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Wang Y, Wang G, Xiang W, Liu X, Jiang M, Hu J. Proteasome activation is critical for cell death induced by inhibitors of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in multiple cancers. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176558. [PMID: 38614382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitors of polo-like kinase (PLK) are currently being evaluated as anticancer drugs. However, the molecular mechanism of PLK inhibitor-induced cell death is not fully understood. In this study, we found that GW843682X and BI2536, two inhibitors of PLK1, significantly induced cell death in multiple type cells. The induction of cell death was related to the preferring expression of PLK1. However, in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human colorectal carcinoma cells, which expressed higher levels of both PLK1 and PLK2, PLK1 inhibitors induced very low levels of cell death. Clinical analysis reveals PLK1 presence in 26 of 30 NPC tumor tissues. In in vivo NPC lung metastasis nude mouse models, PLK1 inhibitors decreased NPC progress. Mechanistically, the PLK1 inhibitor did not activate p53, and the cell death was not reversed by p53 inhibition. Moreover, PLK1 inhibitor-induced cell death was PARP- and caspase-independent. Although PLK1 inhibitors induced down-regulation of calpain inhibitor calpastatin and calpain was activated by PLK1 inhibition, calpain blocking did not reverse cell death induced by PLK1 inhibitors, suggesting the non-involvement of calpain. Surprisingly, we found that PLK1 inhibitors induced the activation of proteasome, and the treatment of cells with PLK1 inhibitors reduced the levels of ubiquitinated proteins. And proteasome inhibitors reversed cell death induced by PLK1 inhibitors in various cell types in which PLK1 was preferentially expressed. Moreover, PLK1 inhibition reversed the degradation of proteins including p53, caspase 8, PARP and calpastatin. These results suggest that the activation of proteasome is critical for cell death induced by PLK1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, 410004, China.
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2
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Rajagopalan K, Selvan Christyraj JD, Chelladurai KS, Kalimuthu K, Das P, Chandrasekar M, Balamurugan N, Murugan K. Understanding the molecular mechanism of regeneration through apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation studies - updates and future aspects. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-01958-1. [PMID: 38581530 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
AICP is a crucial process that maintaining tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In the past, cell death was perceived merely as a means to discard cells without functional consequences. However, during regeneration, effector caspases orchestrate apoptosis, releasing signals that activate stem cells, thereby compensating for tissue loss across various animal models. Despite significant progress, the activation of Wnt3a by caspase-3 remains a focal point of research gaps in AICP mechanisms, spanning from lower to higher regenerative animals. This inquiry into the molecular intricacies of caspase-3-induced Wnt3a activation contributes to a deeper understanding of the links between regeneration and cancer mechanisms. Our report provides current updates on AICP pathways, delineating research gaps and highlighting the potential for future investigations aimed at enhancing our comprehension of this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Puja Das
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meikandan Chandrasekar
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nivedha Balamurugan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Park JE, Lee J, Ok S, Byun S, Chang EJ, Yoon SE, Kim YJ, Kang MJ. Wg/Wnt1 and Erasp link ER stress to proapoptotic signaling in an autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa model. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01044-7. [PMID: 37464094 PMCID: PMC10394004 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a subcellular organelle essential for cellular homeostasis. Perturbation of ER functions due to various conditions can induce apoptosis. Chronic ER stress has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP), which is characterized by age-dependent retinal degeneration caused by mutant rhodopsin alleles. However, the signaling pathways that mediate apoptosis in response to ER stress remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed an unbiased in vivo RNAi screen with a Drosophila ADRP model and found that Wg/Wnt1 mediated apoptosis. Subsequent transcriptome analysis revealed that ER stress-associated serine protease (Erasp), which has been predicted to show serine-type endopeptidase activity, was a downstream target of Wg/Wnt1 during ER stress. Furthermore, knocking down Erasp via RNAi suppressed apoptosis induced by mutant rhodopsin-1 (Rh-1P37H) toxicity, alleviating retinal degeneration in the Drosophila ADRP model. In contrast, overexpression of Erasp resulted in enhanced caspase activity in Drosophila S2 cells treated with apoptotic inducers and the stabilization of the initiator caspase Dronc (Death regulator Nedd2-like caspase) by stimulating DIAP1 (Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1) degradation. These findings helped identify a novel cell death signaling pathway involved in retinal degeneration in an autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin University, Seoul, 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhyuck Ok
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Yoon
- Korea Drosophila Resource Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Hong K, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Cen K, Dai Y, Mai Y, Guo Y. Prognostic implication and immunotherapy response prediction of a ubiquitination-related gene signature in breast cancer. Front Genet 2023; 13:1038207. [PMID: 36685928 PMCID: PMC9845272 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1038207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumor types and has poor outcomes. In this study, a ubiquitination-related prognostic signature was constructed, and its association with immunotherapy response in BC was explored. A list of ubiquitination-related genes was obtained from the molecular signatures database, and a ubiquitination-related gene signature was obtained by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression. The genes, TCN1, DIRAS3, and IZUMO4, had significant influence on BC outcomes. Patients were categorized into two clusters-a high-risk group with poor survival and a low-risk group with greater chances of controlling BC progression. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that the risk signature was an independent prognostic factor for BC. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that the high-risk group was enriched in cell cycle and DNA replication pathways. The risk score was positively linked to the tumor microenvironment and negatively correlated with the immunotherapy response. The IC50 values for rapamycin were higher in the low-risk group, whereas those for axitinib, AZD6244, erlotinib, GDC0941, GSK650394, GSK269962A, lapatinib, and PD0325901 were higher in the high-risk group. Therefore, the ubiquitination-related signature is considered a promising tool for predicting a BC patient's immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hong
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingjue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Xu Cheng
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Kenan Cen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Dai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yifeng Mai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,*Correspondence: Yangyang Guo, ; Yifeng Mai,
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China,*Correspondence: Yangyang Guo, ; Yifeng Mai,
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5
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Killing by Degradation: Regulation of Apoptosis by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123465. [PMID: 34943974 PMCID: PMC8700063 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and human health. Impaired apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. As the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can determine the life or death of cells, tight regulation of these proteins is critical. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential for maintaining protein turnover, which can either trigger or inhibit apoptosis. In this review, we will describe the E3 ligases that regulate the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and assisting proteins that regulate the levels of these E3 ligases. We will provide examples of apoptotic cell death modulations using the UPS, determined by positive and negative feedback loop reactions. Specifically, we will review how the stability of p53, Bcl-2 family members and IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins) are regulated upon initiation of apoptosis. As increased levels of oncogenes and decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins can promote tumorigenesis, targeting these pathways offers opportunities to develop novel anti-cancer therapies, which act by recruiting the UPS for the effective and selective killing of cancer cells.
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6
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Wada Y, Ohsawa S, Igaki T. Yorkie ensures robust tissue growth in Drosophila ribosomal protein mutants. Development 2021; 148:dev198705. [PMID: 34313318 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygosity of ribosomal protein genes causes a variety of developmental abnormalities in humans, which are collectively known as ribosomopathies, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we analyzed Drosophila Minute (M)/+ mutants, a group of mutants heterozygous for ribosomal protein genes that exhibit a characteristic thin-bristle phenotype. We found that, although M/+ flies develop essentially normal wings, simultaneous deletion of one copy of the Hippo pathway effector yki resulted in severe wing growth defects. These defects were caused by JNK-mediated cell death in the wing pouch via Eiger/TNF signaling. The JNK activation in M/+, yki/+ wing discs required the caspase Dronc, which is normally blocked by DIAP1. Notably, heterozygosity of yki reduced DIAP1 expression in the wing pouch, leading to elevation of Dronc activity. Dronc and JNK formed a positive-feedback loop that amplifies Dronc activation, leading to apoptosis. Our observations suggest a mechanism of robust tissue growth whereby tissues with reduced ribosomal protein prevent ectopic apoptosis via Yki activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Wada
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 607-8501, Japan
| | - Shizue Ohsawa
- Group of Genetics, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 607-8501, Japan
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7
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Tang XT, Fortuna K, Mendoza Herrera A, Tamborindeguy C. Liberibacter, A Preemptive Bacterium: Apoptotic Response Repression in the Host Gut at the Early Infection to Facilitate Its Acquisition and Transmission. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:589509. [PMID: 33424791 PMCID: PMC7786102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
“Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Lso) is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium that infects crops worldwide. In North America, two haplotypes of Lso (LsoA and LsoB) are transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), in a circulative and persistent manner. Both haplotypes cause damaging plant diseases (e.g., zebra chip in potatoes). The psyllid gut is the first organ Lso encounters and could be a barrier for its transmission. However, little is known about the psyllid gut immune responses triggered upon Lso infection. In this study, we focused on the apoptotic response in the gut of adult potato psyllids at the early stage of Lso infection. We found that there was no evidence of apoptosis induced in the gut of the adult potato psyllids upon infection with either Lso haplotype based on microscopic observations. However, the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis IAPP5.2 gene (survivin-like) was significantly upregulated during the period that Lso translocated into the gut cells. Interestingly, silencing of IAPP5.2 gene significantly upregulated the expression of two effector caspases and induced apoptosis in the psyllid gut cells. Moreover, RNA interference (RNAi) of IAPP5.2 significantly decreased the Lso titer in the gut of adult psyllids and reduced their transmission efficiency. Taken together, these observations suggest that Lso might repress the apoptotic response in the psyllid guts by inducing the anti-apoptotic gene IAPP5.2 at an early stage of the infection, which may favor Lso acquisition in the gut cells and facilitate its transmission by potato psyllid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Tang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kelsy Fortuna
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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8
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Núñez AI, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Brustolin M, Talavera S, Berdugo M, Dabad M, Alioto T, Bensaid A, Busquets N. Alteration in the Culex pipiens transcriptome reveals diverse mechanisms of the mosquito immune system implicated upon Rift Valley fever phlebovirus exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008870. [PMID: 33301456 PMCID: PMC7755283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes an emerging zoonotic disease and is mainly transmitted by Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. While Aedes aegypti-dengue virus (DENV) is the most studied model, less is known about the genes involved in infection-responses in other mosquito-arboviruses pairing. The main objective was to investigate the molecular responses of Cx. pipiens to RVFV exposure focusing mainly on genes implicated in innate immune responses. Mosquitoes were fed with blood spiked with RVFV. The fully-engorged females were pooled at 3 different time points: 2 hours post-exposure (hpe), 3- and 14-days post-exposure (dpe). Pools of mosquitoes fed with non-infected blood were also collected for comparisons. Total RNA from each mosquito pool was subjected to RNA-seq analysis and a de novo transcriptome was constructed. A total of 451 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified. Most of the transcriptomic alterations were found at an early infection stage after RVFV exposure. Forty-eight DEG related to immune infection-response were characterized. Most of them were related with the RNAi system, Toll and IMD pathways, ubiquitination pathway and apoptosis. Our findings provide for the first time a comprehensive view on Cx. pipiens-RVFV interactions at the molecular level. The early depletion of RNAi pathway genes at the onset of the RVFV infection would allow viral replication in mosquitoes. While genes from the Toll and IMD immune pathways were altered in response to RVFV none of the DEG were related to the JAK/STAT pathway. The fact that most of the DEG involved in the Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) or apoptosis were found at an early stage of infection would suggest that apoptosis plays a regulatory role in infected Cx. pipiens midguts. This study provides a number of target genes that could be used to identify new molecular targets for vector control. Rift valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic disease and it is caused by RVFV. This virus is commonly transmitted in endemic areas between wild ruminants and mosquitoes, mainly by mosquitoes of Culex and Aedes genus. Starting from the year 2000, several outbreaks have been reported outside Sub Saharan Africa, in countries facing the Mediterranean Sea (Egypt), or Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Available vaccines for ruminants present limited efficacy or residual pathogenic effects. Consequently, new strategies are urgently required to limit the expansion of this zoonotic virus. The main objective of this work is to investigate transcriptional alterations of Cx. pipiens to RVFV focusing mainly on genes implicated in conventional innate immunity pathways, RNAi mechanisms and the apoptotic process in order to evaluate the involvement of these genes in viral infection. The immune altered genes here described could be potential targets to control RVFV infection in mosquitoes. Some of the genes related to the immune defense response were previously described in others mosquito-arbovirus models, as well as in Drosophila and human. To our knowledge, this study highlights for the first time the Cx. pipiens-RVFV interactions in terms of defense infection-response and provides information for developing in the future new approaches to prevent and control the expansion of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Brustolin
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Instituto de Biología Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu i Fabra-CSIC, Dr. Aigüader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu i Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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9
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Dorogova NV, Galimova YA, Bolobolova EU, Baricheva EM, Fedorova SA. Loss of Drosophila E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Hyd Promotes Extra Mitosis in Germline Cysts and Massive Cell Death During Oogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600868. [PMID: 33240894 PMCID: PMC7680892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila hyperplastic disc (hyd) gene is the ortholog of mammalian tumor suppressor EDD, which is implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, and its regulation is impaired in various tumors. It is a member of the highly conserved HECT family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, which directly attach ubiquitin to targeted substrates. In early works, it was shown that Drosophila Hyd may be a tumor suppressor because it is involved in the control of imaginal-disc cell proliferation and growth. In this study, we demonstrated that Hyd is also important for the regulation of female germ cell proliferation and that its depletion leads to additional germline cell mitoses. Furthermore, we revealed a previously unknown Hyd function associated with the maintenance of germ cells' viability. A reduction in hyd expression by either mutations or RNA interference resulted in large-scale germ cell death at different stages of oogenesis. Thus, the analysis of phenotypes arising from the hyd deficiency points to Hyd's role in the regulation of germline metabolic processes during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Dorogova
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuliya A Galimova
- Department of the Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Us Bolobolova
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elina M Baricheva
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Fedorova
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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Mamriev D, Abbas R, Klingler FM, Kagan J, Kfir N, Donald A, Weidenfeld K, Sheppard DW, Barkan D, Larisch S. A small-molecule ARTS mimetic promotes apoptosis through degradation of both XIAP and Bcl-2. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32587235 PMCID: PMC7316745 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many human cancers over-express B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) or X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins to evade cell death. The pro-apoptotic ARTS (Sept4_i2) protein binds directly to both Bcl-2 and XIAP and promotes apoptosis by stimulating their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here we describe a small molecule, A4, that mimics the function of ARTS. Microscale thermophoresis assays showed that A4 binds XIAP, but not cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1). A4 binds to a distinct ARTS binding pocket in the XIAP-BIR3 (baculoviral IAP repeat 3) domain. Like ARTS, A4 stimulated poly-ubiquitylation and UPS-mediated degradation of XIAP and Bcl-2, but not cIAP1, resulting in caspase-9 and -3 activation and apoptosis. In addition, over-expression of XIAP rescued HeLa cells from A4-induced apoptosis, consistent with the idea that A4 kills by antagonizing XIAP. On the other hand, treatment with the SMAC-mimetic Birinapant induced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and killed ~50% of SKOV-3 cells, and addition of A4 to Birinapant-treated cells significantly reduced secretion of TNFα and blocked Birinapant-induced apoptosis. This suggests that A4 acts by specifically targeting XIAP. The effect of A4 was selective as peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal human breast epithelial cells were unaffected. Furthermore, proteome analysis revealed that cancer cell lines with high levels of XIAP were particularly sensitive to the killing effect of A4. These results provide proof of concept that the ARTS binding site in XIAP is "druggable". A4 represents a novel class of dual-targeting compounds stimulating apoptosis by UPS-mediated degradation of important anti-apoptotic oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mamriev
- Cell Death and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel.,The Laboratory of Tumor Dormancy and Metastasis, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Ruqaia Abbas
- Cell Death and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | | | - Juliana Kagan
- Cell Death and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Nir Kfir
- Cell Death and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | | | - Keren Weidenfeld
- The Laboratory of Tumor Dormancy and Metastasis, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | | | - Dalit Barkan
- The Laboratory of Tumor Dormancy and Metastasis, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Sarit Larisch
- Cell Death and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel.
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11
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Two Sides of the Same Coin - Compensatory Proliferation in Regeneration and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:65-85. [PMID: 31520349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has long been regarded as a tumor suppressor mechanism and evasion from apoptosis is considered to be one hallmark of cancer. However, this principle is not always consistent with clinical data which often illustrate a correlation between apoptosis and poor prognosis. Work in the last 15 years has provided an explanation for this apparent paradox. Apoptotic cells communicate with their environment and can produce signals which promote compensatory proliferation of surviving cells. This behavior of apoptotic cells is important for tissue regeneration in several model organisms, ranging from hydra to mammals. However, it may also play an important feature for tumorigenesis and tumor relapse. Several distinct forms of apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) have been identified, many of which involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immune cells. One type of AiP, "undead" AiP, in which apoptotic cells are kept in an immortalized state and continuously divide, may have particular relevance for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, given that chemo- and radiotherapy often aim to kill tumor cells, an improved understanding of the effects of apoptotic cells on the tumor and the tumor environment is of critical importance for the well-being of the patient. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AiP and focus our attention on recent findings obtained in Drosophila and other model organisms, and relate them to tumorigenesis.
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12
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The Role of Apoptotic Signaling in Axon Guidance. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040024. [PMID: 30340315 PMCID: PMC6316149 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigating growth cones are exposed to multiple signals simultaneously and have to integrate competing cues into a coherent navigational response. Integration of guidance cues is traditionally thought to occur at the level of cytoskeletal dynamics. Drosophila studies indicate that cells exhibit a low level of continuous caspase protease activation, and that axon guidance cues can activate or suppress caspase activity. We base a model for axon guidance on these observations. By analogy with other systems in which caspase signaling has non-apoptotic functions, we propose that caspase signaling can either reinforce repulsion or negate attraction in response to external guidance cues by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins. Over the course of an entire trajectory, incorrectly navigating axons may pass the threshold for apoptosis and be eliminated, whereas axons making correct decisions will survive. These observations would also explain why neurotrophic factors can act as axon guidance cues and why axon guidance systems such as Slit/Robo signaling may act as tumor suppressors in cancer.
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13
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Epigenetic and non-epigenetic functions of the RYBP protein in development and disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 174:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family comprises a group of endogenous proteins that function as main regulators of caspase activity and cell death. They are considered the main culprits in evasion of apoptosis, which is a fundamental hallmark of carcinogenesis. Overexpression of IAP proteins has been documented in various solid and hematological malignancies, rendering them resistant to standard chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy and conferring poor prognosis. This observation has urged their exploitation as therapeutic targets in cancer with promising pre-clinical outcomes. This review describes the structural and functional features of IAP proteins to elucidate the mechanism of their anti-apoptotic activity. We also provide an update on patterns of IAP expression in different tumors, their impact on treatment response and prognosis, as well as the emerging investigational drugs targeting them. This aims at shedding the light on the advances in IAP targeting achieved to date, and encourage further development of clinically applicable therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat S Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- , Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mai K Bishr
- Department of Radiotherapy, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fahad M Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat G Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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The domino SWI2/SNF2 Gene Product Represses Cell Death in Drosophila melanogaster. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2355-2360. [PMID: 29752350 PMCID: PMC6027882 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila domino locus encodes DNA-dependent ATPases of the SWI2/SNF2 class. This class of chromatin remodeler is associated with an array of cellular activities encompassing transcription, replication, repair and recombination. Moreover, domino was observed initially to maintain a repressive chromatin state via genetic interaction studies with homeotic genes. Although domino mutations were also characterized with a cell death phenotype, its association with a death pathway has not been investigated. Here we have used targeted RNA interference to depress domino function in the wing. Resultant wing damage phenotypes were found to be enhanced through overexpression of pro-apoptotic loci, and suppressed through loss of function of these loci. Loss of wing margin and blade tissue was correlated with activation of the effector Caspase Dcp-1, a marker for apoptosis. The affected wing regions also exhibited lower levels of the DIAP1 protein, an inhibitor of apoptosis. The lower level of DIAP1 protein was not correlated with an effect on the activity of a DIAP1 gene transgenic reporter (thread-LacZ), suggesting that loss of DIAP1 occurred post transcriptionally. In some cases excessive cell proliferation within the targeted tissue, measured through BrdU incorporation, was also observed. Finally, we used a transgenic reporter construct to monitor the chromatin state upstream of the proapoptotic reaper locus. In genotypes exhibiting targeted domino loss and wing phenotypes, we observed increased reporter activity only in the affected areas. These data support the conclusion that domino normally functions to maintain pro-apoptotic genes in a repressed state.
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16
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Chen L, Paquette N, Mamoor S, Rus F, Nandy A, Leszyk J, Shaffer SA, Silverman N. Innate immune signaling in Drosophila is regulated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-activated kinase (Tak1)-triggered ubiquitin editing. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8738-8749. [PMID: 28377500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated regulation of innate immune responses is necessary in all metazoans. In Drosophila the Imd pathway detects Gram-negative bacterial infections through recognition of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan and activation of the NF-κB precursor Relish, which drives robust antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Imd is a receptor-proximal adaptor protein homologous to mammalian RIP1 that is regulated by proteolytic cleavage and Lys-63-polyubiquitination. However, the precise events and molecular mechanisms that control the post-translational modification of Imd remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Imd is rapidly Lys-63-polyubiquitinated at lysine residues 137 and 153 by the sequential action of two E2 enzymes, Ubc5 and Ubc13-Uev1a, in conjunction with the E3 ligase Diap2. Lys-63-ubiquitination activates the TGFβ-activated kinase (Tak1), which feeds back to phosphorylate Imd, triggering the removal of Lys-63 chains and the addition of Lys-48 polyubiquitin. This ubiquitin-editing process results in the proteasomal degradation of Imd, which we propose functions to restore homeostasis to the Drosophila immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and
| | | | - Shahan Mamoor
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and
| | - Florentina Rus
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and
| | - Anubhab Nandy
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and
| | - John Leszyk
- the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Neal Silverman
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and
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17
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Killers creating new life: caspases drive apoptosis-induced proliferation in tissue repair and disease. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1390-1400. [PMID: 28362431 PMCID: PMC5520457 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a carefully orchestrated and tightly controlled form of cell death, conserved across metazoans. As the executioners of apoptotic cell death, cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases (caspases) are critical drivers of this cellular disassembly. Early studies of genetically programmed cell death demonstrated that the selective activation of caspases induces apoptosis and the precise elimination of excess cells, thereby sculpting structures and refining tissues. However, over the past decade there has been a fundamental shift in our understanding of the roles of caspases during cell death-a shift precipitated by the revelation that apoptotic cells actively engage with their surrounding environment throughout the death process, and caspases can trigger a myriad of signals, some of which drive concurrent cell proliferation regenerating damaged structures and building up lost tissues. This caspase-driven compensatory proliferation is referred to as apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP). Diverse mechanisms of AiP have been found across species, ranging from planaria to mammals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AiP and we highlight recent advances in the field including the involvement of reactive oxygen species and macrophage-like immune cells in one form of AiP, novel regulatory mechanisms affecting caspases during AiP, and emerging clinical data demonstrating the critical importance of AiP in cancer.
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18
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Kamber Kaya HE, Ditzel M, Meier P, Bergmann A. An inhibitory mono-ubiquitylation of the Drosophila initiator caspase Dronc functions in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006438. [PMID: 28207763 PMCID: PMC5313150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionary conserved cell death mechanism, which requires activation of initiator and effector caspases. The Drosophila initiator caspase Dronc, the ortholog of mammalian Caspase-2 and Caspase-9, has an N-terminal CARD domain that recruits Dronc into the apoptosome for activation. In addition to its role in apoptosis, Dronc also has non-apoptotic functions such as compensatory proliferation. One mechanism to control the activation of Dronc is ubiquitylation. However, the mechanistic details of ubiquitylation of Dronc are less clear. For example, monomeric inactive Dronc is subject to non-degradative ubiquitylation in living cells, while ubiquitylation of active apoptosome-bound Dronc triggers its proteolytic degradation in apoptotic cells. Here, we examined the role of non-degradative ubiquitylation of Dronc in living cells in vivo, i.e. in the context of a multi-cellular organism. Our in vivo data suggest that in living cells Dronc is mono-ubiquitylated on Lys78 (K78) in its CARD domain. This ubiquitylation prevents activation of Dronc in the apoptosome and protects cells from apoptosis. Furthermore, K78 ubiquitylation plays an inhibitory role for non-apoptotic functions of Dronc. We provide evidence that not all of the non-apoptotic functions of Dronc require its catalytic activity. In conclusion, we demonstrate a mechanism whereby Dronc’s apoptotic and non-apoptotic activities can be kept silenced in a non-degradative manner through a single ubiquitylation event in living cells. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism which is conserved from flies to humans. Apoptosis is mediated by proteases, termed caspases that cleave cellular proteins and trigger the death of the cell. Activation of caspases is regulated at various levels such as protein-protein interaction for initiator caspases and ubiquitylation. Caspase 9 in mammals and its Drosophila ortholog Dronc carry a protein-protein interaction domain (CARD) in their prodomain which interacts with scaffolding proteins to form the apoptosome, a cell-death platform. Here, we show that Dronc is mono-ubiquitylated at Lysine 78 in its CARD domain. This ubiquitylation interferes with the formation of the apoptosome, causing inhibition of apoptosis. In addition to its apoptotic function, Dronc also participates in events where caspase activity is not required for cell killing, but for regulating other functions, so-called non-apoptotic functions of caspases such as apoptosis-induced proliferation. We found that mono-ubiquitylation of Lysine 78 plays an inhibitory role for these non-apoptotic functions of Dronc. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the catalytic activity of Dronc is not strictly required in these processes. Our in vivo study sheds light on how a single mono-ubiquitylation event could inhibit both apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions of a caspase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Elif Kamber Kaya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Ditzel
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Mary-Jean Mitchell Green Building, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Yang Y, Zhou C, Wang Y, Liu W, Liu C, Wang L, Liu Y, Shang Y, Li M, Zhou S, Wang Y, Zeng W, Zhou J, Huo R, Li W. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF114 and TAB1 degradation are required for maternal-to-zygotic transition. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:205-216. [PMID: 28073917 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) remains to be elucidated. Here we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Rnf114, is highly expressed in mouse oocytes and that knockdown of Rnf114 inhibits development beyond the two-cell stage. To study the underlying mechanism, we identify its candidate substrates using a 9,000-protein microarray and validate them using an in vitro ubiquitination system. We show that five substrates could be degraded by RNF114-mediated ubiquitination, including TAB1. Furthermore, the degradation of TAB1 in mouse early embryos is required for MZT, most likely because it activates the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our study uncovers that RNF114-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of TAB1 activate the NF-κB pathway during MZT, and thus directly link maternal clearance to early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Zeng
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianli Zhou
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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20
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The de-ubiquitylating enzyme DUBA is essential for spermatogenesis in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:2019-2030. [PMID: 27518434 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
De-ubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) reverse protein ubiquitylation and thereby control essential cellular functions. Screening for a DUB that counteracts caspase ubiquitylation to regulate cell survival, we identified the Drosophila ovarian tumour-type DUB DUBA (CG6091). DUBA physically interacts with the initiator caspase death regulator Nedd2-like caspase (Dronc) and de-ubiquitylates it, thereby contributing to efficient inhibitor of apoptosis-antagonist-induced apoptosis in the fly eye. Searching also for non-apoptotic functions of DUBA, we found that Duba-null mutants are male sterile and display defects in spermatid individualisation, a process that depends on non-apoptotic caspase activity. Spermatids of DUBA-deficient flies showed reduced caspase activity and lack critical structures of the individualisation process. Biochemical characterisation revealed an obligate activation step of DUBA by phosphorylation. With genetic rescue experiments we demonstrate that DUBA phosphorylation and catalytic activity are crucial in vivo for DUBA function in spermatogenesis. Our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of de-ubiquitylation for fly spermatogenesis.
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21
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Troupin A, Londono-Renteria B, Conway MJ, Cloherty E, Jameson S, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL, Fikrig E, Colpitts TM. A novel mosquito ubiquitin targets viral envelope protein for degradation and reduces virion production during dengue virus infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1898-909. [PMID: 27241849 PMCID: PMC4949077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes significant human disease and mortality in the tropics and subtropics. By examining the effects of virus infection on gene expression, and interactions between virus and vector, new targets for prevention of infection and novel treatments may be identified in mosquitoes. We previously performed a microarray analysis of the Aedes aegypti transcriptome during infection with DENV and found that mosquito ubiquitin protein Ub3881 (AAEL003881) was specifically and highly down-regulated. Ubiquitin proteins have multiple functions in insects, including marking proteins for proteasomal degradation, regulating apoptosis and mediating innate immune signaling. Methods We used qRT-PCR to quantify gene expression and infection, and RNAi to reduce Ub3881 expression. Mosquitoes were infected with DENV through blood feeding. We transfected DENV protein expression constructs to examine the effect of Ub3881 on protein degradation. We used site-directed mutagenesis and transfection to determine what amino acids are involved in Ub3881-mediated protein degradation. Immunofluorescence, Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting were used to examine protein interactions and co-localization. Results The overexpression of Ub3881, but not related ubiquitin proteins, decreased DENV infection in mosquito cells and live Ae. aegypti. The Ub3881 protein was demonstrated to be involved in DENV envelope protein degradation and reduce the number of infectious virions released. Conclusions We conclude that Ub3881 has several antiviral functions in the mosquito, including specific viral protein degradation. General significance Our data highlights Ub3881 as a target for future DENV prevention strategies in the mosquito transmission vector. A novel mosquito ubiquitin, Ub3881, is identified in Aedes aegypti. Ub3881 is shown to have antiviral functions during dengue virus infection of the mosquito. Ub3881 targets a dengue viral protein for degradation during infection. Future dengue virus prevention strategies could incorporate Ub3881 as a target to prevent mosquito infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Troupin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States
| | - Michael J Conway
- Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States
| | - Erin Cloherty
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Samuel Jameson
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States.
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22
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Wu Y, Lindblad JL, Garnett J, Kamber Kaya HE, Xu D, Zhao Y, Flores ER, Hardy J, Bergmann A. Genetic characterization of two gain-of-function alleles of the effector caspase DrICE in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:723-32. [PMID: 26542461 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are the executioners of apoptosis. Although much is known about their physiological roles and structures, detailed analyses of missense mutations of caspases are lacking. As mutations within caspases are identified in various human diseases, the study of caspase mutants will help to elucidate how caspases interact with other components of the apoptosis pathway and how they may contribute to disease. DrICE is the major effector caspase in Drosophila required for developmental and stress-induced cell death. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of six de novo drICE mutants, all of which carry point mutations affecting amino acids conserved among caspases in various species. These six mutants behave as recessive loss-of-function mutants in a homozygous condition. Surprisingly, however, two of the newly isolated drICE alleles are gain-of-function mutants in a heterozygous condition, although they are loss-of-function mutants homozygously. Interestingly, they only behave as gain-of-function mutants in the presence of an apoptotic signal. These two alleles carry missense mutations affecting conserved amino acids in close proximity to the catalytic cysteine residue. This is the first time that viable gain-of-function alleles of caspases are described in any intact organism and provides a significant exception to the expectation that mutations of conserved amino acids always abolish the pro-apoptotic activity of caspases. We discuss models about how these mutations cause the gain-of-function character of these alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J L Lindblad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - J Garnett
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H E Kamber Kaya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - D Xu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - E R Flores
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Hardy
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - A Bergmann
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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23
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a carefully choreographed process of cellular self-destruction in the absence of inflammation. During the death process, apoptotic cells actively communicate with their environment, signaling to both their immediate neighbors as well as distant sentinels. Some of these signals direct the anti-inflammatory immune response, instructing specific subsets of phagocytes to participate in the limited and careful clearance of dying cellular debris. These immunomodulatory signals can also regulate the activation state of the engulfing phagocytes. Other signals derived from apoptotic cells contribute to tissue growth control with the common goal of maintaining tissue integrity. Derangements in these growth control signals during prolonged apoptosis can lead to excessive cell loss or proliferation. Here, we highlight some of the most intriguing signals produced by apoptotic cells during the course of normal development as well as during physiological disturbances such as atherosclerosis and cancer.
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24
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Wang Z, Zhu L, Guo T, Wang Y, Yang J. Decreased H2B monoubiquitination and overexpression of ubiquitin-specific protease enzyme 22 in malignant colon carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1006-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Ubr3 E3 ligase regulates apoptosis by controlling the activity of DIAP1 in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1961-70. [PMID: 25146930 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has essential roles in a variety of cellular and developmental processes. Although the pathway is well studied, how the activities of individual components in the pathway are regulated is less understood. In Drosophila, a key component in apoptosis is Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (DIAP1), which is required to prevent caspase activation. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila CG42593 (ubr3), encoding the homolog of mammalian UBR3, has an essential role in regulating the apoptosis pathway. We show that loss of ubr3 activity causes caspase-dependent apoptosis in Drosophila eye and wing discs. Our genetic epistasis analyses show that the apoptosis induced by loss of ubr3 can be suppressed by loss of initiator caspase Drosophila Nedd2-like caspase (Dronc), or by ectopic expression of the apoptosis inhibitor p35, but cannot be rescued by overexpression of DIAP1. Importantly, we show that the activity of Ubr3 in the apoptosis pathway is not dependent on its Ring-domain, which is required for its E3 ligase activity. Furthermore, we find that through the UBR-box domain, Ubr3 physically interacts with the neo-epitope of DIAP1 that is exposed after caspase-mediated cleavage. This interaction promotes the recruitment and ubiquitination of substrate caspases by DIAP1. Together, our data indicate that Ubr3 interacts with DIAP1 and positively regulates DIAP1 activity, possibly by maintaining its active conformation in the apoptosis pathway.
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26
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The role of ubiquitination and sumoylation in diabetic nephropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:160692. [PMID: 24991536 PMCID: PMC4065738 DOI: 10.1155/2014/160692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common and characteristic microvascular complication of diabetes; the mechanisms that cause DN have not been clarified, and the epigenetic mechanism was promised in the pathology of DN. Furthermore, ubiquitination and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) were involved in the progression of DN. MG132, as a ubiquitin proteasome, could improve renal injury by regulating several signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, TGF-β, Nrf2-oxidative stress, and MAPK. In this review, we summarize how ubiquitination and sumoylation may contribute to the pathology of DN, which may be a potential treatment strategy of DN.
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Cipressa F, Cenci G. Effete, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme with multiple roles in Drosophila development and chromatin organization. Fly (Austin) 2013; 7:256-62. [PMID: 24088712 DOI: 10.4161/fly.26567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila effete gene encodes an extremely conserved class I E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Growing evidence indicates that Eff is involved in many cellular processes including eye development, maintenance of female germline stem cells, and regulation of apoptosis. Eff is also a major component of Drosophila chromatin and it is particularly enriched in chromatin with repressive properties. In addition, Eff is required for telomere protection and to prevent telomere fusion. Consistent with its multiple roles in chromatin maintenance, Eff is also one of the rare factors that modulate both telomere-induced and heterochromatin-induced position effect variegation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cipressa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin"; SAPIENZA Università di Roma; Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin"; SAPIENZA Università di Roma; Roma, Italy
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Fereres S, Simón R, Busturia A. A novel dRYBP–SCF complex functions to inhibit apoptosis in Drosophila. Apoptosis 2013; 18:1500-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Non-cell autonomous control of apoptosis by ligand-independent Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:302-11. [PMID: 23018595 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is important for development and homeostasis in vertebrates and invertebrates. Ligand-independent, deregulated Hh signaling caused by loss of negative regulators such as Patched causes excessive cell proliferation, leading to overgrowth in Drosophila and tumors in humans, including basal-cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. We show that in Drosophila deregulated Hh signaling also promotes cell survival by increasing the resistance to apoptosis. Surprisingly, cells with deregulated Hh activity do not protect themselves from apoptosis; instead, they promote cell survival of neighboring wild-type cells. This non-cell autonomous effect is mediated by Hh-induced Notch signaling, which elevates the protein levels of Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (Diap-1), conferring resistance to apoptosis. In summary, we demonstrate that deregulated Hh signaling not only promotes proliferation but also cell survival of neighboring cells. This non-cell autonomous control of apoptosis highlights an underappreciated function of deregulated Hh signaling, which may help to generate a supportive micro-environment for tumor development.
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Schauer S, Burster T, Spindler-Barth M. N- and C-terminal degradation of ecdysteroid receptor isoforms, when transiently expressed in mammalian CHO cells, is regulated by the proteasome and cysteine and threonine proteases. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:383-394. [PMID: 22568680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors is the result of transactivation capability and the concentration of the receptor protein. The concentration of ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) isoforms, constitutively expressed in mammalian CHO cells, is dependent on a number of factors. As shown previously, ligand binding stabilizes receptor protein concentration. In this paper, we investigate the degradation of EcR isoforms and provide evidence that N-terminal degradation is modulated by isoform-specific ubiquitination sites present in the A/B domains of EcR-A and -B1. This was demonstrated by the increase in EcR concentration by treatment with carbobenzoxy-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal (MG132), an inhibitor of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation and by deletion of ubiquitination sites. In addition, EcR is degraded by the peptidyl-dipeptidase cathepsin B (CatB) and the endopeptidase cathepsin S (CatS) at the C-terminus in an isoform-specific manner, despite identical C-termini. Ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation and the proteolytic action are modulated by heterodimerization with Ultraspiracle (USP). The complex regulation of receptor protein concentration offers an additional opportunity to regulate transcriptional activity in an isoform- and target cell-specific way and allows the temporal limitation of hormone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schauer
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that serves as a major mechanism for the precise regulation of cell numbers, and as a defense mechanism to remove unwanted and potentially dangerous cells. Studies in nematode, Drosophila and mammals have shown that, although regulation of the cell death machinery is somehow different from one species to another, it is controlled by homologous proteins and involves mitochondria. In mammals, activation of caspases (cysteine proteases that are the main executioners of apoptosis) is under the tight control of the Bcl-2 family proteins, named in reference to the first discovered mammalian cell death regulator. These proteins mainly act by regulating the release of caspases activators from mitochondria. Although for a long time the absence of mitochondrial changes was considered as a hallmark of apoptosis, mitochondria appear today as the central executioner of apoptosis. In this chapter, we present the current view on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis with a particular attention to new aspects of the regulation of the Bcl-2 proteins family control of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization: the mechanisms implicated in their mitochondrial targeting and activation during apoptosis, the function(s) of the oncosuppressive protein p53 at the mitochondria and the role of the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission.
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Schauer S, Azoitei A, Braun S, Spindler-Barth M. Influence of hormone response elements (HREs) on ecdysteroid receptor concentration. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 20:701-711. [PMID: 21895819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors is the result of transactivation capability and receptor protein concentration. The concentration of ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) constitutively expressed in vertebrate cells varies depending on the isoforms. Besides ligand binding and heterodimerization with ultraspiracle (USP), which stabilizes receptor protein concentration, degradation is regulated by interaction of the receptor complex with different ecdysteroid response elements (EcREs). Coexpression of EcREs significantly reduces ecdysteroid receptor concentration depending on the type of EcRE. Transcriptional activity and interaction with hormone response elements (HREs) as determined by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) are often inversely related to receptor protein concentration. The complex regulation of receptor protein concentration offers an additional opportunity to regulate transcriptional activity in an isoform- and target cell-specific manner and allows the temporal limitation of hormone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schauer
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
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Hoe N, Huang CM, Landis G, Verhage M, Ford D, Yang J, van Leeuwen FW, Tower J. Ubiquitin over-expression phenotypes and ubiquitin gene molecular misreading during aging in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:237-61. [PMID: 21415465 PMCID: PMC3091519 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular Misreading (MM) is the inaccurate conversion of genomic information into aberrant proteins. For example, when RNA polymerase II transcribes a GAGAG motif it synthesizes at low frequency RNA with a two-base deletion. If the deletion occurs in a coding region, translation will result in production of misframed proteins. During mammalian aging, misframed versions of human amyloid precursor protein (hApp) and ubiquitin (hUbb) accumulate in the aggregates characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting dysfunctional degradation or clearance. Here cDNA clones encoding wild-type hUbb and the frame-shifted version hUbb+1 were expressed in transgenic Drosophila using the doxycycline-regulated system. Misframed proteins were abundantly produced, both from the transgenes and from endogenous Drosophila ubiquitin-encoding genes, and their abundance increased during aging in whole-fly extracts. Over-expression of wild-type hUbb, but not hUbb+1, was toxic during fly development. In contrast, when over-expressed specifically in adult flies, hUbb+1 caused small decreases in life span, whereas hUbb was associated with small increases, preferentially in males. The data suggest that MM occurs in Drosophila and that the resultant misframed proteins accumulate with age. MM of the ubiquitin gene can produce alternative ubiquitin gene products with different and sometimes opposing phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hoe
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089‐2910, USA
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Winbush A, Weeks JC. Steroid-triggered, cell-autonomous death of a Drosophila motoneuron during metamorphosis. Neural Dev 2011; 6:15. [PMID: 21521537 PMCID: PMC3098771 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster is accompanied by elimination of obsolete neurons via programmed cell death (PCD). Metamorphosis is regulated by ecdysteroids, including 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), but the roles and modes of action of hormones in regulating neuronal PCD are incompletely understood. RESULTS We used targeted expression of GFP to track the fate of a larval motoneuron, RP2, in ventral ganglia. RP2s in abdominal neuromeres two through seven (A2 to A7) exhibited fragmented DNA by 15 hours after puparium formation (h-APF) and were missing by 20 h-APF. RP2 death began shortly after the 'prepupal pulse' of ecdysteroids, during which time RP2s expressed ecdysteroid receptors (EcRs). Genetic manipulations showed that RP2 death required the function of EcR-B isoforms, the death-activating gene, reaper (but not hid), and the apoptosome component, Dark. PCD was blocked by expression of the caspase inhibitor p35 but unaffected by manipulating Diap1. In contrast, aCC motoneurons in neuromeres A2 to A7, and RP2s in neuromere A1, expressed EcRs during the prepupal pulse but survived into the pupal stage under all conditions tested. To test the hypothesis that ecdysteroids trigger RP2's death directly, we placed abdominal GFP-expressing neurons in cell culture immediately prior to the prepupal pulse, with or without 20E. 20E induced significant PCD in putative RP2s, but not in control neurons, as assessed by morphological criteria and propidium iodide staining. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the rise of ecdysteroids during the prepupal pulse acts directly, via EcR-B isoforms, to activate PCD in RP2 motoneurons in abdominal neuromeres A2 to A7, while sparing RP2s in A1. Genetic manipulations suggest that RP2's death requires Reaper function, apoptosome assembly and Diap1-independent caspase activation. RP2s offer a valuable 'single cell' approach to the molecular understanding of neuronal death during insect metamorphosis and, potentially, of neurodegeneration in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Winbush
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, 97403-1254, USA
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Bader M, Arama E, Steller H. A novel F-box protein is required for caspase activation during cellular remodeling in Drosophila. Development 2010; 137:1679-88. [PMID: 20392747 DOI: 10.1242/dev.050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of male germ cells in Drosophila and mammals requires extensive cytoarchitectural remodeling, the elimination of many organelles, and a large reduction in cell volume. The associated process, termed spermatid individualization, is facilitated by the apoptotic machinery, including caspases, but does not result in cell death. From a screen for genes defective in caspase activation in this system, we isolated a novel F-box protein, which we termed Nutcracker, that is strictly required for caspase activation and sperm differentiation. Nutcracker interacts through its F-box domain with members of a Cullin-1-based ubiquitin ligase complex (SCF): Cullin-1 and SkpA. This ubiquitin ligase does not regulate the stability of the caspase inhibitors DIAP1 and DIAP2, but physically binds Bruce, a BIR-containing giant protein involved in apoptosis regulation. Furthermore, nutcracker mutants disrupt proteasome activity without affecting their distribution. These findings define a new SCF complex required for caspase activation during sperm differentiation and highlight the role of regulated proteolysis during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bader
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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The ubiquitin proteasome system and its involvement in cell death pathways. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:1-3. [PMID: 20010850 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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