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Whitford MKM, McCaffrey L. Polarity in breast development and cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:245-283. [PMID: 37100520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland development and breast cancer progression are associated with extensive remodeling of epithelial tissue architecture. Apical-basal polarity is a key feature of epithelial cells that coordinates key elements of epithelial morphogenesis including cell organization, proliferation, survival, and migration. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of how apical-basal polarity programs are used in breast development and cancer. We describe cell lines, organoids, and in vivo models commonly used for studying apical-basal polarity in breast development and disease and discuss advantages and limitations of each. We also provide examples of how core polarity proteins regulate branching morphogenesis and lactation during development. We describe alterations to core polarity genes in breast cancer and their associations with patient outcomes. The impact of up- or down-regulation of key polarity proteins in breast cancer initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance are discussed. We also introduce studies demonstrating that polarity programs are involved in regulating the stroma, either through epithelial-stroma crosstalk, or through signaling of polarity proteins in non-epithelial cell types. Overall, a key concept is that the function of individual polarity proteins is highly contextual, depending on developmental or cancer stage and cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K M Whitford
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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2
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In vitro evaluation of the intensifying photodynamic effect due to the presence of plasmonic hollow gold nanoshells loaded with methylene blue on breast and melanoma cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103065. [PMID: 35973551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is one of the most important limiting factors in photodynamic therapy that can reduce the effectiveness of this treatment. By designing a nanocomplex of plasmonic nanoparticles and photosensitizers with similar optical properties, the rate of free oxygen radical production can be increased and the efficiency of photodynamic therapy can be improved. in this study, we tried to use the outstanding capacities of hollow gold nanoshells (HGNSs) as a plasmonic nanocarrier of methylene blue (MB) to improve the performance of photodynamic therapy. METHODS AND MATERIAL After synthesis and optimization of hollow gold nanoshells loaded with Methylene blue (HGNSs-PEG-MB), the characteristics of MB, HGNSs, HGNSs-PEG, HGNSs-PEG-MB, and their toxicity at different concentrations on the cell lines was determined. After determining of optimum concentration of nano agents, irradiation of cell was performed with non-coherent of light source with 670 nm wavelength and an intensity of 14.9 mW/cm2. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, an MTT assay was used to determine cell survival percentage. To compare the results, we defined different indexes such as treatment efficiency (TE), synergism ratio (SYN), and the amount of exposure required for 50% cell death (ED50). All the tests were repeated at least four times on the DFW and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. RESULTS For combination therapies with Lumacare irradiated HGNSs-PEG-MB, the UC index was less than one for all concentrations (P < 0.05). Also, the IC50 index for this nanostructure in non-irradiated conditions and less than 9 min irradiation time was lower than other treatment groups (P < 0.05). ED50 amounts for HGNSs-PEG-MB in all concentrations were greater than the other groups. TE Index was also reported to be greater than 1 in all irradiation conditions and concentrations. CONCLUSION In this study, HGNSs-PEG in the role of nanocarriers for methylene Blue was used. The results showed that irradiated HGNSs-PEG-MB by 670 nm light severely induced cell death and greatly improved the efficiency of photodynamic therapy in melanoma and breast cancer cells.
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3
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Yang T, Deng Z, Xu L, Li X, Yang T, Qian Y, Lu Y, Tian L, Yao W, Wang J. Macrophages-aPKC ɩ-CCL5 Feedback Loop Modulates the Progression and Chemoresistance in Cholangiocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:23. [PMID: 35033156 PMCID: PMC8760815 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicated that macrophages may mutually interact with cancer cells to promote tumor progression and chemoresistance, but the interaction in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is obscure. METHODS 10x Genomics single-cell sequencing technology was used to identified the role of macrophages in CCA. Then, we measured the expression and prognostic role of macrophage markers and aPKCɩ in 70 human CCA tissues. Moreover, we constructed monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) generated from peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) and polarized them into M1/M2 macrophages. A co-culture assay of the human CCA cell lines (TFK-1, EGI-1) and differentiated PBMCs-macrophages was established, and functional studies in vitro and in vivo was performed to explore the interaction between cancer cells and M2 macrophages. Furthermore, we established the cationic liposome-mediated co-delivery of gemcitabine and aPKCɩ-siRNA and detect the antitumor effects in CCA. RESULTS M2 macrophage showed tumor-promoting properties in CCA. High levels of aPKCɩ expression and M2 macrophage infiltration were associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in CCA patients. Moreover, CCA patients with low M2 macrophages infiltration or low aPKCɩ expression benefited from postoperative gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Further studies showed that M2 macrophages-derived TGFβ1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and gemcitabine resistance in CCA cells through aPKCɩ-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. Reciprocally, CCL5 was secreted more by CCA cells undergoing aPKCɩ-induced EMT and consequently modulated macrophage recruitment and polarization. Furthermore, the cationic liposome-mediated co-delivery of GEM and aPKCɩ-siRNA significantly inhibited macrophages infiltration and CCA progression. CONCLUSION our study demonstrates the role of Macrophages-aPKCɩ-CCL5 Feedback Loop in CCA, and proposes a novel therapeutic strategy of aPKCɩ-siRNA and GEM co-delivered by liposomes for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengdong Deng
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yawei Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Department of Oncology Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Affiliated Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China.
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Motomura H, Ozaki A, Tamori S, Onaga C, Nozaki Y, Waki Y, Takasawa R, Yoshizawa K, Mano Y, Sato T, Sasaki K, Ishiguro H, Miyagi Y, Nagashima Y, Yamamoto K, Sato K, Hanawa T, Tanuma SI, Ohno S, Akimoto K. Glyoxalase 1 and protein kinase Cλ as potential therapeutic targets for late-stage breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:547. [PMID: 34093768 PMCID: PMC8170180 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells upregulate the expression levels of glycolytic enzymes in order to reach the increased glycolysis required. One such upregulated glycolytic enzyme is glyoxalase 1 (GLO 1), which catalyzes the conversion of toxic methylglyoxal to nontoxic S-D-lactoylglutathione. Protein kinase Cλ (PKCλ) is also upregulated in various types of cancer and is involved in cancer progression. In the present study, the association between enhanced glycolysis and PKCλ in breast cancer was investigated. In human breast cancer, high GLO 1 expression was associated with high PKCλ expression at the protein (P<0.01) and mRNA levels (P<0.01). Furthermore, Wilcoxon and Cox regression model analysis revealed that patients with stage III-IV tumors with high GLO 1 and PKCλ expression had poor overall survival compared with patients expressing lower levels of these genes [P=0.040 (Gehan-Breslow generalized Wilcoxon test) and P=0.031 (hazard ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-5.16), respectively]. Treatment of MDA-MB-157 and MDA-MB-468 human basal-like breast cancer cells with TLSC702 (a GLO 1 inhibitor) and/or aurothiomalate (a PKCλ inhibitor) reduced both cell viability and tumor-sphere formation. These results suggested that GLO 1 and PKCλ were cooperatively involved in cancer progression and contributed to a poor prognosis in breast cancer. In conclusion, GLO 1 and PKCλ serve as potentially effective therapeutic targets for treatment of late-stage human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Motomura
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ozaki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoma Tamori
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chotaro Onaga
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuka Nozaki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Waki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takasawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Mano
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tsugumichi Sato
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Photocatalyst Group, Research and Development Department, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kouji Yamamoto
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keiko Sato
- Department of Information Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takehisa Hanawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Velnati S, Centonze S, Girivetto F, Capello D, Biondi RM, Bertoni A, Cantello R, Ragnoli B, Malerba M, Graziani A, Baldanzi G. Identification of Key Phospholipids That Bind and Activate Atypical PKCs. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010045. [PMID: 33419210 PMCID: PMC7825596 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCζ and PKCι/λ form the atypical protein kinase C subgroup, characterised by a lack of regulation by calcium and the neutral lipid diacylglycerol. To better understand the regulation of these kinases, we systematically explored their interactions with various purified phospholipids using the lipid overlay assays, followed by kinase activity assays to evaluate the lipid effects on their enzymatic activity. We observed that both PKCζ and PKCι interact with phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Conversely, PKCι is unique in binding also to phosphatidylinositol-monophosphates (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, 4-phosphate, and 5-phosphate). Moreover, we observed that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate specifically activates PKCι, while both isoforms are responsive to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Overall, our results suggest that atypical Protein kinase C (PKC) localisation and activity are regulated by membrane lipids distinct from those involved in conventional PKCs and unveil a specific regulation of PKCι by phosphatidylinositol-monophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Velnati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Centonze
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Girivetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ricardo M. Biondi
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
- Biomedicine Research Institute of Buenos Aires—CONICET—Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Mario Malerba
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Respiratory Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Division of Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Tyagi K, Roy A. Evaluating the current status of protein kinase C (PKC)-protein kinase D (PKD) signalling axis as a novel therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188496. [PMID: 33383102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, especially high grade serous ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies with high relapse rate and patient death. Notwithstanding development of several targeted treatment and immunotherapeutic approaches, researchers fail to turn ovarian cancer into a manageable disease. Protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase D (PKD) are families of evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases that can be activated by a plethora of extracellular stimuli such as hormones, growth factors and G-protein coupled receptor agonists. Recent literature suggests that a signalling cascade initiated by these two protein kinases regulates a battery of cellular and physiological processes involved in tumorigenesis including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. In an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic interventions against a deadly pathology like ovarian cancer, we have discussed the status quo of PKC/PKD signalling axis in context of this disease. Additionally, apart from discussing the structural properties and activation mechanisms of PKC/PKD, we have provided a comprehensive review of the recent reports on tumor promoting functions of PKC isoforms and discussed the potential of PKC/PKD signalling axis as a novel target in this lethal pathology. Furthermore, in this review, we have discussed the significance of several recent clinical trials and development of small molecule inhibitors that target PKC/PKD signalling axis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
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Liu Y, Justilien V, Fields AP, Murray NR. Recurrent copy number gains drive PKCι expression and PKCι-dependent oncogenic signaling in human cancers. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100754. [PMID: 32992230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PRKCI is frequently overexpressed in multiple human cancers, and PKCι expression is often prognostic for poor patient survival, indicating that elevated PKCι broadly plays an oncogenic role in the cancer phenotype. PKCι drives multiple oncogenic signaling pathways involved in transformed growth, and transgenic mouse models have revealed that PKCι is a critical oncogenic driver in both lung and ovarian cancers. We now report that recurrent 3q26 copy number gain (CNG) is the predominant genetic driver of PRKCI mRNA expression in all major human cancer types exhibiting such CNGs. In addition to PRKCI, CNG at 3q26 leads to coordinate CNGs of ECT2 and SOX2, two additional 3q26 genes that collaborate with PRKCI to drive oncogenic signaling and tumor initiation in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Interestingly however, whereas 3q26 CNG is a strong driver of PRKCI mRNA expression across all tumor types examined, it has differential effects on ECT2 and SOX2 mRNA expression. In some tumors types, particularly those with squamous histology, all three 3q26 oncogenes are coordinately overexpressed as a consequence of 3q26 CNG, whereas in other cancers only PRKCI and ECT2 mRNA are coordinately overexpressed. This distinct pattern of expression of 3q26 genes corresponds to differences in genomic signatures reflective of activation of specific PKCι oncogenic signaling pathways. In addition to highly prevalent CNG, some tumor types exhibit monoallelic loss of PRKCI. Interestingly, many tumors harboring monoallelic loss of PRKCI express significantly lower PRKCI mRNA and exhibit evidence of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway activation, which we previously characterized as a major oncogenic pathway in a newly described, PKCι-independent molecular subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. Finally, we show that CNG-driven activation of PKCι oncogenic signaling predicts poor patient survival in many major cancer types. We conclude that CNG and monoallelic loss are the major determinants of tumor PRKCI mRNA expression across virtually all tumor types, but that tumor-type specific mechanisms determine whether these copy number alterations also drive expression of the collaborating 3q26 oncogenes ECT2 and SOX2, and the oncogenic PKCι signaling pathways activated through the collaborative action of these genes. Our analysis may be useful in identifying tumor-specific predictive biomarkers and effective PKCι-targeted therapeutic strategies in the multitude of human cancers harboring genetic activation of PRKCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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8
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High PKCλ expression is required for ALDH1-positive cancer stem cell function and indicates a poor clinical outcome in late-stage breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235747. [PMID: 32658903 PMCID: PMC7357771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite development of markers for identification of cancer stem cells, the mechanism underlying the survival and division of cancer stem cells in breast cancer remains unclear. Here we report that PKCλ expression was enriched in basal-like breast cancer, among breast cancer subtypes, and was correlated with ALDH1A3 expression (p = 0.016, χ2-test). Late stage breast cancer patients expressing PKCλhigh and ALDH1A3high had poorer disease-specific survival than those expressing PKCλlow and ALDH1A3low (p = 0.018, log rank test for Kaplan-Meier survival curves: hazard ratio 2.58, 95% CI 1.24–5.37, p = 0.011, multivariate Cox regression analysis). Functional inhibition of PKCλ through siRNA-mediated knockdown or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout in ALDH1high MDA-MB 157 and MDA-MB 468 basal-like breast cancer cells led to increases in the numbers of trypan blue-positive and active-caspase 3-positive cells, as well as suppression of tumor-sphere formation and cell migration. Furthermore, the amount of CASP3 and PARP mRNA and the level of cleaved caspase-3 protein were enhanced in PKCλ-deficient ALDH1high cells. An Apoptosis inhibitor (z-VAD-FMK) suppressed the enhancement of cell death as well as the levels of cleaved caspase-3 protein in PKCλ deficient ALDH1high cells. It also altered the asymmetric/symmetric distribution ratio of ALDH1A3 protein. In addition, PKCλ knockdown led to increases in cellular ROS levels in ALDH1high cells. These results suggest that PKCλ is essential for cancer cell survival and migration, tumorigenesis, the asymmetric distribution of ALDH1A3 protein among cancer cells, and the maintenance of low ROS levels in ALDH1-positive breast cancer stem cells. This makes it a key contributor to the poorer prognosis seen in late-stage breast cancer patients.
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Aberrant Nuclear Localization of aPKCλ/ι is Associated With Poorer Prognosis in Uterine Cervical Cancer. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2019; 38:301-309. [PMID: 30059452 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that aberrant expression of atypical protein kinase C λ/ι (aPKCλ/ι) in low-grade squamous intraepithelial uterine cervix lesions was associated with an increased risk of progression to higher grade. This study aimed to investigate aPKCλ/ι expression patterns in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its association with disease progression. We immunohistochemically assessed aPKCλ/ι expression in 168 SCC samples and 13 normal uterine cervix samples. In 69.0% of SCC cases, aPKCλ/ι was expressed more abundantly than in normal epithelium, but there was no significant association between aPKCλ/ι intensity and disease progression (P=0.087, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). aPKCλ/ι in normal cervical epithelium was confined to the cytoplasm or intercellular junctions. In contrast, aPKCλ/ι was predominantly localized within the nucleus in 36.9% of SCC samples (P<0.001, χ test), and the prevalence was significantly increased relative to advanced tumor stage (P<0.001, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). Moreover, patients with SCC with aPKCλ/ι nuclear localization had worse prognoses than those with cytoplasmic localization (P<0.001, log-rank test). aPKCλ/ι localization differed between the intraepithelial lesion and adjacent invasive cancer in 40% of cases, while the expression pattern was similar between primary and matched metastatic tumors. In conclusion, aPKCλ/ι nuclear localization in cervical cancer is associated with tumor progression and worse prognosis. This is the first report to show aberrant nuclear aPKCλ/ι localization in a subgroup of cervical cancer patients and its association with worse prognosis.
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Catterall R, Lelarge V, McCaffrey L. Genetic alterations of epithelial polarity genes are associated with loss of polarity in invasive breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1578-1591. [PMID: 31577845 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death for women. The stepwise development of breast cancer through preinvasive to invasive disease is associated with progressive disruption of cellular and tissue organization. Apical-basal polarity is thought to be a barrier to breast cancer development, but the extent and potential mechanisms that contribute to disrupted polarity are incompletely understood. To investigate the cell polarity status of invasive breast cancers, we performed multiplex imaging of polarity markers on tissue cores from 432 patients from a spectrum of grades, stages and molecular subtypes. Apical-basal cell polarity was lost in 100% of cells in all cases studied, indicating that loss of epithelial polarity may be a universal feature of invasive breast cancer. We then analyzed genomic events from the TCGA dataset for an 18-gene set of core polarity genes. Coamplification of polarity genes with established breast oncogenes was found, which is consistent with functional cooperation within signaling amplicons. Gene-expression levels of several polarity genes were significantly associated with survival, and protein localization of Par6 correlated with higher grade, nodal metastasis and molecular subtype. Finally, multiple hotspot mutations in protein-protein interaction domains critical for cell polarity were identified. Our data indicate that genomic events likely contribute to pervasive disruption of epithelial polarity observed in invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Catterall
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Virginie Lelarge
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Reina-Campos M, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J. The Dual Roles of the Atypical Protein Kinase Cs in Cancer. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:218-235. [PMID: 31474570 PMCID: PMC6751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isozymes, PKCλ/ι and PKCζ, are now considered fundamental regulators of tumorigenesis. However, the specific separation of functions that determine their different roles in cancer is still being unraveled. Both aPKCs have pleiotropic context-dependent functions that can translate into tumor-promoter or -suppressive functions. Here, we review early and more recent literature to discuss how the different tumor types, and their microenvironments, might account for the selective signaling of each aPKC isotype. This is of clinical relevance because a better understanding of the roles of these kinases is essential for the design of new anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Manupati K, Debnath S, Goswami K, Bhoj PS, Chandak HS, Bahekar SP, Das A. Glutathione S-transferase omega 1 inhibition activates JNK-mediated apoptotic response in breast cancer stem cells. FEBS J 2019; 286:2167-2192. [PMID: 30873742 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1) contributes to the inactivation of a wide range of drug compounds via conjugation to glutathione during phase reactions. Chemotherapy-induced GSTO1 expression in breast cancer cells leads to chemoresistance and promotes metastasis. In search of novel GSTO1 inhibitors, we identified S2E, a thia-Michael adduct of sulfonamide chalcone with low LC50 (3.75 ± 0.73 μm) that binds to the active site of GSTO1, as revealed by molecular docking (glide score: -8.1), cellular thermal shift assay and fluorescence quenching assay (Kb ≈ 10 × 105 mol·L-1 ). Docking studies confirmed molecular interactions between GSTO1 and S2E, and identified the hydrogen bond donor Val-72 (2.14 Å) and hydrogen bond acceptor Ser-86 (2.77 Å). Best pharmacophore hypotheses could effectively map S2E and identified the 4-methyl group of the benzene sulfonamide ring as crucial to its anti-cancer activity. Lack of a thiophenyl group in another analog, 2e, reduced its efficacy as observed by cytotoxicity and pharmacophore matching. Furthermore, GSTO1 inhibition by S2E, along with tamoxifen, led to a significant increase in apoptosis and decreased migration of aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells, as well as significantly decreased migration, invasion and mammosphere formation in sorted breast cancer stem cells (CSCs, CD24- /CD44+ ). GSTO1 silencing in breast CSCs also significantly increased apoptosis and decreased migration. Mechanistically, GSTO1 inhibition activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase stress kinase, inducing a mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway in breast CSCs via the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3. Our study elucidated the role of the GSTO1 inhibitor S2E as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing chemotherapy-induced breast CSC-mediated cancer metastasis and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanakaraju Manupati
- Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Science and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhan Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Bir Bikram College, Agartala, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Priyanka S Bhoj
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Hemant S Chandak
- Department of Chemistry, G. S. Science, Arts & Commerce College, Khamgaon, India
| | - Sandeep P Bahekar
- Department of Chemistry, G. S. Science, Arts & Commerce College, Khamgaon, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Science and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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13
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Kim MW, Jeong HY, Kang SJ, Jeong IH, Choi MJ, You YM, Im CS, Song IH, Lee TS, Lee JS, Lee A, Park YS. Anti-EGF Receptor Aptamer-Guided Co-Delivery of Anti-Cancer siRNAs and Quantum Dots for Theranostics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:837-852. [PMID: 30809312 PMCID: PMC6376474 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aptamers have been evaluated for their ability as drug delivery vehicles to target ligands, and a variety of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been tested for their anti-cancer properties. However, since these two types of molecules have similar physicochemical properties, it has so far been difficult to formulate siRNA-encapsulating carriers guided by aptamers. Here, we propose aptamer-coupled lipid nanocarriers encapsulating quantum dots (QDs) and siRNAs for theragnosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: Hydrophobic QDs were effectively incorporated into lipid bilayers, and then therapeutic siRNAs were complexed with QD-lipid nanocarriers (QLs). Finally, anti-EGFR aptamer-lipid conjugates were inserted into the QLs for TNBC targeting (aptamo-QLs). TNBC-targeting aptamo-QLs were directly compared to anti-EGFR antibody-coupled immuno-QLs. The in vitro delivery of therapeutic siRNAs and QDs to target cells was assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The in vivo targeting of siRNAs to tumors and their therapeutic efficacy were evaluated in mice carrying MDA-MB-231 tumors. Results: Both types of EGFR-targeting QLs showed enhanced delivery to target cancer cells, resulting in more effective gene silencing and enhanced tumor imaging compared to non-targeting control QLs. Moreover, combinatorial therapy with Bcl-2 and PKC-ι siRNAs loaded into the anti-EGFR QLs was remarkably effective in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Conclusion: In general, the aptamo-QLs showed competitive in vivo delivery and therapeutic efficacy compared to immuno-QLs under the same experimental conditions. Our results show that the anti-EGFR aptamer-guided lipid carriers may be a potential theranostic delivery vehicle for RNA interference and fluorescence imaging of TNBCs.
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14
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Kajimoto T, Caliman AD, Tobias IS, Okada T, Pilo CA, Van AAN, Andrew McCammon J, Nakamura SI, Newton AC. Activation of atypical protein kinase C by sphingosine 1-phosphate revealed by an aPKC-specific activity reporter. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaat6662. [PMID: 30600259 PMCID: PMC6657501 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isozymes are unique in the PKC superfamily in that they are not regulated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol, which has led to speculation about whether a different second messenger acutely controls their function. Here, using a genetically encoded reporter that we designed, aPKC-specific C kinase activity reporter (aCKAR), we found that the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promoted the cellular activity of aPKC. Intracellular S1P directly bound to the purified kinase domain of aPKC and relieved autoinhibitory constraints, thereby activating the kinase. In silico studies identified potential binding sites on the kinase domain, one of which was validated biochemically. In HeLa cells, S1P-dependent activation of aPKC suppressed apoptosis. Together, our findings identify a previously undescribed molecular mechanism of aPKC regulation, a molecular target for S1P in cell survival regulation, and a tool to further explore the biochemical and biological functions of aPKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Alisha D Caliman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Irene S Tobias
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Taro Okada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Caila A Pilo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Andrew McCammon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Preclinical testing of 5-amino-1-((1R,2S,3S,4R)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclopentyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide: a potent protein kinase C-ι inhibitor as a potential prostate carcinoma therapeutic. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 30:65-71. [PMID: 30204596 PMCID: PMC6287896 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-iota (PKC-ι) is an oncogene overexpressed in many cancer cells including prostate, breast, ovarian, melanoma, and glioma. Previous in-vitro studies have shown that 5-amino-1-((1R,2S,3S,4R)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclopentyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA-1s), a PKC-ι specific inhibitor, is effective against some cancer cell lines by decreasing cell growth and inducing apoptosis. To assess ICA-1s as a possible therapeutic, in-vivo studies using a murine model were performed. ICA-1s was tested for stability in blood serum and results demonstrated that ICA-1s was stable in human plasma at 25 and 37°C over a course of 2 h. Toxicity of ICA-1s was tested for both acute and subacute exposure. The acute exposure showed patient surviving after 48 h of doses ranging from 5 to 5000 mg/kg. Subacute tests exposed the patients to 14 days of treatment and were followed by serum and tissue collection. Aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, troponin, and C-reactive protein serum levels were measured to assess organ function. ICA-1s in plasma serum was measured over the course of 24 h for both oral and intravenous treatments. Heart, liver, kidney, and brain tissues were analyzed for accumulation of ICA-1s. Finally, athymic nude mice were xenografted with DU-145 prostate cancer cells. After tumors reached ~0.2 cm2, they were either treated with ICA-1s or left as control and measured for 30 days or until the tumor reached 2 cm2. Results showed tumors in treated mice grew at almost half the rate as untreated tumors, showing a significant reduction in growth. In conclusion, ICA-1s is stable, shows low toxicity, and is a potential therapeutic for prostate carcinoma tumors.
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16
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Neophytou C, Boutsikos P, Papageorgis P. Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Targets of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29520340 PMCID: PMC5827095 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents a highly heterogeneous disease comprised by several subtypes with distinct histological features, underlying molecular etiology and clinical behaviors. It is widely accepted that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes, often associated with poor patient outcome due to the development of metastases in secondary organs, such as the lungs, brain, and bone. The molecular complexity of the metastatic process in combination with the lack of effective targeted therapies for TNBC metastasis have fostered significant research efforts during the past few years to identify molecular “drivers” of this lethal cascade. In this review, the most current and important findings on TNBC metastasis, as well as its closely associated basal-like subtype, including metastasis-promoting or suppressor genes and aberrantly regulated signaling pathways at specific stages of the metastatic cascade are being discussed. Finally, the most promising therapeutic approaches and novel strategies emerging from these molecular targets that could potentially be clinically applied in the near future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Neophytou
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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17
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Librizzi M, Caradonna F, Cruciata I, Dębski J, Sansook S, Dadlez M, Spencer J, Luparello C. Molecular Signatures Associated with Treatment of Triple-Negative MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors JAHA and SAHA. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2187-2196. [PMID: 29129070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Jay Amin hydroxamic acid (JAHA; N8-ferrocenylN1-hydroxy-octanediamide) is a ferrocene-containing analogue of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). JAHA's cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB231 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells at 72 h has been previously demonstrated with an IC50 of 8.45 μM. JAHA's lethal effect was found linked to perturbations of cell cycle, mitochondrial activity, signal transduction, and autophagy mechanisms. To glean novel insights on how MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells respond to the cytotoxic effect induced by JAHA, and to compare the biological effect with the related compound SAHA, we have employed a combination of differential display-PCR, proteome analysis, and COMET assay techniques and shown some differences in the molecular signature profiles induced by exposure to either HDACis. In particular, in contrast to the more numerous and diversified changes induced by SAHA, JAHA has shown a more selective impact on expression of molecular signatures involved in antioxidant activity and DNA repair. Besides expanding the biological knowledge of the effect exerted by the modifications in compound structures on cell phenotype, the molecular elements put in evidence in our study may provide promising targets for therapeutic interventions on TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Librizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilenia Cruciata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Yeo MK, Kim JY, Seong IO, Kim JM, Kim KH. Phosphorylated Protein Kinase C (Zeta/Lambda) Expression in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Its Correlation with Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis. J Cancer 2017; 8:3371-3377. [PMID: 29158810 PMCID: PMC5665054 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein kinase C zeta/lambda (PKCζ/λ) is a family of protein kinase enzymes that contributes to cell proliferation and regulation, which are important for cancer development. PKCζ/λ has been shown to be an important regulator of tumorigenesis in intestinal cancer. The phosphorylated form of PKCζ/λ, p-PKCζ/λ, is suggested as an active form of PKCζ/λ. However, p-PKCζ/λ expression and its clinicopathologic implication in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRAC) are unclear. Methods: Seven whole-tissue sections of malignant polyps containing both non-neoplastic and neoplastic mucosa, 11 adenomas with low-grade dysplasia, and 173 CRACs were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay for p-PKCζ/λ protein expression. The association of p-PKCζ/λ expression with clinicopathologic factors including patient survival was studied. Results: In non-neoplastic epithelia, p-PKCζ/λ showed a weak cytoplasmic immunostaining. Adenomas and CRACs demonstrated up-regulated p-PKCζ/λ detection. Cytoplasmic p-PKCζ/λ expression was higher in CRAC than in adenoma. In CRACs, p-PKCζ/λ expression was inversely correlated with pathologic TNM stage (I-II versus III-IV) and poor differentiation. Statistical correlations between low expression of p-PKCζ/λ with shortened overall survival and disease-free survival were seen (p=0.004 and p=0.034, respectively). Conclusions: P-PKCζ/λ overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis but down-regulation was a poor prognostic factor in CRAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Yeo
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ock Seong
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Qian J, Chen H, Ji X, Eisenberg R, Chakravarthy AB, Mayer IA, Massion PP. A 3q gene signature associated with triple negative breast cancer organ specific metastasis and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45828. [PMID: 28387221 PMCID: PMC5384279 DOI: 10.1038/srep45828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive tumors, with high rates of metastatic spread and targeted therapies are critically needed. We aimed to assess the prognostic and predictive value of a 3q 19-gene signature identified previously from lung cancer in a collection of 4,801 breast tumor gene expression data. The 3q gene signature had a strong association with features of aggressiveness such as high grade, hormone receptor negativity, presence of a basal-like or TNBC phenotype and reduced distant metastasis free survival. The 3q gene signature was strongly associated with lung metastasis only in TNBC (P < 0.0001, Hazard ratio (HR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-1.60), significantly associated with brain but not bone metastasis regardless of TNBC status. The association of one 3q driver gene FXR1 with distant metastasis in TNBC (P = 0.01) was further validated by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the 3q gene signature was associated with better response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC (P < 0.0001) but not in non-TNBC patients. Our study suggests that the 3q gene signature is a novel prognostic marker for lung and/or brain metastasis and a predictive marker for the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC, implying a potential role for 3q genes in the mechanism of organ-specific metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heidi Chen
- Vanderbilt Center for Quantitative Sciences, Department of Statistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiangming Ji
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rosana Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A Bapsi Chakravarthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ingrid A Mayer
- Divsion of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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dos Santos AF, Terra LF, Wailemann RAM, Oliveira TC, Gomes VDM, Mineiro MF, Meotti FC, Bruni-Cardoso A, Baptista MS, Labriola L. Methylene blue photodynamic therapy induces selective and massive cell death in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:194. [PMID: 28298203 PMCID: PMC5353937 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the main cause of mortality among women. The disease presents high recurrence mainly due to incomplete efficacy of primary treatment in killing all cancer cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an approach that causes tissue destruction by visible light in the presence of a photosensitizer (Ps) and oxygen, appears as a promising alternative therapy that could be used adjunct to chemotherapy and surgery for curing cancer. However, the efficacy of PDT to treat breast tumours as well as the molecular mechanisms that lead to cell death remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we assessed the cell-killing potential of PDT using methylene blue (MB-PDT) in three breast epithelial cell lines that represent non-malignant conditions and different molecular subtypes of breast tumours. Cells were incubated in the absence or presence of MB and irradiated or not at 640 nm with 4.5 J/cm2. We used a combination of imaging and biochemistry approaches to assess the involvement of classical autophagic and apoptotic pathways in mediating the cell-deletion induced by MB-PDT. The role of these pathways was investigated using specific inhibitors, activators and gene silencing. RESULTS We observed that MB-PDT differentially induces massive cell death of tumour cells. Non-malignant cells were significantly more resistant to the therapy compared to malignant cells. Morphological and biochemical analysis of dying cells pointed to alternative mechanisms rather than classical apoptosis. MB-PDT-induced autophagy modulated cell viability depending on the cell model used. However, impairment of one of these pathways did not prevent the fatal destination of MB-PDT treated cells. Additionally, when using a physiological 3D culture model that recapitulates relevant features of normal and tumorous breast tissue morphology, we found that MB-PDT differential action in killing tumour cells was even higher than what was detected in 2D cultures. CONCLUSIONS Finally, our observations underscore the potential of MB-PDT as a highly efficient strategy which could use as a powerful adjunct therapy to surgery of breast tumours, and possibly other types of tumours, to safely increase the eradication rate of microscopic residual disease and thus minimizing the chance of both local and metastatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancély F. dos Santos
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Letícia F. Terra
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Rosangela A. M. Wailemann
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Talita C. Oliveira
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Morais Gomes
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Marcela Franco Mineiro
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Flávia Carla Meotti
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Maurício S. Baptista
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Leticia Labriola
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
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21
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Involvement of Tight Junction Plaque Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Rejon C, Al-Masri M, McCaffrey L. Cell Polarity Proteins in Breast Cancer Progression. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2215-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlis Rejon
- Division of Experimental Medicine; Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Maia Al-Masri
- Division of Experimental Medicine; Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Division of Experimental Medicine; Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; Montreal Canada
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23
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Fields AP, Ali SA, Justilien V, Murray NR. Targeting oncogenic protein kinase Cι for treatment of mutant KRAS LADC. Small GTPases 2016; 8:58-64. [PMID: 27245608 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1194953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US with ∼124,000 new cases annually, and a 5 y survival rate of ∼16%. Mutant KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma (KRAS LADC) is a particularly prevalent and deadly form of lung cancer. Protein kinase Cι (PKCι) is an oncogenic effector of KRAS that activates multiple signaling pathways that stimulate transformed growth and invasion, and maintain a KRAS LADC tumor-initiating cell (TIC) phenotype. PKCι inhibitors used alone and in strategic combination show promise as new therapeutic approaches to treatment of KRAS LADC. These novel drug combinations may improve clinical management of KRAS LADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Fields
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Syed A Ali
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Verline Justilien
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
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Molecular Control of Atypical Protein Kinase C: Tipping the Balance between Self-Renewal and Differentiation. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1455-64. [PMID: 26992354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Complex organisms are faced with the challenge of generating and maintaining diverse cell types, ranging from simple epithelia to neurons and motile immune cells [1-3]. To meet this challenge, a complex set of regulatory pathways controls nearly every aspect of cell growth and function, including genetic and epigenetic programming, cytoskeleton dynamics, and protein trafficking. The far reach of cell fate specification pathways makes it particularly catastrophic when they malfunction, both during development and for tissue homeostasis in adult organisms. Furthermore, the therapeutic promise of stem cells derives from their ability to deftly navigate the multitude of pathways that control cell fate [4]. How the molecular components making up these pathways function to specify cell fate is beginning to become clear. Work from diverse systems suggests that the atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC) is a key regulator of cell fate decisions in metazoans [5-7]. Here, we examine some of the diverse physiological outcomes of aPKC's function in differentiation, along with the molecular pathways that control aPKC and those that are responsive to changes in its catalytic activity.
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25
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PKCiota promotes ovarian tumor progression through deregulation of cyclin E. Oncogene 2015; 35:2428-40. [PMID: 26279297 PMCID: PMC4856585 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The high frequency of relapse of epithelial ovarian tumors treated with standard chemotherapy has highlighted the necessity to identify targeted therapies that can improve patient outcomes. The dynamic relationship between Cyclin E and PKCiota frequent overexpression in high-grade ovarian tumors poses a novel pathway for therapeutic investigation. We hypothesized that a PI3K dependent signaling pathway activating PKCiota perpetuates cyclin E deregulation during ovarian tumorigenesis. We observed a positive correlation between PKCiota and cyclin E in a panel of 19 ovarian cancer cell lines. Modulation of cyclin E had no effect on PKCiota knockdown/overexpression however PKCiota differentially regulated cyclin E expression. In the serous ovarian cancer cells (IGROV, OVCAR-3), shPKCiota decreased proliferation, caused a G1 arrest, and significantly prolonged overall survival in xenograft mouse models. In vitro shPKCiota decreased the ability of IGROV cells to grow under anchorage independent conditions and form aberrant acini, which was dependent upon Ad-cyclin E or Ad-LMW-E expression. RPPA analysis of PKCiota wild-type, catalytic active, dominant negative protein isoforms strengthened the association between phospho-PKCiota levels and PI3K pathway activation. Inhibitors of PI3K coordinately decreased phospho-PKCiota and Cyclin E protein levels. In conclusion, we have identified a PI3K/PKCiota/Cyclin E signaling pathway as a therapeutic target during ovarian tumorigenesis.
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26
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Archibald A, Al-Masri M, Liew-Spilger A, McCaffrey L. Atypical protein kinase C induces cell transformation by disrupting Hippo/Yap signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3578-95. [PMID: 26269582 PMCID: PMC4603929 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are major sites of malignant transformation. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms are overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. Using normal, highly polarized epithelial cells (MDCK and NMuMG), we report that aPKC gain of function overcomes contact inhibited growth and is sufficient for a transformed epithelial phenotype. In 2D cultures, aPKC induced cells to grow as stratified epithelia, whereas cells grew as solid spheres of nonpolarized cells in 3D culture. aPKC associated with Mst1/2, which uncoupled Mst1/2 from Lats1/2 and promoted nuclear accumulation of Yap1. Of importance, Yap1 was necessary for aPKC-mediated overgrowth but did not restore cell polarity defects, indicating that the two are separable events. In MDCK cells, Yap1 was sequestered to cell-cell junctions by Amot, and aPKC overexpression resulted in loss of Amot expression and a spindle-like cell phenotype. Reexpression of Amot was sufficient to restore an epithelial cobblestone appearance, Yap1 localization, and growth control. In contrast, the effect of aPKC on Hippo/Yap signaling and overgrowth in NMuMG cells was independent of Amot. Finally, increased expression of aPKC in human cancers strongly correlated with increased nuclear accumulation of Yap1, indicating that the effect of aPKC on transformed growth by deregulating Hippo/Yap1 signaling may be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Archibald
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maia Al-Masri
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alyson Liew-Spilger
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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27
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PKCζ Promotes Breast Cancer Invasion by Regulating Expression of E-cadherin and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) via NFκB-p65. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26218882 PMCID: PMC4648478 DOI: 10.1038/srep12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical Protein Kinase C zeta (PKCζ) forms Partitioning-defective (PAR) polarity complex for apico-basal distribution of membrane proteins essential to maintain normal cellular junctional complexes and tissue homeostasis. Consistently, tumor suppressive role of PKCζ has been established for multiple human cancers. However, recent studies also indicate pro-oncogenic function of PKCζ without firm understanding of detailed molecular mechanism. Here we report a possible mechanism of oncogenic PKCζ signaling in the context of breast cancer. We observed that depletion of PKCζ promotes epithelial morphology in mesenchymal-like MDA-MB-231 cells. The induction of epithelial morphology is associated with significant upregulation of adherens junction (AJ) protein E-cadherin and tight junction (TJ) protein Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1). Functionally, depletion of PKCζ significantly inhibits invasion and metastatic progression. Consistently, we observed higher expression and activation of PKCζ signaling in invasive and metastatic breast cancers compared to non-invasive diseases. Mechanistically, an oncogenic PKCζ– NFκB-p65 signaling node might be involved to suppress E-cadherin and ZO-1 expression and ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of NFκB-p65 (S536E-NFκB-p65) significantly rescues invasive potential of PKCζ-depleted breast cancer cells. Thus, our study discovered a PKCζ - NFκB-p65 signaling pathway might be involved to alter cellular junctional dynamics for breast cancer invasive progression.
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28
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Is androgen receptor targeting an emerging treatment strategy for triple negative breast cancer? Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:547-53. [PMID: 25944485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype. The absence of expression and/or amplification of estrogen and progesterone receptor as well as ERBB-2 prevent the use of currently available endocrine options and/or ERBB-2-directed drugs and indicates chemotherapy as the main current therapy. TNBC represents approximately 15% of breast cancer cases with high index of heterogeneity. Here, we review the role of androgen receptor in breast carcinogenesis and its association with alterations in the expression pattern and functional roles of regulatory molecules and signal transduction pathways in TNBC. Additionally, based on the so far preclinical and clinical published data, we evaluate the perspectives for using and/or developing androgen receptor targeting strategies for specific TNBC subtypes.
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Paul A, Paul S. PKCλ/ι signaling-a common node for normal cellular development and breast oncogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e975076. [PMID: 27308429 PMCID: PMC4905021 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that PKCλ/ι signaling is an important contributor to breast cancer development. Strikingly, PKCλ/ι signaling is also important to balance self-renewal versus differentiation in pluripotent stem cells and is essential for embryonic development. This commentary highlights some key functions of PKCλ/ι signaling that are integral to both normal development and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Paul
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Soumen Paul
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA
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30
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Sui X, Wang X, Han W, Li D, Xu Y, Lou F, Zhou J, Gu X, Zhu J, Zhang C, Pan H. MicroRNAs-mediated cell fate in triple negative breast cancers. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:8-12. [PMID: 25748387 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function as major modulators of posttranscriptional protein-coding gene expression in diverse biological processes including cell survival, cell cycle arrest, senescence, autophagy, and differentiation. The control of miRNAs plays an important role in cancer initiation and metastasis. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct breast cancer subtype, which is defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu). Due to its high recurrence rate and poor prognosis, TNBC represents a challenge for breast cancer therapy. In recent years, a large number of microRNAs have been identified to play a crucial role in TNBC and some of them were found to be correlated with worse prognosis of TNBC. Thus, understanding the novel function of miRNAs may allow us to develop promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xidong Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Gödde NJ, Pearson HB, Smith LK, Humbert PO. Dissecting the role of polarity regulators in cancer through the use of mouse models. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:249-57. [PMID: 25179759 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity and tissue architecture is a hallmark of aggressive epithelial cancers. In addition to serving as an initial barrier to tumorigenesis, evidence in the literature has pointed towards a highly conserved role for many polarity regulators during tumor formation and progression. Here, we review recent developments in the field that have been driven by genetically engineered mouse models that establish the tumor suppressive and context dependent oncogenic function of cell polarity regulators in vivo. These studies emphasize the complexity of the polarity network during cancer formation and progression, and reveal the need to interpret polarity protein function in a cell-type and tissue specific manner. They also highlight how aberrant polarity signaling could provide a novel route for therapeutic intervention to improve our management of malignancies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Gödde
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia
| | - Helen B Pearson
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorey K Smith
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Departments of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Spanish Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: case-control EpiGEICAM study. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1454-62. [PMID: 25101568 PMCID: PMC4183855 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there are solid findings regarding the detrimental effect of alcohol consumption, the existing evidence on the effect of other dietary factors on breast cancer (BC) risk is inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and risk of BC in Spanish women, stratifying by menopausal status and tumour subtype, and to compare the results with those of Alternate Healthy Index (AHEI) and Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED). METHODS We recruited 1017 incident BC cases and 1017 matched healthy controls of similar age (±5 years) without a history of BC. The association between 'a priori' and 'a posteriori' developed dietary patterns and BC in general and according to menopausal status and intrinsic tumour subtypes (ER+/PR+ and HER2-; HER2+; and ER-/PR- and HER2-) was evaluated using logistic and multinomial regression models. RESULTS Adherence to the Western dietary pattern was related to higher risk of BC (OR for the top vs the bottom quartile 1.46 (95% CI 1.06-2.01)), especially in premenopausal women (OR=1.75; 95% CI 1.14-2.67). In contrast, the Mediterranean pattern was related to a lower risk (OR for the top quartile vs the bottom quartile 0.56 (95% CI 0.40-0.79)). Although the deleterious effect of the Western pattern was similarly observed in all tumour subtypes, the protective effect of our Mediterranean pattern was stronger for triple-negative tumours (OR=0.32; 95% CI 0.15-0.66 and Pheterogeneity=0.04). No association was found between adherence to the Prudent pattern and BC risk. The associations between 'a priori' indices and BC risk were less marked (OR for the top vs the bottom quartile of AHEI=0.69; 95% CI 0.51-0.94 and aMED=0.74; 95% CI 0.46-1.18)). CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the harmful effect of a Western diet on BC risk, and add new evidence on the benefits of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, oily fish and vegetable oils for preventing all BC subtypes, and particularly triple-negative tumours.
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