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Masisi BK, El Ansari R, Alfarsi L, Fakroun A, Erkan B, Ibrahim A, Toss M, Ellis IO, Rakha EA, Green AR. Tripartite Motif-Containing 2, a Glutamine Metabolism-Associated Protein, Predicts Poor Patient Outcome in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1949. [PMID: 38893070 PMCID: PMC11171213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) remains heterogeneous in terms of prognosis and response to treatment. Metabolic reprogramming is a critical part of oncogenesis and a potential therapeutic target. Glutaminase (GLS), which generates glutamate from glutamine, plays a role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, targeting GLS directly may be difficult, as it is essential for normal cell function. This study aimed to determine potential targets in BC associated with glutamine metabolism and evaluate their prognostic value in BC. METHODS The iNET model was used to identify genes in BC that are associated with GLS using RNA-sequencing data. The prognostic significance of tripartite motif-containing 2 (TRIM2) mRNA was assessed in BC transcriptomic data (n = 16,575), and TRIM2 protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (n = 749) in patients with early-stage invasive breast cancer with long-term follow-up. The associations between TRIM2 expression and clinicopathological features and patient outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS Pathway analysis identified TRIM2 expression as an important gene co-expressed with high GLS expression in BC. High TRIM2 mRNA and TRIM2 protein expression were associated with TNBC (p < 0.01). TRIM2 was a predictor of poor distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in TNBC (p < 0.01), and this was independent of established prognostic factors (p < 0.05), particularly in those who received chemotherapy (p < 0.05). In addition, TRIM2 was a predictor of shorter DMFS in TNBC treated with chemotherapy (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of an association between TRIM2 and poor patient outcomes in TNBC, especially those treated with chemotherapy. The molecular mechanisms and functional behaviour of TRIM2 and the functional link with GLS in BC warrant further exploration using in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendah K. Masisi
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rokaya El Ansari
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lutfi Alfarsi
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ali Fakroun
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Busra Erkan
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Asmaa Ibrahim
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael Toss
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian O. Ellis
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Cellular Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emad A. Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Cellular Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew R. Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Sun H, Ding Q, Sahin AA. Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis and Classification of Breast Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2023; 147:1119-1132. [PMID: 37490413 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0464-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— In the clinical practice of breast pathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of different markers is widely used for the diagnosis and classification of breast lesions. OBJECTIVE.— To provide an overview of currently used and recently identified IHC stains that have been implemented in the field of diagnostic breast pathology. DATA SOURCES.— Data were obtained from literature review and clinical experience of the authors as breast pathologists. CONCLUSIONS.— In the current review, we summarize the common uses of IHC stains for diagnosing different types of breast lesions, especially invasive and noninvasive breast lesions, and benign and malignant spindle cell lesions. In addition, the cutting-edge knowledge of diagnostic carcinoma markers will lead us to further understand the different types of breast carcinoma and differentiate breast carcinomas from other carcinomas of similar morphology. Knowing the strengths and limitations of these markers is essential to the clinical practice of breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Sun
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Qingqing Ding
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Baykara Y, Lu S, Yang D, Wang Y, Yakirevich E, Hacking S, Pisharodi L, Maleki S. Utility of Wnt family member 9b (Wnt9b) immunohistochemistry in the cytologic diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2023:10.1007/s00428-023-03645-z. [PMID: 37718335 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Wnt family member 9b (Wnt9b) has been demonstrated as a valuable marker for breast cancer diagnosis in surgical pathology. In this study, we examined the utility of Wnt9b in diagnosing metastatic breast carcinoma in cytology samples. Cell blocks from fine needle aspirations (FNA) and fluid specimens of 96 metastatic breast carcinomas and 123 primary and metastatic non-breast neoplasms from various organ systems were evaluated by Wnt9b and GATA3 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Wnt9b and GATA3 were positive in 81.3% and 92.7% of metastatic breast carcinomas, respectively. Conversely, 93.5% and 90.0% of non-breast, non-urothelial carcinomas were negative for Wnt9b and GATA3, respectively. Wnt9b expression was positive in rare gastrointestinal, gynecological, lung, pancreas, and salivary gland tumors. All twenty-eight urothelial carcinomas were negative for Wnt9b, while twenty-six (92.9%) were positive for GATA3. Wnt9b was slightly less sensitive but more specific than GATA3 in diagnosing metastatic breast cancer in cytology samples. Particularly, Wnt9b shows higher specificity in differentiating breast and urothelial primaries. The combined use of Wnt9b and GATA3 may increase diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Baykara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Dongfang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Evgeny Yakirevich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Sean Hacking
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Latha Pisharodi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Sara Maleki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Association between Synonymous SNPs of SOX10 and Plumage Color and Reproductive Traits of Ducks. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233345. [PMID: 36496864 PMCID: PMC9736065 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the SOX10 gene affect the plumage color of chickens and pigeons. The mutation also causes abnormal pigmentation of the skin and hair color, as well as postnatal growth retardation and reproduction problems in humans and mice. In this study, we investigated the association between the SOX10 gene and plumage color and reproductive traits of ducks using SNPs. We found six novel SNPs from 11 identified SNP sites using direct sequencing for PCR products from three different mixed DNA pools. We found two coding SNPs to be associated with the plumage color of ducks (ZJU1.0 Chr1. g.54065419C>T and g.54070844C>T), and found three coding SNPs associated with the reproductive traits of ducks (g.54065419C>T, g.54070844C>T, and g.54070904C>T), which were age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity, and the Haugh unit for egg quality traits and egg production in different productive periods. These results also indicated that the T alleles of the three SNPs of the coding region of SOX10 contribute to lower reproductive traits.
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FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10 and GAS2 Gene Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Relationship with Clinicopathological Indices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-117086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of molecular methods in cancer diagnosis has led to a better prognosis. One of the important gene families in the carcinogenic pathways of various cancers is the forkhead box (FOX) family genes. Moreover, developmental transcription factors and proapoptotic proteins play critical roles in cell function and carcinogenesis. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of A1 FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2) genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumors due to biomarker discovery and early diagnosis of cancer. Methods: To evaluate the expression of FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and GAS2 genes, 30 OSCC samples and 30 normal specimens were obtained from Imam Khomeini Hospital Cancer Institute. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were done by relevant kits. After a specific primer design for FOXA1, FOXA2, SOX10, and GAS2 genes, real-time PCR was done to evaluate the genes’ expression for molecular biomarker discovery and validation. ANOVA and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: Significant differences were observed in the expression of the studied genes in tumor and control tissues (P < 0.001). The results showed that FOXA1, GAS2, and SOX10 expressions in tumor and normal cells have significant differences (P < 0.001). Regardless of FOXA1, FOXA2 and SOX10, there was a significant difference in the expression of GAS2 genes in term patients’ age (P < 0.05) and overexpressed in patients over 55 years. SOX10 gene is upregulated in grade II OSCC tumors but there is no significant difference in expression of FOXA1, FOXA2, and GAS2 in different stages and grades. The ROC curve analysis, FOXA1, and FOXA2 showed AUC = 0.66 and AUC = 0.57 respectively. Meanwhile, SOX10 and GAS2 showed AUC = 0.9 and AUC = 1 respectively. Conclusions: In general, the expression of FOXA1, GAS2, and SOX10 genes in cancer and control tissues were different, and therefore the role of these genes in OSCC is confirmed. Also, in the present study, the biomarker potential of SOX10 and GAS2 genes for OSCC diagnosis was demonstrated. In the current study, the important role of the studied genes in OSCC diagnosis was shown. However, further studies are needed to confirm this.
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Saunus JM, De Luca XM, Northwood K, Raghavendra A, Hasson A, McCart Reed AE, Lim M, Lal S, Vargas AC, Kutasovic JR, Dalley AJ, Miranda M, Kalaw E, Kalita-de Croft P, Gresshoff I, Al-Ejeh F, Gee JMW, Ormandy C, Khanna KK, Beesley J, Chenevix-Trench G, Green AR, Rakha EA, Ellis IO, Nicolau DV, Simpson PT, Lakhani SR. Epigenome erosion and SOX10 drive neural crest phenotypic mimicry in triple-negative breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:57. [PMID: 35501337 PMCID: PMC9061835 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is caused by genomic instability and phenotypic plasticity, but how these features co-evolve remains unclear. SOX10 is a neural crest stem cell (NCSC) specifier and candidate mediator of phenotypic plasticity in cancer. We investigated its relevance in breast cancer by immunophenotyping 21 normal breast and 1860 tumour samples. Nuclear SOX10 was detected in normal mammary luminal progenitor cells, the histogenic origin of most TNBCs. In tumours, nuclear SOX10 was almost exclusive to TNBC, and predicted poorer outcome amongst cross-sectional (p = 0.0015, hazard ratio 2.02, n = 224) and metaplastic (p = 0.04, n = 66) cases. To understand SOX10’s influence over the transcriptome during the transition from normal to malignant states, we performed a systems-level analysis of co-expression data, de-noising the networks with an eigen-decomposition method. This identified a core module in SOX10’s normal mammary epithelial network that becomes rewired to NCSC genes in TNBC. Crucially, this reprogramming was proportional to genome-wide promoter methylation loss, particularly at lineage-specifying CpG-island shores. We propose that the progressive, genome-wide methylation loss in TNBC simulates more primitive epigenome architecture, making cells vulnerable to SOX10-driven reprogramming. This study demonstrates potential utility for SOX10 as a prognostic biomarker in TNBC and provides new insights about developmental phenotypic mimicry—a major contributor to intratumoral heterogeneity.
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Comprehensive analysis of an immune infiltrate-related competitive endogenous RNA network reveals potential prognostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260720. [PMID: 34855841 PMCID: PMC8639052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy and its prognosis remains poor because of the lack of reliable early diagnostic biomarkers. The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and prognosis of NSCLC. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is valuable for predicting the response to immunotherapy and determining the prognosis of NSCLC patients. To understand the TIME-related ceRNA network, the RNA profiling datasets from the Genotype-Tissue Expression and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases were analyzed to identify the mRNAs, microRNAs, and lncRNAs associated with the differentially expressed genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the brown module of mRNAs and the turquoise module of lncRNAs were the most important. Interactions among microRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs were prognosticated using miRcode, miRDB, TargetScan, miRTarBase, and starBase databases. A prognostic model consisting of 13 mRNAs was established using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and validated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The 22 immune infiltrating cell types were analyzed using the CIBERSORT algorithm, and results showed that the high-risk score of this model was related to poor prognosis and an immunosuppressive TIME. A lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network that included 69 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) was constructed based on the five mRNAs obtained from the prognostic model. ROC survival analysis further showed that the seven DElncRNAs had a substantial prognostic value for the overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients; the area under the curve was 0.65. In addition, the high-risk group showed drug resistance to several chemotherapeutic and targeted drugs including cisplatin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and gefitinib. The differential expression of five mRNAs and seven lncRNAs in the ceRNA network was supported by the results of the HPA database and RT-qPCR analyses. This comprehensive analysis of a ceRNA network identified a set of biomarkers for prognosis and TIME prediction in NSCLC.
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Yu L, Peng F, Dong X, Chen Y, Sun D, Jiang S, Deng C. Sex-Determining Region Y Chromosome-Related High-Mobility-Group Box 10 in Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564740. [PMID: 33344444 PMCID: PMC7744619 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group-box 10 (SOX10), a member of the SOX family, has recently been highlighted as an essential transcriptional factor involved in developmental biology. Recently, the functionality of SOX 10 has been increasingly revealed by researchers worldwide. It has been reported that SOX10 significantly regulates the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of tumors and is closely associated with the progression of cancer. In this review, we first introduce the basic background of the SOX family and SOX10 and then discuss the pathophysiological roles of SOX10 in cancer. Besides, we enumerate the application of SOX10 in the pathological diagnosis and therapeutic potential of cancer. Eventually, we summarize the potential directions and perspectives of SOX10 in neoplastic theranostics. The information compiled herein may assist in additional studies and increase the potential of SOX10 as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Outpatient Department of Liaoning Military Region, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Van Bockstal MR, Noel F, Guiot Y, Duhoux FP, Mazzeo F, Van Marcke C, Fellah L, Ledoux B, Berlière M, Galant C. Predictive markers for pathological complete response after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 49:151634. [PMID: 32987254 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of Sox10 and GATA3 was previously identified as a marker for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but it is uncertain whether their expression is associated with pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). This study investigates the predictive value of clinicopathological characteristics, as well as protein expression of Sox10, GATA3, p53 and p63, in a consecutive series of TNBC patients treated with NAC. Archived hematoxylin & eosin stained slides of core biopsies and resection specimens from 35 TNBC patients were reviewed. The following clinicopathological characteristics were determined at the biopsy level: age at diagnosis, cancer type, Nottingham grade, lympho-vascular invasion, syncytial growth, necrosis, clear cell differentiation, myxoid peritumor stroma, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) and presence of an in situ component. The MD Anderson residual cancer burden (RCB) score and corresponding RCB class were determined. Immunohistochemistry for Sox10, p53, GATA3 and p63 was performed at the biopsy level. sTILs, either as a continuous or as a dichotomous variable, were the only parameter that was significantly associated with pCR in univariable and multivariable analyses. Assessment of sTILs showed moderate to good interobserver agreement. High sTILs (≥40%) were significantly associated with increased pCR rates, and this association was observer-independent. This retrospective study of a consecutive community-based cohort of TNBC patients confirms that sTILs are a robust, observer-independent predictor for therapeutic response after NAC. The combination of Sox10, GATA3 and p53 immunoreactivity is unlikely to harbor any predictive value for pCR in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke R Van Bockstal
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Fanchon Noel
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francois P Duhoux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical Oncology, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filomena Mazzeo
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical Oncology, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Van Marcke
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical Oncology, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Latifa Fellah
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Ledoux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Oncologic Radiotherapy, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Berlière
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Galant
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Breast Clinic, King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Jamidi SK, Hu J, Aphivatanasiri C, Tsang JY, Poon IK, Li JJ, Chan SK, Cheung SY, Tse GM. Sry-related high-mobility-group/HMG box 10 (SOX10) as a sensitive marker for triple-negative breast cancer. Histopathology 2020; 77:936-948. [PMID: 32304249 DOI: 10.1111/his.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Confirmation of a breast origin for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is sometimes problematic. The traditional breast markers GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), mammaglobin (MGB) and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15) have shown limitations in identifying TNBC. Here, we aimed to examine the diagnostic potential of the newly proposed TNBC marker, Sry-related high-mobility-group/HMG box 10 (SOX10). METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed and compared SOX10 expression with GATA3, MGB and GCDFP15 expression in a test cohort of 1838 invasive breast cancers (IBCs) by using tissue microarrays. The findings from the test cohort were further examined with a validation cohort of 42 TNBCs in whole sections. The overall expression rates of SOX10, GATA3, MGB and GCDFP15 were 6.9%, 83.1%, 47.0%, and 34.8%, respectively. Among the TNBCs within this cohort, the expression rates of SOX10, GATA3, MGB and GCDFP15 were 31.3%, 34.5%, 27.9%, and 25.2%, respectively. SOX10 was strongly associated with TNBC (P < 0.001), whereas all other traditional markers were associated with non-TNBC (P < 0.001 for all). In addition, SOX10 was more correlated to basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) (P = 0.001) than five-marker-negative subtype among the TNBCs. A high expression rate of SOX10 (81%) was confirmed in the validation cohort. Additionally, SOX10 expression was inversely correlated with GATA3 and GCDFP15 expression, so they may complement each other in TNBC detection. The SOX10-GATA3 combination yielded a sensitivity of 60.3% for TNBC detection in the test cohort. CONCLUSION SOX10 is a reliable marker for identifying TNBC, and complements GATA3. The SOX10-GATA3 combination may be used as a sensitive TNBC marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley K Jamidi
- Department of Pathology, Eka Hospital, Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Jintao Hu
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Julia Y Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan K Poon
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joshua J Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Ki Chan
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai-Yin Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kriegsmann K, Flechtenmacher C, Heil J, Kriegsmann J, Mechtersheimer G, Aulmann S, Weichert W, Sinn HP, Kriegsmann M. Immunohistological Expression of SOX-10 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Descriptive Analysis of 113 Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176407. [PMID: 32899175 PMCID: PMC7503807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SRY-related HMG-box 10 (SOX-10) is commonly expressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, data on the biological significance of SOX-10 expression is limited. Therefore, we investigated immunhistological SOX-10 expression in TNBC and correlated the results with genetic alterations and clinical data. Methods: A tissue microarray including 113 TNBC cases was stained by SOX-10. Immunohistological data of AR, BCL2, CD117, p53 and Vimentin was available from a previous study. Semiconductor-based panel sequencing data including commonly altered breast cancer genes was also available from a previous investigation. SOX-10 expression was correlated with clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic data. Results: SOX-10 was significantly associated with CD117 and Vimentin, but not with AR expression. An association of SOX-10 with BCL2, EGFR or p53 staining was not observed. SOX-10-positive tumors harbored more often TP53 mutations but less frequent mutations of PIK3CA or alterations of the PIK3K pathway. SOX-10 expression had no prognostic impact either on disease-free, distant disease-free, or overall survival. Conclusions: While there might be a value of SOX-10 as a differential diagnostic marker to identify metastases of TNBC, its biological role remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christa Flechtenmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
| | - Jörg Heil
- Breast Unit, Women’s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Cytology and Molecular Pathology, 54296 Trier, Germany;
- Danube Private University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Gunhild Mechtersheimer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
| | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, TU Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-36930
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12
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Ashrafizadeh M, Taeb S, Hushmandi K, Orouei S, Shahinozzaman M, Zabolian A, Moghadam ER, Raei M, Zarrabi A, Khan H, Najafi M. Cancer and SOX proteins: New insight into their role in ovarian cancer progression/inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105159. [PMID: 32818654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are potential targets in disease therapy, particularly in cancer. This is due to the fact that transcription factors regulate a variety of cellular events, and their modulation has opened a new window in cancer therapy. Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are potential transcription factors that are involved in developmental processes such as embryogenesis. It has been reported that abnormal expression of SOX proteins is associated with development of different cancers, particularly ovarian cancer (OC). In the present review, our aim is to provide a mechanistic review of involvement of SOX members in OC. SOX members may suppress and/or promote aggressiveness and proliferation of OC cells. Clinical studies have also confirmed the potential of transcription factors as diagnostic and prognostic factors in OC. Notably, studies have demonstrated the relationship between SOX members and other molecular pathways such as ST6Ga1-I, PI3K, ERK and so on, leading to more complexity. Furthermore, SOX members can be affected by upstream mediators such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and so on. It is worth mentioning that the expression of each member of SOX proteins is corelated with different stages of OC. Furthermore, their expression determines the response of OC cells to chemotherapy. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some light on role of SOX transcription factors in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- MSc. Student, Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Shahinozzaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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13
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Amjad E, Asnaashari S, Sokouti B, Dastmalchi S. Systems biology comprehensive analysis on breast cancer for identification of key gene modules and genes associated with TNM-based clinical stages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10816. [PMID: 32616754 PMCID: PMC7331704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), as one of the leading causes of death among women, comprises several subtypes with controversial and poor prognosis. Considering the TNM (tumor, lymph node, metastasis) based classification for staging of breast cancer, it is essential to diagnose the disease at early stages. The present study aims to take advantage of the systems biology approach on genome wide gene expression profiling datasets to identify the potential biomarkers involved at stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV as well as in the integrated group. Three HER2-negative breast cancer microarray datasets were retrieved from the GEO database, including normal, stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV samples. Additionally, one dataset was also extracted to test the developed predictive models trained on the three datasets. The analysis of gene expression profiles to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed after preprocessing and normalization of data. Then, statistically significant prioritized DEGs were used to construct protein-protein interaction networks for the stages for module analysis and biomarker identification. Furthermore, the prioritized DEGs were used to determine the involved GO enrichment and KEGG signaling pathways at various stages of the breast cancer. The recurrence survival rate analysis of the identified gene biomarkers was conducted based on Kaplan-Meier methodology. Furthermore, the identified genes were validated not only by using several classification models but also through screening the experimental literature reports on the target genes. Fourteen (21 genes), nine (17 genes), eight (10 genes), four (7 genes), and six (8 genes) gene modules (total of 53 unique genes out of 63 genes with involving those with the same connectivity degree) were identified for stage I, stage II, stage III, stage IV, and the integrated group. Moreover, SMC4, FN1, FOS, JUN, and KIF11 and RACGAP1 genes with the highest connectivity degrees were in module 1 for abovementioned stages, respectively. The biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions were demonstrated for outcomes of GO analysis and KEGG pathway assessment. Additionally, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that 33 genes were found to be significant while considering the recurrence-free survival rate as an alternative to overall survival rate. Furthermore, the machine learning calcification models show good performance on the determined biomarkers. Moreover, the literature reports have confirmed all of the identified gene biomarkers for breast cancer. According to the literature evidence, the identified hub genes are highly correlated with HER2-negative breast cancer. The 53-mRNA signature might be a potential gene set for TNM based stages as well as possible therapeutics with potentially good performance in predicting and managing recurrence-free survival rates at stages I, II, III, and IV as well as in the integrated group. Moreover, the identified genes for the TNM-based stages can also be used as mRNA profile signatures to determine the current stage of the breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Amjad
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Asnaashari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Sokouti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Li B, Jie W, He H. Myb Immunohistochemical Staining and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Salivary Rare Basaloid Lesions. Front Oncol 2020; 10:870. [PMID: 32695659 PMCID: PMC7339910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Salivary rare basaloid lesions, including cribriform type basal cell adenoma (cBCA), BCA with incomplete capsule (iBCA), sialoblastoma (SB), and intercalated duct hyperplasia (IDH), could easily be misdiagnosed as adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC). We aim to identify an approach for differential diagnosis and to establish an optimal workflow concerning the diagnosis of these lesions. Material and methods: A panel of antibodies (MYB, β-catenin, CD117, SOX10, ki67, P63, calponin) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-MYB were utilized to distinguish above salivary basaloid diseases from AdCC. Results: Histologically, the striking diagnostic features of cBCA, iBCA, SB, and IDH are composed of basaloid tumor cells, well-defined encapsulation, or lack of destructive invasion. Immunohistochemically, Myb immune-labeling could effectively make a distinction among cBCA, iBCA, SB, and IDH from AdCC, except in SB. cBCA and iBCA typically expressed β-catenin in the nuclei of tumor cells. There was no statistical significance in the ki67 index between SB and AdCC, but their indices were significantly higher than those of iBCA and IDH (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). P63 and calponin immune-expression were observed in the basaloid or myoepithelial cells. CD117 were observed positively in cBCA, iBCA, SB, and AdCC, except in IDH. SOX10 were observed positively in all cases. No cases had fusion of MYB and NFIB detectable by FISH, except in AdCC. Conclusion: Considering their sensitivity and specificity, FISH-Myb and an immunohistochemical panel of MYB/β-catenin/ki67 would be an optimal choice for the differential diagnosis of these basaloid lesions. Clinical relevance: Some salivary basaloid tumor or tumor-like lesions have overlapping features with AdCC. Through this present research, we suggested that the panel IHC of MYB, βcatenin, and ki67 combined with FISH-Myb should be an optimal choice for differential diagnosis among those lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Jie
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying He
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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15
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Unusual Presentations of Primary and Metastatic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Involving the Skin. Am J Dermatopathol 2020; 42:967-971. [PMID: 32618709 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is most commonly seen in the salivary glands but may occur at other sites. Primary or metastatic involvement of the skin is unusual. We report 2 cases of ACC with unusual presentation. In the first case, a 55-year-old woman presented with a cutaneous lesion on the right shin, and final pathology showed ACC. An extracutaneous origin was excluded by clinical and imaging studies. In the second case, a 49-year-old woman presented with a nodule on the breast, and biopsy confirmed high-grade ACC (>30% solid areas). She underwent lumpectomy and subsequent mastectomy after recurrence. Sixteen months after the initial diagnosis of ACC of the breast, distant metastases at multiple sites, including the skin, were identified. This report will increase awareness of these rare presentations of cutaneous ACC and allow correct diagnosis and appropriate management of such cases.
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16
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Yoon EC, Wilson P, Zuo T, Pinto M, Cole K, Harigopal M. High frequency of p16 and SOX10 coexpression but not androgen receptor expression in triple-negative breast cancers. Hum Pathol 2020; 102:13-22. [PMID: 32565323 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) represent approximately 12-17% of all breast cancers and have distinctively aggressive clinical courses. Because routine biomarkers for breast cancer do not apply for TNBCs, it is essential to find novel prognostic markers and potential targets for therapeutic agents. p16 and SOX10 are emerging biomarkers with relatively unexplored expressions in TNBCs. We present an analysis of the expression of p16 and SOX10 in combination with that of androgen receptor (AR) and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 in TNBCs. In addition, we used tissue microarrays (TMAs) to compare frequencies of p16 and SOX10 between TNBCs and non-TNBCs. Fifty-six TNBC samples with clinical data were stained immunohistochemically with p16, SOX10, AR, and CK5/6. Fifty-four cases (96.4%) were invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified, and 46 cases (82.1%) were Nottingham histologic grade 3. The majority of TNBC cases were positive for p16 (n = 44; 78.6%) and SOX10 (n = 48; 85.7%). AR was positive in 15 cases (26.8%). CK5/6 was positive in 24 cases (42.9%), which were classified as basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) subtype. The frequencies of p16 and SOX10 expression in BLBC and non-BLBC subtypes did not reveal significant statistical difference in a separate analysis. Using archived TNBC and non-TNBC TMAs, we observed that 56% of TNBC cases were positive for p16 compared with 16% of non-TNBC cases (p-value <0.0001). SOX10 was positive in 80% of TNBC cases compared with 35% of non-TNBC cases (p-value <0.0001). A significant correlation was observed between p16 and SOX10 coexpression in TNBC cases (n = 56/80, p = 0.02) but not in non-TNBC cases (n = 23/348; p = 0.626). In conclusion, p16 and SOX10 are frequently expressed in TNBC, regardless of CK5/6 expression. Furthermore, p16 and SOX10 are often coexpressed in TNBCs compared with non-TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C Yoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Parker Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tao Zuo
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marguerite Pinto
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kimberly Cole
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Malini Harigopal
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Qi J, Hu Z, Xiao H, Liu R, Guo W, Yang Z, Ma K, Su S, Tang P, Zhou X, Zhou J, Wang K. SOX10 - A Novel Marker for the Differential Diagnosis of Breast Metaplastic Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4039-4044. [PMID: 32547236 PMCID: PMC7266319 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s250867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differential diagnosis of metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma of breast (MSCCB) is difficult. In particular, in terms of metastatic MSCCB, because of the low speciality of traditional markers such as mammaglobin, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), the most common problem is differentiating the spread of MSCCB to the lung from a primary lung squamous cell carcinoma. It is urgently required to explore a novel marker to aid in differential diagnosis. Aim The aim of this study is to explore a novel marker to aid in the differential diagnosis of MSCCB from other squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in other organs. Methods We tested the expression of SOX10 in 375 human SCC specimens with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results In a series of 20 MSCCB, 9 (45%) were positive for SOX10. All of them were triple-negative MSCCB. Conversely, SOX10 was totally negative in another 205 SCC originating from lung, skin, cervix, oral mucosa, and esophagus. In a series of 150 triple-negative breast cancer and their metastatic foci, SOX10 labeling in the primary tumor and metastasis was 78% and 79.3%, respectively, and the agreement rate was 97.3% (P>0.05). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that SOX10 was recommended for differentiating MSCCB from non-mammary metastasis to the breast, as well as for distinguishing primary SCC from metastatic MSCCB, and SOX10 may be valuable in the pathological diagnosis of breast-derived metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Qi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenmin Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewen Ma
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitong Su
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunjian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuansong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
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18
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Bie LY, Li N, Deng WY, Lu XY, Guo P, Luo SX. Evaluation of PAX8 expression promotes the proliferation of stomach Cancer cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:61. [PMID: 31881968 PMCID: PMC6935224 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PAX8 was not only a mitotic factor, but identified as a transcription factor involved in the prognosis of human tumor patients. Elucidating the function of PAX8 on the pathology of stomach cancer was meaningful. Results PAX8 was found to be upregulated in primary stomach cancer tissue and the TCGA stomach cancer dataset. Interestingly, SOX13 and PAX8 showed consistent expression patterns, and the combined high PAX8 and SOX18 expression induced a worse prognosis of stomach cancer patients. SOX13 was further identified as a transcription factor of PAX8, and further affect Aurora B and Cyclin B1 expression, two cell cycle related factors of the downstream of PAX8, including. Furthermore, PAX8 depletion inducted G1-phase arrest and the decrease of EdU incorporation, cell viability and colony formation can be rescued by SOX13 overexpression. Conclusions SOX13 participated in the elevated expression of PAX8, which promote the proliferation of stomach cancer cells. Therefore, SOX13 mediated PAX8 expression was recognized as a tumor-promoting role in stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Bie
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, NO. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, NO. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Wen-Ying Deng
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, NO. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Lu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Su-Xia Luo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, NO. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
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19
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Bie LY, Li D, Wei Y, Li N, Chen XB, Luo SX. SOX13 dependent PAX8 expression promotes the proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3180-3187. [PMID: 31353958 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1646751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PAX8 is identified as a regulator in the pathogenesis of human tumours and an indicator of the prognosis for patients. However, the role of PAX8 on proliferation in gastric cancer have not been studied. This study was aimed to explore the expression pattern of PAX8 in gastric cancer, and investigate the effect of PAX8 on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. PAX8 and SOX13 were identified to be synchronously up-regulated in primary gastric cancer in human gastric cancer tissues and the gastric cancer datasets of TCGA, and gastric cancer patients of combined high PAX8 and SOX13 expression showed poor prognosis. Furthermore, SOX13 can mediate PAX8 and its targeted genes, Aurora B and Cyclin B1, expression in AGS and MGC803 cell lines. Flow cytometry and EdU incorporation assays showed that silencing PAX8 can block the cell cycle of gastric cancer cell in G1 phase and SOX13 expression can rescue the arrested proliferative process induced by PAX8 silenced in CCK8 and colony formation assays. Thus, combined SOX13 and PAX8 expression regulate the proliferation of gastric cancer cells, and both SOX13 and PAX8 play an oncogene function in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Bie
- a Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital) , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Dan Li
- b Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital) , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Yan Wei
- c Department of Pathology, Nanyang Medical College , Nanyang , China
| | - Ning Li
- a Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital) , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- a Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital) , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Su-Xia Luo
- a Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital) , Zhengzhou , China
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20
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Mehta GA, Khanna P, Gatza ML. Emerging Role of SOX Proteins in Breast Cancer Development and Maintenance. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:213-230. [PMID: 31069617 PMCID: PMC6790170 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX genes encode a family of more than 20 transcription factors that are critical regulators of embryogenesis and developmental processes and, when aberrantly expressed, have been shown to contribute to tumor development and progression in both an oncogenic and tumor suppressive role. Increasing evidence demonstrates that the SOX proteins play essential roles in multiple cellular processes that mediate or contribute to oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. In the context of breast cancer, SOX proteins function both as oncogenes and tumor suppressors and have been shown to be associated with tumor stage and grade and poor prognosis. Experimental evidence demonstrates that a subset of SOX proteins regulate critical aspects of breast cancer biology including cancer stemness and multiple signaling pathways leading to altered cell proliferation, survival, and tumor development; EMT, cell migration and metastasis; as well as other tumor associated characteristics. This review will summarize the role of SOX family members as important mediators of tumorigenesis in breast cancer, with an emphasis on the triple negative or basal-like subtype of breast cancer, as well as examine the therapeutic potential of these genes and their downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav A Mehta
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, CINJ 4558, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pooja Khanna
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, CINJ 4558, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael L Gatza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, CINJ 4558, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Physiology, Pathology and Regeneration of Salivary Glands. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090976. [PMID: 31455013 PMCID: PMC6769486 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands are essential structures in the oral cavity. A variety of diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infections and physical traumas, can alter the functionality of these glands, greatly impacting the quality of life of patients. To date, no definitive therapeutic approach can compensate the impairment of salivary glands, and treatment are purely symptomatic. Understanding the cellular and molecular control of salivary glands function is, therefore, highly relevant for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we provide a starting platform for future studies in basic biology and clinical research, reporting classical ideas on salivary gland physiology and recently developed technology to guide regeneration, reconstruction and substitution of the functional organs.
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22
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Yang C, Zhang L, Sanati S. SOX10 Is a Sensitive Marker for Breast and Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: Immunohistochemical Characterization of Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019; 13:1178223419842185. [PMID: 31105427 PMCID: PMC6501487 DOI: 10.1177/1178223419842185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCCs) can pose diagnostic difficulty due to their rarity, particularly on limited biopsy material. Given that these tumors are triple-negative breast cancers with favorable prognosis, accurate diagnosis is critical for clinical management. A total of 12 cases of breast AdCCs were studied; 17 age-matched salivary gland AdCCs and 5 metastatic AdCCs (1 breast and 4 salivary gland primaries) were also examined. Immunohistochemical stains for SOX10, Ki-67, c-KIT, β-catenin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), p63, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), and androgen receptor (AR) were performed. All breast (100%) and metastatic (100%) AdCCs and all but 2 salivary gland AdCCs showed diffuse nuclear staining (>50% of cells) for SOX10. Epithelial membrane antigen showed lowest expression in breast AdCCs and the highest expression in metastatic AdCCs (P < .01). Except one case of salivary gland AdCC that showed loss of β-catenin expression and developed subsequent metastasis, all AdCCs showed strong and diffuse membranous β-catenin expression. There were no significant differences in expression of CK7, p63, CK5/6, AR, Ki-67, and c-KIT (P > .05) among breast, salivary gland, and metastatic AdCCs. We investigated the immunophenotypic features of breast AdCCs in comparison with salivary gland and metastatic AdCCs. Despite the contrast in prognosis, these tumors are immunophenotypically similar. SOX10 is a sensitive diagnostic marker in all AdCCs, which could potentially aid in diagnosis of these tumors on limited material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lingxin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Souzan Sanati
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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23
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The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:122-153. [PMID: 30914279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions.
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24
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SOX10 expression in mammary invasive ductal carcinomas and benign breast tissue. Virchows Arch 2019; 474:667-672. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Islam T, Rahman R, Gov E, Turanli B, Gulfidan G, Haque A, Arga KY, Haque Mollah N. Drug Targeting and Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancers: Insights from Systems Biology Analyses. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:422-436. [PMID: 29927717 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, but robust biomarkers and diagnostics are still not available. This study provides in-depth insights from systems biology analyses to identify molecular biomarker signatures to inform systematic drug targeting in HNSCC. Gene expression profiles from tumors and normal tissues of 22 patients with histological confirmation of nonmetastatic HNSCC were subjected to integrative analyses with genome-scale biomolecular networks (i.e., protein-protein interaction and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory networks). We aimed to discover molecular signatures at RNA and protein levels, which could serve as potential drug targets for therapeutic innovation in the future. Eleven proteins, 5 transcription factors, and 20 microRNAs (miRNAs) came into prominence as potential drug targets. The differential expression profiles of these reporter biomolecules were cross-validated by independent RNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq datasets, and risk discrimination performance of the reporter biomolecules, BLNK, CCL2, E4F1, FOSL1, ISG15, MMP9, MYCN, MYH11, miR-1252, miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-3610, miR-431, and miR-523, was also evaluated. Using the transcriptome guided drug repositioning tool, geneXpharma, several candidate drugs were repurposed, including antineoplastic agents (e.g., gemcitabine and irinotecan), antidiabetics (e.g., rosiglitazone), dermatological agents (e.g., clocortolone and acitretin), and antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone), and binding affinities of the drugs to their potential targets were assessed using molecular docking analyses. The molecular signatures and repurposed drugs presented in this study warrant further attention for experimental studies since they offer significant potential as biomarkers and candidate therapeutics for precision medicine approaches to clinical management of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Islam
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University , Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Rezanur Rahman
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University , Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Esra Gov
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Adana Science and Technology University , Adana, Turkey
| | - Beste Turanli
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
- 4 Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anwarul Haque
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University , Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Kazım Yalçın Arga
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurul Haque Mollah
- 5 Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi , Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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26
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Dermawan JKT, Underwood D, Policarpio-Nicolas ML. Utility of Sry-Related HMG-Box Gene 10 (SOX10) as a marker of melanoma in effusion cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2019; 47:653-658. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.24162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Kam Tai Dermawan
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Dawn Underwood
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Maria Luisa Policarpio-Nicolas
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Ohio
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Rooper LM, McCuiston AM, Westra WH, Bishop JA. SOX10 Immunoexpression in Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Diagnostic Pitfall for Ruling out Salivary Differentiation. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:543-547. [PMID: 30498968 PMCID: PMC6854191 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 immunoexpression is increasingly recognized in salivary gland tumors, including but not limited to those with myoepithelial, serous acinar, and intercalated duct differentiation. However, SOX10 expression has not been extensively evaluated in other epithelial tumors that can mimic salivary origin. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a unique variant of SCC that shows morphologic overlap with several salivary tumors, including adenoid cystic carcinoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, and myoepithelial carcinoma. We performed SOX10 immunohistochemistry on 22 basaloid SCCs and 280 non-basaloid SCCs. If tissue was available, we also performed immunohistochemistry for S100 and p16, and in-situ hybridization for high-risk HPV RNA. SOX10 was positive in 13/22 basaloid SCCs (59%), including 5/6 (83%) that were HPV-positive and 6/12 (50%) that were HPV-negative. Only 2/12 basaloid SCC (17%) demonstrated focal S100 expression. All non-basaloid SCCs were SOX10 negative. Frequent positivity for SOX10 in basaloid SCC presents a significant diagnostic pitfall for distinguishing these tumors from various basaloid salivary carcinomas. The preponderance of SOX10 expression in the basaloid variant of HPV-positive SCC also presents a diagnostic challenge in separating it from HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma. SOX10 may be more broadly considered a marker of basal differentiation and should not be assumed to be specific for salivary origin in epithelial head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Rooper
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410 USA ,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Austin M. McCuiston
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410 USA
| | - William H. Westra
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Justin A. Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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Qin Y, Ye J, Zhao F, Hu S, Wang S. TRIM2 regulates the development and metastasis of tumorous cells of osteosarcoma. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1643-1656. [PMID: 30066883 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate candidate genes involved in the development and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Candidate genes were screened preliminarily from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and then validated using actual tumor tissues collected from patients with osteosarcoma. The cells were prepared and transfected with specific gene-targeted small interfering RNA followed by an MTS assay for cell viability detection and Transwell assays for cell migration and invasion capacity detection. The cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and the protein level of the genes was detected by western blot analysis. An in vivo nude model was used and injected with cells to detect the functions of the genes. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to verify the regulation network, followed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses for validation. Increased tripartite motif-containing protein 2 (TRIM2) was detected in the osteosarcoma tumor tissues compared with normal tissues. The inhibition of TRIM2 induced lower cell viability and cell invasion capacity, and increased the rate of cell apoptosis. Decreased TRIM2 also inhibited the development and metastasis of osteosarcoma in the nude mouse models. The transcriptome sequencing revealed that the regulation of TRIM2 may be correlated with genes, Sirtuin 4, DNA damage inducible transcript 3, cAMP responsive element binding protein 5, G protein-coupled receptor 65 (GPR65) and ADP-ribosyltransferase 5. Western blot analysis indicated that TRIM2 regulated the development and metastasis of osteosarcoma via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. Therefore, TRIM2 performs important functions in regulating the development and metastasis of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Jichao Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Fulan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Shaoyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Suwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
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29
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Kriegsmann M, Kriegsmann K, Harms A, Longuespée R, Zgorzelski C, Leichsenring J, Muley T, Winter H, Kazdal D, Goeppert B, Warth A. Expression of HMB45, MelanA and SOX10 is rare in non-small cell lung cancer. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:68. [PMID: 30205833 PMCID: PMC6134496 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma are frequent entities in routine diagnostics. Whereas the differential diagnosis is usually straight forward based on histomorphology, it can be challenging in poorly differentiated tumors as melanoma may mimic various histological patterns. Distinction of the two entities is of outmost importance as both are treated differently. HMB45 and MelanA are recommended immunohistological markers for melanoma in this scenario. SOX10 has been described as an additional marker for melanoma. However, comprehensive large-scale data about the expression of melanoma markers in NSCLC tumor tissue specimen are lacking so far. METHODS Therefore, we analyzed the expression of these markers in 1085 NSCLC tumor tissue samples. Tissue microarrays of NSCLC cases were immunohistochemically stained for HMB45, MelanA, and SOX10. Positivity of a marker was defined as ≥1% positive tumor cells. RESULTS In 1027 NSCLC tumor tissue samples all melanoma as well as conventional immunohistochemical markers for NSCLC could be evaluated. HMB45, MelanA, and SOX10 were positive in 1 (< 1%), 0 (0%) and 5 (< 1%) cases. The HMB45 positive case showed co-expression of SOX10 and was classified as large cell carcinoma. Three out of five SOX10 positive cases were SqCC and one case was an adenosquamous carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Expression of HMB45, MelanA and SOX10 is evident but exceedingly rare in NSCLC cases. Together with conventional immunomarkers a respective marker panel allows a clear-cut differential diagnosis even in poorly differentiated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Harms
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Zgorzelski
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Leichsenring
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
- Present address: Institute of Pathology, Cytopathology, and Molecular Pathology, UEGP, Gießen, Wetzlar, Limburg, Germany
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30
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Al-Zahrani KN, Cook DP, Vanderhyden BC, Sabourin LA. Assessing the efficacy of androgen receptor and Sox10 as independent markers of the triple-negative breast cancer subtype by transcriptome profiling. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33348-33359. [PMID: 30279965 PMCID: PMC6161783 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR) has recently garnered a lot of attention as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in hormone-dependent cancers, including breast cancer. However, several inconsistencies exist within the literature as to which subtypes of breast cancer express AR or whether it can be used to define its own unique subtype. Here, we analyze 1246 invasive breast cancer samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas and show that human breast cancers that have been subtyped based on their HER2, ESR1, or PGR expression contain four clusters of genes that are differentially expressed across all subtypes. We demonstrate that Sox10 is highly expressed in approximately one-third of all HER2/ESR1/PGR-low tumors and is a candidate biomarker of the triple-negative subtype. Although AR expression is acquired in many breast cancer cases, its expression could not define a unique subtype. Despite several reports stating that AR expression is acquired in HER2/ESR1/PGR triple-negative cancers, here we show that a low percentage of these cancers express AR (~20%). In contrast, AR is highly expressed in HER2-positive or ESR1/PGR-positive cancers (> 95%). Although AR expression cannot be used as an independent subtype biomarker, our analysis shows that routine evaluation of AR expression in tumors which express HER2, ESR1 and/or PGR may identify a unique subset of tumors which would benefit from anti-androgen based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid N Al-Zahrani
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David P Cook
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Segaert P, Lopes MB, Casimiro S, Vinga S, Rousseeuw PJ. Robust identification of target genes and outliers in triple-negative breast cancer data. Stat Methods Med Res 2018; 28:3042-3056. [PMID: 30146936 PMCID: PMC6745616 DOI: 10.1177/0962280218794722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Correct classification of breast cancer subtypes is of high importance as it directly affects the therapeutic options. We focus on triple-negative breast cancer which has the worst prognosis among breast cancer types. Using cutting edge methods from the field of robust statistics, we analyze Breast Invasive Carcinoma transcriptomic data publicly available from The Cancer Genome Atlas data portal. Our analysis identifies statistical outliers that may correspond to misdiagnosed patients. Furthermore, it is illustrated that classical statistical methods may fail to identify outliers due to their heavy influence, prompting the need for robust statistics. Using robust sparse logistic regression we obtain 36 relevant genes, of which ca. 60% have been previously reported as biologically relevant to triple-negative breast cancer, reinforcing the validity of the method. The remaining 14 genes identified are new potential biomarkers for triple-negative breast cancer. Out of these, JAM3, SFT2D2, and PAPSS1 were previously associated to breast tumors or other types of cancer. The relevance of these genes is confirmed by the new DetectDeviatingCells outlier detection technique. A comparison of gene networks on the selected genes showed significant differences between triple-negative breast cancer and non-triple-negative breast cancer data. The individual role of FOXA1 in triple-negative breast cancer and non-triple-negative breast cancer, and the strong FOXA1-AGR2 connection in triple-negative breast cancer stand out. The goal of our paper is to contribute to the breast cancer/triple-negative breast cancer understanding and management. At the same time it demonstrates that robust regression and outlier detection constitute key strategies to cope with high-dimensional clinical data such as omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta B Lopes
- IDMEC, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Casimiro
- Luís Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Vinga
- IDMEC, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,INESC-ID, Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Lisboa, Portugal
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32
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Harbhajanka A, Chahar S, Miskimen K, Silverman P, Harris L, Williams N, Varadan V, Gilmore H. Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular correlation of neural crest transcription factor SOX10 expression in triple-negative breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 80:163-169. [PMID: 29894722 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 mediates the differentiation of neural crest-derived cells, and SOX10 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used primarily for the diagnosis of melanoma. SOX10 expression has been previously documented in benign breast myoepithelial cells. However there is limited literature on its expression in triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC). The aim was to study the clinical, pathologic and molecular profiles of SOX10+ tumors in TNBC. Tissue microarrays of TNBC were evaluated for SOX10 expression in 48 cases. SOX10 expression was correlated with clinical and pathologic features such as age, grade, and stage. Gene expression was analyzed on RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens with Affymetrix 2.0 HTA. Co-expression of SOX10 with androgen receptor (AR), WT1, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), mammaglobin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CK5/6 and GATA transcription factor 3 (GATA3) were also assessed. The mean age was 59.38 (range, 28-90 years). Overall, 37.5% cases (18/48) were SOX10+. There was no association between SOX10 expression and age, grade or stage of patients; 6 of 10 (60%) cases of basal-like 1 (BL1), and 5 of 8 cases of unstable (UNS) molecular subtype were SOX10+. One of 5 basal-like-2 (BL2), 1 of 6 immunomodulatory (IM), 1 of 4 mesenchymal (M), 1 of 5 luminal androgen receptor (LAR) and 2 of 8 mesenchymal stem cell (MSL) showed lower frequencies of SOX10 expression. There was negative correlation between SOX10 and AR+ subtypes (P < .002). SOX10 was positively correlated with WT1 (P = .05). SOX10 did not show significant correlation with mammaglobin, GCDFP15, EGFR, CK5/6 and GATA3. SOX10 expression in the basal-like and unstable molecular subtypes supports the concept that these neoplasms show myoepithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Harbhajanka
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH.
| | - Satyapal Chahar
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Kristy Miskimen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Paula Silverman
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Nicole Williams
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Hospitals, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Hannah Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
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33
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Huang XY, Gan RH, Xie J, She L, Zhao Y, Ding LC, Su BH, Zheng DL, Lu YG. The oncogenic effects of HES1 on salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cell growth and metastasis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:436. [PMID: 29665790 PMCID: PMC5904989 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study demonstrated a close relationship between NOTCH signaling pathway and salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). HES1 is a well-known target gene of NOTCH signaling pathway. The purpose of the present study was to further explore the molecular mechanism of HES1 in SACC. Methods Comparative transcriptome analyses by RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) were employed to reveal NOTCH1 downstream gene in SACC cells. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of HES1 in clinical samples. After HES1-siRNA transfected into SACC LM cells, the cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were tested by suitable methods; animal model was established to detect the change of growth ability of tumor. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to evaluate cell metastasis and invasion. Results We found that HES1 was strongly linked to NOTCH signaling pathway in SACC cells. The immunohistochemical results implied the high expression of HES1 in cancerous tissues. The growth of SACC LM cells transfected with HES1-siRNAs was significantly suppressed in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis. After HES1 expression was silenced, the SACC LM cell metastasis and invasion ability was suppressed. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that HES1 is a specific downstream gene of NOTCH1 and that it contributes to SACC proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. Our findings serve as evidence indicating that HES1 may be useful as a clinical target in the treatment of SACC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4350-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China
| | - Rui-Huan Gan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China
| | - Lin She
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lin-Can Ding
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China
| | - Bo-Hua Su
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China
| | - Da-Li Zheng
- Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - You-Guang Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yang Qiao Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Key laboratory of stomatology, School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiao Tong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
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Li Y, Guo M, Fu Z, Wang P, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Yue M, Ning S, Li D. Immunoglobulin superfamily genes are novel prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2444-2456. [PMID: 27911271 PMCID: PMC5356814 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer progression is associated with dysregulated expression of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) genes that are involved in cell-cell recognition, binding and adhesion. Despite widespread evidence that many IgSF genes could serve as effective biomarkers, this potential has not been realized because the studies have focused mostly on individual genes and not the entire network. To gain a global perspective of the IgSF-related biomarkers, we constructed an IgSF-directed neighbor network (IDNN) and an IgSF-directed driver network (IDDN) by integrating multiple levels of data, including IgSF genes, breast cancer driver genes, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and gene expression profiling data. Our study shows that IgSF genes in the PPI network have important topological features related to cancer. Most IgSF genes are either cancer driver genes themselves or associated with them. We also identified a 21-gene IgSF network module with enriched mutations that are associated with overall survival based on 450 breast cancer patient samples extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and multiple independent microarray validation datasets. These results highlight the potential of IgSF genes as novel diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Maoni Guo
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ming Yue
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Dianjun Li
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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Cronin JC, Loftus SK, Baxter LL, Swatkoski S, Gucek M, Pavan WJ. Identification and functional analysis of SOX10 phosphorylation sites in melanoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190834. [PMID: 29315345 PMCID: PMC5760019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 plays an important role in vertebrate neural crest development, including the establishment and maintenance of the melanocyte lineage. SOX10 is also highly expressed in melanoma tumors, and SOX10 expression increases with tumor progression. The suppression of SOX10 in melanoma cells activates TGF-β signaling and can promote resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Since resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors is seen in the majority of melanoma patients, there is an immediate need to assess the underlying biology that mediates resistance and to identify new targets for combinatorial therapeutic approaches. Previously, we demonstrated that SOX10 protein is required for tumor initiation, maintenance and survival. Here, we present data that support phosphorylation as a mechanism employed by melanoma cells to tightly regulate SOX10 expression. Mass spectrometry identified eight phosphorylation sites contained within SOX10, three of which (S24, S45 and T240) were selected for further analysis based on their location within predicted MAPK/CDK binding motifs. SOX10 mutations were generated at these phosphorylation sites to assess their impact on SOX10 protein function in melanoma cells, including transcriptional activation on target promoters, subcellular localization, and stability. These data further our understanding of SOX10 protein regulation and provide critical information for identification of molecular pathways that modulate SOX10 protein levels in melanoma, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel targets for more effective combinatorial therapeutic approaches for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Cronin
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steve Swatkoski
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gene regulatory pattern analysis reveals essential role of core transcriptional factors' activation in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21938-21953. [PMID: 28423538 PMCID: PMC5400636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype. Genome-scale molecular characteristics and regulatory mechanisms that distinguish TNBC from other subtypes remain incompletely characterized. Results By combining gene expression analysis and PANDA network, we defined three different TF regulatory patterns. A core TNBC-Specific TF Activation Driven Pattern (TNBCac) was specifically identified in TNBC by computational analysis. The essentialness of core TFs (ZEB1, MZF1, SOX10) in TNBC was highlighted and validated by cell proliferation analysis. Furthermore, 13 out of 35 co-targeted genes were also validated to be targeted by ZEB1, MZF1 and SOX10 in TNBC cell lines by real-time quantitative PCR. In three breast cancer cohorts, non-TNBC patients could be stratified into two subgroups by the 35 co-targeted genes along with 5 TFs, and the subgroup that more resembled TNBC had a worse prognosis. Methods We constructed gene regulatory networks in breast cancer by Passing Attributes between Networks for Data Assimilation (PANDA). Co-regulatory modules were specifically identified in TNBC by computational analysis, while the essentialness of core translational factors (TF) in TNBC was highlighted and validated by in vitro experiments. Prognostic effects of different factors were measured by Log-rank test and displayed by Kaplan-Meier plots. Conclusions We identified a core co-regulatory module specifically existing in TNBC, which enabled subtype re-classification and provided a biologically feasible view of breast cancer.
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Yin H, Zhu Q, Liu M, Tu G, Li Q, Yuan J, Wen S, Yang G. GPER promotes tamoxifen-resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells by reduced Bim proteins through MAPK/Erk-TRIM2 signaling axis. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1191-1198. [PMID: 28902352 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen resistance is a major clinical challenge in breast cancer treatment. Our previous studies find that GPER and its down-stream signaling play a pivotal role in the development of tamoxifen (TAM) resistance. cDNA array analysis indicated a set of genes associated with cell apoptosis are aberrant in GPER activated and TAM-resistant MCF-7R cells compared with TAM-sensitive MCF-7 cells. Among these genes, Bim (also named BCL2-L11), a member of the BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein family is significantly decreased, and TRIM RING finger protein TRIM2 (a ubiquitin ligase) is highly expressed in MCF-7R. To understand the mechanism of TAM-resistance in GPER activated ER+ breast cancer, the function of TRIM2 and Bim inducing cell apoptosis was studied. By using immunohistochemical and western blot analysis, there is an adverse correlation between TRIM2 and Bim in TAM-resistant breast tumor tissues and MCF-7R cells. Knockdown Bim in TAM-sensitive MCF-7 cells or overexpression of Bim in TAM-resistant MCF-7 cells significantly changed its sensibility to TAM through altering the levels of cleaved PARP and caspase-3. Activation of GPER and its downstream signaling MAPK/ERK, not PI3K/AKT, led to enhanced TRIM2 protein levels and affected the binding between TRIM2 and Bim which resulted in a reduced Bim in TAM-resistant breast cancer cells. Thus, the present study provides a novel insight to TAM-resistance in ER-positive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yin
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guanglun Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Nelson ER, Sharma R, Argani P, Cimino-Mathews A. Utility of Sox10 labeling in metastatic breast carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2017; 67:205-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Inouye CM, Anagnostou V, Li QK. Primary parotid adenocarcinoma metastasis to the spleen with PIK3CA mutation: cytological findings and review of the literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:5999-6005. [PMID: 29263768 PMCID: PMC5733716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary solid tumor metastasis to the spleen is a rare event, and often presents as an incidental finding without clinical symptoms of the patient. The most common primary tumors that metastasize to the spleen are colorectal, ovarian, and lung carcinomas. Parotid tumor metastasis to the spleen is extremely rare. We report an unusual case of metastatic parotid adenocarcinoma NOS (not otherwise specified) to the spleen. CASE REPORT The patient presented with primary parotid carcinoma and underwent left parotidectomy. On pathological examination of the primary parotid tumor, no vascular or perineural invasion was found; all surgical resection margins and neck lymph nodes were also uninvolved by the tumor. No other therapy was given after the surgery. Four years later, the patient developed a solitary splenic lesion detected by a routine follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan. The subsequent fine needle aspiration (FNA) and splenectomy showed a metastatic adenocarcinoma consistent with the parotid primary. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of the metastatic tumor also showed a similar pattern as that of the primary tumor, including positivity for pancytokeratin, S-100 and SOX10, supporting the diagnosis. Furthermore, A PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit) mutation was also detected in the splenic metastasis. CONCLUSION Based on our review of the literature, we believe that this is the first report of such a case. Accurate diagnosis and molecular characterization of the splenic metastasis have a critical impact on the clinical management of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Inouye
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore 21224, America
| | - Valsamo Anagnostou
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore 21224, America
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore 21224, America
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Panaccione A, Zhang Y, Ryan M, Moskaluk CA, Anderson KS, Yarbrough WG, Ivanov SV. MYB fusions and CD markers as tools for authentication and purification of cancer stem cells from salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:160-166. [PMID: 28500913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are considered the major cause of aggressive tumor behavior, recurrence, metastases, and resistance to radiation, making them an attractive therapeutic target. However, isolation of CSC from tumor tissue and their characterization are challenging due to uncertainty about their molecular markers and conditions for their propagation. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), which arises predominantly in the salivary glands, is a slow-growing but relentless tumor that frequently invades nerves and metastasizes. New effective treatment approaches for ACC have not emerged over the last 40years. Previously, based on a highly conserved SOX10 gene signature that we identified in the majority of ACC tumors, we suggested the existence in ACC of SOX10+ cells with neural stem properties and corroborated this hypothesis via isolation from ACC tissue a novel population of CSC, termed ACC-CSC. These cells activated NOTCH1 signaling and co-expressed SOX10 and other ACC-intrinsic neural crest stem cell markers with CD133, a CSC cell surface marker, suggesting that ACC is driven by a previously uncharacterized population of SOX10+/CD133+ cells with neural stem cell properties. Here, we authenticated ACC identity of our primary cultures by demonstrating that most of them harbor MYB-NFIB fusions, which are found in 86% of ACC. We demonstrated using CyTOF, a novel mass cytometry technology, that these cells express high β-catenin and STAT3 levels and are marked by CD24 and CD44. Finally, to streamline development of ACC cell lines, we developed RT-PCR tests for distinguishing mouse and human cells and used immunomagnetic cell sorting to eliminate mouse cells from long-term cell cultures. Overall, this study describes a new population of CSC that activates signaling pathways associated with poor prognosis, validates their ACC identity, and optimizes approaches that can be used for purification of ACC-CSC and generation of cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Panaccione
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Molly Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | | | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; H&N Disease Center, Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States; Molecular Virology Program, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Pathology, United States.
| | - Sergey V Ivanov
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Chen LS, Wang J, Wang X, Wang P. A MIXED-EFFECTS MODEL FOR INCOMPLETE DATA FROM LABELING-BASED QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS EXPERIMENTS. Ann Appl Stat 2017; 11:114-138. [PMID: 29743963 PMCID: PMC5937554 DOI: 10.1214/16-aoas994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry (MS) based quantitative proteomics research, the emerging iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) and TMT (tandem mass tags) techniques have been widely adopted for high throughput protein profiling. In a typical iTRAQ/TMT proteomics study, samples are grouped into batches, and each batch is processed by one multiplex experiment, in which the abundances of thousands of proteins/peptides in a batch of samples can be measured simultaneously. The multiplex labeling technique greatly enhances the throughput of protein quantification. However, the technical variation across different iTRAQ/TMT multiplex experiments is often large due to the dynamic nature of MS instruments. This leads to strong batch effects in the iTRAQ/TMT data. Moreover, the iTRAQ/TMT data often contain substantial batch-level nonignorable missing entries. Specifically, the abundance measures of a given protein/peptide are often either observed or missing altogether in all the samples from the same batch, with the missing probability depending on the combined batch-level abundances. We term this unique missing-data mechanism as the Batch-level Abundance-Dependent Missing-data Mechanism (BADMM). We introduce a new method- mixEMM-for analyzing iTRAQ/TMT data with batch effects and batch-level nonignorable missingness. The mixEMM method employs a linear mixed-effects model and explicitly models the batch effects and the BADMM. With simulation studies, we showed that, compared with existing approaches that utilize relative abundances and ignore the missing batches under the missing-completely-at-random assumption, the mixEMM method achieves more accurate parameter estimation and inference. We applied the method to an iTRAQ proteomics data from a breast cancer study and identified phosphopeptides differentially expressed between different breast cancer subtypes. The method can be applied to general clustered data with cluster-level nonignorable missing-data mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin S Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiebiao Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xianlong Wang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, S8-102, New York, New York, USA
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Panaccione A, Guo Y, Yarbrough WG, Ivanov SV. Expression Profiling of Clinical Specimens Supports the Existence of Neural Progenitor-Like Stem Cells in Basal Breast Cancers. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 17:298-306.e7. [PMID: 28216417 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously characterized in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) a novel population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) marked by coexpression of 2 stemness genes, sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related HMG box-containing factor 10 (SOX10) and CD133. We also reported that in ACC and basal-like breast carcinoma (BBC), a triple-negative breast cancer subtype, expression of SOX10 similarly demarcates a highly conserved gene signature enriched with neural stem cell genes. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that BBC might be likewise driven by SOX10-positive (SOX10+)/CD133+ cells with neural stem cell properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS To validate our hypothesis on clinical data, we used a novel approach to meta-analysis that merges gene expression data from independent breast cancer studies and ranks genes according to statistical significance of their coexpression with the gene of interest. Genes that showed strong association with CD133/PROM1 as well as SOX10 were validated across different platforms and data sets and analyzed for enrichment with genes involved in neurogenesis. RESULTS We identified in clinical breast cancer data sets a highly conserved SOX10/PROM1 gene signature that contains neural stem cell markers common for Schwann cells, ACC, BBC, and melanoma. Identification of tripartite motif-containing 2 (TRIM2), TRIM29, MPZL2, potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 4 (KCNN4), and V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1 (VTCN1)/B7 homolog 4 (B7H4) within this signature provides insight into molecular mechanisms of CSC maintenance. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BBC is driven by SOX10+/CD133+ cells that express neural stem cell-specific markers and share molecular similarities with CSCs of neural crest origin. Our study provides clinically relevant information on possible drivers of these cells that might facilitate development of CSC-targeting therapies against this cancer distinguished with poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Panaccione
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Head and Neck Disease Center, Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT; Molecular Virology Program, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Sergey V Ivanov
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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Panaccione A, Chang MT, Carbone BE, Guo Y, Moskaluk CA, Virk RK, Chiriboga L, Prasad ML, Judson B, Mehra S, Yarbrough WG, Ivanov SV. NOTCH1 and SOX10 are Essential for Proliferation and Radiation Resistance of Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:2083-95. [PMID: 27084744 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the existence of cancer stem cells (CSC) in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) has been proposed, lack of assays for their propagation and uncertainty about molecular markers prevented their characterization. Our objective was to isolate CSC from ACC and provide insight into signaling pathways that support their propagation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To isolate CSC from ACC and characterize them, we used ROCK inhibitor-supplemented cell culture, immunomagnetic cell sorting, andin vitro/in vivoassays for CSC viability and tumorigenicity. RESULTS We identified in ACC CD133-positive CSC that expressed NOTCH1 and SOX10, formed spheroids, and initiated tumors in nude mice. CD133(+)ACC cells produced activated NOTCH1 (N1ICD) and generated CD133(-)cells that expressed JAG1 as well as neural differentiation factors NR2F1, NR2F2, and p27Kip1. Knockdowns ofNOTCH1, SOX10, and their common effectorFABP7had negative effects on each other, inhibited spheroidogenesis, and induced cell death pointing at their essential roles in CSC maintenance. Downstream effects ofFABP7knockdown included suppression of a broad spectrum of genes involved in proliferation, ribosome biogenesis, and metabolism. Among proliferation-linked NOTCH1/FABP7 targets, we identified SKP2 and its substrate p27Kip1. A γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, selectively depleted CD133(+)cells, suppressed N1ICD and SKP2, induced p27Kip1, inhibited ACC growthin vivo, and sensitized CD133(+)cells to radiation. CONCLUSIONS These results establish in the majority of ACC the presence of a previously uncharacterized population of CD133(+)cells with neural stem properties, which are driven by SOX10, NOTCH1, and FABP7. Sensitivity of these cells to Notch inhibition and their dependence on SKP2 offer new opportunities for targeted ACC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Panaccione
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael T Chang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Beatrice E Carbone
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Renu K Virk
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University (NYU), New York, New York
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin Judson
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Saral Mehra
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. H&N Disease Center, Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut. Molecular Virology Program, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sergey V Ivanov
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Kato M, Nishihara H, Hayashi H, Kimura T, Ishida Y, Wang L, Tsuda M, Tanino MA, Tanaka S. Clinicopathological evaluation of Sox10 expression in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Med Oncol 2016; 34:8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Liu X, Feng D, Liu D, Wang S, Yu X, Dai E, Wang J, Wang L, Jiang W. Dissecting the Origin of Breast Cancer Subtype Stem Cell and the Potential Mechanism of Malignant Transformation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165001. [PMID: 27768723 PMCID: PMC5074511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common incident form of cancer in women including different subtypes. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been confirmed to exist in breast cancer. But the research on the origin of breast cancer subtype stem cells (BCSSCs) is still inadequate. Methods We identified the putative origin cells of BCSSCs through comparing gene signatures between BCSSCs and normal mammary cells from multiple perspectives: common signature, expression consistency, functional similarity and shortest path length. First, the potential origin cells were ranked according to these measures separately. Then Q statistic was employed to combine all rank lists into a unique list for each subtype, to prioritize the origin cells for each BCSSC. Next, we identified origin-related gene modules through integrating functional interaction network with differentially expressed genes. Finally, transcription factors of significant gene modules were predicted by MatchTM. Results The results showed that Luminal A CSC was most relevant to luminal progenitor cell or mature luminal cell; luminal B and HER2 CSC were most relevant to bipotent-enriched progenitor cell; basal-like CSC was most relevant to bipotent-enriched progenitor cell or mature luminal cell. Network modules analysis revealed genes related to mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) were significantly dysregulated during the origin of luminal B CSC. In addition, SOX10 emerged as a key regulator of MRC. Conclusions Our study supports substantive evidence for the possible origin of four kinds of BCSSCs. Dysfunction of MRC may contribute to the origin of luminal B CSC. These findings may have important implications to treat and prevent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongfei Feng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Stomatology, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Dianming Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuexin Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Enyu Dai
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LHW)
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LHW)
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Hsieh MS, Lee YH, Chang YL. SOX10-positive salivary gland tumors: a growing list, including mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland, sialoblastoma, low-grade salivary duct carcinoma, basal cell adenoma/adenocarcinoma, and a subgroup of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2016; 56:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Differential expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and stem cell markers in intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 154:45-55. [PMID: 26467042 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors SLUG and SOX9 have been shown to define mammary stem cell state. Similarly, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-Cadherin, mTOR) have been shown to play a role in tumor-progression and metastatic potential in breast cancer. Finally, SOX10 is known to be expressed in breast cancer as well. The overexpressions of EMT and stem cell markers have been shown to correlate with poor overall survival. In this study, we examined whether the expression of these markers correlates with intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer and whether there is a prognostic difference in their expression-profile. We analyzed 617 breast cancer samples from two tissue micro arrays. Breast cancer samples were categorized into three groups according to hormone receptor expression and HER2-status as Luminal A/B, HER2-positive, and triple negative subgroup. Immunohistochemical expressions of SLUG, SOX9, SOX10, E-Cadherin, and mTOR were semi-quantitatively analyzed using a two-tiered and three-tiered scoring system in which cytoplasmic and nuclear stains were considered. Strong nuclear expression of SLUG was observed preferentially in triple negative but not in Luminal A/B or HER2-positive cases (24 vs. 3 and 0 %, p < 0.001). Loss of SOX9 in the nuclear stain was less frequent in triple negative than in Luminal A/B or HER2-positive cases (4 vs. 9 vs. 13 %, p < 0.001). Expression of nuclear SOX10 was lower in triple negative than in Luminal A/B and HER2-positive cases (67 vs.78 and 79 %, p = 0.012). E-Cadherin loss was observed only in Luminal A/B tumors (p = 0.016), no difference in the mTOR expression was seen between any of the three groups. No correlation to conventional histopathological-parameters or stage could be established in our cohort. Our study shows an inversed preferential nuclear expression of SLUG, SOX10, and SOX9 in triple negative and non-triple negative cases. This information is important in understanding the biology of triple negative breast cancer, also in terms of future studies dealing with targeted therapies based on the alterations of EMT and stem cell markers.
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Yarbrough WG, Panaccione A, Chang MT, Ivanov SV. Clinical and molecular insights into adenoid cystic carcinoma: Neural crest-like stemness as a target. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2016; 1:60-77. [PMID: 28894804 PMCID: PMC5510248 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review surveys trialed therapies and molecular defects in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), with an emphasis on neural crest-like stemness characteristics of newly discovered cancer stem cells (CSCs) and therapies that may target these CSCs. DATA SOURCES Articles available on Pubmed or OVID MEDLINE databases and unpublished data. REVIEW METHODS Systematic review of articles pertaining to ACC and neural crest-like stem cells. RESULTS Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland is a slowly growing but relentless cancer that is prone to nerve invasion and metastases. A lack of understanding of molecular etiology and absence of targetable drivers has limited therapy for patients with ACC to surgery and radiation. Currently, no curative treatments are available for patients with metastatic disease, which highlights the need for effective new therapies. Research in this area has been inhibited by the lack of validated cell lines and a paucity of clinically useful markers. The ACC research environment has recently improved, thanks to the introduction of novel tools, technologies, approaches, and models. Improved understanding of ACC suggests that neural crest-like stemness is a major target in this rare tumor. New cell culture techniques and patient-derived xenografts provide tools for preclinical testing. CONCLUSION Preclinical research has not identified effective targets in ACC, as confirmed by the large number of failed clinical trials. New molecular data suggest that drivers of neural crest-like stemness may be required for maintenance of ACC; as such, CSCs are a target for therapy of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell G. Yarbrough
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale Cancer CenterNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Alexander Panaccione
- Department of Cancer BiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeU.S.A.
| | - Michael T. Chang
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Sergey V. Ivanov
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Blokzijl A, Chen LE, Gustafsdottir SM, Vuu J, Ullenhag G, Kämpe O, Landegren U, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Hedstrand H. Elevated Levels of SOX10 in Serum from Vitiligo and Melanoma Patients, Analyzed by Proximity Ligation Assay. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154214. [PMID: 27110718 PMCID: PMC4844164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of malignant melanoma currently relies on clinical inspection of the skin surface and on the histopathological status of the excised tumor. The serum marker S100B is used for prognostic estimates at later stages of the disease, but analyses are marred by false positives and inadequate sensitivity in predicting relapsing disorder. Objectives To investigate SOX10 as a potential biomarker for melanoma and vitiligo. Methods In this study we have applied proximity ligation assay (PLA) to detect the transcription factor SOX10 as a possible serum marker for melanoma. We studied a cohort of 110 melanoma patients. We further investigated a second cohort of 85 patients with vitiligo, which is a disease that also affects melanocytes. Results The specificity of the SOX10 assay in serum was high, with only 1% of healthy blood donors being positive. In contrast, elevated serum SOX10 was found with high frequency among vitiligo and melanoma patients. In patients with metastases, lack of SOX10 detection was associated with treatment benefit. In two responding patients, a change from SOX10 positivity to undetectable levels was seen before the response was evident clinically. Conclusions We show for the first time that SOX10 represents a promising new serum melanoma marker for detection of early stage disease, complementing the established S100B marker. Our findings imply that SOX10 can be used to monitor responses to treatment and to assess if the treatment is of benefit at stages earlier than what is possible radiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Blokzijl
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lei E. Chen
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrun M. Gustafsdottir
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Vuu
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Ullenhag
- Dept. of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Landegren
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Hedstrand
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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