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Koon A, He J, Patel J, Morse A, Boseman V, Hamilton A, Knight T, Shah N, Ragon B, Chojecki A, Ai J, Steuerwald N, Gerber J, Copelan E, Grunwald M, Arnall J. Evaluation of pentamidine tolerability and efficacy between CYP2C19 phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:821-830. [PMID: 37846549 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous pentamidine is used for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, an infection seen in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pentamidine is partially metabolized by CYP2C19, which is vulnerable to pharmacogenetic variation. This retrospective study evaluated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients who received intravenous pentamidine as P. jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis. The primary objective was the association between CYP2C19 phenotype and discontinuation of pentamidine due to drug-related side effects based on univariate logistic regression (N = 81). Ten patients (12.3%) discontinued pentamidine because of side effects. There was no difference in discontinuation between phenotype groups (p = 0.18) or discontinuation due to side effects (p = 0.76). Overall, no association was seen between phenotypes and pentamidine-related side effects (p = 0.475). Drug discontinuation rates and P. jirovecii pneumonia infection rates were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Koon
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Jiaxian He
- Center for Clinical Trials and Evidence Synthesis, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jai Patel
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Allison Morse
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Victoria Boseman
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Alicia Hamilton
- Molecular Biology Core Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Thomas Knight
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Nilay Shah
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Brittany Ragon
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Aleksander Chojecki
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Jing Ai
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- Molecular Biology Core Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Jonathan Gerber
- UMass Memorial Medical Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, MA 01655, USA
| | - Edward Copelan
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Michael Grunwald
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Justin Arnall
- Specialty Pharmacy Services, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
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Chiu CY, Ching PR. Incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients without Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Intravenous Pentamidine Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040406. [PMID: 37108861 PMCID: PMC10144649 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a first-line Pneumocystis pneumonia pneumonia) (PCP) prophylaxis agent, but monthly intravenous pentamidine (IVP) is used in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected immunocompromised hosts because IVP is not associated with cytopenia and delayed engraftment. Method: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate breakthrough PCP incidence and adverse reactions in HIV-uninfected immunocompromised patients receiving IVP. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from their inception until 15 December 2022. Results: The pooled incidence of breakthrough PCP with IVP was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3–1.4%, 16 studies, 3025 patients) and was similar when used as first-line prophylaxis (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.2–1.4%, 7 studies, 752 patients). The pooled incidence of adverse reactions was 11.3% (95% CI, 6.7–18.6%, 14 studies, 2068 patients). The pooled adverse event-related discontinuation was 3.7% (95% CI, 1.8–7.3%, 11 studies, 1802 patients), but was lower in patients receiving IVP monthly (2.0%; 95% CI 0.7–5.7%, 7 studies, 1182 patients). Conclusion: Monthly IVP is an appropriate second-line agent for PCP prophylaxis in certain non-HIV immunocompromised hosts, especially in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Using IVP for PCP prophylaxis as an alternative to oral TMP-SMX while patients are unable to tolerate enteral medication administration is feasible.
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Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis with Intravenous Pentamidine in Adult Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0083322. [PMID: 36214573 PMCID: PMC9664864 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00833-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this single-center retrospective case series was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 300-mg once-monthly intravenous (IV) pentamidine prophylaxis in 702 adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. We observed no cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) following IV pentamidine administration. Breakthrough Nocardia and Toxoplasma infections were observed in 7 (1%) and 5 (0.7%) patients, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse event was nausea. Monthly IV pentamidine is a reasonable alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
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Maideen NMP, Balasubramanian R, Muthusamy S, Nallasamy V. An Overview of Clinically Imperative and Pharmacodynamically Significant Drug Interactions of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Blockers. Curr Cardiol Rev 2022; 18:e110522204611. [PMID: 35546745 PMCID: PMC9893153 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x18666220511152330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, resulting in premature death and disability. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) blockers, including Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), are used as first-line antihypertensive therapy to treat hypertensive patients with comorbidities, including diabetes, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. The use of RAS blockers is associated with the risks, such as hyperkalemia, angioedema, etc. The drugs potentiating them interact pharmacodynamically, resulting in adverse consequences. This review article focuses on the clinically important drug interactions of RAAS blockers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The electronic databases, such as Medline/PubMed Central/PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Embase, and reference lists were searched to identify relevant articles. RESULTS The risk of hyperkalemia may be enhanced potentially in patients receiving a RAS blocker and potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, trimethoprim, adrenergic betablockers, antifungal agents, calcineurin inhibitors, pentamidine, heparins or an NSAID, concomitantly. The patients taking ACE inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors, DPP4 inhibitors, alteplase, or sacubitril/valsartan concurrently may be at increased risk of developing angioedema. CONCLUSION Clinicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare practitioners should be accountable for medication safety. To avoid adverse implications, prescribers and pharmacists must be aware of the drugs that interact with RAAS blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudha Muthusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam- 638 183, India
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Classen AY, Henze L, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Maschmeyer G, Sandherr M, Graeff LD, Alakel N, Christopeit M, Krause SW, Mayer K, Neumann S, Cornely OA, Penack O, Weißinger F, Wolf HH, Vehreschild JJ. Primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors: 2020 updated guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO/DGHO). Ann Hematol 2021; 100:1603-1620. [PMID: 33846857 PMCID: PMC8116237 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hematologic and oncologic patients with chemo- or immunotherapy-related immunosuppression are at substantial risk for bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP). As bacterial resistances are increasing worldwide and new research reshapes our understanding of the interactions between the human host and bacterial commensals, administration of antibacterial prophylaxis has become a matter of discussion. This guideline constitutes an update of the 2013 published guideline of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). It gives an overview about current strategies for antibacterial prophylaxis in cancer patients while taking into account the impact of antibacterial prophylaxis on the human microbiome and resistance development. Current literature published from January 2012 to August 2020 was searched and evidence-based recommendations were developed by an expert panel. All recommendations were discussed and approved in a consensus conference of the AGIHO prior to publication. As a result, we present a comprehensive update and extension of our guideline for antibacterial and PcP prophylaxis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Y Classen
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Herderstr. 52-54, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Larissa Henze
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Maschmeyer
- Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Sandherr
- Specialist Clinic for Haematology and Oncology, Medical Care Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Durán Graeff
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Herderstr. 52-54, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nael Alakel
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Christopeit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan W Krause
- Department of Medicine 5 - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Mayer
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immunooncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Silke Neumann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Oncology, Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Herderstr. 52-54, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Penack
- Medical Department for Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Weißinger
- Department for Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, and Palliative Care, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel v. Bodelschwinghsche Stiftungen Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Wolf
- Department IV of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Jörg Janne Vehreschild
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Herderstr. 52-54, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Mantadakis E. Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Children with Hematological Malignancies: Diagnosis and Approaches to Management. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040331. [PMID: 33276699 PMCID: PMC7761543 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is an opportunistic infection that mostly affects children with suppressed cellular immunity. PJP was the most common cause of infectious death in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia prior to the inclusion of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis as part of the standard medical care in the late 1980s. Children with acute leukemia, lymphomas, and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, especially allogeneic transplantation, are also at high risk of PJP. Persistent lymphopenia, graft versus host disease, poor immune reconstitution, and lengthy use of corticosteroids are significant risk factors for PJP. Active infection may be due to reactivation of latent infection or recent acquisition from environmental exposure. Intense hypoxemia and impaired diffusing capacity of the lungs are hallmarks of PJP, while computerized tomography of the lungs is the diagnostic technique of choice. Immunofluorescence testing with monoclonal antibodies followed by fluorescent microscopy and polymerase chain reaction testing of respiratory specimens have emerged as the best diagnostic methods. Measurement of (1-3)-β-D-glucan in the serum has a high negative predictive value in ruling out PJP. Oral cotrimoxazole is effective for prophylaxis, but in intolerant patients, intravenous and aerosolized pentamidine, dapsone, and atovaquone are effective alternatives. Ιntravenous cotrimoxazole is the treatment of choice, but PJP has a high mortality even with appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpis Mantadakis
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Unit, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Thrace, Greece
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Sweiss K, Anderson J, Wirth S, Oh A, Quigley JG, Khan I, Saraf S, Mactal-Haaf C, Rondelli D, Patel P. A prospective study of intravenous pentamidine for PJP prophylaxis in adult patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 53:300-306. [DOI: 10.1038/s41409-017-0024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Montoya Tamayo C, Bossacoma Busquets F, Vinent Genestar J, Fortuny Guasch C, Santa-Maria López V, Rives S. Intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis in children undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28466513 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Montoya Tamayo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Claudia Fortuny Guasch
- Department of Pediatric Infectious diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Susana Rives
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Safety and Effectiveness of Intravenous Pentamidine for Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2016; 38:e180-5. [PMID: 27164533 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised pediatric hematology/oncology patients. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the gold standard for prophylaxis. Intravenous (IV) pentamidine is the preferred second-line agent for PCP prophylaxis at our institution and is used first-line under certain circumstances. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of IV pentamidine for PCP prophylaxis in pediatric hematology/oncology patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of pediatric hematology/oncology patients (N=121) who received ≥1 dose of IV pentamidine between January 2009 and July 2014 was conducted. Electronic health records were reviewed to determine baseline characteristics, rate of breakthrough PCP infection, characteristics of IV pentamidine use, and adverse events. The follow-up period was 6 months after the last reported IV pentamidine dose or the last recorded clinic visit/hospital admission. RESULTS No patients developed PCP during the entirety of their IV pentamidine course or during the follow-up period. Nineteen patients (16%) experienced adverse events and 5 of the 19 patients required discontinuation of IV pentamidine. CONCLUSIONS IV pentamidine is a safe, tolerable, and effective agent for PCP prophylaxis in pediatric hematology/oncology patients and may be considered a reasonable therapeutic alternative when trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole cannot be used for PCP prophylaxis.
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IV pentamidine for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:1394-1396. [PMID: 27214074 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Agha A, Sehgal A, Lim MJ, Weber D, Hou JZ, Farah R, Raptis A, Im A, Dorritie K, Marks S, Agha M, Lim SH. Peri-transplant clostridium difficile infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:291-4. [PMID: 26661725 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) remain the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients in this country. Patients with hematologic malignancies, especially those who undergo hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants are particularly at risk for developing CDI. One hundred and forty seven consecutive allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants were analyzed for peri-transplant Clostridium difficile infections (PT-CDI). Sixteen patients (11%) developed PT-CDI (Median time = 7 days after transplant). The probability for developing PT-CDI during the peri-transplant period was 12.3%. History of CDI was strongly associated with the development of PT-CDI (P = 0.008) (OR = 5.48) (P = 0.017). These patients also developed PT-CDI much earlier than in those without a history (median 1 day vs. 8 days, P = 0.03). The probability for developing PT-CDI for those with a history was 39%. There was a trend toward significance (P = 0.065) between matched related donor grafts and the development of PT-CDI (OR = 0.245) (P = 0.08). Age, sex, diagnosis, transplant preparative regimens, Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, grade 3/4 acute GVHD, or use of antimicrobials within 8 weeks of transplant were not associated with PT-CDI. Non-CDI-related deaths occurred in one patient in the PT-CDI group and nine in the group without PT-CDI. In the remaining 139 patients, the length of hospital stay for those with PT-CDI was significantly longer than those without (mean 27 days vs. 22 days; P = 0.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Agha
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Alison Sehgal
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Matthew J. Lim
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - David Weber
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Jing-Zhou Hou
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Rafic Farah
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Anastasios Raptis
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Annie Im
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Kathleen Dorritie
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Stanley Marks
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Mounzer Agha
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
| | - Seah H. Lim
- Hematologic Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Program; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh
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Safe and Effective Prophylaxis with Bimonthly Intravenous Pentamidine in the Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:135-41. [PMID: 26418240 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Without prophylaxis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) develops in 5%-15% of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) patients with mortality above 50%. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a standard PCP prophylaxis; pentamidine is frequently used as second-line prophylaxis because of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole's potential for cytopenias. Monthly intravenous (IV) pentamidine has variable efficacy with PCP infection rates of 0%-10% in pediatric patients, and higher breakthrough rates in those younger than 2 years. We hypothesized that bimonthly (twice monthly) pentamidine might have equivalent safety and improved efficacy; therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis of bimonthly pentamidine PCP prophylaxis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed records of all pediatric HCT patients who received bimonthly IV pentamidine between December 2006 and June 2013, and collected data regarding demographics, clinical course, prophylaxis rationale, laboratory values and adverse events. RESULTS Between December 2006 and June 2013, 111 pediatric HCT patients received bimonthly IV pentamidine (574 doses, 8758 patient-days); 31 patients were younger than 2 years at initiation. In the majority (53% of courses), pentamidine was initiated because of cytopenias. Fourteen patients (12.6% of patients, 2.4% of doses) experienced a side-effect prompting discontinuation, including 3 patients with infusion-related hypotension/anaphylaxis and 3 with acute pancreatic dysfunction. No patients [0% (95% confidence interval: 0-3.2)] developed PCP during or after bimonthly IV pentamidine prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS Bimonthly IV pentamidine for PCP prophylaxis in the HCT pediatric population has comparable safety to monthly IV pentamidine and was highly effective, including in the very young. Bimonthly IV pentamidine should be considered in pediatric patients as second-line PCP prophylaxis.
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