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Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Sun GY, Lin TN, Teh DBL, Ong WY. COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041181. [PMID: 37189799 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in association with thrombosis events observed in COVID-19 patients. Among different types of phospholipases A2 that target cell membrane phospholipids, there is increasing focus on the inflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2-IIA), which is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Analysis indicates increased sPLA2-IIA levels together with eicosanoids in the sera of COVID patients. sPLA2 could metabolise phospholipids in platelets, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells to produce arachidonic acid (ARA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid in platelets is metabolised to prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2, known for their pro-coagulation and vasoconstrictive properties. Lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, could be metabolised by autotaxin (ATX) and further converted to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Increased ATX has been found in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and LPA has recently been found to induce NETosis, a clotting mechanism triggered by the release of extracellular fibres from neutrophils and a key feature of the COVID-19 hypercoagulable state. PLA2 could also catalyse the formation of platelet activating factor (PAF) from membrane ether phospholipids. Many of the above lipid mediators are increased in the blood of patients with COVID-19. Together, findings from analyses of blood lipids in COVID-19 patients suggest an important role for metabolites of sPLA2-IIA in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Teng-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11929, Taiwan
| | - Daniel B L Teh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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Sadhu SP, Yarla NS, Pragada RR, Konduri P. Anti-inflammatory Activity of PLA 2 Inhibitory Saccharumoside-B. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2022; 21:121-134. [PMID: 35362396 DOI: 10.2174/1871523021666220330143058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharumoside-B and its analogs were found to have anticancer potential in vitro. The present study reports acute toxicity, molecular docking, ADMET profile analysis, and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of saccharumoside-B for the first time. METHODS The in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity of saccharumoside-B on PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes was evaluated by the cell-free method, and its effect on TNF-α, IL1β, and IL- 6 secretion levels in LPS stimulated THP-1 human monocytes was determined by ELISA-based methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. To test its binding affinity at the active site pockets of PLA2 enzymes and assess drug-like properties, docking experiments and ADMET studies were performed. RESULTS Saccharumoside-B showed selective inhibition of the sPLA2 enzyme (IC50 = 7.53 ± 0.232 μM), and thioetheramide-PC was used as a positive control. It showed significant inhibition (P ≤ 0.05) of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines compared to the positive control dexamethasone. Saccharumoside-B showed a dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, with a maximum inhibition (76.09 ± 0.75) observed at 3 hours after the phlogistic agent injection. Saccharumoside-B potentially binds to the active site pocket of sPLA2 crystal protein (binding energy -7.6 Kcal/Mol). It complies with Lipinski's Rule of Five, showing a promising safety profile. The bioactivity scores suggested it to be a better enzyme inhibitor. CONCLUSION Saccharumoside-B showed significant PLA2 inhibition. It can become a potential lead molecule in synthesizing a new class of selective PLA2 inhibitors with a high safety profile in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prabha Sadhu
- Department of AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, India
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Rajeswara Rao Pragada
- Department of AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Prasad Konduri
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, India
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Li Q, Feng C, Li L, Xu G, Gu H, Li S, Li D, Liu M, Han S, Zheng B. Lipid Receptor G2A-Mediated Signal Pathway Plays a Critical Role in Inflammatory Response by Promoting Classical Macrophage Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2338-2352. [PMID: 33941654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is a dynamic and integral process in tissue inflammation and remodeling. In this study, we describe that lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) plays an important role in controlling inflammatory macrophage (M1) polarization in rodent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in monocytes from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Specific inhibition of Lp-PLA2 led to an ameliorated EAE via markedly decreased inflammatory and demyelinating property of M1. The effects of Lp-PLA2 on M1 function were mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine, a bioactive product of oxidized lipids hydrolyzed by Lp-PLA2 through JAK2-independent activation of STAT5 and upregulation of IRF5. This process was directed by the G2A receptor, which was only found in differentiated M1 or monocytes from MS patients. M1 polarization could be inhibited by a G2A neutralizing Ab, which led to an inhibited disease in rat EAE. In addition, G2A-deficient rats showed an ameliorated EAE and an inhibited autoimmune response. This study has revealed a mechanism by which lipid metabolites control macrophage activation and function, modification of which could lead to a new therapeutic approach for MS and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Chunlei Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Lingyun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Guiliang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Haijuan Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Shiqiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Shuhua Han
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Biao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang X, Tian Z, Qi D, Li Y, Jiang H. Antihypertensive activity of oleanolic acid is mediated via downregulation of secretory phospholipase A2 and fatty acid synthase in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:2019-2034. [PMID: 33125128 PMCID: PMC7595669 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is reported to possess antihypertensive activity via the regulation of lipid metabolism; however, the mechanisms underlying lipid regulation by OA are yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms via which OA regulates lipid metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) via ultra‑performance liquid chromatography‑quadrupole/Orbitrap‑mass spectrometry (MS)‑based lipidomics analysis. SHRs were treated with OA (1.08 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The liver tissues were excised, homogenized in dichloromethane and centrifuged, and subsequently the supernatant layer was collected and concentrated under vacuum to dryness. The dichloromethane extract was subjected to MS analysis and database searching, and comparison of standards was performed to identify potential biomarkers. Partial least squares‑discriminant analysis performed on the liver lipidome revealed a total of 14 endogenous metabolites that were significantly changed in the SHR model group (SH group) compared with Wistar Kyoto rats [normal control (NC group)], including glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and glycerides. Heatmaps revealed that the liver lipid profiles in the OA group were clustered more closely compared with those observed in the NC group, indicating that the antihypertensive effect of OA was mediated via regulation of liver lipid metabolites. It was observed that the protein levels of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were increased in the SH group compared with the NC group. In addition, the levels of lysophosphatidylcholine and triglycerides in the liver were elevated, whereas the levels of low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol and high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol were reduced in the SH group. Upon treatment with OA, the mRNA and protein levels of PLA2 and FAS were observed to be downregulated. Collectively, the present study indicated that the antihypertensive activity of OA was mediated via downregulation of sPLA2 and FAS in SHRs, and that treatment with OA resulted in significant improvements in blood pressure and associated abnormalities in the lipid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Zhang
- Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yuecheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Experimental Centre, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
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Watanabe K, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Kugiyama K, Murakami M. Group V secreted phospholipase A 2 plays a protective role against aortic dissection. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10092-10111. [PMID: 32482892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection is a life-threatening aortopathy involving separation of the aortic wall, whose underlying mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Epidemiological evidence suggests that unsaturated fatty acids improve cardiovascular health. Here, using quantitative RT-PCR, histological analyses, magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry assays, and MS-based lipidomics, we show that the activity of a lipid-metabolizing enzyme, secreted phospholipase A2 group V (sPLA2-V), protects against aortic dissection by endogenously mobilizing vasoprotective lipids. Global and endothelial cell-specific sPLA2-V-deficient mice frequently developed aortic dissection shortly after infusion of angiotensin II (AT-II). We observed that in the AT-II-treated aorta, endothelial sPLA2-V mobilized oleic and linoleic acids, which attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress, increased the expression of lysyl oxidase, and thereby stabilized the extracellular matrix in the aorta. Of note, dietary supplementation with oleic or linoleic acid reversed the increased susceptibility of sPLA2-V-deficient mice to aortic dissection. These findings reveal an unexplored functional link between sPLA2-driven phospholipid metabolism and aortic stability, possibly contributing to the development of improved diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies for preventing aortic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Department of Internal Medicine II, Chuo, Yamanashi Japan.,Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Kugiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Department of Internal Medicine II, Chuo, Yamanashi Japan .,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan .,Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,FORCE, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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One-pot, four-component synthesis of spiroindoloquinazoline derivatives as phospholipase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Harnessing the knowledge of animal toxins to generate drugs. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:30-36. [PMID: 26826284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal toxins present high selectivity and specificity for their molecular targets, and have long been considered as prototypes for developing novel drugs, with some successful cases. In this regard, the variety of molecules found in animal venoms, which can be capable of affecting vital physiological systems, have providing the development of studies focusing on turning those molecules (toxins) into therapeutics to treat several diseases, such as chronic pain, hypertension, thrombosis, cancer, and so on. However, some important issues have been responsible for disrupting the toxin-based drug discovery projects. In this review, we have briefly highlighted the development of drugs based on animal toxins, discussing some successful cases as well as the main causes of failure, pointing out the recent strategies applied to overcome the difficulties related to the translational process in this kind of development scenario.
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Statin Inhibits the Expression of Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Subsequent Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Human Endothelial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:489-96. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Telmisartan and N-acetylcysteine Suppress Group V Secretory Phospholipase A2 Expression in TNFα-stimulated Human Endothelial Cells and Reduce Associated Atherogenicity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:367-74. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182646ccc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang G, Qian P, Xu Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Cheng S, Cai W, Qian G, Wang C, Decoster MA. Regulatory effects of the JAK3/STAT1 pathway on the release of secreted phospholipase A₂-IIA in microvascular endothelial cells of the injured brain. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:170. [PMID: 22788969 PMCID: PMC3409030 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Secreted phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) is an inducible enzyme released under several inflammatory conditions. It has been shown that sPLA2-IIA is released from rat brain astrocytes after inflammatory stimulus, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in regulation of this release. Here, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) were treated with LPS to uncover whether sPLA2-IIA was released, whether nitric oxide regulated this release, and any related signal mechanisms. Methods Supernatants were collected from primary cultures of BMVECs. The release of sPLA2-IIA, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), phospho-JAK3, phospho-STAT1, total JAK3 and STAT1, β-actin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were analyzed by Western blot or ELISA. NO production was calculated by the Griess reaction. sPLA2 enzyme activity was measured with a fluorometric assay. Specific inhibitors of NO (L-NAME and aminoguanidine, AG), JAK3 (WHI-P154,WHI), STAT1 (fludarabine, Flu), and STAT1 siRNA were used to determine the involvement of these molecules in the LPS-induced release of sPLA2-IIA from BMVECs. Nuclear STAT1 activation was tested with the EMSA method. The monolayer permeability of BMVECs was measured with a diffusion assay using biotinylated BSA. Results Treatment of BMVECs with LPS increased the release of sPLA2-IIA and nitrite into the cell culture medium up to 24 h. Pretreatment with an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, decreased LPS-induced sPLA2-IIA release and sPLA2 enzyme activity, and enhanced the expression of iNOS and nitrite generation after LPS treatment. Pretreatment with L-NAME, AG, WHI-P154, or Flu notably reduced the expression of iNOS and nitrite, but increased sPLA2-IIA protein levels and sPLA2 enzyme activity. In addition, pretreatment of the cells with STAT1 siRNA inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT1, iNOS expression, and nitrite production, and enhanced the release of sPLA2-IIA. Pretreatment with the specific inhibitors of NOS, JAK2, and STAT3 decreased the permeability of BMVECs. In contrast, inhibition of sPLA2-IIA release increased cell permeability. These results suggest that sPLA2-IIA expression is regulated by the NO-JAK3-STAT1 pathway. Importantly, sPLA2-IIA augmentation could protect the LPS-induced permeability of BMVECs. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the important action of sPLA2-IIA in the permeability of microvascular endothelial cells during brain inflammatory events. The sPLA2 and NO pathways can be potential targets for the management of brain MVEC injuries and related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guansong Wang
- Neuronscience Program, Institute of Respiratory Diseases in Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China.
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Tanabe Y, Saito-Tanji M, Morikawa Y, Kamataki A, Sawai T, Nakayama K. Role of Secretory Phospholipase A2 in Rhythmic Contraction of Pulmonary Arteries of Rats With Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 119:271-81. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12024fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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sPLA2-V inhibits EPCR anticoagulant and antiapoptotic properties by accommodating lysophosphatidylcholine or PAF in the hydrophobic groove. Blood 2011; 119:2914-21. [PMID: 22167755 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-353409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease by binding protein C/activated protein C (APC). EPCR structure contains a hydrophobic groove filled with an unknown phospholipid needed to perform its function. It has not been established whether lipid exchange takes place in EPCR as a regulatory mechanism of its activity. Our objective was to identify this phospholipid and to explore the possibility of lipid exchange as a regulatory mechanism of EPCR activity driven by the endothelially expressed secretory group V phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-V). We identified phosphatidylcholine (PCh) as the major phospholipid bound to human soluble EPCR (sEPCR). PCh in EPCR could be exchanged for lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPCh) and platelet activating factor (PAF). Remarkably, lysoPCh and PAF impaired the protein C binding ability of sEPCR. Inhibition of sPLA(2)-V, responsible for lysoPCh and PAF generation, improved APC binding to endothelial cells. EPCR-dependent protein C activation and APC antiapoptotic effect were thus significantly enhanced. In contrast, endothelial cell supplementation with sPLA(2)-V inhibited both APC generation and its antiapoptotic effects. We conclude that APC generation and function can be modulated by changes in phospholipid occupancy of its endothelial cell receptor.
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Yamamoto K, Isogai Y, Sato H, Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Secreted phospholipase A2, lipoprotein hydrolysis, and atherosclerosis: integration with lipidomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1829-42. [PMID: 21445663 PMCID: PMC3098357 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Of many PLA2s or related enzymes identified to date, secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) comprise the largest family that contains 10 catalytically active isozymes. Besides arachidonic acid released from cellular membranes for eicosanoid synthesis, several if not all sPLA2s have recently been implicated in hydrolysis of phospholipids in lipoprotein particles. The sPLA2-processed low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles contain a large amount of lysophospholipids and exhibit the property of “small-dense” or “modified” LDL, which facilitates foam cell formation from macrophages. Transgenic overexpression of these sPLA2s leads to development of atherosclerosis in mice. More importantly, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of particular sPLA2s significantly attenuates atherosclerosis and aneurysm. In this article, we will give an overview of current understanding of the role of sPLA2s in atherosclerosis, with recent lipidomics data showing the action of a subset of sPLA2s on lipoprotein phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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Kim TH, Bae JS. Inhibitory effects of antithrombin on the expression of secretory group IIA phospholipase A2 in endothelial cells. BMB Rep 2010; 43:604-8. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.9.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sonoki K, Iwase M, Sasaki N, Ohdo S, Higuchi S, Matsuyama N, Iida M. Relations of lysophosphatidylcholine in low-density lipoprotein with serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, paraoxonase and homocysteine thiolactonase activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 86:117-23. [PMID: 19748147 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We studied the relations of lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) in LDL with serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), paraoxonase and homocysteine thiolactonase (HTLase) activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Lyso-PC was measured by electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Paraoxonase and HTLase activities were measured with paraoxon and gamma-thiobutyrolactone as substrates, respectively. RESULTS Serum HTLase and paraoxonase activities were significantly suppressed in diabetic patients (n=96) compared with control (n=25), whereas serum Lp-PLA(2) did not differ in control and diabetic patients. Lyso-PC contents in LDL correlated with serum Lp-PLA(2) activity positively and with serum HTLase activity negatively. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that serum Lp-PLA(2) and HTLase activities independently contributed to lyso-PC contents in LDL. In patients with diabetic nephropathy, lyso-PC contents in LDL were increased with reduced serum HTLase and paraoxonase activities compared with control, while serum Lp-PLA(2) activity did not differ. On the other hand, 3-month treatment with simvastatin reduced both lyso-PC contents in LDL and serum Lp-PLA(2) activity in hypercholesterolemic diabetic patients, while serum HTLase or paraoxonase activities did not change. CONCLUSIONS Increased lyso-PC contents in LDL were associated with the suppressed HTLase activity, and serum Lp-PLA(2) and HTLase activities may be related to lyso-PC in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Sonoki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Abstract
In this issue, BJP is proud to publish an Endothelium Themed Section to celebrate the life of Robert F. Furchgott, who died on May 19th 2009. It is 30 years since he discovered endothelium-derived relaxant factor and a decade since he was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. His discovery has led to an array of new therapeutic targets. The themed section includes three reviews on the pathophysiology of the endothelium and the drug targets that this presents, four research papers and three commentaries on research. This themed section also forms the nucleus of an online Virtual Issue that collects in one place further reviews and research papers on the topic of the 'Endothelium' that BJP and our sister journal BJCP have published in the past year, and that should help researchers and students to find the latest work in this field.
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Oörni K, Kovanen PT. Lipoprotein modification by secretory phospholipase A(2) enzymes contributes to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:421-7. [PMID: 19593123 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832fa14d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Secretory phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s) are considered to be important enzymes in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the various mechanisms by which the direct action of the sPLA2s on LDL particles in the arterial intima may contribute to atherogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS A wealth of evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, supports a role for the sPLA2s in atherogenesis. Very recently, systemic inhibition of sPLA2s was found to reduce measures of arterial inflammation. The mechanisms behind this inhibition, however, are largely unknown. Here, we discuss the consequences of sPLA2 action on LDL in the arterial intima and address the recent findings regarding the effects of the lipolytic products of sPLA2, lysophosphatidylcholine, and fatty acids on intimal cells. LDL modified by sPLA2 can accumulate in the arterial intima both extracellularly and intracellularly. Importantly, the lipolytic products promote atherosclerosis by monocyte/macrophage recruitment, by enhancing the production of proretentive molecules by vascular smooth muscle cells, and by inducing cell death. SUMMARY Recent findings on sPLA2s support the idea that the enzymes contribute to human atherogenesis not only as initiating agents but also in maintaining plaque inflammation.
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