAC), RNA interference technology (RNAi) was used to silence CD151 expression in the A549 LAC cell line. Specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) for targeting human endogenous CD151 were delivered into A549 cells in order to examine the effects on cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and colony formation. The expression levels of CD151 were assayed by western blotting, proliferation was evaluated by MTT method and apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The invasive and metastatic ability of A549 cells was investigated by wound healing and Boyden chamber assays. Colony formation analysis was used to determine the A549 cell growth properties. Finally, the expression of phosphorylated FAK, PI3K‑AKT, MEK‑Erk1/2, MMPs, and VEGF was detected by western blotting. The results demonstrated that CD151‑siRNA significantly decreased the expression level of CD151 in A549 cells. Reduced CD151 expression in A549 cells lead to the inhibition of cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation and an enhancement of apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of tumor development‑related proteins, including FAK, PI3K‑AKT, MEK‑ERK1/2MAPK as well as the expression of MMP9 and VEGF, were restrained. Taken together, the present study has shown that CD151 expression is essential for LAC progression. Thus, knockdown CD151 expression by targeted siRNA could inhibit the related downstream intercellular signaling pathways, and this may provide a novel gene therapy for patients with LAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hesong Zeng
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jin Qin
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlin Zou
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dan Peng
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Houjuan Zuo
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxiang Liu
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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17
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Abstract
An abundance of evidence shows supporting roles for tetraspanin proteins in human cancer. Many studies show that the expression of tetraspanins correlates with tumour stage, tumour type and patient outcome. In addition, perturbations of tetraspanins in tumour cell lines can considerably affect cell growth, morphology, invasion, tumour engraftment and metastasis. This Review emphasizes new studies that have used de novo mouse cancer models to show that select tetraspanin proteins have key roles in tumour initiation, promotion and metastasis. This Review also emphasizes how tetraspanin proteins can sometimes participate in tumour angiogenesis. These recent data build an increasingly strong case for tetraspanins as therapeutic targets.
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18
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Sala-Valdés M, Ailane N, Greco C, Rubinstein E, Boucheix C. Targeting tetraspanins in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:985-97. [PMID: 22880813 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.712688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tetraspanins are a family of small proteins that cross the membrane four times and form complexes by interacting between themselves and with a variety of transmembrane and cytosolic proteins, building a network of interactions referred to as tetraspanin web or tetraspanin enriched microdomains (TEMs). These domains provide a signaling platform involved in many important cellular functions and malignant processes. AREAS COVERED The authors describe the methods and the rationale for targeting tetraspanins in the therapy of cancer in this review. EXPERT OPINION Targeting tetraspanins in cancer may be a promising therapy due to the importance of tetraspanins in several steps of tumor formation, communication with the environment, dissemination, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sala-Valdés
- André Lwoff Institute, Inserm U1004, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif 94800, France.
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