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A novel BH3 mimetic Bcl-2 inhibitor promotes autophagic cell death and reduces in vivo Glioblastoma tumor growth. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:433. [PMID: 36309485 PMCID: PMC9617882 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins play central roles in the regulation of cell death in glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant type of brain tumor. Despite the advances in GBM treatment, there is still an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Here, we report a novel 4-thiazolidinone derivative BH3 mimetic, BAU-243 that binds to Bcl-2 with a high affinity. BAU-243 effectively reduced overall GBM cell proliferation including a subpopulation of cancer-initiating cells in contrast to the selective Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199. While ABT-199 successfully induces apoptosis in high BCL2-expressing neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells, BAU-243 triggered autophagic cell death rather than apoptosis in GBM A172 cells, indicated by the upregulation of BECN1, ATG5, and MAP1LC3B expression. Lc3b-II, a potent autophagy marker, was significantly upregulated following BAU-243 treatment. Moreover, BAU-243 significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo in orthotopic brain tumor models when compared to the vehicle group, and ABT-199 treated animals. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action of BAU-243, we performed computational modeling simulations that were consistent with in vitro results. Our results indicate that BAU-243 activates autophagic cell death by disrupting the Beclin 1:Bcl-2 complex and may serve as a potential small molecule for treating GBM.
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Mayer M, Berger A, Leischner C, Renner O, Burkard M, Böcker A, Noor S, Weiland T, Weiss TS, Busch C, Lauer UM, Bischoff SC, Venturelli S. Preclinical Efficacy and Toxicity Analysis of the Pan-Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Gossypol for the Therapy of Colorectal Cancer or Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040438. [PMID: 35455435 PMCID: PMC9028974 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, a sesquiterpenoid found in cotton seeds, exerts anticancer effects on several tumor entities due to inhibition of DNA synthesis and other mechanisms. In clinical oncology, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are applied as anticancer compounds. In this study, we examined whether gossypol harbors HDAC inhibiting activity. In vitro analyses showed that gossypol inhibited class I, II, and IV HDAC, displaying the capability to laterally interact with the respective catalytic center and is, therefore, classified as a pan-HDAC inhibitor. Next, we studied the effects of gossypol on human-derived hepatoma (HepG2) and colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines and found that gossypol induced hyperacetylation of histone protein H3 and/or tubulin within 6 h. Furthermore, incubation with different concentrations of gossypol (5–50 µM) over a time period of 96 h led to a prominent reduction in cellular viability and proliferation of hepatoma (HepG2, Hep3B) and colon carcinoma (HCT-116, HT-29) cells. In-depth analysis of underlying mechanisms showed that gossypol induced apoptosis via caspase activation. For pre-clinical evaluation, toxicity analyses showed toxic effects of gossypol in vitro toward non-malignant primary hepatocytes (PHH), the colon-derived fibroblast cell line CCD-18Co, and the intestinal epithelial cell line CCD 841 CoN at concentrations of ≥5 µM, and embryotoxicity in chicken embryos at ≥2.5 µM. In conclusion, the pronounced inhibitory capacity of gossypol on cancer cells was characterized, and pan-HDACi activity was detected in silico, in vitro, by inhibiting individual HDAC isoenzymes, and on protein level by determining histone acetylation. However, for clinical application, further chemical optimization is required to decrease cellular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Mayer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Alexander Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (U.M.L.)
| | - Christian Leischner
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Olga Renner
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Seema Noor
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Timo Weiland
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (U.M.L.)
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Center for Liver Cell Research, Children’s University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany;
| | | | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (U.M.L.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ Partner Site, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.C.B.); (S.V.); Tel.: +49-711-459-24100 (S.C.B.); +49-711-459-24195 (S.V.)
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.C.B.); (S.V.); Tel.: +49-711-459-24100 (S.C.B.); +49-711-459-24195 (S.V.)
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Synthesis and Validation of a Bioinspired Catechol-Functionalized Pt(IV) Prodrug for Preclinical Intranasal Glioblastoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020410. [PMID: 35053575 PMCID: PMC8774041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GB) is a type of brain cancer with a poor prognosis and few improvements in its treatment. One of the greatest difficulties in GB therapy lies in the fact that most of the drugs with high anticancer potential do not reach the brain and exert high therapeutic activity while minimizing side effects. To overcome these limitations, we focused on a catechol-based Pt(IV) prodrug (able to reverse cisplatin in a cellular environment) with the intention of repurposing Pt-based drugs as GB chemotherapeutic agents. Our in vitro results have corroborated the therapeutic effect of the synthesized complexes as comparable to cisplatin, and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of nose-to-brain delivery of this Pt(IV) prodrug for GB treatment. Abstract Glioblastoma is the most malignant and frequently occurring type of brain tumors in adults. Its treatment has been greatly hampered by the difficulty to achieve effective therapeutic concentration in the tumor sites due to its location and the blood–brain barrier. Intranasal administration has emerged as an alternative for drug delivery into the brain though mucopenetration, and rapid mucociliary clearance still remains an issue to be solved before its implementation. To address these issues, based on the intriguing properties of proteins secreted by mussels, polyphenol and catechol functionalization has already been used to promote mucopenetration, intranasal delivery and transport across the blood–brain barrier. Thus, herein we report the synthesis and study of complex 1, a Pt(IV) prodrug functionalized with catecholic moieties. This complex considerably augmented solubility in contrast to cisplatin and showed a comparable cytotoxic effect on cisplatin in HeLa, 1Br3G and GL261 cells. Furthermore, preclinical in vivo therapy using the intranasal administration route suggested that it can reach the brain and inhibit the growth of orthotopic GL261 glioblastoma. These results open new opportunities for catechol-bearing anticancer prodrugs in the treatment for brain tumors via intranasal administration.
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Xu P, Wang H, Pan H, Chen J, Deng C. Anlotinib combined with temozolomide suppresses glioblastoma growth via mediation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:183-196. [PMID: 34997858 PMCID: PMC8807469 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Anlotinib protects against carcinogenesis through the induction of autophagy and apoptosis. The current study evaluated the role and molecular mechanisms of anlotinib in glioblastoma, and the effects of anlotinib in combination with temozolomide (TMZ). Methods Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony-forming assays were used to evaluate cell viability. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by wound-healing, Transwell migration, and Matrigel invasion assays. Cellular apoptosis and cell cycle analysis were determined by flow cytometry. Angiogenesis was assessed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein expression was determined by western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. The in vivo anti-glioblastoma effect was assessed with live imaging of tumor xenografts in nude mice. Results Anlotinib restricted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Tumor supernatant from glioblastoma cells treated with anlotinib inhibited angiogenesis in HUVECs. Anlotinib induced autophagy in glioblastoma cells by increasing Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) levels. Mechanistically, anlotinib inhibited the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/VEGFA signaling pathway. STAT3 inhibition by S3I-201 decreased VEGFA and suppressed cellular proliferation and movement. TMZ enhanced the anti-glioblastoma ability of anlotinib. Finally, anlotinib inhibited tumor growth and JAK2/STAT3/VEGFA signaling in xenografts. Conclusion Anlotinib exerts anti-glioblastoma activity possibly through the JAK2/STAT3/VEGFA signaling pathway. TMZ potentiated the anti-glioblastoma effect of anlotinib via the same signaling pathway, indicating the potential application of anlotinib as a treatment option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiakai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chulei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
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Abstract
Around three out of one hundred thousand people are diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, simply called glioblastoma, which is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. With a dismal prognosis of a little over a year, receiving a glioblastoma diagnosis is oftentimes fatal. A major advancement in its treatment was made almost two decades ago when the alkylating chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) was combined with radiotherapy (RT). Little progress has been made since then. Therapies that focus on the modulation of autophagy, a key process that regulates cellular homeostasis, have been developed to curb the progression of glioblastoma. The dual role of autophagy (cell survival or cell death) in glioblastoma has led to the development of autophagy inhibitors and promoters that either work as monotherapies or as part of a combination therapy to induce cell death, cellular senescence, and counteract the ability of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) for initiating tumor recurrence. The myriad of cellular pathways that act upon the modulation of autophagy have created contention between two groups: those who use autophagy inhibition versus those who use promotion of autophagy to control glioblastoma growth. We discuss rationale for using current major therapeutics, their molecular mechanisms for modulation of autophagy in glioblastoma and GSCs, their potentials for making strides in combating glioblastoma progression, and their possible shortcomings. These shortcomings may fuel the innovation of novel delivery systems and therapies involving TMZ in conjunction with another agent to pave the way towards a new gold standard of glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Manea
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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Cruz Da Silva E, Mercier MC, Etienne-Selloum N, Dontenwill M, Choulier L. A Systematic Review of Glioblastoma-Targeted Therapies in Phases II, III, IV Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1795. [PMID: 33918704 PMCID: PMC8069979 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive glial tumor, is currently treated as first line by the Stupp protocol, which combines, after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For recurrent GBM, in absence of standard treatment or available clinical trials, various protocols including cytotoxic drugs and/or bevacizumab are currently applied. Despite these heavy treatments, the mean overall survival of patients is under 18 months. Many clinical studies are underway. Based on clinicaltrials.org and conducted up to 1 April 2020, this review lists, not only main, but all targeted therapies in phases II-IV of 257 clinical trials on adults with newly diagnosed or recurrent GBMs for the last twenty years. It does not involve targeted immunotherapies and therapies targeting tumor cell metabolism, that are well documented in other reviews. Without surprise, the most frequently reported drugs are those targeting (i) EGFR (40 clinical trials), and more generally tyrosine kinase receptors (85 clinical trials) and (ii) VEGF/VEGFR (75 clinical trials of which 53 involving bevacizumab). But many other targets and drugs are of interest. They are all listed and thoroughly described, on an one-on-one basis, in four sections related to targeting (i) GBM stem cells and stem cell pathways, (ii) the growth autonomy and migration, (iii) the cell cycle and the escape to cell death, (iv) and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Cruz Da Silva
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marie-Cécile Mercier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Nelly Etienne-Selloum
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
- Service de Pharmacie, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Laurence Choulier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
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Caylioglu D, Meyer RJ, Hellmold D, Kubelt C, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J. Effects of the Anti-Tumorigenic Agent AT101 on Human Glioblastoma Cells in the Microenvironmental Glioma Stem Cell Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073606. [PMID: 33808494 PMCID: PMC8037174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a barely treatable disease due to its profound chemoresistance. A distinct inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity reflected by specialized microenvironmental niches and different tumor cell subpopulations allows GBMs to evade therapy regimens. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative treatment strategies. A promising candidate for the treatment of GBMs is AT101, the R(-) enantiomer of gossypol. The present study evaluates the effects of AT101, alone or in combination with temozolomide (TMZ), in a microenvironmental glioma stem cell niche model of two GBM cell lines (U251MG and U87MG). AT101 was found to induce strong cytotoxic effects on U251MG and U87MG stem-like cells in comparison to the respective native cells. Moreover, a higher sensitivity against treatment with AT101 was observed upon incubation of native cells with a stem-like cell-conditioned medium. This higher sensitivity was reflected by a specific inhibitory influence on the p-p42/44 signaling pathway. Further, the expression of CXCR7 and the interleukin-6 receptor was significantly regulated upon these stimulatory conditions. Since tumor stem-like cells are known to mediate the development of tumor recurrences and were observed to strongly respond to the AT101 treatment, this might represent a promising approach to prevent the development of GBM recurrences.
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Flak DK, Adamski V, Nowaczyk G, Szutkowski K, Synowitz M, Jurga S, Held-Feindt J. AT101-Loaded Cubosomes as an Alternative for Improved Glioblastoma Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7415-7431. [PMID: 33116479 PMCID: PMC7549312 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s265061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction AT101, the R-(-)-enantiomer of the cottonseed-derived polyphenol gossypol, is a promising drug in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) therapy due to its ability to trigger autophagic cell death but also to facilitate apoptosis in tumor cells. It does have some limitations such as poor solubility in water-based media and consequent low bioavailability, which affect its response rate during treatment. To overcome this drawback and to improve the anti-cancer potential of AT101, the use of cubosome-based formulation for AT101 drug delivery has been proposed. This is the first report on the use of cubosomes as AT101 drug carriers in GBM cells. Materials and Methods Cubosomes loaded with AT101 were prepared from glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and the surfactant Pluronic F-127 using the top-down approach. The drug was introduced into the lipid prior to dispersion. Prepared formulations were then subjected to complex physicochemical and biological characterization. Results Formulations of AT101-loaded cubosomes were highly stable colloids with a high drug entrapment efficiency (97.7%) and a continuous, sustained drug release approaching 35% over 72 h. Using selective and sensitive NMR diffusometry, the drug was shown to be efficiently bound to the lipid-based cubosomes. In vitro imaging studies showed the high efficiency of cubosomal nanoparticles uptake into GBM cells, as well as their marked ability to penetrate into tumor spheroids. Treatment of GBM cells with the AT101-loaded cubosomes, but not with the free drug, induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and shortening of actin fibers. The prepared nanoparticles revealed stronger in vitro cytotoxic effects against GBM cells (A172 and LN229 cell lines), than against normal brain cells (SVGA and HMC3 cell lines). Conclusion The results indicate that GMO-AT101 cubosome formulations are a promising basic tool for alternative approaches to GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota K Flak
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Vivian Adamski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Nowaczyk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kosma Szutkowski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Escamilla-Ramírez A, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Zavala-Vega S, Jimenez-Farfan D, Anaya-Rubio I, Briseño E, Palencia G, Guevara P, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J, Trejo-Solís C. Autophagy as a Potential Therapy for Malignant Glioma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070156. [PMID: 32707662 PMCID: PMC7407942 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most frequent and aggressive type of brain neoplasm, being anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), its most malignant forms. The survival rate in patients with these neoplasms is 15 months after diagnosis, despite a diversity of treatments, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. The resistance of GBM to various therapies is due to a highly mutated genome; these genetic changes induce a de-regulation of several signaling pathways and result in higher cell proliferation rates, angiogenesis, invasion, and a marked resistance to apoptosis; this latter trait is a hallmark of highly invasive tumor cells, such as glioma cells. Due to a defective apoptosis in gliomas, induced autophagic death can be an alternative to remove tumor cells. Paradoxically, however, autophagy in cancer can promote either a cell death or survival. Modulating the autophagic pathway as a death mechanism for cancer cells has prompted the use of both inhibitors and autophagy inducers. The autophagic process, either as a cancer suppressing or inducing mechanism in high-grade gliomas is discussed in this review, along with therapeutic approaches to inhibit or induce autophagy in pre-clinical and clinical studies, aiming to increase the efficiency of conventional treatments to remove glioma neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Rosa A. Castillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Experimental, CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Zavala-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Isabel Anaya-Rubio
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Eduardo Briseño
- Clínica de Neurooncología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Patricia Guevara
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555-060-4040
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Rasch F, Schmitt C, Saure LM, Meyer R, Adamski V, Dengiz D, Scherließ R, Lucius R, Synowitz M, Mishra YK, Hattermann K, Adelung R, Held-Feindt J, Schütt F. Macroscopic Silicone Microchannel Matrix for Tailored Drug Release and Localized Glioblastoma Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3388-3397. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rasch
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena M. Saure
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rieke Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Vivian Adamski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Duygu Dengiz
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra K. Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Hattermann
- Department of Anatomy, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Maity SK, Stahl P, Hensel A, Knauer S, Hirschhäuser C, Schmuck C. Cancer-Cell-Specific Drug Delivery by a Tumor-Homing CPP-Gossypol Conjugate Employing a Tracelessly Cleavable Linker. Chemistry 2020; 26:3010-3015. [PMID: 31840306 PMCID: PMC7079238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted drug delivery is highly important for improving chemotherapy, as it reduces the dose of cytotoxic agents and minimizes the death of healthy tissues. Towards this goal, a conjugate was synthesized of gossypol and a MCF-7 cancer cell specific CPP (cell penetrating peptide), thus providing a selective drug delivery system. Utilizing the aldehyde moiety of gossypol, the tumor homing CPP RLYMRYYSPTTRRYG was attached through a semi-labile imine linker, which was cleaved in a traceless fashion under aqueous conditions and had a half-life of approximately 10 hours. The conjugate killed MCF-7 cells to a significantly greater extent than HeLa cells or healthy fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Maity
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitatsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Paul Stahl
- Institute for BiologyUniversity of Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Astrid Hensel
- Institute for BiologyUniversity of Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Shirley Knauer
- Institute for BiologyUniversity of Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Hirschhäuser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitatsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitatsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
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12
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Mehner M, Kubelt C, Adamski V, Schmitt C, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J. Combined treatment of AT101 and demethoxycurcumin yields an enhanced anti-proliferative effect in human primary glioblastoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 146:117-126. [PMID: 31844979 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a poorly curable disease due to its profound chemoresistance. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the efficient treatment of GBMs is still a clinical challenge. Beside others, AT101, the R-(-) enantiomer of gossypol, and demethoxycurcumin (DMC), a curcumin-related demethoxy compound derived from Curcuma longa, were considered as possible alternative drugs for GBM therapy. METHODS Using different human primary GBM cell cultures in a long-term stimulation in vitro model, the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of single and combined treatment with 5 µM AT101 and 5 µM or 10 µM DMC were investigated. Furthermore, western blots on pAkt and pp44/42 as well as JC-1 staining and real-time RT-PCR were performed to understand the influence of the treatment at the molecular and gene level. RESULTS Due to enhanced anti-proliferative effects, we showed that combined therapy with both drugs was superior to a single treatment with AT101 or DMC. Here, by determination of the combination index, a synergism of the combined drugs was detectable. Phosphorylation and thereby activation of the kinases p44/42 and Akt, which are involved in proliferation and survival processes, were inhibited, the mitochondrial membrane potential of the GBM cells was altered, and genes involved in dormancy-associated processes were regulated by the combined treatment strategy. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with different drugs might be an option to efficiently overcome chemoresistance of GBM cells in a long-term treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiken Mehner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Kubelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vivian Adamski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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13
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Wang L, Rowe RG, Jaimes A, Yu C, Nam Y, Pearson DS, Zhang J, Xie X, Marion W, Heffron GJ, Daley GQ, Sliz P. Small-Molecule Inhibitors Disrupt let-7 Oligouridylation and Release the Selective Blockade of let-7 Processing by LIN28. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3091-3101. [PMID: 29874593 PMCID: PMC6511231 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LIN28 is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the maturation of the let-7 family of microRNAs by bipartite interactions with let-7 precursors through its two distinct cold shock and zinc-knuckle domains. Through inhibition of let-7 biogenesis, LIN28 functions as a pluripotency factor, as well as a driver of tumorigenesis. Here, we report a fluorescence polarization assay to identify small-molecule inhibitors for both domains of LIN28 involved in let-7 interactions. Of 101,017 compounds screened, six inhibit LIN28:let-7 binding and impair LIN28-mediated let-7 oligouridylation. Upon further characterization, we demonstrate that the LIN28 inhibitor TPEN destabilizes the zinc-knuckle domain of LIN28, while LI71 binds the cold shock domain to suppress LIN28's activity against let-7 in leukemia cells and embryonic stem cells. Our results demonstrate selective pharmacologic inhibition of individual domains of LIN28 and provide a foundation for therapeutic inhibition of the let-7 biogenesis pathway in LIN28-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Grant Rowe
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Jaimes
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunsun Nam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiangyu Xie
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Marion
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory J Heffron
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Q Daley
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Piotr Sliz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Kim HY, Lee BI, Jeon JH, Kim DK, Kang SG, Shim JK, Kim SY, Kang SW, Jang H. Gossypol Suppresses Growth of Temozolomide-Resistant Glioblastoma Tumor Spheres. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100595. [PMID: 31658771 PMCID: PMC6843396 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide is the current first-line treatment for glioblastoma patients but, because many patients are resistant to it, there is an urgent need to develop antitumor agents to treat temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma. Gossypol, a natural polyphenolic compound, has been studied as a monotherapy or combination therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma. The combination of gossypol and temozolomide has been shown to inhibit glioblastoma, but it is not clear yet whether gossypol alone can suppress temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma. We find that gossypol suppresses the growth of temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells in both tumor sphere and adherent culture conditions, with tumor spheres showing the greatest sensitivity. Molecular docking and binding energy calculations show that gossypol has a similar affinity to the Bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family of proteins and several dehydrogenases. Gossypol reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP levels before cell death, which suggests that gossypol inhibits several dehydrogenases in the cell’s metabolic pathway. Treatment with a Bcl2 inhibitor does not fully explain the effect of gossypol on glioblastoma. Overall, this study demonstrates that gossypol can suppress temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma and will be helpful for the refinement of gossypol treatments by elucidating some of the molecular mechanisms of gossypol in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Byung Il Lee
- Division of Precision Medicine, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang 10408, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeon
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
| | - Dong Keon Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jin-Kyoung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Soo Youl Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang 10408, Korea.
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15
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Trejo-Solís C, Serrano-Garcia N, Escamilla-Ramírez Á, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Jimenez-Farfan D, Palencia G, Calvillo M, Alvarez-Lemus MA, Flores-Nájera A, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J. Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Chemotherapy in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123773. [PMID: 30486451 PMCID: PMC6320836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant and aggressive type of brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. This is due in part to the high resistance to apoptosis and moderate resistant to autophagic cell death in glioblastoma cells, and to the poor therapeutic response to conventional therapies. Autophagic cell death represents an alternative mechanism to overcome the resistance of glioblastoma to pro-apoptosis-related therapies. Nevertheless, apoptosis induction plays a major conceptual role in several experimental studies to develop novel therapies against brain tumors. In this review, we outline the different components of the apoptotic and autophagic pathways and explore the mechanisms of resistance to these cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Finally, we discuss drugs with clinical and preclinical use that interfere with the mechanisms of survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and cell death of malignant cells, favoring the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, or the inhibition of the latter leading to cell death, as well as their therapeutic potential in glioma, and examine new perspectives in this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Norma Serrano-Garcia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Secretaria de Salud, C.P. 71256 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | | | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Minerva Calvillo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Mayra A Alvarez-Lemus
- División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, C.P. 86040 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Athenea Flores-Nájera
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Secretaria de Salud, 14000 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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16
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Henriques AC, Ribeiro D, Pedrosa J, Sarmento B, Silva PMA, Bousbaa H. Mitosis inhibitors in anticancer therapy: When blocking the exit becomes a solution. Cancer Lett 2018; 440-441:64-81. [PMID: 30312726 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) remain amongst the most important antimitotic drugs used against a broad range of malignancies. By perturbing spindle assembly, MTAs activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which induces mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis. However, besides toxic side effects and resistance, mitotic slippage and failure in triggering apoptosis in various cancer cells are limiting factors of MTAs efficacy. Alternative strategies to target mitosis without affecting microtubules have, thus, led to the identification of small molecules, such as those that target spindle Kinesins, Aurora and Polo-like kinases. Unfortunately, these so-called second-generation of antimitotics, encompassing mitotic blockers and mitotic drivers, have failed in clinical trials. Our recent understanding regarding the mechanisms of cell death during a mitotic arrest pointed out apoptosis as the main variable, providing an opportunity to control the cell fates and influence the effectiveness of antimitotics. Here, we provide an overview on the second-generation of antimitotics, and discuss possible strategies that exploit SAC activity, mitotic slippage/exit and apoptosis induction, in order to improve the efficacy of anticancer strategies that target mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Henriques
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joel Pedrosa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M A Silva
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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17
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Ulus G, Koparal AT, Baysal K, Yetik Anacak G, Karabay Yavaşoğlu NÜ. The anti-angiogenic potential of (±) gossypol in comparison to suramin. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1537-1550. [PMID: 30123923 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton, a staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plants (Gossypium), is produced throughout the world, and its by products, such as cotton fibers, cotton-seed oil, and cottonseed proteins, have a variety of applications. Cotton-seed contains gossypol, a natural phenol compound. (±)-Gossypol is a yellowish polyphenol that is derived from different parts of the cotton plant and contains potent anticancer properties. Tumor growth and metastasis are mainly related to angiogenesis; therefore, anti-angiogenic therapy targets the new blood vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to actively proliferating tumor cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-angiogenic potential of (±)-gossypol in vitro. (±)-Gossypol has anti-proliferative effects on cancer cell lines; however, its anti-angiogenic effects on normal cells have not been studied. Anti-proliferative activities of gossypol assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, anti-angiogenic activities using tube formation assay, and cell migration inhibition capability using a wound-healing assay on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were revealed. (±)-Gossypol displayed the following potent anti-angiogenic activities in vitro: it inhibited the cell viability of HUVECs, it inhibited the migration of HUVECs, and disrupted endothelial tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the anti-angiogenic effects of (±)-gossypol were investigated in ovo in a model using a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Decreases in capillary density were assessed and scored. (±)-Gossypol showed dose-dependent anti-angiogenic effects on CAM. These findings suggest that (±)-gossypol can be used as a new anti-angiogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gönül Ulus
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - A Tansu Koparal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Baysal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Günay Yetik Anacak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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18
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Adamski V, Schmitt C, Ceynowa F, Adelung R, Lucius R, Synowitz M, Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J. Effects of sequentially applied single and combined temozolomide, hydroxychloroquine and AT101 treatment in a long-term stimulation glioblastoma in vitro model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1475-1485. [PMID: 29858681 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a poorly curable disease due to its heterogeneity that enables single cells to survive treatment regimen and initiate tumor regrowth. Although some progress in therapy has been achieved in the last years, the efficient treatment of GBMs is still a clinical challenge. Besides the standard therapeutic drug temozolomide (TMZ), quinoline-based antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and BH3 mimetics such as AT101 were considered as possible drugs for GBM therapy. METHODS We investigated the effects of sequentially applied single and combined TMZ, HCQ and AT101 treatments in a long-term stimulation GBM in vitro model. We performed all investigations in parallel in human astrocytes and two differentially TMZ-responsive human GBM cell lines and adjusted used drug concentrations to known liquor/plasma concentrations in patients. We determined amounts of dead cells and still remaining growth rates and depicted our results in a heatmap-like summary to visualize which sequential long-term treatment schedule seemed to be most promising. RESULTS We showed that sequential stimulations yielded higher cytotoxicity and better tumor growth control in comparison to single TMZ treatment. This was especially the case for the sequences TMZ/HCQ and TMZ + AT101/AT101 which was as effective as the non-sequential combination TMZ + AT101. Importantly, those affected both less and more TMZ-responsive glioma cell lines, whilst being less harmful for astrocytes in comparison to single TMZ treatment. CONCLUSIONS Sequential treatment with mechanistically different acting drugs might be an option to reduce side effects in long-term treatment, for example in local administration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Adamski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Florian Ceynowa
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, Building 41, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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19
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Chen CY, Lin WC, Wong KL, Cheng KS, Leung YM, Yang SE. Gossypol stimulates opening of a Ca2+
- and Na+
-permeable but Ni2+
- and Co2+
-impermeable pore in bEND.3 endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:788-796. [PMID: 29498086 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cing-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ka-Shun Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology; The Qingdao University Yuhuangding Hospital; Yantai Shandong China
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shu-Er Yang
- Department of Beauty Science and Graduate Institute of Beauty Science and Technology; Chienkuo Technology University; Changhua Taiwan
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20
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Adamski V, Hempelmann A, Flüh C, Lucius R, Synowitz M, Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J. Dormant glioblastoma cells acquire stem cell characteristics and are differentially affected by Temozolomide and AT101 treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108064-108078. [PMID: 29296224 PMCID: PMC5746126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular dormancy is defined as a state in which cells enter quiescence driven by intrinsic or extrinsic factors, and striking parallels exist between the concept of cellular dormancy in malignancies and the cancer stem cell theory. We showed now that the proven dormancy markers insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5, ephrin receptor A5 and histone cluster 1 H2B family member K were expressed in human glioblastomas in situ, were located in single tumor cells, and could be co-stained with each other and with the stem cell markers krüppel-like factor 4, octamer binding transcription factor 4 and sex determining region Y-box 2. Human non-stem glioblastoma cell lines and primary cultures were characterized by expression of individual, cell-type specific dormancy- and stemness-associated markers, which were (up)regulated and could be co-stained in a cell-type specific manner upon Temozolomide-induced dormancy in vitro. The induction patterns of dormancy- and stemness-associated markers were reflected by cell-type specific responses to Temozolomide-induced and combined Temozolomide/AT101-mediated cytotoxicity in different glioblastoma cell lines and primary cultures in vitro, and accompanied by higher self-renewal capacity and lower TMZ-sensitivity of Temozolomide-pretreated cells. We postulate that a better understanding of the dormant state of tumor cells is essential to further improve efficiency of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Adamski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Hempelmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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21
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The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) induces angiogenesis via allosteric modulation of the M3 muscarinic receptor in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28546. [PMID: 27345502 PMCID: PMC4921870 DOI: 10.1038/srep28546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) has been reported to inhibit AChE (acetylcholinesterase) and to possess potential carcinogenic properties with excessive vascularization. In the present paper, we demonstrate that DEET specifically stimulates endothelial cells that promote angiogenesis which increases tumor growth. DEET activates cellular processes that lead to angiogenesis including proliferation, migration and adhesion. This is associated with an enhancement of NO production and VEGF expression in endothelial cells. M3 silencing or the use of a pharmacological M3 inhibitor abrogates all of these effects which reveals that DEET-induced angiogenesis is M3 sensitive. The experiments involving calcium signals in both endothelial and HEK cells overexpressing M3 receptors, as well as binding and docking studies demonstrate that DEET acts as an allosteric modulator of the M3 receptor. In addition, DEET inhibited AChE which increased acetylcholine bioavailability and binding to M3 receptors and also strengthened proangiogenic effects by an allosteric modulation.
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22
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Interstitial 5-ALA photodynamic therapy and glioblastoma: Preclinical model development and preliminary results. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Guntuku L, Naidu VGM, Yerra VG. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Gliomas: Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:567-83. [PMID: 26791479 PMCID: PMC4981742 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160121115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors either benign or malignant originating from the glial tissue. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive form among all gliomas, associated with decimal prognosis due to it`s high invasive nature. GBM is also characterized by high recurrence rate and apoptosis resistance features which make the therapeutic targeting very challenging. Mitochondria are key cellular organelles that are acting as focal points in diverse array of cellular functions such as cellular energy metabolism, regulation of ion homeostasis, redox signaling and cell death. Eventual findings of mitochondrial dysfunction include preference of glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation, enhanced reactive oxygen species generation and abnormal mitochondria mediated apoptotic machinery are frequently observed in various malignancies including gliomas. In particular, gliomas harbor mitochondrial structure abnormalities, genomic mutations in mtDNA, altered energy metabolism (Warburg effect) along with mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzyme. Numerous natural compounds have shown efficacy in the treatment of gliomas by targeting mitochondrial aberrant signaling cascades. Some of the natural compounds directly target the components of mitochondria whereas others act indirectly through modulating metabolic abnormalities that are consequence of the mitochondrial dysfunction. The present review offers a molecular insight into mitochondrial pathology in gliomas and therapeutic mechanisms of some of the promising natural compounds that target mitochondrial dysfunction. This review also sheds light on the challenges and possible ways to overcome the hurdles associated with these natural compounds to enter into the clinical market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India.
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24
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Ren T, Shan J, Li M, Qing Y, Qian C, Wang G, Li Q, Lu G, Li C, Peng Y, Luo H, Zhang S, Yang Y, Cheng Y, Wang D, Zhou SF. Small-molecule BH3 mimetic and pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor AT-101 enhances the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin through inhibition of APE1 repair and redox activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:2887-910. [PMID: 26089640 PMCID: PMC4467754 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s82724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AT-101 is a BH3 mimetic and pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor that has shown potent anticancer activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in murine models, but failed to show clinical efficacy when used in combination with docetaxel in NSCLC patients. Our recent study has demonstrated that AT-101 enhanced the antitumor effect of cisplatin (CDDP) in a murine model of NSCLC via inhibition of the interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. This study explored the underlying mechanisms for the enhanced anticancer activity of CDDP by AT-101. Our results show that, when compared with monotherapy, AT-101 significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of CDDP on proliferation and migration of A549 cells and on tube formation and migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. AT-101 promoted the proapoptotic activity of CDDP in A549 cells. AT-101 also enhanced the inhibitory effect of CDDP on DNA repair and redox activities of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in A549 cells. In tumor tissues from nude mice treated with AT-101 plus CDDP or monotherapy, the combination therapy resulted in greater inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation than the monotherapy. These results suggest that AT-101 can enhance the antitumor activity of CDDP in NSCLC via inhibition of APE1 DNA repair and redox activities and by angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis, but other mechanisms cannot be excluded. We are now conducting a Phase II trial to examine the clinical efficacy and safety profile of combined use of AT-101 plus CDDP in advanced NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ren
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jinlu Shan
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Qing
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Qian
- Department of Oncology, The 97 Hospital of PLA, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangjie Wang
- Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Military District General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Guoshou Lu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongyi Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Peng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Luo
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Yang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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