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Wajapeyee N, Beamon TC, Gupta R. Roles and therapeutic targeting of ceramide metabolism in cancer. Mol Metab 2024; 83:101936. [PMID: 38599378 PMCID: PMC11031839 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceramides are sphingolipids that act as signaling molecules involved in regulating cellular processes including apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism. Deregulation of ceramide metabolism contributes to cancer development and progression. Therefore, regulation of ceramide levels in cancer cells is being explored as a new approach for cancer therapy. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review discusses the multiple roles of ceramides in cancer cells and strategies to modulate ceramide levels for cancer therapy. Ceramides attenuate cell survival signaling and metabolic pathways, while activating apoptotic mechanisms, making them tumor-suppressive. Approaches to increase ceramide levels in cancer cells include using synthetic analogs, inhibiting ceramide degradation, and activating ceramide synthesis. We also highlight combination therapies such as use of ceramide modulators with chemotherapies, immunotherapies, apoptosis inducers, and anti-angiogenics, which offer synergistic antitumor effects. Additionally, we also describe ongoing clinical trials evaluating ceramide nanoliposomes and analogs. Finally, we discuss the challenges of these therapeutic approaches including the complexity of ceramide metabolism, targeted delivery, cancer heterogeneity, resistance mechanisms, and long-term safety. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Ceramide-based therapy is a potentially promising approach for cancer therapy. However, overcoming hurdles in pharmacokinetics, specificity, and resistance is needed to optimize its efficacy and safety. This requires comprehensive preclinical/clinical studies into ceramide signaling, formulations, and combination therapies. Ceramide modulation offers opportunities for developing novel cancer treatments, but a deeper understanding of ceramide biology is vital to advance its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Teresa Chiyanne Beamon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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2
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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Graphene Oxide Enhances Biogenesis and Release of Exosomes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5697-5731. [PMID: 36466784 PMCID: PMC9717435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, which are nanovesicles secreted by almost all the cells, mediate intercellular communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to investigate the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells. METHODS Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick and characterized by various analytical techniques. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Graphene oxide (10-50 μg/mL), cisplatin (2-10 μg/mL), and C6-ceramide (5-25 μM) inhibited the cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We observed that graphene oxide (GO), cisplatin (CIS), and C6-Ceramide (C6-Cer) stimulated acetylcholine esterase and neutral sphingomyelinase activity, total exosome protein concentration, and exosome counts associated with increased level of apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In contrast, GW4869 treatment inhibits biogenesis and release of exosomes. We observed that the human ovarian cancer cells secreted exosomes with typical cup-shaped morphology and surface protein biomarkers. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in GO-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from GO-treated SKOV3 cells than in those isolated from control cells. SKOV3 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 displayed a significant reduction in GO-induced exosome biogenesis and release. Furthermore, endocytic inhibitors decrease exosome biogenesis and release by impairing endocytic pathways. CONCLUSION This study identifies GO as a potential tool for targeting the exosome pathway and stimulating exosome biogenesis and release. We believe that the knowledge acquired in this study can be potentially extended to other exosome-dominated pathologies and model systems. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can provide a promising means to enhance exosome production in SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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3
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Kaur S, Rajoria P, Chopra M. HDAC6: A unique HDAC family member as a cancer target. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:779-829. [PMID: 36036883 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDAC6, a structurally and functionally distinct member of the HDAC family, is an integral part of multiple cellular functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, DNA damage and genomic stability, all of which when deregulated contribute to carcinogenesis. Among several HDAC family members known so far, HDAC6 holds a unique position. It differs from the other HDAC family members not only in terms of its subcellular localization, but also in terms of its substrate repertoire and hence cellular functions. Recent findings have considerably expanded the research related to the substrate pool, biological functions and regulation of HDAC6. Studies in HDAC6 knockout mice highlighted the importance of HDAC6 as a cell survival player in stressful situations, making it an important anticancer target. There is ample evidence stressing the importance of HDAC6 as an anti-cancer synergistic partner of many chemotherapeutic drugs. HDAC6 inhibitors have been found to enhance the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as DNA damaging agents, proteasome inhibitors and microtubule inhibitors, thereby highlighting the importance of combination therapies involving HDAC6 inhibitors and other anti-cancer agents. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present a review on HDAC6 with emphasis on its role as a critical regulator of specific physiological cellular pathways which when deregulated contribute to tumorigenesis, thereby highlighting the importance of HDAC6 inhibitors as important anticancer agents alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. We also discuss the synergistic anticancer effect of combination therapies of HDAC6 inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Prerna Rajoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Madhu Chopra
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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4
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Vu NT, Kim M, Stephenson DJ, MacKnight HP, Chalfant CE. Ceramide Kinase Inhibition Drives Ferroptosis and Sensitivity to Cisplatin in Mutant KRAS Lung Cancer by Dysregulating VDAC-Mediated Mitochondria Function. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1429-1442. [PMID: 35560154 PMCID: PMC9444881 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide kinase (CERK) is the mammalian lipid kinase from which the bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), is derived. CERK has been implicated in several promalignant phenotypes with little known as to mechanistic underpinnings. In this study, the mechanism of how CERK inhibition decreases cell survival in mutant (Mut) KRAS non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a major lung cancer subtype, was revealed. Specifically, NSCLC cells possessing a KRAS mutation were more responsive to inhibition, downregulation, and genetic ablation of CERK compared with those with wild-type (WT) KRAS regarding a reduction in cell survival. Inhibition of CERK induced ferroptosis in Mut KRAS NSCLC cells, which required elevating VDAC-regulated mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, through modulation of VDAC, CERK inhibition synergized with the first-line NSCLC treatment, cisplatin, in reducing cell survival and in vivo tumor growth. Further mechanistic studies indicated that CERK inhibition affected MMP and cell survival by limiting AKT activation and translocation to mitochondria, and thus, blocking VDAC phosphorylation and tubulin recruitment. IMPLICATIONS Our findings depict how CERK inhibition may serve as a new key point in combination therapeutic strategy for NSCLC, specifically precision therapeutics targeting NSCLC possessing a KRAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc T. Vu
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel J. Stephenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - H. Patrick MacKnight
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Program in Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, 22903,Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond VA, 23298,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Charles E. Chalfant, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, P.O. Box 801398, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, or
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Yi JK, Xu R, Obeid LM, Hannun YA, Airola MV, Mao C. Alkaline ceramidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ceramides via a catalytic mechanism shared by Zn2+-dependent amidases. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271540. [PMID: 36048828 PMCID: PMC9436119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human alkaline ceramidase 3 (ACER3) is one of three alkaline ceramidases (ACERs) that catalyze the conversion of ceramide to sphingosine. ACERs are members of the CREST superfamily of integral-membrane hydrolases. All CREST members conserve a set of three Histidine, one Aspartate, and one Serine residue. Although the structure of ACER3 was recently reported, catalytic roles for these residues have not been biochemically tested. Here, we use ACER3 as a prototype enzyme to gain insight into this unique class of enzymes. Recombinant ACER3 was expressed in yeast mutant cells that lack endogenous ceramidase activity, and microsomes were used for biochemical characterization. Six-point mutants of the conserved CREST motif were developed that form a Zn-binding active site based on a recent crystal structure of human ACER3. Five point mutants completely lost their activity, with the exception of S77A, which showed a 600-fold decrease compared with the wild-type enzyme. The activity of S77C mutant was pH sensitive, with neutral pH partially recovering ACER3 activity. This suggested a role for S77 in stabilizing the oxyanion of the transition state. Together, these data indicate that ACER3 is a Zn2+-dependent amidase that catalyzes hydrolysis of ceramides via a similar mechanism to other soluble Zn-based amidases. Consistent with this notion, ACER3 was specifically inhibited by trichostatin A, a strong zinc chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyo Yi
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Cungui Mao
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
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Matos B, Howl J, Jerónimo C, Fardilha M. Modulation of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complexes: A promising approach in cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2680-2698. [PMID: 34390863 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic options, tumor heterogeneity and chemoresistance have limited the success of these treatments, and the development of effective anticancer therapies remains a major focus in oncology research. The serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and its complexes have been recognized as potential drug targets. Research on the modulation of PP1 complexes is currently at an early stage, but has immense potential. Chemically diverse compounds have been developed to disrupt or stabilize different PP1 complexes in various cancer types, with the objective of inhibiting disease progression. Beneficial results obtained in vitro now require further pre-clinical and clinical validation. In conclusion, the modulation of PP1 complexes seems to be a promising, albeit challenging, therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Matos
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - John Howl
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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7
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen T, Wang H, Liang X, Zhang Y, Duan J, Qian S, Qiao K, Zhang L, Liu Y, Wang J. C24-Ceramide Drives Gallbladder Cancer Progression Through Directly Targeting Phosphatidylinositol 5-Phosphate 4-Kinase Type-2 Gamma to Facilitate Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Activation. Hepatology 2021; 73:692-712. [PMID: 32374916 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The wide prevalence of chemoresistance and compromised early diagnosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) has led to poor patient prognosis, requiring sustained efforts for the identification of effective biomarkers and therapeutic intervention. Ceramides have emerged as intracellular signaling molecules linked to tumorigenesis and therapeutic response in cancers. However, the clinical relevance of ceramides with GBC has not been investigated. APPROACH AND RESULTS In the present study, we revealed aberrant gene expressions (e.g., serine palmitoyltransferase 1 [SPTLC1] and ceramide synthase 2 [CERS2]) of de novo ceramide biosynthesis and length-specific ceramide production in GBC tissues. Analyses of serum ceramide pattern in healthy controls, gallbladder stone, and GBC patients identified C24-Ceramide as a potential diagnostic biomarker for patients with GBC. Importantly, elevation of SPTLC1, CERS2, and its product, C24-Ceramide, was associated with tumor staging, distal metastasis, and worse prognosis. In line with this, C24 -Ceramide promoted GBC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, C24-Ceramide directly bound to phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 gamma (PIP4K2C), a regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), to facilitate mTOR complex formation and activation. C6-Ceramide, an analogue of natural ceramide, competed with C24-Ceramide for PIP4K2C binding, thereby abrogating C24-Ceramide-mediated mTOR signaling activation and oncogenic activity. Furthermore, stimulation with C6-Ceramide significantly suppressed the proliferative and metastatic capacity of GBC cells in vitro and in vivo, which was dependent on PIP4K2C. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the clinical relevance of ceramide metabolism with GBC progression and identify C24-Ceramide as a diagnostic biomarker for GBC. We propose that PIP4K2C is indispensable for C6-Ceramide as a potential therapeutic intervention for GBC through a direct competition with C24-Ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haolu Wang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia.,Gallipoli Medical Research InstituteGreenslopes Private HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia.,Gallipoli Medical Research InstituteGreenslopes Private HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jinlin Duan
- Department of Pathology Affiliated Tongren HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shenjiao Qian
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ke Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH)Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical SchoolFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Clinical Stem Cell CenterRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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Nudelman V, Zahalka MA, Nudelman A, Rephaeli A, Kessler-Icekson G. Cardioprotection by AN-7, a prodrug of the histone deacetylase inhibitor butyric acid: Selective activity in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173255. [PMID: 32553737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer prodrug butyroyloxymethyl diethylphosphate (AN-7), upon metabolic hydrolysis, releases the histone deacetylase inhibitor butyric acid and imparts histone hyperacetylation. We have shown previously that AN-7 increases doxorubicin-induced cancer cell death and reduces doxorubicin toxicity and hypoxic damage to the heart and cardiomyocytes. The cardiofibroblasts remain unprotected against both insults. Herein we examined the selective effect of AN-7 on hypoxic cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts and investigated mechanisms underlying the cell specific response. Hypoxic cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts or H2O2-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, were treated with AN-7 and cell damage and death were evaluated as well as cell signaling pathways and the expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). AN-7 diminished hypoxia-induced mitochondrial damage and cell death in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and reduced hydrogen peroxide damage in H9c2 cells while increasing cell injury and death in hypoxic cardiofibroblasts. In the cell line, AN-7 induced Akt and ERK survival pathway activation in a kinase-specific manner including phosphorylation of the respective downstream targets, GSK-3β and BAD. Hypoxic cardiomyocytes responded to AN-7 treatment by enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, GSK-3β and BAD and a significant 6-fold elevation in HO-1 levels. In hypoxic cardiofibroblasts, AN-7 did not activate Akt and ERK beyond the effect of hypoxia alone and induced a limited (~1.5-fold) increase in HO-1. The cell specific differences in kinase activation and in heme oxygenase-1 upregulation may explain, at least in part, the disparate outcome of AN-7 treatment in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and hypoxic cardiofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Nudelman
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Muayad A Zahalka
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Abraham Nudelman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Ada Rephaeli
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Gania Kessler-Icekson
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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9
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Wei K, Sun H, Chen X, Chen Q, Li Y, Wu H. Furowanin A Exhibits Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Activities by Targeting Sphingosine Kinase 1 in Osteosarcoma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1941-1949. [PMID: 31197942 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant bone tumors among children and young adults. Furowanin A (Fur A), one of the active ingredients of Millettia pachycarpa Benth, has been found to exert pro-apoptotic activity in human leukemia cells. This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of Fur A against OS. The effect of Fur A on cell viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to determine the protein and mRNA level of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), respectively. To validate the role of SphK1 in the pro-apoptotic activity of Fur A, overexpressing SphK1 vector and siRNA targeting SphK1 were utilized to transfect OS cells. Moreover, an OS xenograft murine model was used to analyze the therapeutic efficacy of Fur A in vivo. Fur A treatment led to a dose-dependent decrease in the number of viable cells. It also exhibited antiproliferative activity and significantly promoted apoptotic cell death in OS cell lines. Our results showed that the anticancer activity of Fur A was associated with downregulation of SphK1 and inactivation of its downstream signaling. The mediatory role of SphK1 was validated when the pro-apoptotic activity of Fur A was significantly blocked by SphK1 overexpression, while SphK1 knockdown sensitized the OS cells to Fur A. We concluded that Fur A can exhibit anti-growth and pro-apoptotic activities in vitro and in vivo in OS by downregulating SphK1. Our study highlights the possibility of utilizing Fur A as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of OS. Anat Rec, 302:1941-1949, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haixia Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiwang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Dadsena S, Bockelmann S, Mina JGM, Hassan DG, Korneev S, Razzera G, Jahn H, Niekamp P, Müller D, Schneider M, Tafesse FG, Marrink SJ, Melo MN, Holthuis JCM. Ceramides bind VDAC2 to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1832. [PMID: 31015432 PMCID: PMC6478893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides draw wide attention as tumor suppressor lipids that act directly on mitochondria to trigger apoptotic cell death. However, molecular details of the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Using a photoactivatable ceramide probe, we here identify the voltage-dependent anion channels VDAC1 and VDAC2 as mitochondrial ceramide binding proteins. Coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations reveal that both channels harbor a ceramide binding site on one side of the barrel wall. This site includes a membrane-buried glutamate that mediates direct contact with the ceramide head group. Substitution or chemical modification of this residue abolishes photolabeling of both channels with the ceramide probe. Unlike VDAC1 removal, loss of VDAC2 or replacing its membrane-facing glutamate with glutamine renders human colon cancer cells largely resistant to ceramide-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our data support a role of VDAC2 as direct effector of ceramide-mediated cell death, providing a molecular framework for how ceramides exert their anti-neoplastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Svenja Bockelmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- School of Science, Engineering and Design, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK.
| | - Dina G Hassan
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Guilherme Razzera
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Helene Jahn
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patrick Niekamp
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dagmar Müller
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Plant Physiology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestraße 77, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestraße 77, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Kreitzburg KM, van Waardenburg RCAM, Yoon KJ. Sphingolipid metabolism and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1:181-197. [PMID: 31891125 PMCID: PMC6936734 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2018.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding molecular aberrations that contribute to the development and progression of ovarian cancer, virtually all patients succumb to drug resistant disease at relapse. Emerging data implicate bioactive sphingolipids and regulation of sphingolipid metabolism as components of response to chemotherapy or development of resistance. Increases in cytosolic ceramide induce apoptosis in response to therapy with multiple classes of chemotherapeutic agents. Aberrations in sphingolipid metabolism that accelerate the catabolism of ceramide or that prevent the production and accumulation of ceramide contribute to resistance to standard of care platinum- and taxane-based agents. The aim of this review is to highlight current literature and research investigating the influence of the sphingolipids and enzymes that comprise the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway on the progression of ovarian cancer. The focus of the review is on the utility of sphingolipid-centric therapeutics as a mechanism to circumvent drug resistance in this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Kreitzburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Karina J Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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12
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FTY720 enhances the anti-tumor activity of carboplatin and tamoxifen in a patient-derived xenograft model of ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 436:75-86. [PMID: 30120964 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States. Although most patients respond to frontline therapy, virtually all patients relapse with chemoresistant disease. This study addresses the hypothesis that carboplatin or tamoxifen + FTY720, a sphingosine analogue, will minimize or circumvent drug-resistance in ovarian cancer cells and tumor models. In vitro data demonstrate that FTY720 sensitized two drug-resistant (A2780. cp20, HeyA8. MDR) and two high-grade serous ovarian cancer cell lines (COV362, CAOV3) to carboplatin, a standard of care for patients with ovarian cancer, and to the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen. FTY720 + tamoxifen was synergistic in vitro, and combinations of FTY720 + carboplatin or + tamoxifen were more effective than each single agent in a patient-derived xenograft model of ovarian carcinoma. FTY720 + tamoxifen arrested tumor growth. FTY720 + carboplatin induced tumor regressions, with tumor volumes reduced by ∼86% compared to initial tumor volumes. Anti-tumor efficacy was concomitant with increases in intracellular proapoptotic lipid ceramide. The data suggest that FTY720 + tamoxifen or carboplatin may be effective in treating ovarian tumors.
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13
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Li JP, Huang ZJ, Lu XS, Zhou YC, Shao Y, He XP, Chen SR, Wang DD, Qin LS, Sun WH. Pre-clinical characterization of PKC412, a multi-kinase inhibitor, against colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77815-77824. [PMID: 27780925 PMCID: PMC5363623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effect of PKC412, a small molecular multi-kinase inhibitor, in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells was evaluated here. We showed that PKC412 was cytotoxic and anti-proliferative against CRC cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, HT-15 and DLD-1) and primary CRC cells. PKC412 provoked caspase-dependent apoptotic death, and induced G2-M arrest in the CRC cells. AKT activation was inhibited by PKC412 in CRC cells. Reversely, expression of constitutively-active AKT1 (CA-AKT1) decreased the PKC412's cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells. We propose that Bcl-2 could be a primary resistance factor of PKC412. ABT-737, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, or Bcl-2 siRNA knockdown, dramatically potentiated PKC412's lethality against CRC cells. Forced Bcl-2 over-expression, on the other hand, attenuated PKC412's cytotoxicity. Significantly, PKC412 oral administration suppressed AKT activation and inhibited HT-29 tumor growth in nude mice. Mice survival was also improved with PKC412 administration. These results indicate that PKC412 may have potential value for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Li
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Huang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Xing-Sheng Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chan Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Shao
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Pu He
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Rong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Li-Sen Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng Pavilion Lake District People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Wei-Hao Sun
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Wang T, Feng L, Yang S, Liu Y, Zhang N. Ceramide lipid-based nanosuspension for enhanced delivery of docetaxel with synergistic antitumor efficiency. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:800-810. [PMID: 28502199 PMCID: PMC8241063 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1225853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide (CE), a bioactive lipid with tumor suppression, has been widely used as a drug carrier and enhancer for cancer therapy. CE-based combination therapy was prone to be attractive in cancer therapy. In our previous study, the combination of CE and docetaxel (DTX) was proved to be an effective strategy for cancer therapy. To further improve the antitumor efficiency of DTX, the CE lipid-based nanosuspensions (LNS) was prepared for the delivery of DTX to exhibit synergistic therapeutic effect. The enhanced delivery and synergistic therapeutic effect of DTX-loaded CE-LNS (CE + DTX-LNS) were evaluated. CE + DTX-LNS exhibited spherical or ellipsoidal shape, uniform particle size distribution (108.1 ± 3.8 nm), sustained release characteristics and good stability in vitro. Notably, CE + DTX-LNS could effectively co-localize CE and DTX into same tumor cell and subsequently play synergistic cell damage effect compared with CE-LNS + DTX-LNS (p < 0.05). The in vivo fluorescence imaging results showed that CE + DTX-LNS could effectively prolong the in vivo circulation time and enhance the accumulation in tumor sites. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy of CE + DTX-LNS observed in B16 murine melanoma model was 93.94 ± 2.77%, significantly higher than that of CE-LNS, DTX-LNS, Duopafei® (p < 0.01) and CE-LNS + DTX-LNS (p < 0.05), respectively, demonstrating that co-delivery of CE and DTX into same tumor cell was the basis for enhanced synergistic therapeutic effect. Furthermore, histological examination of Blank-LNS showed no visible tissue toxicity compared to normal saline. Consequently, CE-LNS could effectively delivery DTX and CE + DTX-LNS exhibit synergistic inhibition of tumor growth due to the co-localization of CE and DTX. CE-LNS hold great potential to be an appropriate carrier for CE-based combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University , Ji'nan , People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Feng
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University , Ji'nan , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaomei Yang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University , Ji'nan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University , Ji'nan , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University , Ji'nan , People's Republic of China
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15
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Ji C, Yang B, Huang SY, Huang JW, Cheng B. Salubrinal protects human skin fibroblasts against UVB-induced cell death by blocking endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and regulating calcium homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1371-1376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Lernoux M, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Anti-cancer effects of naturally derived compounds targeting histone deacetylase 6-related pathways. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:337-356. [PMID: 29133216 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the epigenetic machinery, affecting multiple biological functions, represent a major hallmark enabling the development of tumors. Among epigenetic regulatory proteins, histone deacetylase (HDAC)6 has emerged as an interesting potential therapeutic target towards a variety of diseases including cancer. Accordingly, this isoenzyme regulates many vital cellular regulatory processes and pathways essential to physiological homeostasis, as well as tumor multistep transformation involving initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis. In this review, we will consequently discuss the critical implications of HDAC6 in distinct mechanisms relevant to physiological and cancerous conditions, as well as the anticancer properties of synthetic, natural and natural-derived compounds through the modulation of HDAC6-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Lernoux
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9, Edward Steichen Street, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9, Edward Steichen Street, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9, Edward Steichen Street, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, South Korea.
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17
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Synthesis and evaluation of xanthone derivatives as acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors: potential treatment for UV-induced skin damage. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1887-1898. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: ASM, which hydrolyzes sphingomyelin into ceramide, is recognized as a therapeutic target for UV-induced skin damage. Direct inhibitors for this enzyme are rare. Here we synthesized several series of 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-xanthone derivatives as novel ASM inhibitors. Results: Several compounds were more potent than the lead compound, among which 5b was found competitively inhibiting the enzyme and dose-dependently reducing ceramide generation. Furthermore, 5b and 5c showed excellent protective effect to skin keratinocytes against UV. Quantitative structure–activity relationship investigation revealed detail relationships between molecular structure and biological activity. Insight into the binding mode was precisely illuminated by molecule docking. Conclusion: This work would provide fresh ideas and strong supports for further development of ASM inhibitors and drug candidates for skin damage.
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18
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Yang B, Xu QY, Guo CY, Huang JW, Wang SM, Li YM, Tu Y, He L, Bi ZG, Ji C, Cheng B. MHY1485 ameliorates UV-induced skin cell damages via activating mTOR-Nrf2 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12775-12783. [PMID: 28061443 PMCID: PMC5355053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra Violet (UV)-caused skin cell damage is a main cause of skin cancer. Here, we studied the activity of MHY1485, a mTOR activator, in UV-treated skin cells. In primary human skin keratinocytes, HaCaT keratinocytes and human skin fibroblasts, MHY1485 ameliorated UV-induced cell death and apoptosis. mTOR activation is required for MHY1485-induced above cytoprotective actions. mTOR kinase inhibitors (OSI-027, AZD-8055 and AZD-2014) or mTOR shRNA knockdown almost abolished MHY1485-induced cytoprotection. Further, MHY1485 treatment in skin cells activated mTOR downstream NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, causing Nrf2 Ser-40 phosphorylation, stabilization/upregulation and nuclear translocation, as well as mRNA expression of Nrf2-dictated genes. Contrarily, Nrf2 knockdown or S40T mutation almost nullified MHY1485-induced cytoprotection. MHY1485 suppressed UV-induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA single strand breaks in skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Together, we conclude that MHY1485 inhibits UV-induced skin cell damages via activating mTOR-Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Wen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Kunming, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Bi
- Department of Dermatology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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19
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Vetterkind S, Lin QQ, Morgan KG. A novel mechanism of ERK1/2 regulation in smooth muscle involving acetylation of the ERK1/2 scaffold IQGAP1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9302. [PMID: 28839270 PMCID: PMC5571205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide, a bioactive lipid and signaling molecule associated with cardiovascular disease, is known to activate extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Here, we determined that the effect of ceramide on ERK1/2 is mediated by ceramide signaling on an ERK scaffold protein, IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1). Experiments were performed with aortic smooth muscle cells using inhibitor screening, small interfering RNA (siRNA), immunoprecipitation (IP), immunoblots and bioinformatics. We report here that C6 ceramide increases serum-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in a manner dependent on the ERK1/2 scaffold IQGAP1. C6 ceramide increases IQGAP1 protein levels by preventing its cleavage. Bioinformatic analysis of the IQGAP1 amino acid sequence revealed potential cleavage sites for proteases of the proprotein convertase family that match the cleavage products. These potential cleavage sites overlap with known motifs for lysine acetylation. Deacetylase inhibitor treatment increased IQGAP1 acetylation and reduced IQGAP1 cleavage. These data are consistent with a model in which IQGAP1 cleavage is regulated by acetylation of the cleavage sites. Activation of ERK1/2 by ceramide, known to increase lysine acetylation, appears to be mediated by acetylation-dependent stabilization of IQGAP1. This novel mechanism could open new possibilities for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vetterkind
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Qian Lin
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Kathleen G Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, 02215, USA.
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20
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Ji C, Huang JW, Xu QY, Zhang J, Lin MT, Tu Y, He L, Bi ZG, Cheng B. Gremlin inhibits UV-induced skin cell damages via activating VEGFR2-Nrf2 signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:84748-84757. [PMID: 27713170 PMCID: PMC5356696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra Violet (UV) radiation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA oxidation and single strand breaks (SSBs), which will eventually lead to skin cell damages or even skin cancer. Here, we tested the potential activity of gremlin, a novel vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) agonist, against UV-induced skin cell damages. We show that gremlin activated VEGFR2 and significantly inhibited UV-induced death and apoptosis of skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Pharmacological inhibition or shRNA-mediated knockdown of VEGFR2 almost abolished gremlin-mediated cytoprotection against UV in the skin cells. Further studies showed that gremlin activated VEGFR2 downstream NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, which appeared required for subsequent skin cell protection. Nrf2 shRNA knockdown or S40T dominant negative mutation largely inhibited gremlin-mediated skin cell protection against UV. At last, we show that gremlin dramatically inhibited UV-induced ROS production and DNA SSB formation in skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We conclude that gremlin protects skin cells from UV damages via activating VEGFR2-Nrf2 signaling. Gremlin could be further tested as a novel anti-UV skin protectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Jin-wen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Qiu-yun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Meng-ting Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-gang Bi
- Department of Dermatology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
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21
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Jain A, Beutel O, Ebell K, Korneev S, Holthuis JCM. Diverting CERT-mediated ceramide transport to mitochondria triggers Bax-dependent apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:360-371. [PMID: 27888218 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A deregulation of ceramide biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is frequently linked to induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. Although in vitro studies suggest that ceramides might initiate cell death by acting directly on mitochondria, their actual contribution to the apoptotic response in living cells is unclear. Here, we have analyzed the consequences of targeting the biosynthetic flow of ceramides to mitochondria using a ceramide transfer protein (encoded by COL4A3BP) equipped with an OMM anchor, mitoCERT. Cells expressing mitoCERT import ceramides into mitochondria and undergo Bax-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis induction by mitoCERT was abolished through (i) removal of its ceramide transfer domain, (ii) disruption of its interaction with VAMP-associated proteins (VAPs) in the ER, (iii) addition of antagonistic CERT inhibitor HPA12, (iv) blocking de novo ceramide synthesis and (v) targeting of a bacterial ceramidase to mitochondria. Our data provide the first demonstration that translocation of ER ceramides to mitochondria specifically commits cells to death and establish mitoCERT as a valuable new tool to unravel the molecular principles underlying ceramide-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Jain
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany
| | - Oliver Beutel
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Katharina Ebell
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany
| | - Sergey Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany .,Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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22
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Long intergenic non-coding RNA APOC1P1-3 inhibits apoptosis by decreasing α-tubulin acetylation in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2236. [PMID: 27228351 PMCID: PMC4917671 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as important regulatory factors in tumor progression. However, their roles in breast cancer remain largely unknown. In present studies, we identified aberrantly expressed long intergenic non-coding RNA APOC1P1-3 (lincRNA-APOC1P1-3) in breast cancer by microarray, verified it by quantitative real-time PCR, and assessed methylation status in the promoter region by pyrosequencing. We also investigated the biological functions with plasmid transfection and siRNA silencing experiments, and further explored their mechanisms by RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation to identify binding proteins. We found that 224 lncRNAs were upregulated in breast cancer, whereas 324 were downregulated. The lincRNA-APOC1P1-3 was overexpressed in breast cancer, which was related to tumor size and hypomethylation in its promoter region. We also found that APOC1P1-3 could directly bind to tubulin to decrease α-tubulin acetylation, to inactivate caspase-3, and to inhibit apoptosis. This study demonstrates that overexpression of APOC1P1-3 can inhibit breast cancer apoptosis.
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23
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Ma YY, Mou XZ, Ding YH, Zou H, Huang DS. Delivery systems of ceramide in targeted cancer therapy: ceramide alone or in combination with other anti-tumor agents. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1397-406. [PMID: 27168034 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1188803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Ma
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Medical School and Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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24
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C6 ceramide sensitizes the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) activity by AZD-8055, a novel mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11039-48. [PMID: 26897748 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays pivotal roles in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Here, we tested the potential anti-HCC activity by a novel mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor AZD-8055 and, more importantly, the potential AZD-8055 sensitization effect by a cell-permeable short-chain ceramide (C6). We showed that AZD-8055 mainly exerted moderate cytotoxic effect against a panel of HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, and SMMC-7721). Co-treatment of C6 ceramide remarkably augmented AZD-8055-induced HCC cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, C6 ceramide dramatically potentiated AZD-8055-induced HCC cell apoptotic death. Further studies demonstrated that AZD-8055 and C6 ceramide synergistically induced anti-survival and pro-apoptotic activity in primary cultured human HCC cells, but not in the non-cancerous human hepatocytes. Signaling studies showed that AZD-8055 and C6 ceramide synergistically suppressed Akt-mTOR complex 1/2 cascade activation. In vivo, AZD-8055 oral administration suppressed HepG2 hepatoma xenograft growth in nude mice, while moderately improving mice survival. Its anti-tumor activity was dramatically potentiated with co-administration of a liposome-packed C6 ceramide. Together, these results demonstrate that concurrent targeting mTORC1/2 by AZD-8055 exerts anti-tumor ability in preclinical HCC models, and its activity is further sensitized with co-administration of C6 ceramide.
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Pre-clinical characterization of 4SC-202, a novel class I HDAC inhibitor, against colorectal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10257-67. [PMID: 26831668 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) overactivity in colorectal cancer (CRC) promotes cancer progression. In the current study, we showed that 4SC-202, a novel class I HDAC inhibitor (HDACi), potently inhibited survival and proliferation of primary human colon cancer cells and established CRC lines (HT-29, HCT-116, HT-15, and DLD-1). Yet, the same 4SC-202 treatment was non-cytotoxic to colon epithelial cells where HDAC-1/-2 expressions were extremely low. 4SC-202 provoked apoptosis activation in CRC cells, while caspase inhibitors (z-VAD-CHO and z-DVED-CHO) significantly alleviated 4SC-202-exerted cytotoxicity in CRC cells. Meanwhile, 4SC-202 induced dramatic G2-M arrest in CRC cells. Further studies showed that AKT activation might be an important resistance factor of 4SC-202. 4SC-202-induced cytotoxicity was dramatically potentiated with serum starvation, AKT inhibition (by perifosine or MK-2206), or AKT1-shRNA knockdown in CRC cells. On the other hand, exogenous expression of constitutively active AKT1 (CA-AKT1) decreased the sensitivity by 4SC-202 in HT-29 cells. Notably, 4SC-202, at a low concentration, enhanced oxaliplatin-induced in vitro anti-CRC activity. In vivo, we showed that oral gavage of 4SC-202 inhibited HT-29 xenograft growth in nude mice, and when combined with oxaliplatin, its activity was further strengthened. Together, these pre-clinical results indicate that 4SC-202 may be further investigated as a valuable anti-CRC agent/chemo-adjuvant.
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Abstract
Studies over the past two decades have identified ceramide as a multifunctional central molecule in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Given its diverse tumor suppressive activities, molecular understanding of ceramide action will produce fundamental insights into processes that limit tumorigenesis and may identify key molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Ceramide can be activated by a diverse array of stresses such as heat shock, genotoxic damage, oxidative stress and anticancer drugs. Ceramide triggers a variety of tumor suppressive and anti-proliferative cellular programs such as apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, and necroptosis by activating or repressing key effector molecules. Defects in ceramide generation and metabolism in cancer contribute to tumor cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. The potent and versatile anticancer activity profile of ceramide has motivated drug development efforts to (re-)activate ceramide in established tumors. This review focuses on our current understanding of the tumor suppressive functions of ceramide and highlights the potential downstream targets of ceramide which are involved in its tumor suppressive action.
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Zhai L, Sun N, Han Z, Jin HC, Zhang B. Liposomal short-chain C6 ceramide induces potent anti-osteosarcoma activity in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:274-80. [PMID: 26505795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) remains one deadly disease for many affected patients. The search for novel and more efficient anti-OS agents is urgent. In the current study, we demonstrated that liposome-packed C6 ceramide exerted potent cytotoxic effect against established (U2OS and MG-63 lines) and primary human OS cells. Meanwhile, the liposomal C6 (ceramide) induced caspase-mediated apoptotic death in OS cells. Liposomal C6 was significantly more potent than conventional free C6 in inhibiting OS cells, yet it was safe to non-cancerous bone cells (primary murine osteoblasts or human MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells). At the signaling level, we showed that liposomal C6 potently inhibited Akt activation in OS cells. Further studies revealed that a low dose of liposomal C6 dramatically sensitized the in vitro anti-OS activity of two conventional chemodrugs: methotrexate (MTX) and doxorubicin. In vivo, intravenous injection of liposomal C6 inhibited Akt activation and suppressed U2OS xenograft growth in nude mice without causing apparent toxicities. Meanwhile, when given at a low-dose (5 mg/kg body weight), liposomal C6 dramatically sensitized MTX's anti-U2OS activity in vivo. Collectively, our data demonstrate that liposomal C6 exerts potent anti-tumor activity in preclinical OS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Nephropathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-chao Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Seidel C, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Histone deacetylase 6 in health and disease. Epigenomics 2015; 7:103-18. [PMID: 25687470 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC)6 is a member of the class IIb HDAC family. This enzyme is zinc-dependent and mainly localized in the cytoplasm. HDAC6 is a unique isoenzyme with two functional catalytic domains and specific physiological roles. Indeed, HDAC6 deacetylates various substrates including α-tubulin and HSP90α, and is involved in protein trafficking and degradation, cell shape and migration. Consequently, deregulation of HDAC6 activity was associated to a variety of diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and pathological autoimmune response. Therefore, HDAC6 represents an interesting potential therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss structural features of this histone deacetylase, regulation of its expression and activity, biological functions, implication in human disease initiation and progression. Finally will describe novel and selective HDAC6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Seidel
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Biology of Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Jiang A, Wang X, Shan X, Li Y, Wang P, Jiang P, Feng Q. Curcumin Reactivates Silenced Tumor Suppressor Gene RARβ by Reducing DNA Methylation. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1237-45. [PMID: 25981383 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of tumor suppressor genes by nontoxic bioactive food component represents a promising strategy for cancer chemoprevention. Retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ), one member of the RAR receptor family, is considered as a tumor suppressor. Reduced expression of RARβ has been reported in lung cancer and other solid tumors. DNA hypermethylation of the promoter region of RARβ is a major mechanism for its silencing in tumors. Recently, curcumin has been considered as a potential DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Herein, we demonstrated that curcumin significantly elevate RARβ expression at the mRNA and protein levels in tested cancer cells. Additionally, curcumin decreased RARβ promoter methylation in lung cancer A549 and H460 cells. Mechanistic study demonstrated that curcumin was able to downregulate the mRNA levels of DNMT3b. In a lung cancer xenograft node mice model, curcumin exhibited protective effect against weight loss because of tumor burden. Tumor growth was strongly repressed by curcumin treatment. As the results from in vitro, RARβ mRNA were increased and DNMT3b mRNA were decreased by curcumin treatment compared with the mice in control group. Altogether, this study reveals a novel molecular mechanism of curcumin as a chemo-preventive agent for lung cancer through reactivation of RARβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apei Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical School, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Pengqi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
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The anti-esophageal cancer cell activity by a novel tyrosine/phosphoinositide kinase inhibitor PP121. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:137-44. [PMID: 26235881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we explored the potential effect of PP121, a novel dual inhibitor of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases, against human esophageal cancer cells. We showed that PP121 exerted potent cytotoxic effect in primary (patient-derived) and established (Eca-109, TE-1 and TE-3 lines) esophageal cancer cells, possibly through activating caspase-3-dependnent apoptosis. PP121 was, however, non-cytotoxic to the normal human esophageal epithelial cells (EECs). At the molecular level, we showed that PP121 blocked Akt-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation in esophageal cancer cells, which was restored by introducing a constitutively-active Akt (CA-Akt). Yet, CA-Akt only partly inhibited cytotoxicity by PP121 in Eca-109 cells. Importantly, we showed that PP121 inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling activation in esophageal cancer cells, which appeared independent of Akt-mTOR blockage. In vivo, oral administration of PP121 remarkably inhibited Eca-109 xenograft growth in nude mice, and significantly improved mice survival. Further, the immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot assays analyzing xenografted tumors showed that PP121 inhibited Akt-mTOR and NFκB activations in vivo. Together, we demonstrate that PP121 potently inhibits esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, possibly through concurrently inhibiting Akt-mTOR and NFκB signalings.
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Chen MB, Jiang Q, Liu YY, Zhang Y, He BS, Wei MX, Lu JW, Ji Y, Lu PH. C6 ceramide dramatically increases vincristine sensitivity both in vivo and in vitro, involving AMP-activated protein kinase-p53 signaling. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1061-70. [PMID: 26116623 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of the conventional cancer chemotherapy (i.e. vincristine) is limited in tumor cells exhibiting pre-existing or acquired resistance. Here, we found that C6 ceramide (C6) dramatically sensitized vincristine's activity. In vitro, C6 and vincristine coadministration induced substantial necrosis and apoptosis in multiple human cancer cell lines, which were accompanied by a profound AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, subsequent p53 activation, mTORC1 inactivation and Bcl-2/HIF-1α downregulation. Such synergistic effects were attenuated by AMPK inactivation through genetic mutation or short hairpin RNA silencing. Coadministration-activated p53 translocated to mitochondria, and formed a complex with cyclophilin-D, leading to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and cell necrosis. Disrupting p53-Cyp-D complexation through pharmacological or genetic means reduced costimulation-induced cytotoxicity. In vivo, a liposomal C6 was synthesized, which dramatically enhanced the antiproliferative activity of vincristine on HCT-116 or A2780 xenografts. Together, C6 sensitizes vincristine-induced anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro, involving activating AMPK-p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Bin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No.91, Qianjin Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China, Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China, Department of Medical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China and Department of Medical Oncology Center, Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No.91, Qianjin Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China, Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China, Department of Medical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China and Department of Medical Oncology Center, Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Bang-shun He
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Mu-Xin Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jian-Wei Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China, Department of Thoracic Surgery and
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China and
| | - Pei-Hua Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China and Department of Medical Oncology Center, Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Chen MB, Yang L, Lu PH, Fu XL, Zhang Y, Zhu YQ, Tian Y. MicroRNA-101 down-regulates sphingosine kinase 1 in colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:954-60. [PMID: 26071354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) dysregulation is a general feature of colorectal cancer (CRC) and other solid tumors, and is associated cancer progression. In the current study, we demonstrate that microRNA-101 (miR-101) inhibits CRC cells probably through down-regulating sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1). Our results showed that exogenously expressing miR-101 inhibited CRC cell (HT-29 and HCT-116 lines) growth in vitro. At the molecular level, miR-101 dramatically down-regulated SphK1 mRNA and protein expression, causing pro-apoptotic ceramide production in above CRC cells. On the other hand, inhibition of miR-101 through expressing antagomiR-101 increased SphK1 expression to down-regulate ceramide level in HT-29 cells. miR-101 expression increased the in vitro anti-CRC activity of conventional chemo-agents: paclitaxel and doxorubicin. CRC cells with SphK1-shRNA knockdown showed similar phenotypes as the miR-101-expressed CRC cells, presenting with elevated level of ceramide and high sensitivity to paclitaxel or doxorubicin. In vivo, HCT-116 xenograft growth in severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice was dramatically inhibited by over-expressing miR-101. Further, miR-101 enhanced paclitaxel-induced anti-HCT-116 activity in vivo. Together, these results indicate that miR-101 exerts its anti-CRC activities probably through down-regulating SphK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Bin Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Pei-Hua Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xing-Li Fu
- Jiangsu University Health Science Center, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Cheng L, Chen YZ, Peng Y, Yi N, Gu XS, Jin Y, Bai XM. Ceramide production mediates cinobufotalin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5763-71. [PMID: 25724183 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive and lethal neoplasm with poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the anticancer activity of cinobufotalin, a bufadienolide isolated from toad venom, in cultured HCC cells, and to study the underlying mechanisms. We found that cinobufotalin (at nmol/L) significantly inhibited HCC cell growth and survival while inducing considerable cell apoptosis. Further, cinobufotalin inhibited sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) activity and induced pro-apoptotic ceramide production. Ceramide synthase-1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-depletion inhibited cinobufotalin-induced ceramide production and HCC cell apoptosis. On the other hand, the glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) facilitated cinobufotalin-induced ceramide production and cell apoptosis. SphK1 inhibitor II (SKI-II), similar to cinobufotalin, increased cellular ceramide level and promoted HCC cell apoptosis. Finally, we observed that cinobufotalin inactivated Akt-S6K1 signaling in HepG2 cells, which was again inhibited by ceramide synthase-1 shRNA-depletion. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that cinobufotalin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in cultured HCC cells through ceramide production. Cinobufotalin may be investigated as a novel anti-HCC agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, China
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C6 ceramide sensitizes pemetrexed-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity in osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Payne AW, Pant DK, Pan TC, Chodosh LA. Ceramide kinase promotes tumor cell survival and mammary tumor recurrence. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6352-63. [PMID: 25164007 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent breast cancer is typically an incurable disease and, as such, is disproportionately responsible for deaths from this disease. Recurrent breast cancers arise from the pool of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) that survive adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy, and patients with detectable DTCs following therapy are at substantially increased risk for recurrence. Consequently, the identification of pathways that contribute to the survival of breast cancer cells following therapy could aid in the development of more effective therapies that decrease the burden of residual disease and thereby reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence. We now report that ceramide kinase (Cerk) is required for mammary tumor recurrence following HER2/neu pathway inhibition and is spontaneously upregulated during tumor recurrence in multiple genetically engineered mouse models for breast cancer. We find that Cerk is rapidly upregulated in tumor cells following HER2/neu downregulation or treatment with Adriamycin and that Cerk is required for tumor cell survival following HER2/neu downregulation. Consistent with our observations in mouse models, analysis of gene expression profiles from more than 2,200 patients revealed that elevated CERK expression is associated with an increased risk of recurrence in women with breast cancer. In addition, although CERK expression is associated with aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, including those that are estrogen receptor-negative, HER2(+), basal-like, or high grade, its association with poor clinical outcome is independent of these clinicopathologic variables. Together, our findings identify a functional role for Cerk in breast cancer recurrence and suggest the clinical utility of agents targeted against this prosurvival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania W Payne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhruv K Pant
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tien-Chi Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Floyd DH, Zhang Y, Dey BK, Kefas B, Breit H, Marks K, Dutta A, Herold-Mende C, Synowitz M, Glass R, Abounader R, Purow BW. Novel anti-apoptotic microRNAs 582-5p and 363 promote human glioblastoma stem cell survival via direct inhibition of caspase 3, caspase 9, and Bim. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96239. [PMID: 24805821 PMCID: PMC4013090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor. Tumor initiation and recurrence are likely caused by a sub-population of glioblastoma stem cells, which may derive from mutated neural stem and precursor cells. Since CD133 is a stem cell marker for both normal brain and glioblastoma, and to better understand glioblastoma formation and recurrence, we looked for dys-regulated microRNAs in human CD133+ glioblastoma stem cells as opposed to CD133+ neural stem cells isolated from normal human brain. Using FACS sorting of low-passage cell samples followed by microRNA microarray analysis, we found 43 microRNAs that were dys-regulated in common in three separate CD133+ human glioblastomas compared to CD133+ normal neural stem cells. Among these were several microRNAs not previously associated with cancer. We then verified the microRNAs dys-regulated in glioblastoma using quantitative real time PCR and Taqman analysis of the original samples, as well as human GBM stem cell and established cell lines and many human specimens. We show that two candidate oncogenic microRNAs, miR-363 and miR-582-5p, can positively influence glioblastoma survival, as shown by forced expression of the microRNAs and their inhibitors followed by cell number assay, Caspase 3/7 assay, Annexin V apoptosis/fluorescence activated cell sorting, siRNA rescue of microRNA inhibitor treatment, as well as 3′UTR mutagenesis to show luciferase reporter rescue of the most successful targets. miR-582-5p and miR-363 are shown to directly target Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and Bim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Hunt Floyd
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ying Zhang
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bijan K. Dey
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Kefas
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hannah Breit
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn Marks
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Charité University Clinics, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, University Clinics Munich, München, Germany
| | - Roger Abounader
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin W. Purow
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Development of EGFR-targeted nanoemulsion for imaging and novel platinum therapy of ovarian cancer. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2490-502. [PMID: 24643932 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Platinum-based chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for malignant epithelial ovarian cancers, but generalized toxicity and platinum resistance limits its use. Theranostic nanoemulsion with a novel platinum prodrug, myrisplatin, and the pro-apoptotic agent, C6-ceramide, were designed to overcome these limitations. METHODS The nanoemulsions, including ones with an EGFR binding peptide and gadolinium, were made using generally regarded as safe grade excipients and a high shear microfluidization process. Efficacy was evaluated in ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3, A2780 and A2780CP. RESULTS The nanoemulsion with particle size <150 nm were stable in plasma and parenteral fluids for 24 h. Ovarian cancer cells in vitro efficiently took up the non-targeted and EGFR-targeted nanoemulsions; improved cytotoxicity was observed for the these nanoemulsions with the latter showing a 50-fold drop in the IC50 in SKOV3 cells as compared to cisplatin alone. The addition of gadolinium did not affect cell viability in vitro, but showed relaxation times comparable to Magnevist(®). CONCLUSION The myrisplatin/C6-ceramide nanoemulsion synergistically enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity. An EGFR binding peptide addition further increased in vitro cytotoxicity in EGFR positive cancer cells. The diagnostic version showed MR imaging similar to the clinically relevant Magnevist® and may be suitable as a theranostic for ovarian cancer.
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Tu Y, Ji C, Yang B, Yang Z, Gu H, Lu CC, Wang R, Su ZL, Chen B, Sun WL, Xia JP, Bi ZG, He L. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs)-SIN1 association mediates ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation and skin cell survival. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:172. [PMID: 24365180 PMCID: PMC3922905 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exposure of skin keratinocytes to Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to Akt phosphorylation at Ser-473, which is important for the carcinogenic effects of excessive sun exposure. The present study investigated the underlying mechanism of Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation by UVB radiation. RESULTS We found that DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 (mTORC2) were both required for UVB-induced Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation in keratinocytes. Inhibition of DNA-PKcs activity via its inhibitor NU7026, a dominant-negative kinase-dead mutation, RNA interference (RNAi) or gene depletion led to the attenuation of UVB-induced Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, siRNA silencing or gene depletion of SIN1, a key component of mTORC2, abolished Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation by UVB. Significantly, we discovered that DNA-PKcs was associated with SIN1 in cytosol upon UVB radiation, and this complexation appeared required for Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, this DNA-PKcs-SIN1 complexation by UVB was dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and was disrupted by an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) or by EGFR depletion. UVB-induced complexation between DNA-PKcs and mTORC2 components was also abolished by NU7026 and DNA-PKcs mutation. Finally, we found that both DNA-PKcs and SIN1 were associated with apoptosis resistance of UVB radiation, and inhibition of them by NU7026 or genetic depletion significantly enhanced UVB-induced cell death and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results strongly suggest that DNA-PKcs-mTORC2 association is required for UVB-induced Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation and cell survival, and might be important for tumor cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Rego A, Trindade D, Chaves SR, Manon S, Costa V, Sousa MJ, Côrte-Real M. The yeast model system as a tool towards the understanding of apoptosis regulation by sphingolipids. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:160-78. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- António Rego
- Departamento de Biologia; Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental; Universidade do Minho; Braga Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Dário Trindade
- Departamento de Biologia; Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental; Universidade do Minho; Braga Portugal
- CNRS; UMR5095; Université de Bordeaux 2; Bordeaux France
| | - Susana R. Chaves
- Departamento de Biologia; Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental; Universidade do Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- CNRS; UMR5095; Université de Bordeaux 2; Bordeaux France
| | - Vítor Costa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Departamento de Biologia; Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental; Universidade do Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Departamento de Biologia; Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental; Universidade do Minho; Braga Portugal
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Qin LS, Yu ZQ, Zhang SM, Sun G, Zhu J, Xu J, Guo J, Fu LS. The short chain cell-permeable ceramide (C6) restores cell apoptosis and perifosine sensitivity in cultured glioblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5645-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mukhopadhyay A, Tabanor K, Chaguturu R, Aldrich JV. Targeting inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:962-72. [PMID: 24025258 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A), a biological inhibitor of the cellular serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP2A, is associated with numerous cellular processes that often lead to the formation and progression of cancer. In this study we hypothesized that targeting the inhibition of I2PP2A's multiple functions in prostate cancer cells might prevent cancer progression. We have investigated the effect of the small chain C6-ceramide, known to be a bioactive tumor suppressor lipid, on I2PP2A function, thereby affecting c-Myc signaling and histone acetylation in cells. Our data indicated that C6-ceramide treatment of prostate cancer cells induces cell death in PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP cells, but not normal prostate epithelial cells. C6-ceramide was able to disrupt the association between PP2A and I2PP2A. C6-ceramide inhibits I2PP2A's upregulation of c-Myc and downregulation of histone acetylation in prostate cancer cells. Our data indicated that targeting cancer related signaling pathways through I2PP2A using ceramide as an anti-I2PP2A agent could have beneficial effects as a therapeutic approach to prevent prostate cancer.
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Abstract
Non-surgical therapies for human malignancies must negotiate complex cell signaling pathways to impede cancer cell growth, ideally promoting death of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. For most of the past half century, medical approaches for treating cancer have relied primarily on cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that interfere with DNA replication and cell division, susceptibilities of rapidly dividing cancer cells. As a consequence, these therapies exert considerable cell stress, promoting the generation of ceramide through de novo synthesis and recycling of complex glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin into apoptotic ceramide. Radiotherapy of cancer exerts similar geno- and cytotoxic cell stresses, and generation of ceramide following ionizing radiation therapy is a well-described feature of radiation-induced cell death. Emerging evidence now describes sphingolipids as mediators of death in response to newer targeted therapies, cementing ceramide generation as a common mechanism of cell death in response to cancer therapy. Many studies have now shown that dysregulation of ceramide accumulation-whether by reduced generation or accelerated metabolism-is a common mechanism of resistance to standard cancer therapies. The aims of this chapter will be to discuss described mechanisms of cancer resistance to therapy related to dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism and to explore clinical and preclinical approaches to interdict sphingolipid metabolism to improve outcomes of standard cancer therapies.
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Yao J, Bi HE, Sheng Y, Cheng LB, Wendu RL, Wang CH, Cao GF, Jiang Q. Ultraviolet (UV) and hydrogen peroxide activate ceramide-ER stress-AMPK signaling axis to promote retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10355-68. [PMID: 23685869 PMCID: PMC3676843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) impair the physiological functions of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells by inducing cell apoptosis, which is the main cause of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The mechanism by which UV/ROS induces RPE cell death is not fully addressed. Here, we observed the activation of a ceramide-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling axis in UV and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated RPE cells. UV and H2O2 induced an early ceramide production, profound ER stress and AMPK activation. Pharmacological inhibitors against ER stress (salubrinal), ceramide production (fumonisin B1) and AMPK activation (compound C) suppressed UV- and H2O2-induced RPE cell apoptosis. Conversely, cell permeable short-chain C6 ceramide and AMPK activator AICAR (5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide) mimicked UV and H2O2’s effects and promoted RPE cell apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that UV/H2O2 activates the ceramide-ER stress-AMPK signaling axis to promote RPE cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mails: (J.Y.); (Q.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-025-8667-7699 (J.Y. & Q.J.)
| | - Hui-E Bi
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
| | - Yi Sheng
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
| | - Li-Bo Cheng
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
- Eye Department, Li-Yang City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Li-Yang City 213300, China
| | - Ri-Le Wendu
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
| | - Cheng-Hu Wang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
| | - Guo-Fan Cao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (H.-E.B.); (Y.S.); (L.-B.C.); (R.-L.W.); (C.-H.W.); (G.-F.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mails: (J.Y.); (Q.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-025-8667-7699 (J.Y. & Q.J.)
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HDAC6 and ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9514-35. [PMID: 23644884 PMCID: PMC3676797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The special class IIb histone deacetylase, HDAC6, plays a prominent role in many cellular processes related to cancer, including oncogenesis, the cell stress response, motility, and myriad signaling pathways. Many of the lessons learned from other cancers can be applied to ovarian cancer as well. HDAC6 interacts with diverse proteins such as HSP90, cortactin, tubulin, dynein, p300, Bax, and GRK2 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm to carry out these cancerous functions. Not all pro-cancer interactions of HDAC6 involve deacetylation. The idea of using HDAC6 as a target for cancer treatment continues to expand in recent years, and more potent and specific HDAC6 inhibitors are required to effectively down-regulate the tumor-prone cell signaling pathways responsible for ovarian cancer.
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Hage-Sleiman R, Esmerian MO, Kobeissy H, Dbaibo G. p53 and Ceramide as Collaborators in the Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4982-5012. [PMID: 23455468 PMCID: PMC3634419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipid ceramide mediates various cellular processes in response to several extracellular stimuli. Some genotoxic stresses are able to induce p53-dependent ceramide accumulation leading to cell death. However, in other cases, in the absence of the tumor suppressor protein p53, apoptosis proceeds partly due to the activity of this "tumor suppressor lipid", ceramide. In the current review, we describe ceramide and its roles in signaling pathways such as cell cycle arrest, hypoxia, hyperoxia, cell death, and cancer. In a specific manner, we are elaborating on the role of ceramide in mitochondrial apoptotic cell death signaling. Furthermore, after highlighting the role and mechanism of action of p53 in apoptosis, we review the association of ceramide and p53 with respect to apoptosis. Strikingly, the hypothesis for a direct interaction between ceramide and p53 is less favored. Recent data suggest that ceramide can act either upstream or downstream of p53 protein through posttranscriptional regulation or through many potential mediators, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Hage-Sleiman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; E-Mails: (M.O.E.); (G.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +961-1-350-000 (ext. 4883)
| | - Maria O. Esmerian
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; E-Mails: (M.O.E.); (G.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; E-Mail:
| | - Hadile Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; E-Mail:
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; E-Mails: (M.O.E.); (G.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; E-Mail:
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Metronomic ceramide analogs inhibit angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer through up-regulation of caveolin-1 and thrombospondin-1 and down-regulation of cyclin D1. Neoplasia 2013; 14:833-45. [PMID: 23019415 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antitumor and antiangiogenic activity of metronomic ceramide analogs and their relevant molecular mechanisms. METHODS Human endothelial cells [human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC)] and pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1 and MIA PaCa-2) were treated with the ceramide analogs (C2, AL6, C6, and C8), at low concentrations for 144 hours to evaluate any antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects and inhibition of migration and to measure the expression of caveolin-1 (CAV-1) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) mRNAs by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Assessment of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and Akt phosphorylation and of CAV-1 and cyclin D1 protein expression was performed by ELISA. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) gemcitabine was compared against metronomic doses of the ceramide analogs by evaluating the inhibition of MIA PaCa-2 subcutaneous tumor growth in nude mice. RESULTS Metronomic ceramide analogs preferentially inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in endothelial cells. Low concentrations of AL6 and C2 caused a significant inhibition of HUVEC migration. ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation were significantly decreased after metronomic ceramide analog treatment. Such treatment caused the overexpression of CAV-1 and TSP-1 mRNAs and proteins in endothelial cells, whereas cyclin D1 protein levels were reduced. The antiangiogenic and antitumor impact in vivo of metronomic C2 and AL6 regimens was similar to that caused by MTD gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS Metronomic C2 and AL6 analogs have antitumor and antiangiogenic activity, determining the up-regulation of CAV-1 and TSP-1 and the suppression of cyclin D1.
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Deguelin induces both apoptosis and autophagy in cultured head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54736. [PMID: 23372762 PMCID: PMC3553079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents more than 5% of all cancers diagnosed annually in United States and around the world. Despite advances in the management of patients with this disease, the survival has not been significantly improved, and the search for potential alternative therapies is encouraging. Here we demonstrate that deguelin administration causes a significant HNSCC cell death. Deguelin induces both cell apoptosis and autophagy by modulating multiple signaling pathways in cultured HNSCC cells. Deguelin inhibits Akt signaling, and down-regulates survivin and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) expressions, by disrupting their association with heat shock protein-90 (Hsp-90). Deguelin induces ceramide production through de novo synthase pathway to promote HNSCC cell death. Importantly, increased ceramide level activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which then directly phosphorylates Ulk1 and eventually leads to cell autophagy. We found that a low dose of deguelin sensitized HNSCC cells to 5-FU. Finally, using a nude mice Hep-2 xenograft model, we also showed a significant anti-tumor ability of deguelin in vivo. Together, we suggest that deguelin may represent a novel and effective chemo-agent against HNSCC.
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Abstract
One crucial barrier to progress in the treatment of cancer has been the inability to control the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis: enter ceramide. Discoveries over the past 15 years have elevated this sphingolipid to the lofty position of a regulator of cell fate. Ceramide, it turns out, is a powerful tumour suppressor, potentiating signalling events that drive apoptosis, autophagic responses and cell cycle arrest. However, defects in ceramide generation and metabolism in cancer cells contribute to tumour cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. This Review focuses on ceramide signalling and the targeting of specific metabolic junctures to amplify the tumour suppressive activities of ceramide. The potential of ceramide-based therapeutics in the treatment of cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy A F Morad
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA.
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Wu CH, Cao C, Kim JH, Hsu CH, Wanebo HJ, Bowen WD, Xu J, Marshall J. Trojan-horse nanotube on-command intracellular drug delivery. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5475-5480. [PMID: 23030797 PMCID: PMC4106035 DOI: 10.1021/nl301865c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge to nanomaterial-based medicine is the ability to release drugs on-command. Here, we describe an innovative drug delivery system based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in which compounds can be released inside cells from within the nanotube "on-command" by inductive heating with an external alternating current or pulsed magnetic field. Without inductive heating the drug remains safely inside the CNTs, showing no toxicity in cell viability tests. Similar to the "Trojan-Horse" in function, we demonstrate the delivery of a combination of chemotherapeutic agents with low aqueous solubility, paclitaxel (Taxol), and C6-ceramide, to multidrug resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Nanotube encapsulation permitted the drugs to be used at a 100-fold lower concentration compared to exogenous treatment yet achieve a comparable ~70% cancer kill rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Wu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Cong Cao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Neuroscience of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Ho Kim
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chih-Hsun Hsu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Harold J. Wanebo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Landmark Medical Center, Woonsocket, Rhode Island 02895, United States
| | - Wayne D. Bowen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jimmy Xu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Ji C, Yang B, Yang Z, Tu Y, Yang YL, He L, Bi ZG. Ultra-violet B (UVB)-induced skin cell death occurs through a cyclophilin D intrinsic signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:825-9. [PMID: 22892127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UVB-induced skin cell damage involves the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which leads to both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Cyclophilin D (Cyp-D) translocation to the inner membrane of mitochondrion acts as a key component to open the mPTP. Our Western-Blot results in primary cultured human skin keratinocytes and in HaCaT cell line demonstrated that UVB radiation and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced Cyp-D expression, which was inhibited by anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). We created a stable Cyp-D deficiency skin keratinocytes by expressing Cyp-D-shRNA through lentiviral infection. Cyp-D-deficient cells were significantly less susceptible than their counterparts to UVB- or H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. Further, cyclosporine A (Cs-A), a Cyp-D inhibitor, inhibited UVB- or H(2)O(2)-induced keratinocytes cell death. Reversely, over-expression of Cyp-D in primary keratinocytes caused spontaneous keratinocytes cell death. These results suggest Cyp-D's critical role in UVB/oxidative stress-induced skin cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210024, Jiangsu, China
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