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Reissig TM, Ladigan‐Badura S, Steinberg A, Maghnouj A, Li T, Verdoodt B, Liffers ST, Pohl M, Wolters H, Teschendorf C, Viebahn R, Admard J, Casadei N, Tannapfel A, Schmiegel W, Hahn SA, Vangala DB. Lasting response by vertical inhibition with cetuximab and trametinib in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer patient-derived xenografts. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2396-2414. [PMID: 37604687 PMCID: PMC10620118 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although approximately half of all metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRCs) harbour mutations in KRAS or NRAS, hardly any progress has been made regarding targeted treatment for this group over the last few years. Here, we investigated the efficacy of vertical inhibition of the RAS-pathway by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumours with primary KRAS mutation. In total, 19 different PDX models comprising 127 tumours were tested. Responses were evaluated according to baseline tumour volume changes and graded as partial response (PR; ≤ - 30%), stable disease (SD; between -30% and +20%) or progressive disease (PD; ≥ + 20%). Vertical inhibition with trametinib and cetuximab induced SD or PR in 74% of analysed models, compared to 24% by monotherapy with trametinib. In cases of PR by vertical inhibition (47%), responses were lasting (as long as day 137), with a low incidence of secondary resistance (SR). Molecular analyses revealed that primary and SR was driven by transcriptional reprogramming activating the RAS pathway in a substantial fraction of tumours. Together, these preclinical data strongly support the translation of this combination therapy into clinical trials for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm M. Reissig
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumGermany
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer CenterUniversity Hospital EssenGermany
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer CenterUniversity Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐EssenGermany
| | - Swetlana Ladigan‐Badura
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumGermany
- Center for Hemato‐Oncological DiseasesUniversity Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr‐University BochumGermany
| | - Anja Steinberg
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumGermany
| | - Abdelouahid Maghnouj
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumGermany
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumGermany
| | | | - Sven T. Liffers
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer CenterUniversity Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐EssenGermany
- Institute of PathologyRuhr University BochumGermany
| | - Michael Pohl
- Center for Hemato‐Oncological DiseasesUniversity Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr‐University BochumGermany
| | - Heiner Wolters
- Department of Visceral and General SurgerySt. Josef HospitalDortmundGermany
| | | | - Richard Viebahn
- Department of Visceral and General SurgeryUniversity Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr‐University BochumGermany
| | - Jakob Admard
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied GenomicsUniversity of TübingenGermany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied GenomicsUniversity of TübingenGermany
| | | | - Wolff Schmiegel
- Center for Hemato‐Oncological DiseasesUniversity Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr‐University BochumGermany
| | - Stephan A. Hahn
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumGermany
| | - Deepak B. Vangala
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumGermany
- Center for Hemato‐Oncological DiseasesUniversity Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr‐University BochumGermany
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2
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Campbell BB, Galati MA, Stone SC, Riemenschneider AN, Edwards M, Sudhaman S, Siddaway R, Komosa M, Nunes NM, Nobre L, Morrissy AS, Zatzman M, Zapotocky M, Joksimovic L, Kalimuthu SN, Samuel D, Mason G, Bouffet E, Morgenstern DA, Aronson M, Durno C, Malkin D, Maris JM, Taylor MD, Shlien A, Pugh TJ, Ohashi PS, Hawkins CE, Tabori U. Mutations in the RAS/MAPK Pathway Drive Replication Repair-Deficient Hypermutated Tumors and Confer Sensitivity to MEK Inhibition. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1454-1467. [PMID: 33563663 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The RAS/MAPK pathway is an emerging targeted pathway across a spectrum of both adult and pediatric cancers. Typically, this is associated with a single, well-characterized point mutation in an oncogene. Hypermutant tumors that harbor many somatic mutations may obscure the interpretation of such targetable genomic events. We find that replication repair-deficient (RRD) cancers, which are universally hypermutant and affect children born with RRD cancer predisposition, are enriched for RAS/MAPK mutations (P = 10-8). These mutations are not random, exist in subclones, and increase in allelic frequency over time. The RAS/MAPK pathway is activated both transcriptionally and at the protein level in patient-derived RRD tumors, and these tumors responded to MEK inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of patients with RAS/MAPK hypermutant gliomas reveals durable responses to MEK inhibition. Our observations suggest that hypermutant tumors may be addicted to oncogenic pathways, resulting in favorable response to targeted therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Tumors harboring a single RAS/MAPK driver mutation are targeted individually for therapeutic purposes. We find that in RRD hypermutant cancers, mutations in the RAS/MAPK pathway are enriched, highly expressed, and result in sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. Targeting an oncogenic pathway may provide therapeutic options for these hypermutant polyclonal cancers.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany B Campbell
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa A Galati
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simone C Stone
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra N Riemenschneider
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumedha Sudhaman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Siddaway
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Komosa
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nuno M Nunes
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liana Nobre
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Zatzman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michal Zapotocky
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lazar Joksimovic
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sangeetha N Kalimuthu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Samuel
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California
| | - Gary Mason
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A Morgenstern
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melyssa Aronson
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Durno
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Uri Tabori
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Verma V, Jafarzadeh N, Boi S, Kundu S, Jiang Z, Fan Y, Lopez J, Nandre R, Zeng P, Alolaqi F, Ahmad S, Gaur P, Barry ST, Valge-Archer VE, Smith PD, Banchereau J, Mkrtichyan M, Youngblood B, Rodriguez PC, Gupta S, Khleif SN. MEK inhibition reprograms CD8 + T lymphocytes into memory stem cells with potent antitumor effects. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:53-66. [PMID: 33230330 PMCID: PMC10081014 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative stem cell-like memory (TSCM) CD8+ T cells persist longer and produce stronger effector functions. We found that MEK1/2 inhibition (MEKi) induces TSCM that have naive phenotype with self-renewability, enhanced multipotency and proliferative capacity. This is achieved by delaying cell division and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, without affecting T cell receptor-mediated activation. DNA methylation profiling revealed that MEKi-induced TSCM cells exhibited plasticity and loci-specific profiles similar to bona fide TSCM isolated from healthy donors, with intermediate characteristics compared to naive and central memory T cells. Ex vivo, antigenic rechallenge of MEKi-treated CD8+ T cells showed stronger recall responses. This strategy generated T cells with higher efficacy for adoptive cell therapy. Moreover, MEKi treatment of tumor-bearing mice also showed strong immune-mediated antitumor effects. In conclusion, we show that MEKi leads to CD8+ T cell reprogramming into TSCM that acts as a reservoir for effector T cells with potent therapeutic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nazli Jafarzadeh
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shannon Boi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Subhadip Kundu
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zhinuo Jiang
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jose Lopez
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rahul Nandre
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Peng Zeng
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fatmah Alolaqi
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shamim Ahmad
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Kite Pharma/A GILEAD Company, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Pankaj Gaur
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paul D Smith
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mikayel Mkrtichyan
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Benjamin Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Seema Gupta
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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4
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Zhang H, Kong Q, Wang J, Jiang Y, Hua H. Complex roles of cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling in cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2020; 9:32. [PMID: 33292604 PMCID: PMC7684908 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-020-00191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the first discovered second messenger, which plays pivotal roles in cell signaling, and regulates many physiological and pathological processes. cAMP can regulate the transcription of various target genes, mainly through protein kinase A (PKA) and its downstream effectors such as cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). In addition, PKA can phosphorylate many kinases such as Raf, GSK3 and FAK. Aberrant cAMP-PKA signaling is involved in various types of human tumors. Especially, cAMP signaling may have both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles depending on the tumor types and context. cAMP-PKA signaling can regulate cancer cell growth, migration, invasion and metabolism. This review highlights the important roles of cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling in tumorigenesis. The potential strategies to target this pathway for cancer therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingbin Kong
- Laboratory of Oncogene, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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A review of predictive, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for non-small-cell lung cancer: towards personalised and targeted cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396919000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction:Lung cancer has a high mortality rate mainly due to the lack of early detection or outward signs and symptoms, thereby often progressing to advanced stages (e.g., stage IV) before it is diagnosed. However, if lung cancers can be diagnosed at an early stage and also if clinicians can prospectively identify patients likely to respond to specific treatments, then there is a very high potential to increase patients’ survival. In recent years, several investigations have been conducted to identify cancer biomarkers for lung cancer risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, the likelihood of identifying the group of patients who will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.Materials and Methods:This paper reports on the review of 19 current clinical and emerging biomarkers used in risk assessment, screening for early detection and diagnosis and monitoring the response of treatment of non-small-cell lung cancers.Conclusion:The future holds promise for personalised and targeted medicine from prevention, diagnosis to treatment, which take into account individual patient’s variability, though it depends on the development of effective biomarkers interrogating the key aberrant pathways and potentially targetable with molecular targeted or immunologic therapies. Lung cancer biomarkers have the potential to guide clinical decision-making since they can potentially detect the disease early, measure the risk of developing the disease and the risk of progression, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and are capable of informing clinicians about the likely outcome of a cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received. Moreover, lung cancer biomarkers are increasingly linked to specific molecular pathway deregulations and/or cancer pathogenesis and can be used to justify the application of certain therapeutic or interventional strategies.
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6
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Henidi HA, Al-Abd AM, Al-Abbasi FA, BinMahfouz HA, El-Deeb IM. Design and synthesis of novel phenylaminopyrimidines with antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21578-21586. [PMID: 35521305 PMCID: PMC9066187 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New phenylaminopyrimidine (PAP) derivatives have been designed and synthesised as potential tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. The synthesized compounds share a general structure and vary in the substitution pattern at position-2 of the pyridine ring. Several derivatives have demonstrated potent anticancer activities against HCT-116, HT-29 and LS-174T colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, a number of hits showed good selectivity to Src-kinase. The cytotoxic mechanisms of these compounds were also investigated by studying their effects on cell-cycle distribution. Among all the compounds examined, compound 8b (with a terminal pyridin-3-yl moiety at the pyridine ring) showed the highest inhibitory selectivity towards src-kinase, which was coupled with cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic and autophagic interference, in colorectal cancer cells. This report introduces a novel category of PAP derivatives with promising kinase inhibitory and anticancer effects against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan A Henidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Al-Abd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University Ajman UAE
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawazen A BinMahfouz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M El-Deeb
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain Bahrain
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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7
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Zaman S, Jadid H, Denson AC, Gray JE. Targeting Trop-2 in solid tumors: future prospects. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1781-1790. [PMID: 30881031 PMCID: PMC6402435 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s162447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trop-2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated in all cancer types independent of baseline levels of Trop-2 expression. Trop-2 is an ideal candidate for targeted therapeutics due to it being a transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain overexpressed on a wide variety of tumors as well as its upregulated expression relative to normal cells. As a result, several Trop-2-targeted therapeutics have recently been developed for clinical use, such as anti-Trop-2 antibodies and Trop-2-targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). Subsequently, multiple early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated safety and clinical benefit of Trop-2-based ADCs across multiple tumor types. This includes clinical benefit and tolerability in tumor types with limited treatment options, such as triple-negative breast cancer, platinum-resistant urothelial cancer, and small-cell lung cancer. In this review, we elaborate on all clinical trials involving Trop-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Zaman
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Jadid
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA,
| | - Aaron C Denson
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA,
| | - Jhanelle E Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA,
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8
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Zhu R, Yang X, Xue X, Shen M, Chen F, Chen X, Tsai Y, Keng PC, Chen Y, Lee SO, Chen Y. RETRACTED: Neuroendocrine differentiation contributes to radioresistance development and metastatic potential increase in non-small cell lung cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1878-1890. [PMID: 30262435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
This article has been retracted at the request of the authors and their institute. The BBA Editor-in-Chief has agreed to retract the paper.
In this paper, there were two errors identified to the journal by the authors: The first error was in Western blot gel band images of Fig. 4A (p-MAPK, MAPK, p-Erk, and Stat3) and the 8 gel band images of Fig. 4G. The second error was in the cell culture images of Figures 3F, 3J, and 4E.
The authors state that these errors were due to uploading mistakes in the preparation of the manuscript. The authors apologize for these errors and any inconvenience caused.
The Editor-in-Chief initially agreed to retract the paper based on the identification of these two errors. Readers are able to see further discussion of the paper on the PubPeer site here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/569EB2CE7A7335D7F3F8F3FF310936
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, PR China
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, PR China
| | - Mingjing Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ying Tsai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Peter C Keng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, PR China
| | - Soo Ok Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Yuhchyau Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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9
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Xia Y, Zhan C, Feng M, Leblanc M, Ke E, Yeddula N, Verma IM. Targeting CREB Pathway Suppresses Small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018. [PMID: 29523765 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most deadly subtype of lung cancer due to its dismal prognosis. We have developed a lentiviral vector-mediated SCLC mouse model and have explored the role of both the NF-κB and CREB families of transcription factors in this model. Surprisingly, induction of NF-κB activity, which promotes tumor progression in many cancer types including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), is dispensable in SCLC. Instead, suppression of NF-κB activity in SCLC tumors moderately accelerated tumor development. Examination of gene expression signatures of both mouse and human SCLC tumors revealed overall low NF-κB but high CREB activity. Blocking CREB activation by a dominant-negative form of PKA (dnPKA) completely abolished the development of SCLC. Similarly, expression of dnPKA or treatment with PKA inhibitor H89 greatly reduced the growth of SCLC tumors in syngeneic transplantation models. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that targeting CREB is a promising therapeutic strategy against SCLC.Implications: Activity of the transcription factor CREB is elevated in SCLC tumors, which helps to maintain its neuroendocrine signature and cell proliferation. Our results highlight the importance of targeting the CREB pathway to develop new therapeutics to combat SCLC. Mol Cancer Res; 16(5); 825-32. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xia
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxiang Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Animal Resource Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Eugene Ke
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Narayana Yeddula
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Inder M Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.
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10
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Zhang J, Nannapaneni S, Wang D, Liu F, Wang X, Jin R, Liu X, Rahman MA, Peng X, Qian G, Chen ZG, Wong KK, Khuri FR, Zhou W, Shin DM. Phenformin enhances the therapeutic effect of selumetinib in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer irrespective of LKB1 status. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59008-59022. [PMID: 28938614 PMCID: PMC5601710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MEK inhibition is potentially valuable in targeting KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we analyzed whether concomitant LKB1 mutation alters sensitivity to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib, and whether the metabolism drug phenformin can enhance the therapeutic effect of selumetinib in isogenic cell lines with different LKB1 status. Isogenic pairs of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines A549, H460 and H157, each with wild-type and null LKB1, as well as genetically engineered mouse-derived cell lines 634 (krasG12D/wt/p53-/-/lkb1wt/wt) and t2 (krasG12D/wt/p53-/-/lkb1-/-) were used in vitro to analyze the activities of selumetinib, phenformin and their combination. Synergy was measured and potential mechanisms investigated. The in vitro findings were then confirmed in vivo using xenograft models. The re-expression of wild type LKB1 increased phospho-ERK level, suggesting that restored dependency on MEK->ERK->MAPK signaling might have contributed to the enhanced sensitivity to selumetinib. In contrast, the loss of LKB1 sensitized cells to phenformin. At certain combination ratios, phenformin and selumetinib showed synergistic activity regardless of LKB1 status. Their combination reduced phospho-ERK and S6 levels and induced potent apoptosis, but was likely through different mechanisms in cells with different LKB1 status. Finally, in xenograft models bearing isogenic A549 cells, we confirmed that loss of LKB1 confers resistance to selumetinib, and phenformin significantly enhances the therapeutic effect of selumetinib. Irrespective of LKB1 status, phenformin may enhance the anti-tumor effect of selumetinib in KRAS-mutant NSCLC. The dual targeting of MEK and cancer metabolism may provide a useful strategy to treat this subset of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sreenivas Nannapaneni
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fakeng Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rui Jin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiuju Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Xianghong Peng
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Dana Building 810B, HIM243, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Au ED, Desai AP, Koniaris LG, Zimmers TA. The MEK-Inhibitor Selumetinib Attenuates Tumor Growth and Reduces IL-6 Expression but Does Not Protect against Muscle Wasting in Lewis Lung Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2017; 7:682. [PMID: 28149280 PMCID: PMC5241300 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, or wasting of skeletal muscle and fat, afflicts many patients with chronic diseases including cancer, organ failure, and AIDS. Muscle wasting reduces quality of life and decreases response to therapy. Cachexia is caused partly by elevated inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6). Others and we have shown that IL-6 alone is sufficient to induce cachexia both in vitro and in vivo. The mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor Selumetinib has been tested in clinical trials for various cancers. Moreover, Selumetinib has also been shown to inhibit the production of IL-6. In a retrospective analysis of a phase II clinical trial in advanced cholangiocarcinoma, patients treated with Selumetinib experienced significant gains in skeletal muscle vs. patients receiving standard therapy. However, the use of Selumetinib as a treatment for cachexia has yet to be investigated mechanistically. We sought to determine whether MEK inhibition could protect against cancer-induced cachexia in mice. In vitro, Selumetinib induced C2C12 myotube hypertrophy and nuclear accretion. Next we tested Selumetinib in the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model of cancer cachexia. Treatment with Selumetinib reduced tumor mass and reduced circulating and tumor IL-6; however MEK inhibition did not preserve muscle mass. Similar wasting was seen in limb muscles of Selumetinib and vehicle-treated LLC mice, while greater fat and carcass weight loss was observed with Selumetinib treatment. As well, Selumetinib did not block wasting in C2C12 myotubes treated with LLC serum. Taken together, out results suggest that this MEK inhibitor is not protective in LLC cancer cachexia despite lowering IL-6 levels, and further that it might exacerbate tumor-induced weight loss. Differences from other studies might be disease, species or model-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernie D Au
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Cancer CenterIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aditya P Desai
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Cancer CenterIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leonidas G Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Cancer CenterIndianapolis, IN, USA; IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and TherapyIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Cancer CenterIndianapolis, IN, USA; IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and TherapyIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
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12
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Martinelli E, Morgillo F, Troiani T, Ciardiello F. Cancer resistance to therapies against the EGFR-RAS-RAF pathway: The role of MEK. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 53:61-69. [PMID: 28073102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate intracellular signals activated by a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. The activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK cascade culminates in the regulation of gene transcription promoting cancer cell proliferation, survival, migration and angiogenesis. MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-MAPKK) 1/2 is a transducer of the growth factor receptor-RAS-RAF-MAPK signalling cascade and plays a relevant role in development and progression of human cancers, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Direct inhibition of MEK is a promising strategy and several inhibitors are currently under evaluation in clinical trials showing initial clinical activity in different tumours. MEK activation, by different genetic mechanisms, has been described for both intrinsic and acquired resistance to drugs targeting the EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor)-RAS-RAF pathway in CRC, NSCLC. Combination therapies with chemotherapy and/or with molecular targeted agents are warranted and biomarkers studies are needed to identify those tumours dependent on MEK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara", Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara", Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara", Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara", Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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13
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Metformin increases antitumor activity of MEK inhibitors through GLI1 downregulation in LKB1 positive human NSCLC cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4265-78. [PMID: 26673006 PMCID: PMC4826204 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metformin, widely used as antidiabetic drug, showed antitumoral effects expecially in combination with chemotherapy. Our group recently has demonstrated that metformin and gefitinib are synergistic in LKB1-wild-type NSCLC cells. In these models, metformin as single agent induced an activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) through an increased C-RAF/B-RAF heterodimerization. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Since single agent metformin enhances proliferating signals through the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, and several MEK inhibitors (MEK-I) demonstrated clinical efficacy in combination with other agents in NSCLC, we tested the effects of metformin plus MEK-I (selumetinib or pimasertib) on proliferation, invasiveness, migration abilities in vitro and in vivo in LKB1 positive NSCLC models harboring KRAS wild type and mutated gene. RESULTS The combination of metformin with MEK-I showed a strong anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effect in Calu-3, H1299, H358 and H1975 human NSCLC cell lines, independently from the KRAS mutational status. The combination reduced the metastatic behaviour of NSCLC cells, via a downregulation of GLI1 trascritional activity, thus affecting the transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. Metformin and MEK-Is combinations also decreased the production and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by reducing the NF-jB (p65) binding to MMP-2 and MMP-9 promoters. CONCLUSIONS Metformin potentiates the antitumor activity of MEK-Is in human LKB1-wild-type NSCLC cell lines, independently from the KRAS mutational status, through GLI1 downregulation and by reducing the NF-jB (p65)-mediated transcription of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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14
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Lieu CH, Klauck PJ, Henthorn PK, Tentler JJ, Tan AC, Spreafico A, Selby HM, Britt BC, Bagby SM, Arcaroli JJ, Messersmith WA, Pitts TM, Eckhardt SG. Antitumor activity of a potent MEK inhibitor, TAK-733, against colorectal cancer cell lines and patient derived xenografts. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34561-72. [PMID: 26439693 PMCID: PMC4741473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRC is a significant cause of cancer mortality, and new therapies are needed for patients with advanced disease. TAK-733 is a highly potent and selective investigational novel MEK allosteric site inhibitor. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a preclinical study of TAK-733, a panel of CRC cell lines were exposed to varying concentrations of the agent for 72 hours followed by a sulforhodamine B assay. Twenty patient-derived colorectal cancer xenografts were then treated with TAK-733 in vivo. Tumor growth inhibition index (TGII) was assessed to evaluate the sensitivity of the CRC explants to TAK-733 while linear regression was utilized to investigate the predictive effects of genotype on the TGII of explants. RESULTS Fifty-four CRC cell lines were exposed to TAK-733, while 42 cell lines were deemed sensitive across a broad range of mutations. Eighty-two percent of the cell lines within the sensitive subset were BRAF or KRAS/NRAS mutant, whereas 80% of the cell lines within the sensitive subset were PIK3CA WT. Twenty patient-derived human tumor CRC explants were then treated with TAK-733. In total, 15 primary human tumor explants were found to be sensitive to TAK-733 (TGII ≤ 20%), including 9 primary human tumor explants that exhibited tumor regression (TGII > 100%). Explants with a BRAF/KRAS/NRAS mutant and PIK3CA wild-type genotype demonstrated increased sensitivity to TAK-733 with a median TGII of -6%. MEK-response gene signatures also correlated with responsiveness to TAK-733 in KRAS-mutant CRC. CONCLUSIONS The MEK inhibitor TAK-733 demonstrated robust antitumor activity against CRC cell lines and patient-derived tumor explants. While the preclinical activity observed in this study was considerable, single-agent efficacy in the clinic has been limited in CRC, supporting the use of these models in an iterative manner to elucidate resistance mechanisms that can guide rational combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lieu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter J Klauck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Patrick K Henthorn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John J Tentler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heather M Selby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Blair C Britt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stacey M Bagby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John J Arcaroli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wells A Messersmith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Todd M Pitts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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15
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Li X, Kong J, Meng X, Luo K, Luan S, Cao B, Liu N. Isolation and expression analysis of an MAPKK gene from Fenneropenaeus chinensis in response to white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:116-122. [PMID: 27164214 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MAPKK) is an important gene involved in the host-virus interaction process. To obtain a better understanding of MAPKK in the interaction process between the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), we cloned the sequence of an MAPKK cDNA from F. chinensis (FcMAPKK) and investigated the effect of FcMAPKK on WSSV infection. The results showed that the FcMAPKK gene contained a 1227 bp open reading frame (ORF), which encoded a highly conserved protein with a serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic (S_TKc) domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of FcMAPKK shared identities between 11.9 and 92.6% with MAPKKs from vertebrate, invertebrate, plant and fungus species. The FcMAPKK was expressed in all the examined tissues in the normal F. chinensis. FcMAPKK expression level was highest in the hepatopancreas where it was approximately 2.6-fold the expression level in the gill, and lowest in the muscle where it was approximately 0.3-fold the expression level in the hepatopancreas. The FcMAPKK expression levels in the muscle, gill, and hepatopancreas were all changed post WSSV challenge. The FcMAPKK expression was significantly (P < 0.01) up-regulated in the muscle of F. chinensis at 48 h post WSSV infection. The WSSV began to replicate quickly in the normal F. chinensis at 48 h post infection, while the WSSV replication in the U0126-treated F. chinensis could be significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited. The results suggested that FcMAPKK might be involved in the WSSV infection process, and hijacking of FcMAPKK might be required for WSSV replication in F. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Jie Kong
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266300, PR China.
| | - Xianhong Meng
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Kun Luo
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266300, PR China
| | - Baoxiang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
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16
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Formisano L, D'Amato V, Servetto A, Brillante S, Raimondo L, Di Mauro C, Marciano R, Orsini RC, Cosconati S, Randazzo A, Parsons SJ, Montuori N, Veneziani BM, De Placido S, Rosa R, Bianco R. Src inhibitors act through different mechanisms in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer models depending on EGFR and RAS mutational status. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26090-103. [PMID: 26325669 PMCID: PMC4694888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib and erlotinib, often related to Ras or secondary EGFR mutations, is a relevant clinical issue in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Although Src TK has been involved in such resistance, clinical development of its inhibitors has been so far limited. To better define the molecular targets of the Src TKIs saracatinib, dasatinib and bosutinib, we used a variety of in vitro/in vivo studies. Kinase assays supported by docking analysis demonstrated that all the compounds directly inhibit EGFR TK variants. However, in live cells only saracatinib efficiently reduced EGFR activation, while dasatinib was the most effective agent in inhibiting Src TK. Consistently, a pronounced anti-proliferative effect was achieved with saracatinib, in EGFR mutant cells, or with dasatinib, in wt EGFR/Ras mutant cells, poorly dependent on EGFR and erlotinib-resistant. We then identified the most effective drug combinations to overcome resistance to EGFR inhibitors, both in vitro and in nude mice: in T790M EGFR erlotinib-resistant cells, saracatinib with the anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab; in Ras mutant erlotinib-resistant models, dasatinib with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib. Src inhibitors may act with different mechanisms in NSCLCs, depending on EGFR/Ras mutational profile, and may be integrated with EGFR or MEK inhibitors for different cohorts of NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Servetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Brillante
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Raimondo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marciano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Clara Orsini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sarah J Parsons
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Veneziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Rosa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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17
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Redox Homeostasis and Cellular Antioxidant Systems: Crucial Players in Cancer Growth and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6235641. [PMID: 27418953 PMCID: PMC4932173 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6235641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their products are components of cell signaling pathways and play important roles in cellular physiology and pathophysiology. Under physiological conditions, cells control ROS levels by the use of scavenging systems such as superoxide dismutases, peroxiredoxins, and glutathione that balance ROS generation and elimination. Under oxidative stress conditions, excessive ROS can damage cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA, leading to cell damage that may contribute to carcinogenesis. Several studies have shown that cancer cells display an adaptive response to oxidative stress by increasing expression of antioxidant enzymes and molecules. As a double-edged sword, ROS influence signaling pathways determining beneficial or detrimental outcomes in cancer therapy. In this review, we address the role of redox homeostasis in cancer growth and therapy and examine the current literature regarding the redox regulatory systems that become upregulated in cancer and their role in promoting tumor progression and resistance to chemotherapy.
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18
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Abdel-Rahman O. Targeting the MEK signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with RAS aberrations. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2016; 10:265-74. [PMID: 26893312 DOI: 10.1177/1753465816632111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement in understanding the biology of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), therapies focused on novel molecular pathways have come to the forefront of NSCLC treatment. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical aspects underlying the targeting of RAS aberrations in NSCLC with special focus on MEK inhibitors which work by inhibiting the principal downstream mediator of RAS aberrations with a view on how to optimize outcomes with these agents. Preclinical evidence of the activity of MEK inhibitors in KRAS-mutant NSCLC has pushed forward the clinical development of these agents (namely selumetinib and trametinib) in KRAS-mutant NSCLC particularly in combination with other agents. A number of randomized studies have been launched to confirm the activity of these agents and to establish their position in the treatment armamentarium of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Lotfy Elsayed Street, PO Box 113331, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Almahariq M, Mei FC, Cheng X. The pleiotropic role of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) in cancer: implications for therapeutic intervention. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:75-81. [PMID: 26525949 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic second messenger adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) regulates a myriad of biological processes under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) mediates the intracellular functions of cAMP by acting as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Ras-like Rap small GTPases. Recent studies suggest that EPAC1 plays important roles in immunomodulation, cancer cell migration/metastasis, and metabolism. These results, coupled with the successful development of EPAC-specific small molecule inhibitors, identify EPAC1 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Almahariq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wnt5A regulates ABCB1 expression in multidrug-resistant cancer cells through activation of the non-canonical PKA/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12273-90. [PMID: 25401518 PMCID: PMC4322984 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in cancer cells arises from altered drug permeability of the cell. We previously reported activation of the Wnt pathway in ABCB1-overexpressed human uterus sarcoma drug-resistant MES-SA/Dx5 cells through active β-catenin and associated transactivation activities, and upregulation of Wnt-targeting genes. In this study, Wnt5A was found to be significantly upregulated in MES-SA/Dx5 and MCF7/ADR2 cells, suggesting an important role for the Wnt5A signaling pathway in cancer drug resistance. Higher cAMP response elements and Tcf/Lef transcription activities were shown in the drug-resistant cancer cells. However, expression of Wnt target genes and CRE activities was downregulated in Wnt5A shRNA stably-transfected MES-SA/Dx5 cells. Cell viability of the drug-resistant cancer cells was also reduced by doxorubicin treatment and Wnt5A shRNA transfection, or by Wnt5A depletion. The in vitro data were supported by immunohistochemical analysis of 24 paired breast cancer biopsies obtained pre- and post-chemotherapeutic treatment. Wnt5A, VEGF and/or ABCB1 were significantly overexpressed after treatment, consistent with clinical chemoresistance. Taken together, the Wnt5A signaling pathway was shown to contribute to regulating the drug-resistance protein ABCB1 and β-catenin-related genes in antagonizing the toxic effects of doxorubicin in the MDR cell lines and in clinical breast cancer samples.
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Napolitano S, Martini G, Rinaldi B, Martinelli E, Donniacuo M, Berrino L, Vitagliano D, Morgillo F, Barra G, De Palma R, Merolla F, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Primary and Acquired Resistance of Colorectal Cancer to Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibody Can Be Overcome by Combined Treatment of Regorafenib with Cetuximab. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2975-83. [PMID: 25838391 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In colorectal cancer, the activation of the intracellular RAS-RAF and PIK3CA-AKT pathways has been implicated in the resistance to anti-EGFR mAbs. We have investigated the role of regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, in combination with cetuximab, an anti-EGFR mAb, to overcome anti-EGFR resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have tested, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of regorafenib in a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines with a KRAS mutation (SW480, SW620, HCT116, LOVO, and HCT15) or with a BRAF mutation (HT29), as models of intrinsic resistance to cetuximab treatment, and in two human colorectal cancer cell lines (GEO and SW48) that are cetuximab-sensitive, as well as in their derived cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab (GEO-CR and SW48-CR). RESULTS Treatment with regorafenib determined a dose-dependent growth inhibition in all colorectal cancer cell lines. The combined treatment with cetuximab and regorafenib induced synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in cetuximab-resistant cell lines by blocking MAPK and AKT pathways. Nude mice were injected s.c. with HCT116, HCT15, GEO-CR, and SW48-CR cells. The combined treatment caused significant tumor growth inhibition. Synergistic antitumor activity of regorafenib plus cetuximab was also observed in an orthotopic colorectal cancer model of HCT116 cells. In particular, the combined treatment induced a significant tumor growth inhibition in the primary tumor site (cecum) and completely prevented metastasis formation. CONCLUSIONS The combined treatment with cetuximab and regorafenib could be a strategy to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Napolitano
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Martini
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale "L.Donatelli," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale "L.Donatelli," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale "L.Donatelli," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Vitagliano
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Barra
- Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita Federico II, Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
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Troiani T, Napolitano S, Martini G, Martinelli E, Cardone C, Normanno N, Vitagliano D, Morgillo F, Fenizia F, Lambiase M, Formisano L, Bianco R, Ciardiello D, Ciardiello F. Maintenance Treatment with Cetuximab and BAY86-9766 Increases Antitumor Efficacy of Irinotecan plus Cetuximab in Human Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Models. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4153-64. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang Z, Ma B, Ji X, Deng Y, Zhang T, Zhang X, Gao H, Sun H, Wu H, Chen X, Zhao R. MicroRNA-378-5p suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by targeting BRAF. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:40. [PMID: 25977643 PMCID: PMC4431608 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNA molecules that potentially play a critical role in tumorigenesis. Increasing evidences indicate that miR-378-5p is dysregulated in numerous human cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) which hypothesizes that miR-378-5p may play an important role in tumorigenesis. However, its role in CRC carcinogenesis remains poorly defined because of lacking target genes information. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the expression of miR-378-5p was down-regulated in CRC tissues and cell lines as determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, overexpression of miR-378-5p suppressed cell proliferation, as indicated by CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that overexpression of miR-378-5p induced cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis in CRC cells. A luciferase reporter assay indicated that BRAF was a direct target of miR-378-5p. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis indicated that BRAF was significantly down-regulated by miR-378-5p in CRC cells. Moreover, miR-378-5p was negatively associated with BRAF in CRC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues. These results demonstrate that down-regulation of miR-378-5p promotes CRC cells growth by targeting BRAF and restoration of their levels is a potentially promising therapeutic in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Spine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120 P R China
| | - Xiaopin Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Haoji Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Hanxing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Haoxuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Xianze Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 P R China
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Leiser D, Medová M, Mikami K, Nisa L, Stroka D, Blaukat A, Bladt F, Aebersold DM, Zimmer Y. KRAS and HRAS mutations confer resistance to MET targeting in preclinical models of MET-expressing tumor cells. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1434-46. [PMID: 25933688 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase is often deregulated in human cancers and several MET inhibitors are evaluated in clinical trials. Similarly to EGFR, MET signals through the RAS-RAF-ERK/MAPK pathway which plays key roles in cell proliferation and survival. Mutations of genes encoding for RAS proteins, particularly in KRAS, are commonly found in various tumors and are associated with constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. It was shown for EGFR, that KRAS mutations render upstream EGFR inhibition ineffective in EGFR-positive colorectal cancers. Currently, there are no clinical studies evaluating MET inhibition impairment due to RAS mutations. To test the impact of RAS mutations on MET targeting, we generated tumor cells responsive to the MET inhibitor EMD1214063 that express KRAS G12V, G12D, G13D and HRAS G12V variants. We demonstrate that these MAPK-activating RAS mutations differentially interfere with MET-mediated biological effects of MET inhibition. We report increased residual ERK1/2 phosphorylation indicating that the downstream pathway remains active in presence of MET inhibition. Consequently, RAS variants counteracted MET inhibition-induced morphological changes as well as anti-proliferative and anchorage-independent growth effects. The effect of RAS mutants was reversed when MET inhibition was combined with MEK inhibitors AZD6244 and UO126. In an in vivo mouse xenograft model, MET-driven tumors harboring mutated RAS displayed resistance to MET inhibition. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time in details the role of KRAS and HRAS mutations in resistance to MET inhibition and suggest targeting both MET and MEK as an effective strategy when both oncogenic drivers are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Leiser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Medová
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kei Mikami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lluís Nisa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andree Blaukat
- Merck Serono an Affiliate of Merck Serono Research & Development, Merck KGaA, 64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Bladt
- Merck Serono an Affiliate of Merck Serono Research & Development, Merck KGaA, 64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel M Aebersold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yitzhak Zimmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Joshi M, Rice SJ, Liu X, Miller B, Belani CP. Trametinib with or without vemurafenib in BRAF mutated non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118210. [PMID: 25706985 PMCID: PMC4338247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
V-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B (BRAF) mutated lung cancer is relatively aggressive and is resistant to currently available therapies. In a recent phase II study for patients with BRAF-V600E non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), BRAF V600E inhibitor demonstrated evidence of activity, but 30% of this selected group progressed while on treatment, suggesting a need for developing alternative strategies. We tested two different options to enhance the efficacy of vemurafenib (BRAF V600E inhibitor) in BRAF mutated NSCLC. The first option was the addition of erlotinib to vemurafenib to see whether the combination provided synergy. The second was to induce MEK inhibition (downstream of RAF) with trametinib (MEK inhibitor). We found that the combination of vemurafenib and erlotinib was not synergistic to the inhibition of p-ERK signaling in BRAF-V600E cells. Vemurafenib caused significant apoptosis, G1 arrest and upregulation of BIM in BRAF-V600 cells. Trametinib was effective as a single agent in BRAF mutated cells, either V600E or non-V600E. Finally, the combination of vemurafenib and trametinib caused a small but significant increase in apoptosis as well as a significant upregulation of BIM when compared to either single agent. Thus, hinting at the possibility of utilizing a combinational approach for the management of this group of patients. Importantly, trametinib alone caused upregulation of p-AKT in BRAF non-V600 mutated cells, while this effect was nullified with the combination. This finding suggests that, the combination of a MEK inhibitor with a BRAF inhibitor will be more efficacious in the clinical setting for patients with BRAF mutated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Joshi
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shawn J. Rice
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xin Liu
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bruce Miller
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chandra P. Belani
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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BYL719, a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-Kinase α, enhances the effect of selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 2014; 33:12-21. [PMID: 25342139 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE KRAS is frequently mutated in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), resulting in activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Because there are currently no drugs that target oncogenic KRAS, MEK inhibitors have been tested clinically as a possible treatment option for patients with NSCLC. However, KRAS-mutant cancers exhibit resistance to MEK inhibitors. Therefore, a combinational strategy is necessary for effective therapy. To address this, we investigated the therapeutic effects of combining selumetinib, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, with BYL719, a PI3Kα inhibitor. METHODS We evaluated the effects of selumetinib and BYL719 in vitro and in vivo in NSCLC cell lines. RESULTS The combination of BYL719 and selumetinib resulted in synergistic cytotoxic activity compared with the single agents alone in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells. At the molecular level, we found that AKT activation strongly influenced the sensitivity of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells to selumetinib. Selumetinib upregulated phospho-AKT and phosphorylated BAD at ser136, which is responsible for intrinsic drug resistance in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells. In contrast, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway by BYL719 hindered selumetinib-induced BAD phosphorylation and increased the antitumor efficacy of selumetinib. Furthermore, selumetinib and BYL719 combination therapy showed synergy in the suppression of A549 xenograft tumor growth. On analysis of the pharmacodynamics, selumetinib and BYL719 together resulted in effective inhibition of both p-ERK and p-AKT expression in tumor tissue. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that combination treatment with selumetinib and BYL719 is a promising therapeutic approach to overcoming resistance to MEK inhibitors.
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Grasso S, Tristante E, Saceda M, Carbonell P, Mayor-López L, Carballo-Santana M, Carrasco-García E, Rocamora-Reverte L, García-Morales P, Carballo F, Ferragut JA, Martínez-Lacaci I. Resistance to Selumetinib (AZD6244) in colorectal cancer cell lines is mediated by p70S6K and RPS6 activation. Neoplasia 2014; 16:845-60. [PMID: 25379021 PMCID: PMC4212257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) is a MEK1/2 inhibitor that has gained interest as an anti-tumour agent. We have determined the degree of sensitivity/resistance to Selumetinib in a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines using cell proliferation and soft agar assays. Sensitive cell lines underwent G1 arrest, whereas Selumetinib had no effect on the cell cycle of resistant cells. Some of the resistant cell lines showed high levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the absence of serum. Selumetinib inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and RSK and had no effect on AKT phosphorylation in both sensitive and resistant cells. Furthermore, mutations in KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA were not clearly associated with Selumetinib resistance. Surprisingly, Selumetinib was able to inhibit phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) and its downstream target ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) in sensitive cell lines. However, p70S6K and RPS6 phosphorylation remained unaffected or even increased in resistant cells. Moreover, in some of the resistant cell lines p70S6K and RPS6 were phosphorylated in the absence of serum. Interestingly, colorectal primary cultures derived from tumours excised to patients exhibited the same behaviour than established cell lines. Pharmacological inhibition of p70S6K using the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235, the specific mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin and the specific p70S6K inhibitor PF-4708671 potentiated Selumetinib effects in resistant cells. In addition, biological inhibition of p70S6K using siRNA rendered responsiveness to Selumetinib in resistant cell lines. Furthermore, combination of p70S6K silencing and PF-47086714 was even more effective. We can conclude that p70S6K and its downstream target RPS6 are potential biomarkers of resistance to Selumetinib in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Grasso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Elena Tristante
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Pablo Carbonell
- Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Leticia Mayor-López
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mar Carballo-Santana
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Carrasco-García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Lourdes Rocamora-Reverte
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Pilar García-Morales
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Fernando Carballo
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain ; Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José A Ferragut
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Lacaci
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain ; Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Optimization of the Development of Old and New EGFR and MAP Kinase Inhibitors for Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Recent clinical data with BRAF and MEK1/2 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase 1/2] inhibitors have demonstrated the remarkable potential of targeting the RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling cascade for the treatment of certain cancers. Despite these advances, however, only a subset of patients respond to these agents in the first instance, and, of those that do, acquired resistance invariably develops after several months. Studies in vitro have identified various mechanisms that can underpin intrinsic and acquired resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors, and these frequently recapitulate those observed clinically. In the present article, we review these mechanisms and also discuss recent advances in our understanding of how MEK1/2 inhibitor activity is influenced by pathway feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sale
- *Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Simon J Cook
- *Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
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Troiani T, Napolitano S, Vitagliano D, Morgillo F, Capasso A, Sforza V, Nappi A, Ciardiello D, Ciardiello F, Martinelli E. Primary and acquired resistance of colorectal cancer cells to anti-EGFR antibodies converge on MEK/ERK pathway activation and can be overcome by combined MEK/EGFR inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3775-86. [PMID: 24812410 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The EGFR-independent activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK pathway is one of the resistance mechanisms to cetuximab. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have evaluated, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of BAY 86-9766, a selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, in a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines with primary or acquired resistance to cetuximab. RESULTS Among the colorectal cancer cell lines, five with a KRAS mutation (LOVO, HCT116, HCT15, SW620, and SW480) and one with a BRAF mutation (HT29) were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of cetuximab, whereas two cells (GEO and SW48) were highly sensitive. Treatment with BAY 86-9766 determined dose-dependent growth inhibition in all cancer cells, including two human colorectal cancer cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab (GEO-CR and SW48-CR), with the exception of HCT15 cells. Combined treatment with cetuximab and BAY 86-9766 induced a synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects with blockade in the MAPK and AKT pathway in cells with either primary or acquired resistance to cetuximab. The synergistic antiproliferative effects were confirmed using other two selective MEK1/2 inhibitors, selumetinib and pimasertib, in combination with cetuximab. Moreover, inhibition of MEK expression by siRNA restored cetuximab sensitivity in resistant cells. In nude mice bearing established human HCT15, HCT116, SW48-CR, and GEO-CR xenografts, the combined treatment with cetuximab and BAY 86-9766 caused significant tumor growth inhibition and increased mice survival. CONCLUSION These results suggest that activation of MEK is involved in both primary and acquired resistance to cetuximab and the inhibition of EGFR and MEK could be a strategy for overcoming anti-EGFR resistance in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Troiani
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Vitagliano
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sforza
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Nappi
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Ciardiello
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
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Lu H, Tu W, Fei H, Xu G, Hu Q, Zhang L, Lin B, Yuan J, Yin J, Gong A, Wan M, Wang D, Zhu X, Feng J, Wang Q, Sun P. Structure-based design and synthesis of bicyclic fused-pyridines as MEK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2555-9. [PMID: 24755426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The MAPK pathway is identified as one of the most important pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. A key kinase in the pathway, the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) is recognized as a promising target for antitumor drugs. Structure-based design and optimization of known MEK inhibitors resulted in identification of compound 10a as a potent non-ATP competitive MEK inhibitor in both in vitro and in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Lu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China.
| | - Wangyang Tu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hongbo Fei
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Guoji Xu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Qiyue Hu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Bing Lin
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Jijun Yuan
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Junzhao Yin
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Aishen Gong
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Piaoyang Sun
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
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Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Califano R, Capuano A, Troiani T, Martinelli E, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F. Type III or allosteric kinase inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:809-21. [PMID: 24673358 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.902934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent times, there has been much interest in the development of pharmacological kinase inhibitors that treat NSCLC. Furthermore, treatment options have been guided by the development of a wide panel of synthetic small molecule kinase inhibitors. Most of the molecules developed belong to the type I class of inhibitors that target the ATP-binding site in its active conformation. The high sequence similarity in the ATP-binding site among members of the kinase families often results in low selectivity and additional toxicities. Also, second mutations in the ATP-binding site, such as threonine to methionine at position 790, have been described as a mechanism of resistance to ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. For these reasons, alternative drug development approaches targeting sites other than the ATP cleft are being pursued. The class III or allosteric inhibitors, which bind outside the ATP-binding site, have been shown to negatively modulate kinase activity. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the most well-characterised allosteric inhibitors that have reached clinical development in NSCLC. EXPERT OPINION Great progress has made in developing inhibitors with entirely new modes of action. That being said, it is important to highlight that despite their apparent simplicity, biochemical assays will remain at the core of drug discovery activities to better explore these new opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Fasano
- Second University of Naples, Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara" , Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli , Italia +39 081 5666745 ; +39 081 5666732 ;
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Troiani T, Martinelli E, Napolitano S, Vitagliano D, Ciuffreda LP, Costantino S, Morgillo F, Capasso A, Sforza V, Nappi A, De Palma R, D'Aiuto E, Berrino L, Bianco R, Ciardiello F. Increased TGF-α as a mechanism of acquired resistance to the anti-EGFR inhibitor cetuximab through EGFR-MET interaction and activation of MET signaling in colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6751-65. [PMID: 24122793 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although cetuximab, an anti-EGF receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, is an effective treatment for patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), its clinical use is limited by onset of resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We characterized two colorectal cancer models to study the mechanisms of acquired resistance to cetuximab. RESULTS Following chronic treatment of nude mice bearing cetuximab-sensitive human GEO colon xenografts, cetuximab-resistant GEO (GEO-CR) cells were obtained. In GEO-CR cells, proliferation and survival signals were constitutively active despite EGFR inhibition by cetuximab treatment. Whole gene expression profiling identified a series of genes involved in the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-MET-dependent pathways, which were upregulated in GEO-CR cells. Furthermore, activated, phosphorylated MET was detected in GEO-CR cells. A second colorectal cancer cell line with acquired resistance to cetuximab was obtained (SW48-CR). Inhibition of MET expression by siRNA restored cetuximab sensitivity in GEO-CR and SW48-CR cells, whereas exogenous activation of MET by HGF stimulation in cetuximab-sensitive GEO and SW48 cells induced resistance to cetuximab. Treatment of GEO-CR and SW48-CR cells with PHA665752, a selective MET inhibitor, inhibited cell growth, proliferation, and survival signals and impaired cancer cell migration. Overexpression of TGF-α, a specific EGFR ligand, was involved in the acquisition of cetuximab resistance in GEO-CR and SW48-CR cells. In fact, TGF-α overexpression induced the EGFR-MET interaction, with subsequent MET phosphorylation and activation of MET downstream effectors in GEO-CR and SW48-CR cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that overexpression of TGF-α through induction of EGFR-MET interaction contributes to cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer cells. The combined inhibition of EGFR and MET receptor could represent a strategy for preventing and/or overcoming cetuximab resistance in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Troiani
- Authors' Affiliations: Oncologia Medica and Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara; Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli; and Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Dual inhibition of MEK1/2 and EGFR synergistically induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in EGFR inhibitor-resistant lung cancer cells via BIM upregulation. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1458-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martinelli E, Troiani T, D'Aiuto E, Morgillo F, Vitagliano D, Capasso A, Costantino S, Ciuffreda LP, Merolla F, Vecchione L, De Vriendt V, Tejpar S, Nappi A, Sforza V, Martini G, Berrino L, De Palma R, Ciardiello F. Antitumor activity of pimasertib, a selective MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in combination with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors or with multi-targeted kinase inhibitors in pimasertib-resistant human lung and colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2089-101. [PMID: 23629727 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK and the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways are key regulators of proliferation and survival in human cancer cells. Selective inhibitors of different transducer molecules in these pathways have been developed as molecular targeted anti-cancer therapies. The in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of pimasertib, a selective MEK 1/2 inhibitor, alone or in combination with a PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki), a mTOR inhibitor (everolimus), or with multi-targeted kinase inhibitors (sorafenib and regorafenib), that block also BRAF and CRAF, were tested in a panel of eight human lung and colon cancer cell lines. Following pimasertib treatment, cancer cell lines were classified as pimasertib-sensitive (IC50 for cell growth inhibition of 0.001 µM) or pimasertib-resistant. Evaluation of basal gene expression profiles by microarrays identified several genes that were up-regulated in pimasertib-resistant cancer cells and that were involved in both RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK and PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Therefore, a series of combination experiments with pimasertib and either PI3Ki, everolimus, sorafenib or regorafenib were conducted, demonstrating a synergistic effect in cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis with sustained blockade in MAPK- and AKT-dependent signaling pathways in pimasertib-resistant human colon carcinoma (HCT15) and lung adenocarcinoma (H1975) cells. Finally, in nude mice bearing established HCT15 and H1975 subcutaneous tumor xenografts, the combined treatment with pimasertib and BEZ235 (a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) or with sorafenib caused significant tumor growth delays and increase in mice survival as compared to single agent treatment. These results suggest that dual blockade of MAPK and PI3K pathways could overcome intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico- Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale, F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Seconda Universitá degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italia
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 17:688-99. [PMID: 23147911 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835af316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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