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Armando F, Porcellato I, de Paolis L, Mecocci S, Passeri B, Ciurkiewicz M, Mechelli L, Grazia De Ciucis C, Pezzolato M, Fruscione F, Brachelente C, Montemurro V, Cappelli K, Puff C, Baumgärtner W, Ghelardi A, Razzuoli E. Vulvo-vaginal epithelial tumors in mares: A preliminary investigation on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor-immune microenvironment. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:366-381. [PMID: 37909398 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231207025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Vulvo-vaginal epithelial tumors are uncommon in mares, and data on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) are still lacking. This is a study investigating the equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection state as well as the EMT process and the tumor microenvironment in vulvo-vaginal preneoplastic/ benign (8/22) or malignant (14/22) epithelial lesions in mares. To do this, histopathological, immunohistochemical, transcriptomic, in situ hybridization, and correlation analyses were carried out. Immunohistochemistry quantification showed that cytoplasmic E-cadherin and β-catenin expression as well as nuclear β-catenin expression were features of malignant lesions, while benign/preneoplastic lesions were mainly characterized by membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin expression. Despite this, there were no differences between benign and malignant equine vulvo-vaginal lesions in the expression of downstream genes involved in the canonical and noncanonical wnt/β-catenin pathways. In addition, malignant lesions were characterized by a lower number of cells with cytoplasmic cytokeratin expression as well as a slightly higher cytoplasmic vimentin immunolabeling. The TIME of malignant lesions was characterized by more numerous CD204+ M2-polarized macrophages. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that some actors in TIME such as CD204+ M2-polarized macrophages may favor the EMT process in equine vulvo-vaginal malignant lesions providing new insights for future investigations in the field of equine EcPV2-induced genital neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Livia de Paolis
- University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Vittoria Montemurro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Christina Puff
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
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2
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Chen J, Ln H. A review of prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: Evidence from the last decade. Semin Diagn Pathol 2024; 41:140-153. [PMID: 32988675 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva is a rare gynecologic cancer that is associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality, particularly for recurrent disease. This review summarizes the evidence and continued challenges, regarding the traditional clinicopathologic factors used to prognosticate vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Articles published within the last 10 years (2010-2020) were identified. Relevant articles concerning the following fifteen prognostic factors were reviewed: HPV/p16 status, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, patient age, tumor stage, tumor grade, tumor size, depth of invasion, stromal changes, histologic patterns of invasion, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), perineural invasion, lymph node metastases, tumour focality, margin status and lichen sclerosus (LS). The relationship between each prognostic factor and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), including hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-values, were extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chen
- Medical Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Hoang Ln
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC), BC, Canada.
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3
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Ebrahimi N, Manavi MS, Faghihkhorasani F, Fakhr SS, Baei FJ, Khorasani FF, Zare MM, Far NP, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Ren J, Reiter RJ, Nabavi N, Aref AR, Chen C, Ertas YN, Lu Q. Harnessing function of EMT in cancer drug resistance: a metastasis regulator determines chemotherapy response. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:457-479. [PMID: 38227149 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complicated molecular process that governs cellular shape and function changes throughout tissue development and embryogenesis. In addition, EMT contributes to the development and spread of tumors. Expanding and degrading the surrounding microenvironment, cells undergoing EMT move away from the main location. On the basis of the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), collagen, and smooth muscle actin (-SMA), the mesenchymal phenotype exhibited in fibroblasts is crucial for promoting EMT. While EMT is not entirely reliant on its regulators like ZEB1/2, Twist, and Snail proteins, investigation of upstream signaling (like EGF, TGF-β, Wnt) is required to get a more thorough understanding of tumor EMT. Throughout numerous cancers, connections between tumor epithelial and fibroblast cells that influence tumor growth have been found. The significance of cellular crosstalk stems from the fact that these events affect therapeutic response and disease prognosis. This study examines how classical EMT signals emanating from various cancer cells interfere to tumor metastasis, treatment resistance, and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Siavash Seifollahy Fakhr
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Science and Biotechnology, Campus Hamar, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | | | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Zare
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nazanin Pazhouhesh Far
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Translational Medicine Group, Xsphera Biosciences, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Türkiye.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Türkiye.
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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4
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Precursors, pathways of carcinogenesis and molecular markers of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Literature review. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2023. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2023-8.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The review analyzes and summarizes the results of the studies on the pathogenesis of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and its diagnostic features, reviews precursors and molecular subtypes of carcinomas. Despite the relatively low incidence of this tumor, over the past few decades, there has been an upward trend in its incidence, including the incidence among young women. According to the latest World Health Organization classification of lower genital tumors from 2020, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) associated and HPV-independent. While these carcinomas are often morphologically similar, their mechanisms of carcinogenesis, precursors, and clinical outcomes are different. Just the detection of virus DNA in a tumor is not enough to establish HPV status. Meanwhile immunohistochemical detection of the expression of p16 and p53 proteins allows not only to separate two pathogenetic pathways of carcinogenesis, but also to identify its molecular subtypes. The data on the possible use of p16 and p53 expression as the disease prognosis molecular markers have been obtained. Currently, the tactics of treatment and monitoring patients does not depend on the HPV status of carcinoma; however, the results of recent studies suggest that women with HPV positive vulvar cancer have significantly higher survival rates and a lower risk of recurrence. Understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and improving its diagnosis will advance the assessment of the individual risk of the progression of precancerous lesions, as well as the outcome and the occurrence of tumor recurrence.
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5
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Zare SY, Ciscato A, Fadare O. Tumor Budding Activity Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva. Hum Pathol 2022; 126:77-86. [PMID: 35594936 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor budding activity (TBA) is recognized as a potential prognostic factor in carcinomas from several anatomic sites. This study evaluates the prognostic value of TBA in a cohort of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (VSCC). TBA, defined as clusters of <5 tumor cells that are detached from the main tumor and that infiltrate into surrounding stroma, was assessed in 82 cases of surgically excised VSCC and correlated with patient outcomes. All cases were classified into one of 3 groups: no TBA, low TBA (1 to 14 foci), and high TBA (≥15 foci). 23 (29.1%), 37(45.1%) and 22 (26.8%) cases showed no, low and high TBA respectively. High TBA was associated with reduced overall survival (OS) on multivariate analysis independent of FIGO stage, HPV status, and p53 status. The majority of tumors with high TBA displayed a p53 mutant staining pattern (77.3%, 17 of 22). The 17 patients whose tumors displayed a p53 mutant/high TBA profile had worse outcomes when compared with 15 patients whose tumors showed a p53 mutant/no TBA or p53 mutant/low TBA profile (mean OS 37.5 vs 63.3 months respectively, p=.002). High TBA was observed in only 5 of 47 HPV associated cases, and this subset also seemed to display a worse patient outcome as compared with the rest of the HPV associated cohort (OS 16.8 vs 142.8 months, p<.0001). In summary, these findings indicate that TBA is an independent prognostic indicator in VSCC patients, and that high TBA is associated with worse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Y Zare
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Andreas Ciscato
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vulvar cancer with and without inguinal lymph node involvement. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:1183-1193. [PMID: 34495397 PMCID: PMC9015993 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with increased metastatic spread and poor prognosis. Data on vulvar carcinoma are limited. Methods Thirty-two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (16 with and 16 without inguinal lymph node metastases) and their lymph node deposits were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of EMT markers (vimentin, cyclin D1, e-cadherin), p16, p53 and Ki-67. Results of EMT-immunostainings were compared to lymph node involvement and expression of p53 and p16. The micro-anatomical staining pattern for EMT markers comparing the tumor center with the front of invasion was analysed in each tumor. Results There was no difference in the expression of EMT markers between node negative and node positive tumors. Staining for vimentin and cyclin D1 was seen within tumor cells at the front of invasion in 100 and 84.4% of the tumors, respectively. The majority of cases (68.7%) showed negative or reduced staining for e-cadherin in this micro-anatomical localization. Tumor cells within the lymph node metastases showed positive staining for e-cadherin in 75% and for cyclin D1 in 49% of the cells but were negative for vimentin in 13 out of 16 cases (81.3%). Tumors with aberrant p53 staining represented a non-significant higher vimentin but significantly higher cyclin D1 expression at the front of invasion than those with p53 wild-type pattern. Conclusion The present study shows no differences in the expression of EMT markers between node positive and node negative vulvar cancers. The evaluation of immunostaining within the micro-anatomical context indicates that an EMT-phenotype is restricted to the tumor cells at the front of invasion. Paired analyses of vulvar carcinomas and their lymph node deposits suggest mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) in the metastatic deposits. Immunohistochemical staining results may suggest that EMT is more prevalent in vulvar cancer with aberrant p53 staining. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03715-2.
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Assessment of TSPAN Expression Profile and Their Role in the VSCC Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095015. [PMID: 34065085 PMCID: PMC8125994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The role and prognostic value of tetraspanins (TSPANs) in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) remain poorly understood. We sought to primarily determine, at both the molecular and tissue level, the expression profile of the TSPANs CD9, CD63, CD81, and CD82 in archived VSCC samples (n = 117) and further investigate their clinical relevance as prognostic markers. Our studies led us to identify CD63 as the most highly expressed TSPAN, at the gene and protein levels. Multicomparison studies also revealed that the expression of CD9 was associated with tumor size, whereas CD63 upregulation was associated with histological diagnosis and vascular invasion. Moreover, low expression of CD81 and CD82 was associated with worse prognosis. To determine the role of TSPANs in VSCC at the cellular level, we assessed the mRNA levels of CD63 and CD82 in established metastatic (SW962) and non-metastatic (SW954) VSCC human cell lines. CD82 was found to be downregulated in SW962 cells, thus supporting its metastasis suppressor role. However, CD63 was significantly upregulated in both cell lines. Silencing of CD63 by siRNA led to a significant decrease in proliferation of both SW954 and SW962. Furthermore, in SW962 particularly, CD63-siRNA also remarkably inhibited cell migration. Altogether, our data suggest that the differential expression of TSPANs represents an important feature for prognosis of VSCC patients and indicates that CD63 and CD82 are likely potential therapeutic targets in VSCC.
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Matsumoto Y, Shiozaki A, Kosuga T, Kudou M, Shimizu H, Arita T, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Kubota T, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Kishimoto M, Konishi E, Otsuji E. Expression and Role of CFTR in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:6424-6436. [PMID: 33710504 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-09752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-dependent chloride (Cl-) anion conducting channel, and its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was examined in the present study. METHODS Overexpression experiments were conducted on human ESCC cell lines following the transfection of a CFTR plasmid, and changes in cell proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed. A microarray analysis was performed to examine gene expression profiles. Fifty-three primary tumor samples collected from ESCC patients during esophagectomy were subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Transfection of the CFTR plasmid into the ESCC KYSE 170 and KYSE 70 cell lines suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis. The microarray analysis showed the up-regulated expression of genes involved in the p38 signaling pathway in CFTR plasmid-transfected KYSE 170 cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a relationship between the CFTR expression pattern at the invasive front and the pN category. A relationship was also observed between the weak expression of CFTR at the invasive front and a shorter postoperative survival in a prognostic analysis. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of CFTR in ESCC activated the p38 signaling pathway and was associated with a good patient prognosis. These results indicate the potential of CFTR as a mediator of and/or a biomarker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kosuga
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kudou
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kubota
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okamoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kishimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Medda A, Duca D, Chiocca S. Human Papillomavirus and Cellular Pathways: Hits and Targets. Pathogens 2021; 10:262. [PMID: 33668730 PMCID: PMC7996217 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of different kinds of tumors, including cervical cancers, non-melanoma skin cancers, anogenital cancers, and head and neck cancers. Despite the vaccination campaigns implemented over the last decades, we are far from eradicating HPV-driven malignancies. Moreover, the lack of targeted therapies to tackle HPV-related tumors exacerbates this problem. Biomarkers for early detection of the pathology and more tailored therapeutic approaches are needed, and a complete understanding of HPV-driven tumorigenesis is essential to reach this goal. In this review, we overview the molecular pathways implicated in HPV infection and carcinogenesis, emphasizing the potential targets for new therapeutic strategies as well as new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanna Chiocca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (D.D.)
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10
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Julia CJ, Hoang LN. A review of prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: Evidence from the last decade. Semin Diagn Pathol 2020; 38:37-49. [PMID: 33246713 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva is a rare gynecologic cancer that is associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality, particularly for recurrent disease. This review summarizes the evidence and continued challenges, regarding the traditional clinicopathologic factors used to prognosticate vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Articles published within the last 10 years (2010-2020) were identified. Relevant articles concerning the following fifteen prognostic factors were reviewed: HPV/p16 status, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, patient age, tumor stage, tumor grade, tumor size, depth of invasion, stromal changes, histologic patterns of invasion, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), perineural invasion, lymph node metastases, tumour focality, margin status and lichen sclerosus (LS). The relationship between each prognostic factor and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), including hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-values, were extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen J Julia
- Medical Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - L N Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia, 1215 - 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver BC, Canada; Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC), BC, Canada.
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11
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Lillsunde Larsson G, Kaliff M, Sorbe B, Helenius G, Karlsson MG. HPV16 viral characteristics in primary, recurrent and metastatic vulvar carcinoma. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018; 6:63-69. [PMID: 30391517 PMCID: PMC6249404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vulvar carcinoma is the fourth most common gynecological malignancy. Two separate carcinogenic pathways are suggested, where one is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV16 the most common genotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate HPV-markers in a set of primary tumors, metastases and recurrent lesions of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCC). Ten HPV16-positive VSCC with metastatic regional lymph nodes, distant lymphoid/hematogenous metastases or local recurrent lesions were investigated for HPV genotype, HPV16 variant, HPV16 viral load, HPV16 integration and HPV16 E2BS3 and 4 methylation. In all 10 analyzed case series, the same HPV genotype (HPV16), HPV16 variant and level of viral load were detected in all lesions within a patient case. Primary tumors with a high E2/E6 ratio were found to have fewer vulvar recurrences and/or metastases after diagnosis and treatment. Also, a significantly lower viral load was evident in regional lymph nodes compared to primary tumors. The data presented strengthens the evidence for a clonal HPV-induced pathway for vulvar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lillsunde Larsson
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Malin Kaliff
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sorbe
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats G Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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12
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Peder LDD, Silva CMD, Boeira VL, Plewka J, Turkiewicz M, Consolaro MEL, Sela VR, Boer CG, Gimenes F, Teixeira JJV. Association between Human Papillomavirus and Non-cervical Genital Cancers in Brazil: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2359-2371. [PMID: 30255688 PMCID: PMC6249444 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with cervical cancer; however, it is controversial whether it is involved in non-cervical genital cancers. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate articles on the prevalence of HPV in penile cancer, vulvar cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and anal canal cancer in studies conducted in Brazil. Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Statement. Comprehensive searches for HPV and cancer for the years 2006 to 2016 were conducted in two databases (PubMed and Web of Knowledge) and Google Scholar system. We also tracked the references of all eligible articles to identify additional non-captured publications through online surveys. Results: Eighteen studies, with a combined sample size of 1,552 patients were analyzed. The overall prevalence of HPV was 43% (95% CI: 36–51%; p < 0.001). The pooled prevalence of HPV in penile cancer was 42% (95% CI: 32–55%; p < 0.001), in colorectal cancer it was 67% (95% CI: 64–70%; p < 0.001) and in vulvar cancer 43% (95% CI: 34–55%; p < 0.001). HPV 16 was the most prevalent in all sites evaluated, with prevalence estimated at 54% (95% CI: 44–66%; p < 0.001), followed by genotypes 33 (21%; 95% CI: 17–28; p < 0.001), 6 (15%; 95% CI: 8–26%; p < 0.001), 11 (13%; 95% CI: 5–32%; p < 0.001) and 18 (12%; 95% CI: 7–22%; p < 0.001), respectively. The pooled prevalence of single infection was 82% and infection by multiple genotypes of HPV was 22%. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of HPV in non-cervical genital cancers in Brazil, with predominance of genotype 16, providing evidence for the need for preventive and control measures to avoid future harm to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyde Daiane de Peder
- Postgraduate Program in Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa. Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
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13
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and its prognostic value in vulvar cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204162. [PMID: 30256833 PMCID: PMC6157864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in vulvar cancer and determine whether positive HPV in vulvar cancer was associated with a better prognosis. Literature searches of Ovid EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were performed to identify related studies published from January 2000 to May 2017. A total of 33 studies including 7,721 subjects were selected in this meta-analysis. Overall, the HPV prevalence in vulvar cancer tissue was 34% (95% CI: 28%-39%) with 45% (95% CI: 28%-64%) in Asian populations and 34% (95% CI: 26%-42%) in Caucasian populations. The HPV-positive vulvar cancer was associated with better overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47–0.87; P = 0.004) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45–0.97; P = 0.03) compared with HPV-negative counterpart. HPV status may play an important role in predicting the prognosis of patients with vulvar cancer. The HPV-positive vulvar cancer women might relatively have a better survival than HPV-negative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR. China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Swarts DRA, Voorham QJM, van Splunter AP, Wilting SM, Sie D, Pronk D, van Beurden M, Heideman DAM, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM, Steenbergen RDM, Bleeker MCG. Molecular heterogeneity in human papillomavirus-dependent and -independent vulvar carcinogenesis. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4542-4553. [PMID: 30030907 PMCID: PMC6144162 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) and precancerous vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) can develop through human papillomavirus (HPV)-dependent and -independent pathways, indicating a heterogeneous disease. Only a minority of VIN progress, but current clinicopathological classifications are insufficient to predict the cancer risk. Here we analyzed copy number alterations (CNA) to assess the molecular heterogeneity of vulvar lesions in relation to HPV and cancer risk. HPV-status and CNA by means of whole-genome next-generation shallow-sequencing were assessed in VSCC and VIN. The latter included VIN of women with associated VSCC (VINVSCC ) and women who did not develop VSCC during follow-up (VINnoVSCC ). HPV-testing resulted in 41 HPV-positive (16 VINVSCC , 14 VINnoVSCC , and 11 VSCC) and 24 HPV-negative (11 VINVSCC and 13 VSCC) lesions. HPV-positive and -negative VSCC showed a partially overlapping pattern of recurrent CNA, including frequent gains of 3q and 8q. In contrast, amplification of 11q13/cyclinD1 was exclusively found in HPV-negative lesions. HPV-negative VINVSCC had less CNA than HPV-negative VSCC (P = .009), but shared chromosome 8 alterations. HPV-positive VINnoVSCC had less CNA than VINVSCC (P = .022). Interestingly, 1pq gain was detected in 81% of HPV-positive VINVSCC and only in 21% of VINnoVSCC (P = .001). In conclusion, HPV-dependent and -independent vulvar carcinogenesis is characterized by distinct CNA patterns at the VIN stage, while more comparable patterns are present at the cancer stage. Cancer risk in VIN seems to be reflected by the extent of CNA, in particular chromosome 1 gain in HPV-positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian R. A. Swarts
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Quirinus J. M. Voorham
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Quirinus J. M. Voorham,Stichting PALGAHoutenThe Netherlands
| | - Annina P. van Splunter
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia M. Wilting
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Saskia M. Wilting,Department of Medical OncologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daoud Sie
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Divera Pronk
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Divera Pronk,Hartwig Medical FoundationAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marc van Beurden
- Department of GynecologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle A. M. Heideman
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. F. Snijders
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chris J. L. M. Meijer
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Renske D. M. Steenbergen
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike C. G. Bleeker
- Cancer Center AmsterdamDepartment of Pathology, VU University Medical CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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15
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Srivastava K, Pickard A, Craig SG, Quinn GP, Lambe SM, James JA, McDade SS, McCance DJ. ΔNp63γ/SRC/Slug Signaling Axis Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Squamous Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3917-3927. [PMID: 29739791 PMCID: PMC6098695 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its importance in tumor invasion.Experimental Design: We use a three-dimensional invasive organotypic raft culture model of human foreskin keratinocytes expressing the E6/E7 genes of the human papilloma virus-16, coupled with bioinformatic and IHC analysis of patient samples to investigate the role played by EMT in invasion and identify effectors and upstream regulatory pathways.Results: We identify SNAI2 (Slug) as a critical effector of EMT-activated downstream of TP63 overexpression in HNSCC. Splice-form-specific depletion and rescue experiments further identify the ΔNp63γ isoform as both necessary and sufficient to activate the SRC signaling axis and SNAI2-mediated EMT and invasion. Moreover, elevated SRC levels are associated with poor outcome in patients with HNSCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Importantly, the effects on EMT and invasions and SNAI2 expression can be reversed by genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of SRC.Conclusions: Overexpression of ΔNp63γ modulates cell invasion by inducing targetable SRC-Slug-evoked EMT in HNSCC, which can be reversed by inhibitors of the SRC signaling. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3917-27. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtiman Srivastava
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie G Craig
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard P Quinn
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Shauna M Lambe
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline A James
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Dennis J McCance
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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16
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Prognostic value and clinicopathologic characteristics of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) in a large series of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26192-205. [PMID: 27028855 PMCID: PMC5041974 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vulvar cancer treatment is mostly curative, but also has high morbidity rates. In a search for markers that can identify patients at risk of metastases, we investigated the prognostic value of L1-cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) in large series of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCCs). L1CAM promotes cell motility and is an emerging prognostic factor for metastasis in many cancer subtypes. Results L1CAM expression was observed at the invasive front or in spray-patterned parts of 17% of the tumours. L1CAM-positive tumours expressed vimentin more often, but L1CAM expression was not associated with TP53 or CTNNB1 mutations. Five-year survival was worse for patients with L1CAM expression (overall survival 46.1% vs 63.6%, P=.014, disease specific survival 63.8% vs 80.0%, P=.018). Multivariate analysis indicates L1CAM expression as an independent prognostic marker (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.10–7.68). An in vitro spheroid invasion assay showed decreased invasion of L1CAM-expressing VSCC spindle cells after treatment with L1CAM-neutralising antibodies. Materials and Methods Paraffin-embedded tumour tissue from two cohorts (N=103 and 245) of primary VSCCs were stained for L1CAM, vimentin and E-cadherin. Patients of the first cohort were tested for human papilloma virus infection and sequenced for TP53 and CTNNB1 (β-catenin) mutations. The expression of L1CAM was correlated to clinical characteristics and patient survival. Conclusion This is the first study to show high L1CAM-expression at the infiltrating margin of VSCC's. L1CAM-expressing VSCCs had a significantly worse prognosis compared to L1CAM-negative tumours. The highest expression was observed in spindle-shaped cells, where it might be correlated to their invasive capacity.
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17
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de Melo Maia B, Rodrigues IS, Akagi EM, Soares do Amaral N, Ling H, Monroig P, Soares FA, Calin GA, Rocha RM. MiR-223-5p works as an oncomiR in vulvar carcinoma by TP63 suppression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49217-49231. [PMID: 27359057 PMCID: PMC5226502 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-223-5p has been previously mentioned to be associated with tumor metastasis in HPV negative vulvar carcinomas, such as in several other tumor types. In the present study, we hypothesized that this microRNA would be important in vulvar cancer carcinogenesis and progression. To investigate this, we artificially mimicked miR-223-5p expression in a cell line derived from lymph node metastasis of vulvar carcinoma (SW962) and performed in vitro assays. As results, lower cell proliferation (p < 0.01) and migration (p < 0.001) were observed when miR-223-5p was overexpressed. In contrast, increased invasive potential of these cells was verified (p < 0.004). In silico search indicated that miR-223-5p targets TP63, member of the TP53 family of proteins, largely described with importance in vulvar cancer. We experimentally demonstrated that this microRNA is capable to decrease levels of p63 at both mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001, and p < 0.0001; respectively). Also, a significant inverse correlation was observed between miR-223-5p and p63 expressions in tumors from patients (p = 0.0365). Furthermore, low p63 protein expression was correlated with deeper tumor invasion (p = 0.0491) and lower patient overall survival (p = 0.0494). Our study points out miR-223-5p overexpression as a putative pathological mechanism of tumor invasion and a promising therapeutic target and highlights the importance of both miR-223-5p and p63 as prognostic factors in vulvar cancer. Also, it is plausible that the evaluation of p63 expression in vulvar cancer at the biopsy level may bring important contribution on prognostic establishment and in elaborating better surgical approaches for vulvar cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Melo Maia
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Iara Santana Rodrigues
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica Mie Akagi
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayra Soares do Amaral
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paloma Monroig
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Augusto Soares
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Y Box-Binding Protein 1 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Invasion, and Metastasis of Cervical Cancer via Enhancing the Expressions of Snail. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 27:1753-1760. [PMID: 28708785 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Y box-binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a potent oncogenic protein. How it regulates Snail in most tumors including cervical cancer is unknown. This article is to study if YB-1 plays a role in cervical cancer via regulating the expression of Snail. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of YB-1, Snail, and E-cadherin (E-cad) was performed on tissue specimens including 35 cases of chronic cervicitis (as a control), 35 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) I, 35 cases of CIN II/III, 28 cases of unmetastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and 19 cases of metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma. RNA interference technique was used to knock down YB-1, E6, and Snail genes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and transwell experiment were used to detect RNA, protein, and cell invasion of cervical cancer cell lines Hela and C33A, respectively. RESULTS First, YB-1 knockdown significantly reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of Snail, followed by the increased mRNA and protein levels of E-cad and the decreased invasive ability in both Hela (human papillomavirus [HPV] 18+) and C33A (HPV-) cell lines. Second, YB-1 and Snail protein were correlatively expressed in the group order of metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma > unmetastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma > CINs > cervicitis, with the inverse expression mode of E-cad in the group order, P value less than 0.01, between any 2 groups. Finally, HPV18 E6 knockdown reduced the mRNA and protein levels of YB-1 and Snail in Hela cells. CONCLUSIONS The results firstly reported that YB-1 whose mRNA expression is regulated by HPV18 E6 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and progression of cervical cancer via enhancing the expressions of Snail, which indicated that YB-1/Snail/epithelial-mesenchymal transition axis could have a potential use in the diagnosis and therapy of cervical cancer metastasis as a cancer marker and molecular target.
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19
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Zhang W, Wu X, Hu L, Ma Y, Xiu Z, Huang B, Feng Y, Tang X. Overexpression of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Oncoproteins Enhances Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2016; 25:843-852. [PMID: 28508744 PMCID: PMC7841029 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14813880882288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may be associated with the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the role of HPV-16 oncoproteins in the development and progression of NSCLC is not completely clear. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial step for invasion and metastasis, plays a key role in the development and progression of NSCLC. Here we explored the effect of HPV-16 oncoproteins on EMT and the underlying mechanisms. NSCLC cell lines, A549 and NCI-H460, were transiently transfected with the EGFP-N1-HPV-16 E6 or E7 plasmid. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to analyze the expression of EMT markers. A protein microarray was used to screen the involved signaling pathway. Our results showed that overexpression of HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in NSCLC cells significantly promoted EMT-like morphologic changes, downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of EMT epithelial markers (E-cadherin and ZO-1), and upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of EMT mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and vimentin) and transcription factors (ZEB-1 and Snail-1). Furthermore, the HPV-16 E6 oncoprotein promoted STAT3 activation. Moreover, WP1066, a specific signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor, reversed the effect of HPV-16 E6 on the expression of ZO-1, vimentin, and ZEB-1 in transfected NSCLC cells. Taken together, our results suggest that overexpression of HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins enhances EMT, and the STAT3 signaling pathway may be involved in HPV-16 E6-induced EMT in NSCLC cells.
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20
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Leonard S, Pereira M, Fox R, Gordon N, Yap J, Kehoe S, Luesley D, Woodman C, Ganesan R. Over-expression of DNMT3A predicts the risk of recurrent vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 143:414-420. [PMID: 27623253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer initiation and progression has been linked to aberrant expression of the DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), the enzymes which establish and maintain DNA methylation patterns throughout the genome. In this study, we investigated if DNMT expression in vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCC) was related to clinical outcome. METHODS DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression was measured in a subset of cases drawn from a cohort of consecutive women treated for primary VSCC at the Pan Birmingham Gynaecological Cancer Centre between 2001 and 2008. Univariable and multivariable competing risk modelling was performed to identify whether DNMT expression was associated with local disease recurrence or disease morbidity. RESULTS Over-expression of DNMT3A in the invasive component of the tumour was seen in 44% of tumours and was associated with an increased risk of local vulvar recurrence (LVR) (HR=4.51, p=0.012). This risk was found to increase further after adjustment for disease stage (HR=6.00, p=0.003) and groin node metastasis (HR=4.81, p=0.008). Over-expression of DNMT3B was associated with an increased risk of LVR (HR=5.69 p=0.03), however this ceased to be significant after adjustment for groin node metastasis. In a subset analysis, over-expression of DNMT3A was found to be significantly more common in VSCCs that stained negative for CDKN2A. CONCLUSIONS These observations are consistent with the possibility that epigenetic changes contribute to vulvar neoplasia and DNMT3A over-expression may be useful in predicting local disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leonard
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Merlin Pereira
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Fox
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Naheema Gordon
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Yap
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Kehoe
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David Luesley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Woodman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Raji Ganesan
- Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, United Kingdom.
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Holthoff ER, Spencer H, Kelly T, Post SR, Quick CM. Pathologic features of aggressive vulvar carcinoma are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hum Pathol 2016; 56:22-30. [PMID: 27327194 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Factors contributing to aggressive behavior in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (vSCC) are poorly defined; however, a recent study has shown that vSCCs with an infiltrative pattern of invasion and fibromyxoid stroma are associated with worse outcomes than tumors with a pushing or nested pattern of invasion and lymphoplasmacytic stroma. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with tumor progression in a number of malignancies, and this study proposes that EMT contributes to tumor aggressiveness in this subset of vSCC. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect nuclear localization of β-catenin, loss of E-cadherin, and presence of vimentin in 58 cases of vSCC. The association of these phenotypic changes with pathologic features and clinical outcomes was tested using Fisher's exact and χ(2) analyses (significance at P≤.05). EMT-associated features were identified in 45 of 58 cases (78%) with 28 cases exhibiting more than one feature. Nuclear β-catenin and presence of vimentin were significantly more likely to occur in tumors with an infiltrative pattern of invasion or a fibromyxoid stromal response. Loss of E-cadherin was significantly associated with an infiltrative pattern, but not a fibromyxoid stroma. Risk for tumor recurrence was significantly increased in tumors with nuclear localization of β-catenin alone or in tumors displaying multiple EMT-associated features. These results suggest that the development of EMT may be a mechanism by which infiltrative vulvar tumors with a fibromyxoid stromal response behave more aggressively and convey worse outcomes than tumors that do not exhibit these pathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Holthoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, U.S.A
| | - Horace Spencer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Kelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, U.S.A
| | - Steven R Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, U.S.A
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, U.S.A.
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22
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Lavorato-Rocha AM, Akagi EM, de Melo Maia B, Rodrigues IS, Botelho MCS, Marchi FA, Fernandes G, Baiocchi G, Soares FA, Rogatto SR, Sato-Kuwabara Y, Rocha RM. An Integrative Approach Uncovers Biomarkers that Associate with Clinically Relevant Disease Outcomes in Vulvar Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:720-9. [PMID: 27170308 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is a rare disease that has a high mortality rate (∼40%). However, little is known about its molecular signature. Therefore, an integrated genomics approach, based on comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and genome-wide expression (GWE) array, was performed to identify driver genes in VSCC. To achieve that, DNA and RNA were extracted from frozen VSCC clinical specimens and examined by aCGH and GWE array, respectively. On the basis of the integration of data using the CONEXIC algorithm, PLXDC2 and GNB3 were validated by RT-qPCR. The expression of these genes was then analyzed by IHC in a large set of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. These analyses identified 47 putative drivers, 46 of which were characterized by copy number gains that were concomitant with overexpression and one with a copy number loss and downregulation. Two of these genes, PLXDC2 and GNB3, were selected for further validation: PLXDC2 was downregulated and GNB3 was overexpressed compared with non-neoplastic tissue. By IHC, both proteins were ubiquitously expressed throughout vulvar tissue. High expression of GNB3 and low PLXDC2 immunostaining in the same sample was significantly associated with less lymph node metastasis and greater disease-free survival. On the basis of a robust methodology never used before for VSCC evaluation, two novel prognostic markers in vulvar cancer are identified: one with favorable prognosis (GNB3) and the other with unfavorable prognosis (PLXDC2). IMPLICATIONS This genomics study reveals markers that associate with prognosis and may provide guidance for better treatment in vulvar cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 14(8); 720-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica M Akagi
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Iara S Rodrigues
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio A Marchi
- NeoGene Laboratory, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Glauco Baiocchi
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Soares
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Yukie Sato-Kuwabara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Rocha
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Umbreit C, Erben P, Faber A, Hofheinz RD, Schultz JD, Hoermann K, Wenzel A. Lapatinib-induced mesenchymal-epithelial transition in squamous cell carcinoma cells correlates with unexpected alteration of β-catenin expression. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2715-2724. [PMID: 27073542 PMCID: PMC4812316 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key developmental program that is often activated during cancer progression, and may promote resistance of cancer cells to therapy. Inhibiting EMT appears to be crucial to inhibit drug resistance. The mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), which is the reverse program of EMT in metastases, is characterized by the upregulation of epithelial adhesive proteins such as E-cadherin, and downregulation of mesenchymal proteins such as vimentin. The sensitivity of cancer cells to epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor may be increased by inducing MET in these cells. Therefore, it is of clinical importance to specify the phenotype of cancer cells in order to overcome the phenomenon of drug resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression pattern of specific markers in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells following stimulation with lapatinib and gefitinib. For this purpose, the head and neck (HN) SCC cell lines HNSCC22B and HNSCC11A were incubated with 0.5 and 2 µg/ml lapatinib and gefitinib, and the levels of E-cadherin, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase-14, c-kit and β-catenin were detected by immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 5, 24 and 96 h post-incubation. The results indicated that, compared with HNSCC22B cells, the protein expression levels of vimentin increased, whereas those of E-cadherin reduced, in non-stimulated HNSCC11A cells. In addition, the protein expression levels of β-catenin were altered in the epithelial- and mesenchymal-associated SCC cell lines following treatment with lapatinib and gefitinib. Furthermore, lapatinib induced the downregulation of vimentin and upregulation of E-cadherin in HNSCC11A cells in a time-dependent manner. This suggests that the sensitivity of cancer cells to lapatinib may be improved by inducing MET in these cells. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that lapatinib-induced MET led to an unexpected alteration of the protein expression levels of β-catenin in SCC cells. Further studies on the mechanistic role of MET are required in order to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to EGFR inhibitor and block the EMT process in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Umbreit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne Faber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf-Dieter Hofheinz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes David Schultz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karl Hoermann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Angela Wenzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Luchini C, Parcesepe P, Mafficini A, Nottegar A, Parolini C, Veronese N, Remo A, Manfrin E. Specific expression patterns of epithelial to mesenchymal transition factors in gestational molar disease. Placenta 2015; 36:1318-24. [PMID: 26459371 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a well-known and re-emerging model in pathology, has not been completely investigated in the field of gestational pathology. This study aims at improving the comprehension of this process in molar disease, even looking for new possible immunohistochemical markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analysed the immunohistochemical expression of Twist1 and Snai2, two of the most important transcription factors involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of 23 spontaneous abortive pregnancies, 22 molar pregnancies (10 partial and 12 complete) and 7 term placentas. RESULTS Twist1 and Snai2 were highly expressed in stromal villi cells of molar disease. Particularly, Twist1 was highly expressed in complete moles compared to both abortive pregnancies (p < 0.001) and partial moles (p < 0.05). Also Snai2 was more expressed by complete moles, differentiating them from non-molar abortions (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION On the basis of the known cadherins and claudins expression in these pathologies, our new findings reinforce the hypothesis of the involvement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in early molar pregnancies and above all in complete moles. Furthermore, we highlighted that in molar disease not only the trophoblast, but even the villi stromal cells, are involved. Thanks to their specificity, furthermore, these Twist1 and Snai2 could be used as additional immunohistochemical tool in the diagnosis of complete molar disease, with Twist1 as the first choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Pietro Parcesepe
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Parolini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Remo
- Mater Salutis Hospital, Legnago, Verona, Italy
| | - Erminia Manfrin
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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EMT-Inducing Molecular Factors in Gynecological Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:420891. [PMID: 26356073 PMCID: PMC4556818 DOI: 10.1155/2015/420891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers are the unregulated growth of neoplastic cells that arise in the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. Although gynecologic cancers are characterized by different signs and symptoms, studies have shown that they share common risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, age, exposure to certain chemicals, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Despite recent advancements in the preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions for gynecologic cancers, many patients still die as a result of metastasis and recurrence. Since mounting evidence indicates that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays an essential role in metastatic relapse of cancer, understanding the molecular aberrations responsible for the EMT and its underlying signaling should be given high priority in order to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.
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Suárez-Bonnet A, Herráez P, Aguirre M, Suárez-Bonnet E, Andrada M, Rodríguez F, Espinosa de Los Monteros A. Expression of cell cycle regulators, 14-3-3σ and p53 proteins, and vimentin in canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:332.e1-7. [PMID: 25979650 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study of the expression of 14-3-3σ, p53, and vimentin proteins in canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) evaluating differences with normal bladder tissues, and the association with clinicopathological variables. METHODS We analyze by immunohistochemistry in 19 canine TCCs the expression of 14-3-3σ, p53, and vimentin using monoclonal antibodys. A semiquantitative scoring method was employed and statistical analysis was performed to display relationships between variables. RESULTS In contrast to normal urinary bladder epithelium, which showed high levels of 14-3-3σ, its expression was decreased in 53% of the studied tumors (P = 0.0344). The 14-3-3σ protein was expressed by neoplastic emboli and by highly infiltrative neoplastic cells. The p53 protein was expressed in 26% of TCCs, but no significant association between 14-3-3σ and p53 was detected. Neoplastic epithelial cells displayed vimentin immunoreactivity in 21% of TCCs, and a positive correlation with mitotic index was observed (P = 0.042). Coexpression of vimentin and 14-3-3σ by highly infiltrative neoplastic cells was also observed. CONCLUSIONS 14-3-3σ is deregulated in canine TCCs and its expression by highly infiltrative tumor cells may be related to the acquisition of aggressive behavior. Furthermore, this article reinforce the role of canine TCC as relevant model of human urothelial carcinoma and we suggest 14-3-3σ as a potential therapeutic target. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of 14-3-3σ in canine TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Unit of Histology and Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain.
| | - Pedro Herráez
- Unit of Histology and Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Maria Aguirre
- Department of Surgery and Internal Medicine, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Elena Suárez-Bonnet
- Unit of Histology and Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Marisa Andrada
- Unit of Histology and Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Unit of Histology and Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Antonio Espinosa de Los Monteros
- Unit of Histology and Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
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Cavalcante JR, Sampaio JPA, Maia Filho JTA, Vieira RB, Eleutério J, Lima RCP, Ribeiro RA, Almeida PRC. Progressive loss of E-cadherin immunoexpression during cervical carcinogenesis. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 29:667-74. [PMID: 25317999 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-8650201400160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate E-cadherin immunoexpression during cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS We assessed the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin in squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL - 52 cases), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix (23 cases) and also in eight cases of cervicitis. RESULTS The results show very different E-cadherin membrane expression levels when cervicitis (88%), SILs (73%) and SCC (17%) were compared. In SILs, higher E-cadherin loss was seen in less differentiated cells in the basal third of the epithelium. This study suggests that the absence of E-cadherin expression in the membrane is a molecular event that is observed more often in SCC of the uterine cervix than in SILs or cervicitis. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin is an essential molecule during the process of cervical carcinogenesis and in this context exhibits a different expression pattern according to the epithelial thickness layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José Eleutério
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Masferrer E, Ferrándiz-Pulido C, Masferrer-Niubò M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Gil I, Pont A, Servitje O, García de Herreros A, Lloveras B, García-Patos V, Pujol RM, Toll A, Hernández-Muñoz I. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 2015; 193:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emili Masferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ferrándiz-Pulido
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magalí Masferrer-Niubò
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gil
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Pont
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavi Servitje
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Lloveras
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç García-Patos
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon M. Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Hernández-Muñoz
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
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Akagi EM, Lavorato-Rocha AM, Maia BDM, Rodrigues IS, Carvalho KC, Stiepcich MM, Baiocchi G, Sato-Kuwabara Y, Rogatto SR, Soares FA, Rocha RM. ROCK1 as a novel prognostic marker in vulvar cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:822. [PMID: 25380619 PMCID: PMC4232714 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vulvar carcinoma is an infrequent tumour, accounting for fewer than 3% of all malignant tumours that affect women, but its incidence is rising in the past few decades. In young women, the manifestation of the vulvar carcinoma is often linked to risk factors such as smoking and HPV infection, but most cases develop in women aged over 50 years through poorly understood genetic mechanisms. Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) has been implicated in many cellular processes, but its function in vulvar cancer has never been examined. In this study, we aimed to determine the prognostic value of ROCK1 gene and protein analysis in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). Methods ROCK1 expression levels were measured in 16 vulvar tumour samples and adjacent normal tissue by qRT-PCR. Further, 96 VSCC samples were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to confirm the involvement of ROCK1 in the disease. The molecular and pathological results were correlated with the clinical data of the patients. Sixteen fresh VSCC samples were analyzed by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Results In each pair of samples, ROCK1 levels were higher by qRT-PCR in normal tissue compared with the tumour samples (p = 0.016). By IHC, 100% of invasive front areas of the tumour and 95.8% of central tumour areas were positive for ROCK1. Greater expression of ROCK1 was associated with the absence of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.022) and a lower depth of invasion (p = 0.002). In addition, higher ROCK1 levels correlated with greater recurrence-free survival (p = 0.001). Loss of ROCK1 was independently linked to worse cancer-specific survival (p = 0.0054) by multivariate analysis. This finding was validated by IHC, which demonstrated enhanced protein expression in normal versus tumour tissue (p < 0.001). By aCGH, 42.9% of samples showed a gain in copy number of the ROCK1 gene. Conclusions ROCK1 is lower expressed in tumour tissue when compared with adjacent normal vulvar epithelia. In an independent sample set of VSCCs, lower expression levels of ROCK1 correlated with worse survival rates and a poor prognosis. These findings provide important information for the clinical management of vulvar cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael M Rocha
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Investigative Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Zhang P, Hu P, Shen H, Yu J, Liu Q, Du J. Prognostic role of Twist or Snail in various carcinomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:1072-94. [PMID: 25257753 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twist and Snail are considered as key transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin tightly related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer progression. Numerous studies have investigated the prognostic value of Twist and Snail. However, the published results were controversial or even opposite. Our article aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of Twist and Snail in patients with cancer. DESIGN A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science was conducted. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed to quantify the prognostic role. RESULTS The pooled HR with 38 studies for Twist was 2·18 (95% CI: 1·77-2·68, I(2) = 69·8%, P = 0·000) and for Snail with 40 studies was 1·58 (95% CI: 1·33-1·87, I(2) = 70·0%, P = 0·000), suggesting high Twist/Snail expression predicted poor prognosis related to all clinical outcomes. For Twist, the pooled HR for overall survival (OS) was 2·07 (95% CI: 1·63-2·63, I(2) = 72·6%, P = 0·000) and for progression-free/recurrence-free/metastasis-free/disease-free/cancer-free survival (PFS/RFS/MFS/DFS/CFS) was 2·36 (95% CI: 1·76-3·17, I(2) = 65·0%, P = 0·000). For Snail, the pooled HR for OS was 1·63 (95% CI: 1·33-1·99, I(2) = 70·8%, P = 0·000) and for PFS/RFS/MFS/DFS/CFS was 1·54 (95% CI: 1·17-2·02, I(2) = 59·1%, P = 0·001). All of those results were suggesting that high Twist/Snail expression was associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, when grouped into different types of cancers, the pooled HRs were also calculated for the subgroups. No publication bias was found except studies evaluating all clinical outcomes of Twist (P = 0·006 for Begg's test and 0·006 for Egger's test). CONCLUSIONS Elevated Twist or Snail expression in tumour tissue indicated poor prognosis for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Guerrera IC, Quetier I, Fetouchi R, Moreau F, Vauloup-Fellous C, Lekbaby B, Rousselot C, Chhuon C, Edelman A, Lefevre M, Nicolas JC, Kremsdorf D, Lacau Saint Guily J, Soussan P. Regulation of interleukin-6 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is related to papillomavirus infection. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1002-11. [PMID: 24405156 DOI: 10.1021/pr401009f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) related to human papillomavirus (HPV) is increasing, unlike tobacco- and alcohol-associated cancers. To gain a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in HNSCC, depending on the presence or not of a viral sequence, we investigated the expression of proteins detected in the tumor regions of HNSCC patients. Twenty-two untreated HNSCC patients were selected according to the presence of HPV-16. For six patients, tumor and controlateral healthy tissues were tested for viral detection before quantitative proteomic analysis. After confirmation by Western blot, proteins were connected into a network, leading to investigate interleukin-6 (IL-6) by immunocytochemistry and ELISA. 41 ± 5% of proteins quantified by proteomics were differentially expressed in tumor compared with healthy regions. Among them, 36 proteins were retained as modulated in HPV-16 positive or negative tumors, including cytokeratins, tubulins, annexin A1, and serpin B1. Network analysis suggested a central role of IL-6, confirmed by overexpression of IL-6 in tumor tissues as in sera of HPV-negative HNSCC compared with HPV-16-positive tumors. This modulation may contribute to the survival and proliferation of cancer cells, although it was not related to tumor stage or to the level of HPV-16 DNA.
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Stewart CJR, Crook ML. Fascin and cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in non-neoplastic vulvar squamous epithelium, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous carcinoma: correlation with Ki67 and p16 protein expression. J Clin Pathol 2013; 67:319-25. [PMID: 24218024 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate cyclin D1 and fascin immunoreactivity in normal, reactive and neoplastic vulvar skin correlating the findings with p16 protein and Ki67 expression. METHODS 66 vulvar biopsy or resection specimens demonstrating normal appearances, reactive epidermal changes, usual-type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN), differentiated-type VIN (dVIN), p16-positive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and p16-negative SCC were examined immunohistochemically for cyclin D1, fascin, Ki67 and p16 protein. Where applicable, expression patterns were compared in microanatomically distinct areas, particularly at the invasive front (deep tumour margin) of SCC. RESULTS Normal epidermis showed parabasal Ki67 and cyclin D1 staining while fascin labelled cells in the lower one-third of the epithelium. Reactive and dVIN specimens demonstrated mildly increased Ki67 and cyclin D1 expression that maintained parabasal polarity, whereas uVIN and p16-positive SCC were characterised by loss of cyclin D1 staining. However, in 14 of 20 p16-positive SCC small infiltrative tumour groups and single infiltrating cells at the invasive front showed a cyclin D1-positive/ Ki67-negative phenotype. In contrast, p16-negative SCC generally showed diffuse and concordant cyclin D1 and Ki67 labelling, including at the invasive margin. Fascin expression was increased in all VIN and SCC lesions. CONCLUSIONS Variations in cyclin D1 and Ki67 expression between p16-positive and p16-negative vulvar SCCs suggest different mechanisms of invasion in these tumour subgroups. Fascin is upregulated in vulvar squamous neoplasia but immunostaining does not discriminate in situ from invasive lesions nor putative human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J R Stewart
- Department of Histopathology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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de Melo Maia B, Lavorato-Rocha AM, Rodrigues LS, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Baiocchi G, Stiepcich MM, Puga R, de A Lima L, Soares FA, Rocha RM. microRNA portraits in human vulvar carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1231-41. [PMID: 24048714 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unregulated expression of microRNAs is well known and has already been demonstrated in many tumor types. However, in vulvar carcinoma this field has been unknown territory. Our study characterizes microRNA in vulvar tumors through an expression profile of 754 miRNAs, relating this with clinical and anatomopathologic data, and presence of HPV infection. Twenty HPV-negative and 20 HPV-positive samples, genotyped for high-risk HPVs (HPV16, 18, 31, 33) and a pool of seven normal vulvar skin samples were used for the identification of differentially expressed miRNAs by TLDA Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). Twenty-five differentially expressed microRNAs between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups and 79 differentially expressed on the tumor compared with normal samples were obtained. A network between microRNA expression profiles and putative target mRNAs predicted by target prediction algorithms and previously demonstrated as relevant in vulvar carcinomas, such as TP53, RB, PTEN, and EGFR was constructed. Downregulation of both miR-223-5p and miR-19-b1-5p were correlated with the presence of lymph node metastasis; downregulation of miR-100-3p and miR-19-b1-5p were correlated with presence of vascular invasion; overexpression of miR-519b and miR-133a were associated with advanced FIGO staging. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that microRNAs may be clinically important in vulvar carcinomas and our findings may help for further studies on functional implications of miRNA deregulation in this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Melo Maia
- Anatomic Pathology Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Hospital, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente, 109, 1st Floor, Liberdade - São Paulo, Brazil 01509-900.
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