1
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Wang CY, Li MY, Li SY, Wei XG, Yuan ZW, Tang XB, Bai YZ. Spatial transcriptomics reveals gene interactions and signaling pathway dynamics in rat embryos with anorectal malformation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:34. [PMID: 38769159 PMCID: PMC11106128 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Anorectal malformation (ARM) is a prevalent early pregnancy digestive tract anomaly. The intricate anatomy of the embryonic cloaca region makes it challenging for traditional high-throughput sequencing methods to capture location-specific information. Spatial transcriptomics was used to sequence libraries of frozen sections from embryonic rats at gestational days (GD) 14 to 16, covering both normal and ARM cases. Bioinformatics analyses and predictions were performed using methods such as WGCNA, GSEA, and PROGENy. Immunofluorescence staining was used to verify gene expression levels. Gene expression data was obtained with anatomical annotations of clusters, focusing on the cloaca region's location-specific traits. WGCNA revealed gene modules linked to normal and ARM cloacal anatomy development, with cooperation between modules on GD14 and GD15. Differential gene expression profiles and functional enrichment were presented. Notably, protein levels of Pcsk9, Hmgb2, and Sod1 were found to be downregulated in the GD15 ARM hindgut. The PROGENy algorithm predicted the activity and interplay of common signaling pathways in embryonic sections, highlighting their synergistic and complementary effects. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed from whole transcriptome data. Spatial transcriptomics provided location-specific cloaca region gene expression. Diverse bioinformatics analyses deepened our understanding of ARM's molecular interactions, guiding future research and providing insights into gene regulation in ARM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Mu-Yu Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Si-Ying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Gao Wei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu-Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Heriz MH, Mahmood AAR, Yasin SR, Saleh KM, AlSakhen MF, Kanaan SI, Himsawi N, Saleh AM, Tahtamouni LH. Synthesis, docking study, and antitumor evaluation of benzamides and oxadiazole derivatives of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid as VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22186. [PMID: 38643351 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Current chemotherapeutic agents have several limitations, including lack of selectivity, the development of undesirable side effects, and chemoresistance. As a result, there is an unmet need for the development of novel small molecules with minimal side effects and the ability to specifically target tumor cells. A new series of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid derivatives, including 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (4a-d) and benzamides derivatives (5a-e) were synthesized; their chemical structures were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, and mass spectra; and various physicochemical properties were determined. The antiproliferative activities of the new derivatives were evaluated by means of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Three compounds (4b, 4c, and 4d) exhibited cytotoxicity against two of the three cell lines tested, five compounds (3, 4a, 5a, 5b, and 5e) were toxic to one cell line, while two compounds (5c and 5d) were not cytotoxic to any of the three cell lines tested in the current study. Based on docking scores, MTT assay findings, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) kinase activity data, Compound 4d was selected for further biological investigation. Flow cytometry was used to determine the mode of cell death (apoptosis vs. necrosis) and the effect on cell cycle progression. Compound 4d arrested HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the G2/M phase and activated both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. In conclusion, Compound 4d has shown promising results for future research as a potent VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Heriz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Ammar A R Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salem R Yasin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Khaled M Saleh
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Mai F AlSakhen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Sana I Kanaan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Nisreen Himsawi
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Abdulrahman M Saleh
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, Aweash El-Hagar Family Medicine Center, MOHP, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Lubna H Tahtamouni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Lozovska A, Korovesi AG, Dias A, Lopes A, Fowler DA, Martins GG, Nóvoa A, Mallo M. Tgfbr1 controls developmental plasticity between the hindlimb and external genitalia by remodeling their regulatory landscape. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2509. [PMID: 38509075 PMCID: PMC10954616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The hindlimb and external genitalia of present-day tetrapods are thought to derive from an ancestral common primordium that evolved to generate a wide diversity of structures adapted for efficient locomotion and mating in the ecological niche occupied by the species. We show that despite long evolutionary distance from the ancestral condition, the early primordium of the mouse external genitalia preserved the capacity to take hindlimb fates. In the absence of Tgfbr1, the pericloacal mesoderm generates an extra pair of hindlimbs at the expense of the external genitalia. It has been shown that the hindlimb and the genital primordia share many of their key regulatory factors. Tgfbr1 controls the response to those factors by modulating the accessibility status of regulatory elements that control the gene regulatory networks leading to the formation of genital or hindlimb structures. Our work uncovers a remarkable tissue plasticity with potential implications in the evolution of the hindlimb/genital area of tetrapods, and identifies an additional mechanism for Tgfbr1 activity that might also contribute to the control of other physiological or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Lozovska
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Artemis G Korovesi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Dias
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Lopes
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Donald A Fowler
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gabriel G Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Nóvoa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Moisés Mallo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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4
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Qu N, Daoud A, Kechele DO, Múnera JO. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Organoids Reveal a Role for WNT Signaling in Dorsal-Ventral Patterning of the Hindgut. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583343. [PMID: 38496665 PMCID: PMC10942392 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The cloaca is a transient structure that forms in the terminal hindgut giving rise to the rectum dorsally and the urogenital sinus ventrally. Similarly, human hindgut cultures derived from human pluripotent stem cells generate human colonic organoids (HCOs) which also contain co-developing urothelial tissue. In this study, our goal was to identify pathways involved in cloacal patterning and apply this to human hindgut cultures. RNA-seq data comparing dorsal versus ventral cloaca in e10.5 mice revealed that WNT signaling was elevated in the ventral versus dorsal cloaca. Inhibition of WNT signaling in hindgut cultures biased their differentiation towards a colorectal fate. WNT activation biased differentiation towards a urothelial fate, giving rise to human urothelial organoids (HUOs). HUOs contained cell types present in human urothelial tissue. Based on our results, we propose a mechanism whereby WNT signaling patterns the ventral cloaca, prior to cloacal septation, to give rise to the urogenital sinus.
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Li SY, Wang CY, Wei XG, Tang XB, Yuan ZW, Bai YZ. CircJag1 promotes apoptosis of ethylene thiourea-exposed anorectal malformations through sponging miR-137-3p by regulating Sox9 and suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway during the hindgut development of rat embryos. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1593-1610. [PMID: 35930101 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are common birth defects involving congenital structural anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract. As an important component of non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs) widely participate in the digestive system development; however, the specific molecular mechanism of their involvement in ARM occurrence remains obscure. Herein, we generated rat models of ARMs induced by ethylene thiourea. A novel circRNA (circJag1) was screened and identified by RNA-Seq, which is remarkably upregulated in hindgut tissues of ARM rat embryos. In vivo experiments, colocation analysis via fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence further demonstrated that the disordered circJag1/miR-137-3p/Sox9 expression caused a spatiotemporal imbalance in the urorectal septum (URS) of ARMs. In vitro, functional assays confirmed that circJag1 upregulation resulted in the degradation of nuclear β-catenin, C-myc, and Cyclin D1 in rat intestinal epithelial cells, as well as the promotion of apoptosis and suppression of cell proliferation. Mechanistically, dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay indicated that circJag1 acted as a miR-137-3p sponge, thereby inhibiting its repressive effect on its target Sox9. Further experiments showed that a loss of Sox9 abolished the circJag1-mediated increase in apoptosis. In conclusion, aberrantly high circJag1 expression promotes epithelial apoptosis by suppressing the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway via the miR-137-3p/Sox9 axis, which leads to fusion failure of the URS and cloacal membrane, and eventually contributed to ARMs. Our achievements might boost the comprehension of ARM pathogenesis and could provide a novel candidate target for the development of therapies for ARMs to complement surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao Gao Wei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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6
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Ritter J, Lisec K, Klinner M, Heinrich M, von Schweinitz D, Kappler R, Hubertus J. Genetic Disruption of Cilia-Associated Signaling Pathways in Patients with VACTERL Association. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050882. [PMID: 37238430 DOI: 10.3390/children10050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
VACTERL association is a rare malformation complex consisting of vertebral defects, anorectal malformation, cardiovascular defects, tracheoesophageal fistulae with esophageal atresia, renal malformation, and limb anomalies. According to current knowledge, VACTERL is based on a multifactorial pathogenesis including genomic alterations. This study aimed to improve the understanding of the genetic mechanisms in the development of VACTERL by investigating the genetic background with a focus on signaling pathways and cilia function. The study was designed as genetic association study. For this, whole-exome sequencing with subsequent functional enrichment analyses was performed for 21 patients with VACTERL or a VACTERL-like phenotype. In addition, whole-exome sequencing was performed for three pairs of parents and Sanger-sequencing was performed for ten pairs of parents. Analysis of the WES-data revealed genetic alteration in the Shh- and Wnt-signaling pathways. Additional performed functional enrichment analysis identified an overrepresentation of the cilia, including 47 affected ciliary genes with clustering in the DNAH gene family and the IFT-complex. The examination of the parents showed that most of the genetic changes were inherited. In summary, this study indicates three genetically determined damage mechanisms for VACTERL with the potential to influence each other, namely Shh- and Wnt-signaling pathway disruption, structural cilia defects and disruption of the ciliary signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ritter
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Lisec
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Klinner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Heinrich
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich von Schweinitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Kappler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Hubertus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Marien Hospital Witten, Ruhr-University Bochum, 58452 Witten, Germany
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7
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Tanaka K, Matsumaru D, Suzuki K, Yamada G, Miyagawa S. The role of p63 in embryonic external genitalia outgrowth in mice. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:132-140. [PMID: 36680528 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic external genitalia (genital tubercle [GT]) protrude from the cloaca and outgrow as cloacal development progresses. Individual gene functions and knockout phenotypes in GT development have been extensively analyzed; however, the interactions between these genes are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of p63, focusing on its interaction with the Shh-Wnt/Ctnnb1-Fgf8 pathway, a signaling network that is known to play a role in GT outgrowth. p63 was expressed in the epithelial tissues of the GT at E11.5, and the distal tip of the GT predominantly expressed the ΔNp63α isoform. The GTs in p63 knockout embryos had normal Shh expression, but CTNNB1 protein and Fgf8 gene expression in the distal urethral epithelium was decreased or lost. Constitutive expression of CTNNB1 in p63-null embryos restored Fgf8 expression, accompanied by small bud structure development; however, such bud structures could not be maintained by E13.5, at which point mutant GTs exhibited severe abnormalities showing a split shape with a hemorrhagic cloaca. Therefore, p63 is a key component of the signaling pathway that triggers Fgf8 expression in the distal urethral epithelium and contributes to GT outgrowth by ensuring the structural integrity of the cloacal epithelia. Altogether, we propose that p63 plays an essential role in the signaling network for the development of external genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advances Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advances Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Japan.,Division of Biological Environment Innovation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Japan
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8
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Wang CY, Li SY, Xiao YX, Zhen L, Wei XG, Tang XB, Yuan ZW, Bai YZ. miR-141-3p affects β-catenin signaling and apoptosis by targeting Ubtd2 in rats with anorectal malformations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:315-327. [PMID: 36328940 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are the most common gastrointestinal malformations. miR-141-3p was obtained from whole-transcriptome sequencing, and Ub domain-containing protein 2 (Ubtd2) was predicted as the target gene. An ARM rat model was induced using ethylenethiourea. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were used to detect the spatiotemporal expression of miR-141-3p and Ubtd2, respectively. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed their targeting relationship, and cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated after transfection in the intestinal epithelium (IEC-6). Additionally, western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation were used to examine the protein levels and the endogenous binding relationship. miR-141-3p was downregulated in the ARM group, whereas Ubtd2 increased and colocalized with TUNEL-positive cells. After miR-141-3p inhibition, protein expression of USP5 and β-catenin was affected via Ubtd2, and USP5 could bind to both Ubtd2 and β-catenin. Flow cytometry analysis and caspase 3/7 staining demonstrated that downregulated miR-141-3p promoted cell apoptosis through Ubtd2. In summary, targeting Ubtd2 decreased in miR-141-3p and promoted apoptosis of intestinal epithelium and regulated β-catenin expression. This may cause aberrant apoptosis during hindgut development and mediate the imbalance of β-catenin signaling in the cloaca, further affecting the occurrence of ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Si Ying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yun Xia Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lin Zhen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiao Gao Wei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiao Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zheng Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yu Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
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9
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Wiessner GB, Plumber SA, Xiang T, Mendelsohn CL. Development, regeneration and tumorigenesis of the urothelium. Development 2022; 149:dev198184. [PMID: 35521701 PMCID: PMC10656457 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The urothelium of the bladder functions as a waterproof barrier between tissue and outflowing urine. Largely quiescent during homeostasis, this unique epithelium rapidly regenerates in response to bacterial or chemical injury. The specification of the proper cell types during development and injury repair is crucial for tissue function. This Review surveys the current understanding of urothelial progenitor populations in the contexts of organogenesis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we discuss pathways and signaling mechanisms involved in urothelial differentiation, and consider the relevance of this knowledge to stem cell biology and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B. Wiessner
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sakina A. Plumber
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cathy L. Mendelsohn
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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10
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Kajimoto M, Suzuki K, Ueda Y, Fujimoto K, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Hyuga T, Isono K, Yamada G. Androgen/Wnt/β-catenin signal axis augments cell proliferation of the mouse erectile tissue, corpus cavernosum. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:123-133. [PMID: 35318743 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The murine penile erectile tissues including corpus cavernosum (CC) are composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and connective tissue, showing marked sexual differences. It has been known that the androgens are required for sexually dimorphic organogenesis. It is however unknown about the features of androgen signaling during mouse CC development. It is also unclear how androgen-driven downstream factors are involved such processes. In the current study, we analyzed the onset of sexually dimorphic CC formation based on histological analyses, the dynamics of androgen receptor (AR) expression, and regulation of cell proliferation. Of note, we identified Dickkopf-related protein 2 (Dkk2), an inhibitor of β-catenin signaling, was predominantly expressed in female CC compared with male. Furthermore, administration of androgens resulted in activation of β-catenin signaling. We have found the Sox9 gene, one of the essential markers for chondrocyte, was specifically expressed in the developing CC. Hence, we utilized CC-specific, Sox9 CreERT2 , β-catenin conditional mutant mice. Such mutant mice showed defective cell proliferation. Furthermore, introduction of activated form of β-catenin mutation (gain of function mutation for Wnt/β-catenin signaling) in CC induced augmented cell proliferation. Altogether, we revealed androgen-Wnt/β-catenin signal dependent cell proliferation was essential for sexually dimorphic CC formation. These findings open new avenues for understanding developmental mechanisms of androgen-dependent cell proliferation during sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kajimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Ueda
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kota Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Biotechnology and Innovation, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Urology, Jichi Medical University, Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Isono
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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11
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Kundal VK, Kundal R, Meena AK, Debnath PR, Shukla AK. Anorectal Malformations in Male Monozygotic Twins and Review of Literature. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2022; 27:136-139. [PMID: 35937120 PMCID: PMC9350635 DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_344_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are one of the common congenital gastrointestinal malformations with a prevalence of 0.2-0.6/1000 live births. There are only a few reported cases of familial ARMs in literature suggesting different patterns of inheritance. Among them, isolated ARMs in monozygotic twins are quite rare with significant male preponderance. Most of these ARMs are either of intermediate or low anomaly type. We reported two pairs of male monozygotic isolated ARMs from a tertiary care hospital in India and reviewed the literature in details adding to the total of nine pairs of twins till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Kundal
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Raksha Kundal
- Department of Anaesthesia, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar Meena
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pinaki Ranjan Debnath
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Pinaki Ranjan Debnath, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India. E-mail:
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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12
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Li SY, Wang CY, Zhao JJ, Long CY, Xiao YX, Tang XB, Yuan ZW, Bai YZ. Upregulation of PPPDE1 contributes to anorectal malformations via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway during hindgut development in rats. Exp Cell Res 2021; 402:112574. [PMID: 33794264 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anorectal malformations (ARMs) are among the most prominent deformities of the gastrointestinal tract; however, their precise aetiology remains obscure. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that, in the ARM group, the PPPDE1-positive cells were widely distributed in the hindgut epithelial tissue from GD13 to GD16. Immunofluorescence revealed that most TUNEL-, Bax-, and Cytochrome C (Cyt C)-positive cells overlapped with PPPDE1-positive cells in the urorectal septum (URS). Western blotting and quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that PPPDE1 levels were significantly higher in the ARM group from GD13 to GD14 (p < 0.05). IEC-6 cells were transfected with PPPDE1 overexpression plasmid/NC (negative control) or si-PPPDE1/si-NC. Flow cytometry analysis and CCK-8 assay (used to detect apoptosis and proliferation, respectively), as well as western blotting, showed that the levels of PPPDE1 were positively correlated with the pro-apoptotic molecules Bax and Cyt C. Accordingly, aberrantly high expression of PPPDE1 caused a spatiotemporal imbalance in foetal rats with ARMs during hindgut development. Therefore, the upregulation of PPPDE1 may promote epithelial apoptosis and reduce proliferation in the hindgut via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This could affect the fusion of the URS and cloacal membrane, ultimately inhibiting the hindgut development and resulting in ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Chen Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jing Jing Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Cai Yun Long
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yun Xia Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiao Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zheng Wei Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yu Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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The Classification of VACTERL Association into 3 Groups According to the Limb Defect. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3360. [PMID: 33680640 PMCID: PMC7929542 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The VACTERL association (VA) is defined as the nonrandom co-occurrence of 6 anomalies: vertebral anomalies (V), Anal atresia (A), Cardiac defects (C), Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TE), Renal defects (R), and Limb anomalies (L). The current communication presents an argument that patients with VA should be classified into three district groups based on their limb defects: VACTERL1: patients with normal limbs; VACTERL2: patients with limb anomalies other than radial ray defects of the upper limbs; and VACTERL3: patients with radial ray defects of the upper limbs. The author will demonstrate that the rationale behind the L1-3 classification in patients in VA is based on the embryogenesis of the 6 affected anatomical areas in VA. The pathogenesis of VACTERL1 is secondary to perturbations of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) interactions. SHH signaling is known to have a major role in the normal development of the vertebrae, ano-rectal area, heart, tracheo-esophageal area, and kidney. However, SHH is not involved in the development of the radial ray; hence, patients present with no limb defects. The pathogenesis of VACTERL2 is variable depending on the type of gene mutation. The pathogenesis of VACTERL3 is related to errors in a group of proteins (namely, the proteins of the TBX5-SALL4-SALL1 loop and the FGF8-FGF10 loop/ pathway). These proteins are essential for the normal development of the radial ray and they interact in the development of the other anatomical areas of VA including the heart and kidney. Hence, VACTERL3 patients present with radial ray deficiency.
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Kong X, Luo J, Xiang H, Wang S, Shen L, Long C, Liu F, Lin T, He D, Liu X, Wei GH. Expression of Mafb is down-regulated in the foreskin of children with hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 2021; 17:70.e1-70.e6. [PMID: 33268316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias is the second most common congenital malformation in males. Although the aetiology of hypospadias is not clear, it is generally thought to be affected by both genetic and environmental endocrine-disrupting factors that affect the development of the urethra, leading to deformity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the difference in expression of the transcription factor Mafb in hypospadias and normal penile tissues and to assess whether it is related to the occurrence of hypospadias. STUDY DESIGN Penile tissue was obtained from children with hypospadias who underwent surgical repair at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Patients diagnosed with undescended testicles, intersex status or endocrine abnormalities were excluded from the study. Twenty-five cases with hypospadias (average 3.5 years old) and 15 cases with circumcisions (as control) (average 5 years old) were included in this study. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Immunochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of Mafb. RESULTS Mafb mRNA expressions in the prepuce of cases with hypospadias was significantly reduced compared with that in the controls [(1.179 ± 0.1275), (0.6652 ± 0.07506), p < 0.05)]. Hypospadias cases also showed decreased Mafb protein expression in the preputial subcutaneous mesenchymal cell layer. Mafb protein levels were significantly decreased in those with hypospadias compared with controls [(1.932 ± 0.1139), (1.006 ± 0.03312), p < 0.05]. However, no such differences were found in Mafb expression between subjects with mild and severe hypospadias. DISCUSSION Compared to the normal foreskin, expression of the Mafb gene was down-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels, which was consistent with our RNA-seq sequencing results in Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)-induced hypospadias rats. This study is the first to report abnormal expression of Mafb in the preputial tissue of hypospadias cases. An in-depth study of the relationship between Mafb and cell proliferation, apoptosis, and urethra development may reveal the pathogenesis of hypospadias. CONCLUSION Expression of the Mafb gene and protein in the foreskin of children with hypospadias is lower than that in normal foreskin. We postulate that such abnormal expression of the Mafb gene may be related to the occurrence of hypospadias and that this abnormal expression may affect the development of the urethra during the embryonic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Kong
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jin Luo
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Han Xiang
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Shao Wang
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Wei
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, China
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Upregulation of miR-92a-2-5p potentially contribute to anorectal malformations by inhibiting proliferation and enhancing apoptosis via PRKCA/β-catenin. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Long C, Xiao Y, Li S, Tang X, Yuan Z, Bai Y. Involvement of proliferative and apoptotic factors in the development of hindgut in rat fetuses with ethylenethiourea-induced anorectal malformations. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151466. [PMID: 31787253 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are common congenital malformations of the terminal digestive tract, but little is known regarding their pathogenesis. Aberrant cell proliferation/apoptosis are believed to be involved in ARMs. However, there are no studies on proliferation/apoptosis-related genes. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal expression patterns of two proliferation/apoptosis-related genes (MYC proto-oncogene and tumor protein p53) and explore their potential functions in the hindguts of ethylene thiourea-induced ARMs rat fetuses. METHODS MYC and p53 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and p53 costaining were performed to assay the colocalization of apoptotic and p53-expressing cells. RESULTS Rat fetuses with ARMs displayed fusion failure of the urogenital septum and cloacal membrane. In the control group, MYC was persistently expressed from gestational day (GD)14 to GD16 and distributed throughout the hindgut, while p53 was weakly detected in the terminal segment of the urethra and hindgut; in the ARMs group, MYC expression was obviously reduced, while p53 was widely and highly expressed in the urethra and hindgut. Western blotting and RT-qPCR confirmed the decrease in MYC and increase in p53 expression in ARMs. TUNEL and p53 co-staining revealed considerable overlap between apoptotic and p53-expressing cells. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of c-myc and p53 were disrupted in ARMs rat embryos, and the downregulation of c-myc and upregulation of p53 might be related to the development of ARMs at the key time points of ARMs morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Long
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Yunxia Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Siying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Yuzuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
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17
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Su T, Liu H, Zhang D, Xu G, Liu J, Evans SM, Pan J, Cui S. LIM homeodomain transcription factor Isl1 affects urethral epithelium differentiation and apoptosis via Shh. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:713. [PMID: 31558700 PMCID: PMC6763423 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Urethral hypoplasia, including failure of urethral tube closure, is one of the common phenotypes observed in hereditary human disorders, the mechanism of which remains unclear. The present study was thus designed to study the expression, functions, and related mechanisms of the LIM homeobox transcription factor Isl1 throughout mouse urethral development. Results showed that Isl1 was highly expressed in urethral epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells of the genital tubercle (GT). Functional studies were carried out by utilizing the tamoxifen-inducible Isl1-knockout mouse model. Histological and morphological results indicated that Isl1 deletion caused urethral hypoplasia and inhibited maturation of the complex urethral epithelium. In addition, we show that Isl1-deleted mice failed to maintain the progenitor cell population required for renewal of urethral epithelium during tubular morphogenesis and exhibited significantly increased cell death within the urethra. Dual-Luciferase reporter assays and yeast one-hybrid assays showed that ISL1 was essential for normal urethral development by directly targeting the Shh gene. Collectively, results presented here demonstrated that Isl1 plays a crucial role in mouse urethral development, thus increasing our potential for understanding the mechanistic basis of hereditary urethral hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jirong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineInstitute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Regulatory roles of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI) during early and androgen dependent external genitalia development. Differentiation 2019; 110:29-35. [PMID: 31590136 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of external genitalia (ExG) has been a topic of long mystery in the field of organogenesis research. Early stage male and female of mouse embryos develop a common genital tubercle (GT) in the perineum whose outgrowth extends distally from the posterior cloacal regions. Concomitant with GT outgrowth, the cloaca is divided into urogenital sinus and anorectum by urorectal septum (URS) internally. The outgrowth of the GT is associated with the formation of endodermal epithelial urethral plate (UP) attached to the ventral epidermis of the GT. Such a common developmental phase is observed until around embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) morphologically in mouse embryogenesis. Various growth factor genes, such as Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) and Wnt genes are expressed and function during GT formation. Since the discovery of key growth factor signals and several regulatory molecules, elucidation of their functions has been achieved utilizing mouse developmental models, conditional gene knockout mouse and in vitro culture. Analyses on the phenotypes of such mouse models have revealed that several growth factor families play fundamental roles in ExG organogenesis based on the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI). More recently, EMI between developing urethral epithelia and its bilateral mesenchyme of later stages is also reported during subsequent stage of androgen-dependent male-type urethral formation in the mouse embryo. Mafb, belonging to AP-1 family and a key androgen-responsive mesenchymal gene, is identified and starts to be expressed around E14.5 when masculinization of the urethra is initiated. Mesenchymal cell condensation and migration, which are regulated by nonmuscle myosin, are shown to be essential process for masculinization. Hence, studies on EMI at various embryonic stages are important not only for early but also for subsequent masculinization of the urethra. In this review, a dynamic mode of EMI for both early and late phases of ExG development is discussed.
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Hashimoto D, Hyuga T, Acebedo AR, Alcantara MC, Suzuki K, Yamada G. Developmental mutant mouse models for external genitalia formation. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:74-80. [PMID: 30554442 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of external genitalia and perineum is the subject of developmental biology as well as toxicology and teratology researches. Cloaca forms in the lower (caudal) end of endoderm. Such endodermal epithelia and surrounding mesenchyme interact with various signals to form the external genitalia. External genitalia (the anlage termed as genital tubercle: GT) formation shows prominent sexually dimorphic morphogenesis in late embryonic stages, which is an unexplored developmental research field because of many reasons. External genitalia develop adjacent to the cloaca which develops urethra and corporal bodies. Developmental regulators including growth factor signals are necessary for epithelia-mesenchyme interaction (EMI) in posterior embryos including the cloaca and urethra in the genitalia. In the case of male type urethra, formation of tubular urethra proceeds from the lower (ventral) side of external genitalia as a masculinization process in contrast to the case of female urethra. Mechanisms for its development are not elucidated yet due to the lack of suitable mutant mouse models. Because of the recent progresses of Cre (recombinase)-mediated conditional target gene modification analyses, many developmental regulatory genes become increasingly analyzed. Conditional gene knockout mouse approaches and tissue lineage approaches are expected to offer vital information for such sexually dimorphic developmental processes. This review aims to offer recent updates on the progresses of these emerging developmental processes for the research field of congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hashimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
| | - Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
| | - Alvin R Acebedo
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mellissa C Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
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Hsu JSJ, So M, Tang CSM, Karim A, Porsch RM, Wong C, Yu M, Yeung F, Xia H, Zhang R, Cherny SS, Chung PHY, Wong KKY, Sham PC, Ngo ND, Li M, Tam PKH, Lui VCH, Garcia-Barcelo MM. De novo mutations in Caudal Type Homeo Box transcription Factor 2 (CDX2) in patients with persistent cloaca. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:351-358. [PMID: 29177441 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cloaca is an embryonic cavity that is divided into the urogenital sinus and rectum upon differentiation of the cloacal epithelium triggered by tissue-specific transcription factors including CDX2. Defective differentiation leads to persistent cloaca in humans (PC), a phenotype recapitulated in Cdx2 mutant mice. PC is linked to hypo/hyper-vitaminosis A. Although no gene has ever been identified, there is a strong evidence for a genetic contribution to PC. We applied whole-exome sequencing and copy-number-variants analyses to 21 PC patients and their unaffected parents. The damaging p.Cys132* and p.Arg237His de novo CDX2 variants were identified in two patients. These variants altered the expression of CYP26A1, a direct CDX2 target encoding the major retinoic acid (RA)-degrading enzyme. Other RA genes, including the RA-receptor alpha, were also mutated. Genes governing the development of cloaca-derived structures were recurrently mutated and over-represented in the basement-membrane components set (q-value < 1.65 × 10-6). Joint analysis of the patients' profile highlighted the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway (MsigDBID: M7098, FDR: q-value < 7.16 × 10-9). This is the first evidence that PC is genetic, with genes involved in the RA metabolism at the lead. Given the CDX2 de novo variants and the role of RA, our observations could potentiate preventive measures. For the first time, a gene recapitulating PC in mouse models is found mutated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S J Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Manting So
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clara S M Tang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anwarul Karim
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert M Porsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle Yu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fanny Yeung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guandong, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guandong, China
| | - Stacey S Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick H Y Chung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ngoc Diem Ngo
- Department of Human Genetics, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hà N?i, Vietnam
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent C H Lui
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Qu Y, Liang X, Liu D, Jia H, Wang W. MSX2 and BCL2 expressions in the development of anorectal malformations in ethylenethiourea-induced rat embryos. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:311-321. [PMID: 30268882 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine Msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) and B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) expression patterns during anorectal development in anorectal malformations (ARM) and normal rat embryos, with the goals of determining the role of MSX2 and BCL2 in ARM pathogenesis. METHODS ARM was induced in rat embryos with ethylenethiourea administered to dams on gestational day 10 (GD10). Embryos were harvested by cesarean deliveries from GD14 to GD16. MSX2 and BCL2 expression was evaluated via immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence, western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of ARM embryos revealed that MSX2 was mainly expressed in the epithelium of the hindgut and urorectal septum (URS) on GD14. On GD15 and GD16, MSX2-immunolabeled cells were noted in the epithelium of the rectum, fistula and URS. However, in normal embryos, faint immunopositivity for MSX2 was demonstrated in the epithelium of the rectum and URS from GD14 to GD16. As for BCL2, in normal embryos, BCL2-immunopositive cells were extensively expressed in the epithelium of the hindgut and URS on GD14 and GD15. In ARM embryos, weak immunopositivity for BCL2 was detected in the epithelium of hindgut and URS on GD14 and GD15. Immunofluorescence revealed that MSX2 and BCL2 colocalized in the hindgut. In ARM embryos, we observed more MSX2-positive than BCL2-positive cells on GD14; the normal embryos had the opposite pattern. Analyses by western blot and qRT-PCR showed that MSX2 protein and mRNA expression was significantly increased in ARM embryos compared with the normal embryos on GD15 and GD16 (p < 0.05). However, BCL2 protein and mRNA expression was significantly decreased in ARM embryos compared with the normal embryos on GD14 (p < 0.05). The MSX2/BCL2 ratio of protein and mRNA expression level in the ARM group was the highest on GD15. CONCLUSION These results indicate that upregulation of MSX2 and downregulation of BCL2 during cloacal development into the rectum and urethra might be related to the ARM development, and MSX2 promoted apoptosis through reduction of BCL2 expression during the development of anorectal development in ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xingchi Liang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Microarray analysis of miRNAs during hindgut development in rat embryos with ethylenethiourea‑induced anorectal malformations. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2363-2372. [PMID: 30106085 PMCID: PMC6192757 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are one of the most common congenital malformations of the digestive tract; however, the pathogenesis of this disease remains to be fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important in gastrointestinal development and may be involved in the pathogenesis of ARMs. The present study aimed to profile miRNAs and examine their potential functions in rats with ethylenethiourea (ETU)-induced ARMs. Pregnant Wistar rats (n=36) were divided randomly into ETU-treated and control groups. The rats in the ETU-treated group were gavage-fed 1% ETU (125 mg/kg) on gestational day 10 (GD10), whereas the control group rats received a corresponding dose of saline. Embryos were harvested by cesarean section on GD14, GD15 and GD16. Hindgut tissue was isolated from the fetuses for RNA extraction and microarray analysis, followed by bioinformatics analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) validation. Overall, 38 miRNAs were differentially expressed (all upregulated) on GD14, 49 (32 upregulated and 17 downregulated) on GD15, and 42 (all upregulated) on GD16 in the ARM group compared with the normal group. The top 18 miRNAs with |log2(fold change)| >4.25 were selected for further bioinformatics analysis. Among these miRNAs, five were differentially expressed at two time-points and were involved in ARM-associated signaling pathways. The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that three miRNA (miR), miR-125b-2-3p, miR-92a-2-5p and miR-99a-5p, were significantly differentially expressed in rats with ARMs compared with the normal group. In conclusion, the results suggested that the differential expression of miR-125b-2-3p, miR-92a-2-5p and miR-99a-5p during key time-points of anorectal formation in rats may have functions in the pathogenesis of ARM.
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Regulation of masculinization: androgen signalling for external genitalia development. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:358-368. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tang XB, Li H, Zhang J, Wang WL, Yuan ZW, Bai YZ. Expression pattern of Wif1 and β-catenin during development of anorectum in fetal rats with anorectal malformations. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4445. [PMID: 29507836 PMCID: PMC5836566 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was performed to investigate the expression pattern of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) and β-catenin during anorectal development in normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) embryos and the possible role of Wif1 and β-catenin in the pathogenesis of ARM. Methods ARM was induced with ethylenethiourea on the 10th gestational day in rat embryos. Cesarean deliveries were performed to harvest the embryos. The expression pattern of Wif1 and β-catenin protein and mRNA was evaluated in normal rat embryos (n = 288) and ARM rat embryos (n = 306) from GD13 to GD16 using immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, and real time RT-PCR. Results Immunohistochemical staining revealed that in normal embryos Wif1 was constantly expressed in the cloaca from GD13 to GD16. On GD13 and GD14, Wif1-immunopositive cells were extensively expressed in the cloaca. On GD15, the expression of Wif1 were mainly detected on the very thin anal membrane. In ARM embryos, the epithelium of the hindgut and urorectal septum demonstrated faint immunostaining for Wif1 from GD14 to GD16. Western blot and real time RT-PCR revealed that Wif1 and β-catenin protein and mRNA expression level was significantly decreased in the ARM groups compared with the normal group on GD14 and GD15 (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrated that the expression pattern of Wif1 and β-catenin was disrupted in ARM embryos during anorectal morphogenesis, which demonstrated that downregulation of Wif1 and β-catenin at the time of cloacal separation into the primitive rectum and urogenital septum might related to the development of ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Wei Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Huang F, Liu Y, Cao X, Shen L, Long C, He D, Lin T, Wei G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and apoptosis in rat urethra development. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:1073-1079. [PMID: 28876330 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundTo examine the mechanism of urethral seam formation during embryonal development of rat urethra.MethodsTime-mated Sprague-Dawley rats were killed and the genital tubercles of male pups harvested on embryonic day (ED) 15, 16, 18, and 19. External morphology was observed under scanning electron microscope. Serial transverse sections were prepared to examine dynamic changes in the urethral seam morphology with hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and double immunofluorescence.ResultsBilateral outgrowth of urethral swelling followed by urethral plate fusion in the midline to form urethral seam was observed from ED 16 onwards. Coexpression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers was observed in several cells at the urethral seam; a few cells with coexpression of epithelial and apoptotic markers were also observed. Mesenchymal transformation of epithelial cells and apoptotic epithelial cells was observed under transmission electron microscope.ConclusionUrethral formation occurs by tubulogenesis, which initiates proximally and progresses distally. This is the first study to demonstrate epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and epithelial cell apoptosis in the urethral seam cells of fetal rats. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in embryonal development of the urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyuan Huang
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xining Cao
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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26
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Tang XB, Zhang J, Wang WL, Yuan ZW, Bai YZ. The expression analysis of Bmpr1a and Bmp2 during hindgut development in rat embryos with anorectal malformations. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:143-9. [PMID: 27477499 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine Bmpr1a and Bmp2 expression patterns during anorectal development in normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) embryos with a view to establishing the possible role of Bmpr1a and Bmp2 in ARM pathogenesis. ARM was induced with ethylenethiourea on the 10th gestational day (GD10) in rat embryos. The embryos were harvested by Cesarean deliveries. The expression of Bmpr1a and Bmp2 was evaluated in normal rat embryos (n=213) and ARM embryos (n=236) from GD14 to GD16. Immunohistochemical staining revealed, in normal embryos, that Bmpr1a and Bmp2 was mainly expressed on the epithelium of the urorectal septum (URS) and the cloacal membrane (CM) on GD14 and GD15. When the rectum separated from the urogenital sinus (UGS) on GD16, Bmpr1a- and Bmp2-immunolabeled cells were observed on the anorectal epithelium. In ARM embryos, the epithelium of the hindgut and URS demonstrated faint immunostaining for Bmpr1a and Bmp2. Analyses by Western blot and Real-time PCR revealed that Bmpr1a and Bmp2 protein and mRNA expression were significantly decreased in the ARM hindgut compared with normal hindgut on GD14 and GD15 (P<0.05). In ARM embryos, an imbalance in the spatiotemporal expression of Bmpr1a and Bmp2 was noted during anorectal morphogenesis from GD14 to GD16. Therefore, downregulation of Bmpr1a and Bmp2 at the time of cloacal separation into the primitive rectum and UGS might be related to the development of ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao City, Qingdao 266034, PR China
| | - Wei Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Zheng Wei Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yu Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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27
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Reutter H, Keppler-Noreuil K, E Keegan C, Thiele H, Yamada G, Ludwig M. Genetics of Bladder-Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (BEEC): Systematic Elucidation of Mendelian and Multifactorial Phenotypes. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:4-13. [PMID: 27013921 PMCID: PMC4780475 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666151014221806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bladder-Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (BEEC) represents the severe end of the uro-rectal malformation spectrum, and has a profound impact on continence, and on sexual and renal function. While previous reports of familial occurrence, in-creased recurrence among first-degree relatives, high concordance rates among monozygotic twins, and chromosomal aberra-tions were suggestive of causative genetic factors, the recent identification of copy number variations (CNVs), susceptibility regions and genes through the systematic application of array based analysis, candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide strong evidence. These findings in human BEEC cohorts are underscored by the recent description of BEEC(-like) murine knock-out models. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of the potential molecular mechanisms, mediating abnormal uro-rectal development leading to the BEEC, demonstrating the importance of ISL1-pathway in human and mouse and propose SLC20A1 and CELSR3 as the first BEEC candidate genes, identified through systematic whole-exome sequencing (WES) in BEEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Reutter
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim Keppler-Noreuil
- Human Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Michigan, USA
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gen Yamada
- Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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28
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Vermes G, László D, Czeizel AE, Ács N. Birth outcomes of patients with isolated anorectal malformations: A population-based case-control study. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:41-5. [PMID: 26259501 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In most patients affected by isolated anorectal malformation (IARM) the etiology is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of our project was to analyze possible risk factors for IARM. In the first step, birth outcomes of cases with IARM were analyzed on the basis of maternal socio-demographic variables, and these data are presented in this paper. Gestational age at delivery, birthweight, preterm birth, low birthweight and small for gestational age of cases with IARM were evaluated in the function of maternal age, birth/pregnancy order, marital and employment status of mothers in the population-based large dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996. The study samples included 231 live-born cases with IARM, 361 matched and 38 151 population controls without any defect. IARMs are more frequent in males, twins and newborn infants with low birthweight and small-for-gestational-age, the latter being the consequence of intrauterine growth restriction. In addition, mothers of cases were younger but with higher birth order, and had lower socio-economic status. These maternal variables are characteristic for the gypsy population in Hungary. The higher proportion of gypsy women among the mothers of cases with IARM was confirmed during the home visits of the study. Male sex and intrauterine growth restriction of cases, in addition to low socioeconomic status and gypsy origin of mothers may have a role in the risk of IARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Vermes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Military Hospital - State Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel László
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Stephen's Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrew E Czeizel
- Foundation for the Community Control of Hereditary Diseases, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nándor Ács
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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29
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Suzuki H, Suzuki K, Yamada G. Systematic analyses of murine masculinization processes based on genital sex differentiation parameters. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:639-47. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
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30
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Systematic stereoscopic analyses for cloacal development: The origin of anorectal malformations. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13943. [PMID: 26354024 PMCID: PMC4564729 DOI: 10.1038/srep13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of the embryonic cloaca is the most essential event for the formation of digestive and urinary tracts. The defective development of the cloaca results in anorectal malformations (ARMs; 2–5 per 10,000 live births). However, the developmental and pathogenic mechanisms of ARMs are unclear. In the current study, we visualized the epithelia in the developing cloaca and nephric ducts (NDs). Systemic stereoscopic analyses revealed that the ND-cloaca connection sites shifted from the lateral-middle to dorsal-anterior part of the cloaca during cloacal division from E10.5 to E11.5 in mouse embryos. Genetic cell labeling analyses revealed that the cells in the ventral cloacal epithelium in the early stages rarely contributed to the dorsal part. Moreover, we revealed the possible morphogenetic movement of endodermal cells within the anterior part of the urogenital sinus and hindgut. These results provide the basis for understanding both cloacal development and the ARM pathogenesis.
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31
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Harada M, Omori A, Nakahara C, Nakagata N, Akita K, Yamada G. Tissue-specific roles of FGF signaling in external genitalia development. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:759-73. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Harada
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Clinical Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akiko Omori
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakahara
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering; Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Keiichi Akita
- Department of Clinical Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
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32
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Georgas KM, Armstrong J, Keast JR, Larkins CE, McHugh KM, Southard-Smith EM, Cohn MJ, Batourina E, Dan H, Schneider K, Buehler DP, Wiese CB, Brennan J, Davies JA, Harding SD, Baldock RA, Little MH, Vezina CM, Mendelsohn C. An illustrated anatomical ontology of the developing mouse lower urogenital tract. Development 2015; 142:1893-908. [PMID: 25968320 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Malformation of the urogenital tract represents a considerable paediatric burden, with many defects affecting the lower urinary tract (LUT), genital tubercle and associated structures. Understanding the molecular basis of such defects frequently draws on murine models. However, human anatomical terms do not always superimpose on the mouse, and the lack of accurate and standardised nomenclature is hampering the utility of such animal models. We previously developed an anatomical ontology for the murine urogenital system. Here, we present a comprehensive update of this ontology pertaining to mouse LUT, genital tubercle and associated reproductive structures (E10.5 to adult). Ontology changes were based on recently published insights into the cellular and gross anatomy of these structures, and on new analyses of epithelial cell types present in the pelvic urethra and regions of the bladder. Ontology changes include new structures, tissue layers and cell types within the LUT, external genitalia and lower reproductive structures. Representative illustrations, detailed text descriptions and molecular markers that selectively label muscle, nerves/ganglia and epithelia of the lower urogenital system are also presented. The revised ontology will be an important tool for researchers studying urogenital development/malformation in mouse models and will improve our capacity to appropriately interpret these with respect to the human situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Georgas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jane Armstrong
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christine E Larkins
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Centre for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Division of Anatomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205/10, USA
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Hanbin Dan
- Columbia University, Department of Urology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- Columbia University, Department of Urology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie B Wiese
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jane Brennan
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Simon D Harding
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard A Baldock
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chad M Vezina
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Columbia University, Department of Urology, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Murata T, Ishitsuka Y, Karouji K, Kaneda H, Toki H, Nakai Y, Makino S, Fukumura R, Kotaki H, Wakana S, Noda T, Gondo Y. β-CateninC429S mice exhibit sterility consequent to spatiotemporally sustained Wnt signalling in the internal genitalia. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6959. [PMID: 25376241 PMCID: PMC4223658 DOI: 10.1038/srep06959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling regulates numerous developmental and homeostatic processes. Ctnnb1 (also known as β-catenin) is the only protein that transmits signals from various Wnt ligands to downstream genes. In this study, we report that our newly established mouse strain, which harbours a Cys429 to Ser missense mutation in the β-catenin gene, exhibited specific organ defects in contrast to mice with broadly functioning Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Both homozygous mutant males and females produced normal gametes but were infertile because of abnormal seminal vesicle and vaginal morphogenesis. An ins-TOPGAL transgenic reporter spatiotemporally sustained Wnt/β-catenin signalling during the corresponding organogenesis. Therefore, β-catenin(C429S) should provide new insights into β-catenin as a universal component of Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Murata
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishitsuka
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumiko Karouji
- Population and Quantitative Genomics Team, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Kaneda
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Toki
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakai
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Makino
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukumura
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hayato Kotaki
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Gondo
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Ipulan LA, Suzuki K, Matsushita S, Suzuki H, Okazawa M, Jacinto S, Hirai SI, Yamada G. Development of the external genitalia and their sexual dimorphic regulation in mice. Sex Dev 2014; 8:297-310. [PMID: 24503953 DOI: 10.1159/000357932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the external genitalia is divided into 2 developmental stages: the formation and growth of a bipotential genital tubercle (GT) and the sexual differentiation of the male and female GT. The sexually dimorphic processes, which occur during the second part of GT differentiation, are suggested to be governed by androgen signaling and more recently crosstalk with other signaling factors. The process of elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of hormone signaling towards other signaling networks in the GT is still in its early stages. Nevertheless, it is becoming a productive area of research. This review summarizes various studies on the development of the murine GT and the defining characteristics of a masculinized GT and presents the different signaling pathways possibly involved during masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerrie Ann Ipulan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
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