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Ito S, Ueno A, Ueda T, Ogura R, Sako S, Gabata Y, Murashita J, Takahashi H, Ukimura O. A testis-specific lncRNA functions as a post-transcriptional regulator of MDM2 and stimulates apoptosis of testicular germ cell tumor cells. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:348. [PMID: 39097584 PMCID: PMC11297958 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Germ cells preferentially induce apoptosis in response to DNA damage to avoid genomic mutations. Apoptosis of germ cells is closely related to cancer development and chemotherapy resistance; however, its regulatory mechanism is unclear. Here, we suggest that testis-specific lncRNA LINC03074 is involved in male germ cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of the proto-oncogene MDM2. LINC03074 is highly expressed in the sperm of healthy adult testes and cancer cells of testes with testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). LINC03074 binds to MDM2 mRNA via an Alu element, thereby reducing MDM2 protein levels. LINC03074 stimulates STAU1-mediated nuclear export of MDM2 mRNA by increasing STAU1 binding to MDM2 mRNA in the cell nucleus, thereby promoting PKR-mediated translational repression in the cytoplasm. The induction of apoptosis in TGCT cells and their responsiveness to the anticancer drug cisplatin is enhanced by LINC03074. Notably, LINC03074 increased E2F1 expression without increasing p53, the primary target of MDM2, and upregulated the apoptotic gene p73, the target gene of E2F1. LINC03074-mediated regulation of apoptosis contributes to the responsiveness of TGCTs to anticancer drug-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Ito
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Akihisa Ueno
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Ogura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sako
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Gabata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junki Murashita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-City, Kyoto, Japan
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Liu W, Ma Y, He Y, Liu Y, Guo Z, He J, Han X, Hu Y, Li M, Jiang R, Wang S. Discovery of Novel p53-MDM2 Inhibitor (RG7388)-Conjugated Platinum IV Complexes as Potent Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9645-9661. [PMID: 38776419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
While a number of p53-MDM2 inhibitors have progressed into clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, their progression has been hampered by a variety of problems, including acquired drug resistance, dose-dependent toxicity, and limited clinical efficiency. To make more progress, we integrated the advantages of MDM2 inhibitors and platinum drugs to construct novel PtIV-RG7388 (a selective MDM2 inhibitor) complexes. Most complexes, especially 5a and 5b, displayed greatly improved antiproliferative activity against both wild-type and mutated p53 cancer cells. Remarkably, 5a exhibited potent in vivo tumor growth inhibition in the A549 xenograft model (66.5%) without apparent toxicity. It arrested the cell cycle at both the S phase and the G2/M phase and efficiently induced apoptosis via the synergistic effects of RG7388 and cisplatin. Altogether, PtIV-RG7388 complex 5a exhibited excellent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities, highlighting the therapeutic potential of PtIV-RG7388 complexes as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Youyou He
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zhongjie Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yujiao Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Muqiong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ru Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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Gonzalez T, Muminovic M, Nano O, Vulfovich M. Folate Receptor Alpha-A Novel Approach to Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1046. [PMID: 38256120 PMCID: PMC11154542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Folate receptor α (FR) was discovered many decades ago, along with drugs that target intracellular folate metabolism, such as pemetrexed and methotrexate. Folate is taken up by the cell via this receptor, which also targeted by many cancer agents due to the over-expression of the receptor by cancer cells. FR is a membrane-bound glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor glycoprotein encoded by the folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) gene. FR plays a significant role in DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, DNA repair, and intracellular signaling, all of which are essential for tumorigenesis. FR is more prevalent in cancer cells compared to normal tissues, which makes it an excellent target for oncologic therapeutics. FRα is found in many cancer types, including ovarian cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and colon cancer. FR is widely used in antibody drug conjugates, small-molecule-drug conjugates, and chimeric antigen-receptor T cells. Current oncolytic therapeutics include mirvetuximab soravtansine, and ongoing clinical trials are underway to investigate chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) and vaccines. Additionally, FRα has been used in a myriad of other applications, including as a tool in the identification of tumor types, and as a prognostic marker, as a surrogate of chemotherapy resistance. As such, FRα identification has become an essential part of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Gonzalez
- Memorial Cancer Institute, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (M.M.); (O.N.); (M.V.)
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4
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Zafar A, Khan MJ, Naeem A. MDM2- an indispensable player in tumorigenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6871-6883. [PMID: 37314603 PMCID: PMC10374471 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a well-recognized molecule for its oncogenic potential. Since its identification, various cancer-promoting roles of MDM2 such as growth stimulation, sustained angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis evasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression have been established. Alterations in the expression levels of MDM2 occur in multiple types of cancers resulting in uncontrolled proliferation. The cellular processes are modulated by MDM2 through transcription, post-translational modifications, protein degradation, binding to cofactors, and subcellular localization. In this review, we discuss the precise role of deregulated MDM2 levels in modulating cellular functions to promote cancer growth. Moreover, we also briefly discuss the role of MDM2 in inducing resistance against anti-cancerous therapies thus limiting the benefits of cancerous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Zafar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 45550 Pakistan
| | | | - Aisha Naeem
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 20057 Washington, DC U.S
- Qatar University Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Cuevas-Estrada B, Montalvo-Casimiro M, Munguia-Garza P, Ríos-Rodríguez JA, González-Barrios R, Herrera LA. Breaking the Mold: Epigenetics and Genomics Approaches Addressing Novel Treatments and Chemoresponse in TGCT Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097873. [PMID: 37175579 PMCID: PMC10178517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ-cell tumors (TGCT) have been widely recognized for their outstanding survival rates, commonly attributed to their high sensitivity to cisplatin-based therapies. Despite this, a subset of patients develops cisplatin resistance, for whom additional therapeutic options are unsuccessful, and ~20% of them will die from disease progression at an early age. Several efforts have been made trying to find the molecular bases of cisplatin resistance. However, this phenomenon is still not fully understood, which has limited the development of efficient biomarkers and precision medicine approaches as an alternative that could improve the clinical outcomes of these patients. With the aim of providing an integrative landscape, we review the most recent genomic and epigenomic features attributed to chemoresponse in TGCT patients, highlighting how we can seek to combat cisplatin resistance through the same mechanisms by which TGCTs are particularly hypersensitive to therapy. In this regard, we explore ongoing treatment directions for resistant TGCT and novel targets to guide future clinical trials. Through our exploration of recent findings, we conclude that epidrugs are promising treatments that could help to restore cisplatin sensitivity in resistant tumors, shedding light on potential avenues for better prognosis for the benefit of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Cuevas-Estrada
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Michel Montalvo-Casimiro
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Paulina Munguia-Garza
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Juan Alberto Ríos-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Mexico
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Testicular germ cell tumors: Genomic alternations and RAS-dependent signaling. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 183:103928. [PMID: 36717007 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a common malignancy occurring in young adult men. The various genetic risk factors have been suggested to contribute to TGCT pathogenesis, however, they have a distinct mutational profile with a low rate of somatic point mutations, more frequent chromosomal gains, and aneuploidy. The most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers are RAS oncogenes, while their impact on testicular carcinogenesis and refractory disease is still poorly understood. In this mini-review, we summarize current knowledge on genetic alternations of RAS signaling-associated genes (the single nucleotide polymorphisms and point mutations) in this particular cancer type and highlight their link to chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. We also mention the impact of epigenetic changes on TGCT progression. Lastly, we propose a model for RAS-dependent signaling networks, regulation, cross-talks, and outcomes in TGCTs.
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Ozgun G, Nichols C, Kollmannsberger C, Nappi L. Genomic features of mediastinal germ cell tumors: a narrative review. MEDIASTINUM (HONG KONG, CHINA) 2022; 6:34. [PMID: 36582975 PMCID: PMC9792832 DOI: 10.21037/med-22-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are uncommon malignancies generally originating from gonads. However, about 5% of GCTs arise outside the gonad (extragonadal), of which 80% develop from the mediastinum. While the prognosis of seminomas is not affected by the gonadal or extragonadal primary location, the prognosis of nonseminoma primary mediastinal GCTs (NS-PMGCTs) is poor, compared to its gonadal counterpart with an estimated 5-year overall survival of about 50%. The current treatments are sub-optimal to increase the cure rate of these rare GCTs. Therefore, molecular insights into these tumors would be valuable to develop novel therapies. The main objective of this review is to describe and dissect the genomic features associated with primary mediastinal GCTs (PMGCTs), highlighting the more frequent genomic alterations and their correlation with clinical outcomes. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the English literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar between 1982 and 2021, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, case series and case reports regarding the genomic and clinical features of PMGCTs. We analyzed the available data to describe the molecular characteristics of PMGCTs compared to testicular GCTs (TGCTs), highlighting the most relevant biological and prognostic factors. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS The high percentage of platinum resistance, the unique association with hematologic malignancies (HMs) and other malignancies, the higher prevalence of P53 mutations, and a distinct genomic landscape characterize this rare disease. CONCLUSIONS Although some studies have unveiled recurrent molecular alterations in PMGCTs, few are particularly suitable for targeted therapy. Due to the rarity of PMGCTs, data sharing and the creation of an international consortium would be helpful to have a better understanding of the molecular drivers of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliz Ozgun
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Lucia Nappi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, British Columbia, Canada
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Országhová Z, Kalavska K, Mego M, Chovanec M. Overcoming Chemotherapy Resistance in Germ Cell Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050972. [PMID: 35625709 PMCID: PMC9139090 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are highly curable malignancies. Excellent survival rates in patients with metastatic disease can be attributed to the exceptional sensitivity of GCTs to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. This hypersensitivity is probably related to alterations in the DNA repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage, and an excessive apoptotic response. However, chemotherapy fails due to the development of cisplatin resistance in a proportion of patients. The molecular basis of this resistance appears to be multifactorial. Tracking the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in GCTs, multiple molecules have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. A variety of therapeutic agents have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. These include different chemotherapeutics, targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, CDK inhibitors, and anti-CD30 therapy, as well as immune-checkpoint inhibitors, epigenetic therapy, and others. These therapeutics have been used as single agents or in combination with cisplatin. Some of them have shown promising in vitro activity in overcoming cisplatin resistance, but have not been effective in clinical trials in refractory GCT patients. This review provides a summary of current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cisplatin sensitivity and resistance in GCTs and outlines possible therapeutic approaches that seek to overcome this chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Országhová
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.O.); (M.M.)
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.O.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Haronikova L, Bonczek O, Zatloukalova P, Kokas-Zavadil F, Kucerikova M, Coates PJ, Fahraeus R, Vojtesek B. Resistance mechanisms to inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interactions in cancer therapy: can we overcome them? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:53. [PMID: 34911439 PMCID: PMC8903693 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first MDM2 inhibitors, we have gained deeper insights into the cellular roles of MDM2 and p53. In this review, we focus on MDM2 inhibitors that bind to the p53-binding domain of MDM2 and aim to disrupt the binding of MDM2 to p53. We describe the basic mechanism of action of these MDM2 inhibitors, such as nutlin-3a, summarise the determinants of sensitivity to MDM2 inhibition from p53-dependent and p53-independent points of view and discuss the problems with innate and acquired resistance to MDM2 inhibition. Despite progress in MDM2 inhibitor design and ongoing clinical trials, their broad use in cancer treatment is not fulfilling expectations in heterogenous human cancers. We assess the MDM2 inhibitor types in clinical trials and provide an overview of possible sources of resistance to MDM2 inhibition, underlining the need for patient stratification based on these aspects to gain better clinical responses, including the use of combination therapies for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Haronikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Bonczek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
| | - Pavlina Zatloukalova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kokas-Zavadil
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kucerikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Timmerman DM, Eleveld TF, Gillis AJM, Friedrichs CC, Hillenius S, Remmers TL, Sriram S, Looijenga LHJ. The Role of TP53 in Cisplatin Resistance in Mediastinal and Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111774. [PMID: 34769213 PMCID: PMC8583723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are considered to be highly curable; however, there are major differences in the outcomes related to histology and anatomical localization. GCTs originating from the testis are, overall, sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy, whereas GCTs originating from the mediastinum show a worse response, which remains largely unexplained. Here, we address the differences among GCTs from two different anatomical locations (testicular versus mediastinal/extragonadal), with a specific focus on the role of the P53 pathway. It was recently shown that GCTs with TP53 mutations most often localize to the mediastinum. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, TP53 knock-out lines were generated in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant clones of the representative 2102Ep cell line (wild-type TP53 testicular GCT) and NCCIT cell line (hemizygously mutated TP53, mutant TP53 mediastinal GCT). The full knock-out of TP53 in 2102Ep and resistant NCCIT resulted in an increase in cisplatin resistance, suggesting a contributing role for P53, even in NCCIT, in which P53 had been reported to be non-functional. In conclusion, these results suggest that TP53 mutations contribute to the cisplatin-resistant phenotype of mediastinal GCTs and, therefore, are a potential candidate for targeted treatment. This knowledge provides a novel model system to elucidate the underlying mechanism of clinical behavior and possible alternative treatment of the TP53 mutant and mediastinal GCTs.
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Skowron MA, Oing C, Bremmer F, Ströbel P, Murray MJ, Coleman N, Amatruda JF, Honecker F, Bokemeyer C, Albers P, Nettersheim D. The developmental origin of cancers defines basic principles of cisplatin resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:199-210. [PMID: 34320371 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been used for more than four decades as a standard therapeutic option in several tumor entities. However, being a multifaceted and heterogeneous phenomenon, inherent or acquired resistance to cisplatin remains a major obstacle during the treatment of several solid malignancies and inevitably results in disease progression. Hence, we felt there was an urgent need to evaluate common mechanisms between multifarious cancer entities to identify patient-specific therapeutic strategies. We found joint molecular and (epi)genetic resistance mechanisms and specific cisplatin-induced mutational signatures that depended on the developmental origin (endo-, meso-, ectoderm) of the tumor tissue. Based on the findings of thirteen tumor entities, we identified three resistance groups, where Group 1 (endodermal origin) prominently indicates NRF2-pathway activation, Group 2 (mesodermal origin, primordial germ cells) shares elevated DNA repair mechanisms and decreased apoptosis induction, and Group 3 (ectodermal and paraxial mesodermal origin) commonly presents deregulated apoptosis induction and alternating pathways as the main cisplatin-induced resistance mechanisms. This review further proposes potential and novel therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christoph Oing
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str.4, 37075 Gottingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str.4, 37075 Gottingen, Germany.
| | - Matthew J Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - James F Amatruda
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Friedemann Honecker
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Tumor and Breast Center ZeTuP St. Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 150, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ottaviano M, Giunta EF, Rescigno P, Pereira Mestre R, Marandino L, Tortora M, Riccio V, Parola S, Casula M, Paliogiannis P, Cossu A, Vogl UM, Bosso D, Rosanova M, Mazzola B, Daniele B, Palmieri G, Palmieri G. The Enigmatic Role of TP53 in Germ Cell Tumours: Are We Missing Something? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7160. [PMID: 34281219 PMCID: PMC8267694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cure rate of germ cell tumours (GCTs) has significantly increased from the late 1970s since the introduction of cisplatin-based therapy, which to date remains the milestone for GCTs treatment. The exquisite cisplatin sensitivity has been mainly explained by the over-expression in GCTs of wild-type TP53 protein and the lack of TP53 somatic mutations; however, several other mechanisms seem to be involved, many of which remain still elusive. The findings about the role of TP53 in platinum-sensitivity and resistance, as well as the reported evidence of second cancers (SCs) in GCT patients treated only with surgery, suggesting a spectrum of cancer predisposing syndromes, highlight the need for a deepened understanding of the role of TP53 in GCTs. In the following report we explore the complex role of TP53 in GCTs cisplatin-sensitivity and resistance mechanisms, passing through several recent genomic studies, as well as its role in GCT patients with SCs, going through our experience of Center of reference for both GCTs and cancer predisposing syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ottaviano
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Emilio Francesco Giunta
- Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- Interdisciplinary Group for Translational Research and Clinical Trials, Urological Cancers (GIRT-Uro), Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10160 Turin, Italy;
| | - Ricardo Pereira Mestre
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Laura Marandino
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Marianna Tortora
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Vittorio Riccio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Parola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Milena Casula
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical, Surgical, Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical, Surgical, Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Ursula Maria Vogl
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Davide Bosso
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Brunello Mazzola
- Department of Urology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6600 Locarno, Switzerland;
| | - Bruno Daniele
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.)
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical, Surgical, Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovannella Palmieri
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
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Gao L, Wu ZX, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Wang L. Overcoming anti-cancer drug resistance via restoration of tumor suppressor gene function. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100770. [PMID: 34175687 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as well as targeted drugs including imatinib, erlotinib, and nivolumab, play key roles in clinical cancer treatment. However, the frequent emergence of drug resistance severely comprosises their anti-cancer efficacy. A number of studies indicated that loss of function of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is involved in the development of cancer drug resistance, apart from decreased drug influx, increased drug efflux, induction of anti-apoptosis mechanisms, alterations in tumor microenvironment, drug compartmentalization, enhanced DNA repair and drug inactivation. TSGs are involved in the pathogenesis of tumor formation through regulation of DNA damage repair, cell apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and signal transduction. Our increased understanding of TSGs in the past decades demonstrates that gene mutation is not the only reason that leads to the inactivation of TSGs. Loss of function of TSGs may be based on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, epigenetic and transcriptional regualtion, post-translation modifications like phosphorylation as well as cellular translocation of TSGs. As the above processes can constitute"druggable targets", these mechanisms provide novel therapeutic approaches in targeting TSGs. Some small molecule compounds targeting these approaches re-activated TSGs and reversed cancer drug resistance. Along this vein, functional restoration of TSGs is a novel and promising approach to surmount cancer drug resistance. In the current review, we draw a scenario based on the role of loss of function of TSGs in drug resistance, on mechanisms leading to inactivation of TSGs and on pharmacological agents acting on these mechanisms to overcome cancer drug resistance. This review discusses novel therapeutic strategies targeting TSGs and offers possible modalities to conquer cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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Sakai H, Kawakami H, Teramura T, Onodera Y, Somers E, Furuuchi K, Uenaka T, Kato R, Nakagawa K. Folate receptor α increases chemotherapy resistance through stabilizing MDM2 in cooperation with PHB2 that is overcome by MORAb-202 in gastric cancer. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e454. [PMID: 34185411 PMCID: PMC8167866 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main function of folate receptor α (FOLRα) has been considered to mediate intracellular folate uptake and induce tumor cell proliferation. Given the broad spectrum of expression among malignant tumors, including gastric cancer (GC) but not in normal tissue, FOLRα represents an attractive target for tumor-selective drug delivery. However, the efficacy of anti-FOLRα monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has not been proved so far, with the reason for this failure remaining unclear, raising the need for a better understanding of FOLRα function. METHODS The distribution of FOLRα in GC cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The impacts of FOLRα expression on the survival of GC patients and GC cell lines were examined with the Gene Expression Omnibus database and by siRNA of FOLRα. RNA-sequencing and Microarray analysis was conducted to identify the function of FOLRα. Proteins that interact with FOLRα were identified with shotgun LC-MS/MS. The antitumor efficacy of the anti-FOLRα mAb farletuzumab as well as the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consists of the farletuzumab and the tublin-depolymerizing agent eribulin (MORAb-202) was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS FOLRα was detected both at the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. Shorter overall survival was associated with FOLRα expression in GC patients, whereas reduction of FOLRα attenuated cell proliferation without inducing cell death in GC cell lines. Transcriptomic and proteomic examinations revealed that the FOLRα-expressing cancer cells possess a mechanism of chemotherapy resistance supported by MDM2, and FOLRα indirectly regulates it through a chaperone protein prohibitin2 (PHB2). Although reduction of FOLRα brought about vulnerability for oxaliplatin by diminishing MDM2 expression, farletuzumab did not suppress the MDM2-mediated chemoresistance and cell proliferation in GC cells. On the other hand, MORAb-202 showed significant antitumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The ADC could be a more reasonable choice than mAb as a targeting agent for the FOLRα-expressing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Sakai
- Department of Medical OncologyKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsaka‐SayamaOsakaJapan
| | - Hisato Kawakami
- Department of Medical OncologyKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsaka‐SayamaOsakaJapan
| | - Takeshi Teramura
- Division of Cell Biology for Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Advanced Clinical MedicineKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsaka‐SayamaOsakaJapan
| | - Yuta Onodera
- Division of Cell Biology for Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Advanced Clinical MedicineKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsaka‐SayamaOsakaJapan
| | - Elizabeth Somers
- AD Franchise Special Mission, Eisai Inc.Woodcliff LakeNew JerseyUSA
| | - Keiji Furuuchi
- Epochal Precision Anti‐Cancer Therapeutics (EPAT), Eisai Inc.ExtonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Toshimitsu Uenaka
- Epochal Precision Anti‐Cancer Therapeutics (EPAT), Eisai Inc.ExtonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ryoji Kato
- Department of Medical OncologyKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsaka‐SayamaOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakagawa
- Department of Medical OncologyKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsaka‐SayamaOsakaJapan
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Timmerman DM, Remmers TL, Hillenius S, Looijenga LHJ. Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105377. [PMID: 34065345 PMCID: PMC8161298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.
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16
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Bich-Loan NT, Kien KT, Thanh NL, Kim-Thanh NT, Huy NQ, The-Hai P, Muller M, Nachtergael A, Duez P, Thang ND. Toxicity and Anti-Proliferative Properties of Anisomeles indica Ethanol Extract on Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells and Zebrafish Embryos. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:257. [PMID: 33804714 PMCID: PMC8003830 DOI: 10.3390/life11030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we showed that crude extract of Anisomeles indica (AI-EtE) expressed its toxicity to HeLa cells with an IC50 dose of 38.8 µg/mL and to zebrafish embryos with malformations, lethality and hatching inhibition at 72-hpf at doses higher than 75 µg/mL. More interestingly, flow cytometry revealed that AI-EtE significantly promoted the number of cells entering apoptotic. Accordingly, the transcript levels of BAX, CASPASE-8, and CASPASE-3 in the cells treated with AI-EtE at IC50 dose were 1.55-, 1.62-, and 2.45-fold higher than those in the control cells, respectively. Moreover, treatment with AI-EtE caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in a p53-independent manner. Particularly, percentages of AI-EtE-treated cells in G1, S, G2/M were, respectively 85%, 6.7% and 6.4%; while percentages of control cells in G1, S, G2/M were 64%, 15% and 19%, respectively. Consistent with cell cycle arrest, the expressions of CDKN1A and CDNK2A in AI-EtE-treated cells were up-regulated 1.9- and 1.64-fold, respectively. Significantly, treatment with AI-EtE also decreased anchorage-independent growth of HeLa cells. In conclusion, we suggest that Anisomeles indica can be considered as a medicinal plant with a possible use against cervical cancer cells; however, the used dose should be carefully monitored, especially when applying to pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T. Bich-Loan
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.B.-L.); (K.T.K.); (N.L.T.); (N.T.K.-T.); (N.Q.H.); (P.T.-H.)
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; (A.N.); (P.D.)
| | - Kieu Trung Kien
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.B.-L.); (K.T.K.); (N.L.T.); (N.T.K.-T.); (N.Q.H.); (P.T.-H.)
| | - Nguyen Lai Thanh
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.B.-L.); (K.T.K.); (N.L.T.); (N.T.K.-T.); (N.Q.H.); (P.T.-H.)
| | - Nguyen T. Kim-Thanh
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.B.-L.); (K.T.K.); (N.L.T.); (N.T.K.-T.); (N.Q.H.); (P.T.-H.)
| | - Nguyen Quang Huy
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.B.-L.); (K.T.K.); (N.L.T.); (N.T.K.-T.); (N.Q.H.); (P.T.-H.)
| | - Pham The-Hai
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.B.-L.); (K.T.K.); (N.L.T.); (N.T.K.-T.); (N.Q.H.); (P.T.-H.)
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA-R, Department Life Sciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Amandine Nachtergael
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; (A.N.); (P.D.)
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; (A.N.); (P.D.)
| | - Nguyen Dinh Thang
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.T.B.-L.); (K.T.K.); (N.L.T.); (N.T.K.-T.); (N.Q.H.); (P.T.-H.)
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de Vries G, Rosas-Plaza X, Meersma GJ, Leeuwenburgh VC, Kok K, Suurmeijer AJH, van Vugt MATM, Gietema JA, de Jong S. Establishment and characterisation of testicular cancer patient-derived xenograft models for preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18938. [PMID: 33144587 PMCID: PMC7641131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common solid tumour in young men. While cisplatin-based chemotherapy is highly effective in TC patients, chemoresistance still accounts for 10% of disease-related deaths. Pre-clinical models that faithfully reflect patient tumours are needed to assist in target discovery and drug development. Tumour pieces from eight TC patients were subcutaneously implanted in NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice. Three patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of TC, including one chemoresistant model, were established containing yolk sac tumour and teratoma components. PDX models and corresponding patient tumours were characterised by H&E, Ki-67 and cyclophilin A immunohistochemistry, showing retention of histological subtypes over several passages. Whole-exome sequencing, copy number variation analysis and RNA-sequencing was performed on these TP53 wild type PDX tumours to assess the effects of passaging, showing high concordance of molecular features between passages. Cisplatin sensitivity of PDX models corresponded with patients' response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. MDM2 and mTORC1/2 targeted drugs showed efficacy in the cisplatin sensitive PDX models. In conclusion, we describe three PDX models faithfully reflecting chemosensitivity of TC patients. These models can be used for mechanistic studies and pre-clinical validation of novel therapeutic strategies in testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ximena Rosas-Plaza
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Meersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Kok
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J H Suurmeijer
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kozakova K, Mego M, Cheng L, Chovanec M. Promising novel therapies for relapsed and refractory testicular germ cell tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:53-69. [PMID: 33138660 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1838279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common solid malignancies in young men. The overall cure rate of GCT patients in metastatic stage is excellent, however; patients with relapsed or refractory disease have poor prognosis. Attempts to treat refractory disease with novel effective treatment to improve prognosis have been historically dismal and the ability to predict prognosis and treatment response in GCTs did not sufficiently improve in the last three decades. AREAS COVERED We performed a comprehensive literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE to identify original and review articles (years 1964-2020) reporting on current improvement salvage treatment in GCTs and novel treatment options including molecularly targeted therapy and epigenetic approach. Review articles were further searched for additional original articles. EXPERT OPINION Despite multimodal treatment approaches the treatment of relapsed or platinum-refractory GCTs remains a challenge. High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) regimens with autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT) from peripheral blood showed promising results in larger retrospective studies. Promising results from in vitro studies raised high expectations in molecular targets. So far, the lacking efficacy in small and unselected trials do not shed a light on targeted therapy. Currently, wide inclusion of patients into clinical trials is highly advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Kozakova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, National Cancer Institute , Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute , Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute , Bratislava, Slovakia.,Division of Hematology Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute , Bratislava, Slovakia.,Division of Hematology Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Looijenga LH, Van der Kwast TH, Grignon D, Egevad L, Kristiansen G, Kao CS, Idrees MT. Report From the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consultation Conference on Molecular Pathology of Urogenital Cancers: IV: Current and Future Utilization of Molecular-Genetic Tests for Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:e66-e79. [PMID: 32205480 PMCID: PMC7289140 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) organized a Consultation Conference in March 2019 dealing with applications of molecular pathology in Urogenital Pathology, including testicular tumors (with a focus on germ cell tumors [GCTs]), preceded by a survey among its members to get insight into current practices in testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) diagnostics and adoption of the ISUP immunohistochemical guidelines published in 2014. On the basis of the premeeting survey, the most commonly used immunomarker panel includes OCT3/4, placental alkaline phosphate, D2-40, SALL4, CD117, and CD30 for GCTs and the documentation of germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). Molecular testing, specifically 12p copy gain, is informative to distinguish non-GCNIS versus GCNIS related GCTs, and establishing germ cell origin of tumors both in the context of primary and metastatic lesions. Other molecular methodologies currently available but not widely utilized for TGCTs include genome-wide and targeted approaches for specific genetic anomalies, P53 mutations, genomic MDM2 amplification, and detection of the p53 inactivating miR-371a-3p. The latter also holds promise as a serum marker for malignant TGCTs. This manuscript provides an update on the classification of TGCTs, and describes the current and future role of molecular-genetic testing. The following recommendations are made: (1) Presence of GCNIS should be documented in all cases along with extent of spermatogenesis; (2) Immunohistochemical staining is optional in the following scenarios: identification of GCNIS, distinguishing embryonal carcinoma from seminoma, confirming presence of yolk sac tumor and/or choriocarcinoma, and differentiating spermatocytic tumor from potential mimics; (3) Detection of gain of the short arm of chromosome 12 is diagnostic to differentiate between non-GCNIS versus GCNIS related GCTs and supportive to the germ cell origin of both primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chia-Sui Kao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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20
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Cisplatin Resistance in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Current Challenges from Various Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061601. [PMID: 32560427 PMCID: PMC7352163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors share a marked sensitivity to cisplatin, contributing to their overall good prognosis. However, a subset of patients develop resistance to platinum-based treatments, by still-elusive mechanisms, experiencing poor quality of life due to multiple (often ineffective) interventions and, eventually, dying from disease. Currently, there is a lack of defined treatment opportunities for these patients that tackle the mechanism(s) underlying the emergence of resistance. Herein, we aim to provide a multifaceted overview of cisplatin resistance in testicular germ cell tumors, from the clinical perspective, to the pathobiology (including mechanisms contributing to induction of the resistant phenotype), to experimental models available for studying this occurrence. We provide a systematic summary of pre-target, on-target, post-target, and off-target mechanisms putatively involved in cisplatin resistance, providing data from preclinical studies and from those attempting validation in clinical samples, including those exploring specific alterations as therapeutic targets, some of them included in ongoing clinical trials. We briefly discuss the specificities of resistance related to teratoma (differentiated) phenotype, including the phenomena of growing teratoma syndrome and development of somatic-type malignancy. Cisplatin resistance is most likely multifactorial, and a combination of therapeutic strategies will most likely produce the best clinical benefit.
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de Vries G, Rosas-Plaza X, van Vugt MATM, Gietema JA, de Jong S. Testicular cancer: Determinants of cisplatin sensitivity and novel therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102054. [PMID: 32593915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common solid tumor among men aged between 15 and 40 years. TCs are highly aneuploid and the 12p isochromosome is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality. The mutation rate is of TC is low, with recurrent mutations in KIT and KRAS observed only at low frequency in seminomas. Overall cure rates are high, even in a metastatic setting, resulting from excellent cisplatin sensitivity of TCs. Factors contributing to the observed cisplatin sensitivity include defective DNA damage repair and a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage. Nonetheless, around 10-20% of TC patients with metastatic disease cannot be cured by cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Resistance mechanisms include downregulation of OCT4 and failure to induce PUMA and NOXA, elevated levels of MDM2, and hyperactivity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Several pre-clinical approaches have proven successful in overcoming cisplatin resistance, including specific targeting of PARP, MDM2 or AKT/mTOR combined with cisplatin. Finally, patient-derived xenograft models hold potential for mechanistic studies and pre-clinical validation of novel therapeutic strategies in TC. While clinical trials investigating targeted drugs have been disappointing, pre-clinical successes with chemotherapy and targeted drug combinations fuel the need for further investigation in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ximena Rosas-Plaza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Gupta A, Behl T, Heer HR, Deshmukh R, Sharma PL. Mdm2-P53 Interaction Inhibitor with Cisplatin Enhances Apoptosis in Colon and Prostate Cancer Cells In-Vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3341-3351. [PMID: 31759358 PMCID: PMC7062994 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.11.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of RITA (MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor) and its action along with genotoxic drug cisplatin was evaluated on COLO-205 colon cancer and PC-3 prostate cancer cells. METHOD Various in-vitro parameters to determine cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of RITA with genotoxic drug cisplatin were evaluated. The potentiation of cytotoxic effect was evaluated using MTT assay and colony forming assay, mechanism of cell death by Etbr/AcO assay and the mechanism of apoptosis was determined by caspase-3 release assay. RESULTS The findings from MTT confirmed the best possible potent combination of 5+5µM and 10+10µM concentration of Cisplatin and RITA respectively. These combinations were further evaluated for its chemo sensitizing effect which confirmed the significant reduction in number of colonies in combination as compared to monotherapy. Also, the results of Etbr/AcO assay were in line with the colony forming assay. For apoptotic activity, it was noted that increasing the concentration of cisplatin and RITA (10µM), did not affect much to apoptotic activity and was found to be equally effective to that of low dose (5µM) concentration. The same results were seen in Caspase-3 release effect on both the cell lines. CONCLUSION Our present study provides compelling evidence that pharmacological activation of the p53 by blocking the MDM2-p53 interaction is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy and using RITA in combination with Cisplatin not only decrease the toxic effect of Cisplatin by decreasing its dose but also increasing the apoptotic effect, warrants clinical evaluation on both colon and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Animal Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy,
| | - Tapan Behl
- Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy Moga,
| | - Hem Raj Heer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara Collge of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura,
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab,
| | - Pyare Lal Sharma
- 5Emeritus, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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De Giorgi U, Casadei C, Bergamini A, Attademo L, Cormio G, Lorusso D, Pignata S, Mangili G. Therapeutic Challenges for Cisplatin-Resistant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101584. [PMID: 31627378 PMCID: PMC6826947 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with advanced ovarian germ cell cancer are treated by cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Despite adequate first-line treatment, nearly one third of patients relapse and almost half develop cisplatin-resistant disease, which is often fatal. The treatment of cisplatin-resistant disease is challenging and prognosis remains poor. There are limited data on the efficacy of specific chemotherapeutic regimens, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous progenitor cell support and targeted therapies. The inclusion of patients in clinical trials is strongly recommended, especially in clinical trials on the most frequent male germ cell tumors, to offer wider therapeutic opportunities. Here, we provide an overview of current and potential new treatment options including combination chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapies, for patients with cisplatin-resistant ovarian germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Chiara Casadei
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Alice Bergamini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Attademo
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Department of Woman, Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Mangili
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Predicting Gonadal Germ Cell Cancer in People with Disorders of Sex Development; Insights from Developmental Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205017. [PMID: 31658757 PMCID: PMC6834166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of gonadal germ cell cancer (GGCC) is increased in selective subgroups, amongst others, defined patients with disorders of sex development (DSD). The increased risk is due to the presence of part of the Y chromosome, i.e., GonadoBlastoma on Y chromosome GBY region, as well as anatomical localization and degree of testicularization and maturation of the gonad. The latter specifically relates to the germ cells present being at risk when blocked in an embryonic stage of development. GGCC originates from either germ cell neoplasia in situ (testicular environment) or gonadoblastoma (ovarian-like environment). These precursors are characterized by presence of the markers OCT3/4 (POU5F1), SOX17, NANOG, as well as TSPY, and cKIT and its ligand KITLG. One of the aims is to stratify individuals with an increased risk based on other parameters than histological investigation of a gonadal biopsy. These might include evaluation of defined susceptibility alleles, as identified by Genome Wide Association Studies, and detailed evaluation of the molecular mechanism underlying the DSD in the individual patient, combined with DNA, mRNA, and microRNA profiling of liquid biopsies. This review will discuss the current opportunities as well as limitations of available knowledge in the context of predicting the risk of GGCC in individual patients.
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25
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Singh R, Fazal Z, Freemantle SJ, Spinella MJ. Mechanisms of cisplatin sensitivity and resistance in testicular germ cell tumors. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:580-594. [PMID: 31538140 PMCID: PMC6752046 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a cancer pharmacology success story with a majority of patients cured even in the highly advanced and metastatic setting. Successful treatment of TGCTs is primarily due to the exquisite responsiveness of this solid tumor to cisplatin-based therapy. However, a significant percentage of patients are, or become, refractory to cisplatin and die from progressive disease. Mechanisms for both clinical hypersensitivity and resistance have largely remained a mystery despite the promise of applying lessons to the majority of solid tumors that are not curable in the metastatic setting. Recently, this promise has been heightened by the realization that distinct (and perhaps pharmacologically replicable) epigenetic states, rather than fixed genetic alterations, may play dominant roles in not only TGCT etiology and progression but also their curability with conventional chemotherapies. In this review, it discusses potential mechanisms of TGCT cisplatin sensitivity and resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sarah J Freemantle
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,The Carle Illinois College of Medicine , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,The Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
Human germ cell tumours (GCTs) are derived from stem cells of the early embryo and the germ line. They occur in the gonads (ovaries and testes) and also in extragonadal sites, where migrating primordial germ cells are located during embryogenesis. This group of heterogeneous neoplasms is unique in that their developmental potential is in effect determined by the latent potency state of their cells of origin, which are reprogrammed to omnipotent, totipotent or pluripotent stem cells. Seven GCT types, defined according to their developmental potential, have been identified, each with distinct epidemiological and (epi)genomic features. Heritable predisposition factors affecting the cells of origin and their niches likely explain bilateral, multiple and familial occurrences of the different types of GCTs. Unlike most other tumour types, GCTs are rarely caused by somatic driver mutations, but arise through failure to control the latent developmental potential of their cells of origin, resulting in their reprogramming. Consistent with their non-mutational origin, even the malignant tumours of the group are characterized by wild-type TP53 and high sensitivity for DNA damage. However, tumour progression and the rare occurrence of treatment resistance are driven by embryonic epigenetic state, specific (sub)chromosomal imbalances and somatic mutations. Thus, recent progress in understanding GCT biology supports a comprehensive developmental pathogenetic model for the origin of all GCTs, and provides new biomarkers, as well as potential targets for treatment of resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolter Oosterhuis
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Young MJ, Hsu KC, Lin TE, Chang WC, Hung JJ. The role of ubiquitin-specific peptidases in cancer progression. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:42. [PMID: 31133011 PMCID: PMC6537419 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is an important mechanism for regulating the activity and levels of proteins under physiological conditions. Loss of regulation by protein ubiquitination leads to various diseases, such as cancer. Two types of enzymes, namely, E1/E2/E3 ligases and deubiquitinases, are responsible for controlling protein ubiquitination. The ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) are the main members of the deubiquitinase family. Many studies have addressed the roles of USPs in various diseases. An increasing number of studies have indicated that USPs are critical for cancer progression, and some USPs have been used as targets to develop inhibitors for cancer prevention. Herein we collect and organize most of the recent studies on the roles of USPs in cancer progression and discuss the development of USP inhibitors for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jer Young
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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28
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Batool A, Karimi N, Wu XN, Chen SR, Liu YX. Testicular germ cell tumor: a comprehensive review. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1713-1727. [PMID: 30671589 PMCID: PMC11105513 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Testicular tumors are the most common tumors in adolescent and young men and germ cell tumors (TGCTs) account for most of all testicular cancers. Increasing incidence of TGCTs among males provides strong motivation to understand its biological and genetic basis. Gains of chromosome arm 12p and aneuploidy are nearly universal in TGCTs, but TGCTs have low point mutation rate. It is thought that TGCTs develop from premalignant intratubular germ cell neoplasia that is believed to arise from the failure of normal maturation of gonocytes during fetal or postnatal development. Progression toward invasive TGCTs (seminoma and nonseminoma) then occurs after puberty. Both inherited genetic factors and environmental risk factors emerge as important contributors to TGCT susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies have so far identified more than 30 risk loci for TGCTs, suggesting that a polygenic model fits better with the genetic landscape of the disease. Despite high cure rates because of its particular sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy, exploration of mechanisms underlying the occurrence, progression, metastasis, recurrence, chemotherapeutic resistance, early diagnosis and optional clinical therapeutics without long-term side effects are urgently needed to reduce the cancer burden in this underserved age group. Herein, we present an up-to-date review on clinical challenges, origin and progression, risk factors, TGCT mouse models, serum diagnostic markers, resistance mechanisms, miRNA regulation, and database resources of TGCTs. We appeal that more attention should be paid to the basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalia Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Najmeh Karimi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yi-Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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Lafin JT, Bagrodia A, Woldu S, Amatruda JF. New insights into germ cell tumor genomics. Andrology 2019; 7:507-515. [PMID: 30896089 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent the most common malignancy in young men. While GCTs represent a model for curable solid tumors due to exquisite chemosensitivity, mortality for patients with GCT comprises the most life years lost for non-pediatric malignancies. Given limited options for patients with platinum-resistant disease, improved insight into GCT biology could identify novel therapeutic options for patients with platinum-resistant disease. Recent studies into molecular characteristics of both early stage and advanced germ cell tumors suggest a role for rationally targeted agents and potentially immunotherapy. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Recent GWAS meta-analyses have uncovered additional susceptibility loci for GCT and provide further evidence that GCT risk is polygenic. Chromosome arm level amplifications and reciprocal loss of heterozygosity have been described as significantly enriched in GCT compared to other cancer types. Contemporary analyses confirm ubiquitous gain of isochromosome 12 and mutations in addition to previously described GCT-associated genes such as KIT and KRAS. Alterations within the TP53-MDM2 signal transduction pathway appear to be enriched among patients with platinum-resistant disease. Potentially actionable targets, including alterations in TP53-MDM2, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K, and MAPK signaling, are present in significant proportions of patients with platinum-resistant disease and may be exploited as therapeutic options. Pre-clinical and early clinical data also suggest a potential role for immunotherapy among patients with GCTs. CONCLUSION Molecular characterization of GCT patients may provide biologic rationale for novel treatment options in patients with platinum-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Lafin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S Woldu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Bhuvanalakshmi G, Gamit N, Patil M, Arfuso F, Sethi G, Dharmarajan A, Kumar AP, Warrier S. Stemness, Pluripotentiality, and Wnt Antagonism: sFRP4, a Wnt antagonist Mediates Pluripotency and Stemness in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:E25. [PMID: 30591679 PMCID: PMC6356444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapeutic resistance of glioblastoma has been attributed to a self-renewing subpopulation, the glioma stem cells (GSCs), which is known to be maintained by the Wnt β-catenin pathway. Our previous findings demonstrated that exogeneous addition of the Wnt antagonist, secreted fizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4) hampered stem cell properties in GSCs. METHODS To understand the molecular mechanism of sFRP4, we overexpressed sFRP4 (sFRP4 OE) in three human glioblastoma cell lines U87MG, U138MG, and U373MG. We also performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing of sFRP4 OE and RNA sequencing of sFRP4 OE and sFRP4 knocked down U87 cells. RESULTS We observed nuclear localization of sFRP4, suggesting an unknown nuclear role. ChIP-sequencing of sFRP4 pulldown DNA revealed a homeobox Cphx1, related to the senescence regulator ETS proto-oncogene 2 (ETS2). Furthermore, miRNA885, a p53-mediated apoptosis inducer, was upregulated in sFRP4 OE cells. RNA sequencing analysis suggested that sFRP4-mediated apoptosis is via the Fas-p53 pathway by activating the Wnt calcium and reactive oxygen species pathways. Interestingly, sFRP4 OE cells had decreased stemness, but when knocked down in multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, pluripotentiality was induced and the Wnt β-catenin pathway was upregulated. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils a novel nuclear role for sFRP4 to promote apoptosis by a possible activation of DNA damage machinery in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurubharathi Bhuvanalakshmi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular and Neuronal Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
| | - Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular and Neuronal Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
| | - Manasi Patil
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular and Neuronal Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular and Neuronal Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd., School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
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Apoptosis and autophagy induction of Seleno-β-lactoglobulin (Se-β-Lg) on hepatocellular carcinoma cells lines. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Schmidtova S, Kalavska K, Kucerova L. Molecular Mechanisms of Cisplatin Chemoresistance and Its Circumventing in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:88. [PMID: 30259297 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most common solid tumors affecting young men. Majority of TGCTs respond well to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, patients with refractory disease have limited treatment modalities associated with poor prognosis. Here, we discuss the main molecular mechanisms associated with acquired cisplatin resistance in TGCTs and how their understanding might help in the development of new approaches to tackle this clinically relevant problem. We also discuss recent data on the strategies of circumventing the cisplatin resistance from different tumor types potentially efficient also in TGCTs. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data regarding deregulation of various signaling pathways as well as genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in cisplatin-resistant TGCTs have contributed to understanding of the mechanisms related to the resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in these tumors. Understanding of these mechanisms enabled explaining why majority but not all TGCTs patients are curable with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Moreover, it could lead to the development of more effective treatment of refractory TGCTs and potentially other solid tumors resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy. This review provides additional insights into mechanisms associated with cisplatin resistance in TGCTs, which is a complex phenomenon, and there is a need for novel modalities to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schmidtova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Klenová 1, 833 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Klenová 1, Bratislava, 833 10, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Karim ME, Tha KK, Othman I, Borhan Uddin M, Chowdhury EH. Therapeutic Potency of Nanoformulations of siRNAs and shRNAs in Animal Models of Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E65. [PMID: 29861465 PMCID: PMC6026921 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA Interference (RNAi) has brought revolutionary transformations in cancer management in the past two decades. RNAi-based therapeutics including siRNA and shRNA have immense scope to silence the expression of mutant cancer genes specifically in a therapeutic context. Although tremendous progress has been made to establish catalytic RNA as a new class of biologics for cancer management, a lot of extracellular and intracellular barriers still pose a long-lasting challenge on the way to clinical approval. A series of chemically suitable, safe and effective viral and non-viral carriers have emerged to overcome physiological barriers and ensure targeted delivery of RNAi. The newly invented carriers, delivery techniques and gene editing technology made current treatment protocols stronger to fight cancer. This review has provided a platform about the chronicle of siRNA development and challenges of RNAi therapeutics for laboratory to bedside translation focusing on recent advancement in siRNA delivery vehicles with their limitations. Furthermore, an overview of several animal model studies of siRNA- or shRNA-based cancer gene therapy over the past 15 years has been presented, highlighting the roles of genes in multiple cancers, pharmacokinetic parameters and critical evaluation. The review concludes with a future direction for the development of catalytic RNA vehicles and design strategies to make RNAi-based cancer gene therapy more promising to surmount cancer gene delivery challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Emranul Karim
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kyi Kyi Tha
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Borhan Uddin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Xu L, Xia C, Sun Q, Sheng F, Xiong J, Wang S. Variants of FasL and ABCC5 are predictive of outcome after chemotherapy-based treatment in osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2018; 12:44-48. [PMID: 30065912 PMCID: PMC6066469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previous pharmacogenetics studies showed that genetic variants could be indicative of the response to chemotherapy. We aimed to investigate whether variants of FasL, MSH2, ABCC5, CASP3 and CYP3A4 are associated with the outcome after chemotherapy-based treatment in osteosarcoma. Methods 132 osteosarcoma patients who had completed the neoadjuvant chemotherapy in our center were included. 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was assessed from the initial treatment to the earliest sign of disease progression or death from any cause. 5 SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay, including rs763110 of FasL, rs4638843 of MSH2, rs939338 of ABCC5, rs2720376 of CASP3 and rs4646437 of CYP3A4. Patients were classified into two groups according to the 5-year PFS (event/no event). The chi-square test was used to analyze difference of genotype frequency. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of the PFS rate. Results The overall 5-year PFS was 61.4% (81/132). Genotype TT/CT of rs763110 and genotype GG/AG of rs939338 were significantly associated with the event of 5-year PFS (p = 0.028 for rs763110; p = 0.039 for rs939338). Patients with no risk allele showed a 5-year PFS of 73.7% (42/57), which was significantly higher than a PFS of 54.2% (26/48) for patients with one risk allele and 48.1% (13/27) for patients with two different risk alleles (p = 0.03). Logistic regression analysis showed that allele T of FasL rs763110 and allele G of ABCC5 rs939338 were independent risk factors of the 5-year PFS. The ORs were 2.14 (95%CI = 1.13–3.35, p = 0.01) for rs763110 and 1.73 (95%CI = 1.05–2.52, p = 0.03) for rs939338, respectively. Conclusions The association of variants of FASL and ABCC5 with survival outcome after chemotherapy was validated in patients with osteosarcoma. Our findings may provide a new insight into a more personalized treatment for patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chao Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Fei Sheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jin Xiong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing 210008, China
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Romano FJ, Rossetti S, Conteduca V, Schepisi G, Cavaliere C, Di Franco R, La Mantia E, Castaldo L, Nocerino F, Ametrano G, Cappuccio F, Malzone G, Montanari M, Vanacore D, Quagliariello V, Piscitelli R, Pepe MF, Berretta M, D'Aniello C, Perdonà S, Muto P, Botti G, Ciliberto G, Veneziani BM, De Falco F, Maiolino P, Caraglia M, Montella M, De Giorgi U, Facchini G. Role of DNA repair machinery and p53 in the testicular germ cell cancer: a review. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85641-85649. [PMID: 27821802 PMCID: PMC5356765 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the peculiar sensitivity to cisplatin-based treatment, resulting in a very high percentage of cures even in advanced stages of the disease, still we do not know the biological mechanisms that make Testicular Germ Cell Tumor (TGCT) “unique” in the oncology scene. p53 and MDM2 seem to play a pivotal role, according to several in vitro observations, but no correlation has been found between their mutational or expression status in tissue samples and patients clinical outcome. Furthermore, other players seem to be on stage: DNA Damage Repair Machinery (DDR) , especially Homologous Recombination (HR) proteins, above all Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), cooperates with p53 in response to DNA damage, activating apoptotic cascade and contributing to cell “fate”. Homologous Recombination deficiency has been assumed to be a Germ Cell Tumor characteristic underlying platinum-sensitivity, whereby Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an enzyme involved in HR DNA repair, is an intriguing target: PARP inhibitors have already entered in clinical practice of other malignancies and trials are recruiting TGCT patients in order to validate their role in this disease. This paper aims to summarize evidence, trying to outline an overview of DDR implications not only in TGCT curability, but also in resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Jacopo Romano
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossetti
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Carla Cavaliere
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Department of Onco-Ematology Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Franco
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elvira La Mantia
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Castaldo
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Division of Urology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Nocerino
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ametrano
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappuccio
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Psicology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Malzone
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Micaela Montanari
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Vanacore
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Piscitelli
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Fondazione G. Pascale Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Filomena Pepe
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Aniello
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.R.N. dei COLLI "Ospedali Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO", Napoli, Italy
| | - Sisto Perdonà
- Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Division of Urology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Muto
- Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Veneziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco De Falco
- Psicology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Piera Maiolino
- Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Fondazione G. Pascale Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Montella
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Yee-Lin V, Pooi-Fong W, Soo-Beng AK. Nutlin-3, A p53-Mdm2 Antagonist for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treatment. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 18:173-183. [PMID: 28714398 PMCID: PMC5769085 DOI: 10.2174/1389557517666170717125821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a form of head and neck cancer of multifactorial etiolo-gies that is highly prevalent among men in the population of Southern China and Southeast Asia. NPC has claimed many thousands of lives worldwide; but the low awareness of NPC remains a hindrance in early diagnosis and prevention of the disease. NPC is highly responsive to radiotherapy and chemothera-py, but radiocurable NPC is still dependent on concurrent treatment of megavoltage radiotherapy with chemotherapy. Despite a significant reduction in loco-regional and distant metastases, radiotherapy alone has failed to provide a significant improvement in the overall survival rate of NPC, compared to chemo-therapy. In addition, chemo-resistance persists as the major challenge in the management of metastatic NPC although the survival rate of advanced metastatic NPC has significantly improved with the admin-istration of chemotherapy adjunctive to radiotherapy. In this regard, targeted molecular therapy could be explored for the discovery of alternative NPC therapies. Nutlin-3, a small molecule inhibitor that specifi-cally targets p53-Mdm2 interaction offers new therapeutic opportunities by enhancing cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis through the restoration of the p53-mediated tumor suppression pathway while pro-ducing minimal cytotoxicity and side effects. This review discusses the potential use of Nutlin-3 as a p53-activating drug and the future directions of its clinical research for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voon Yee-Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Wong Pooi-Fong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Alan Khoo Soo-Beng
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
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Aoun F, Kourie HR, Albisinni S, Roumeguère T. Will Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Remain Untargetable? Target Oncol 2017; 11:711-721. [PMID: 27184492 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Testicular Germ cell tumors (TGCT) represent the most common solid tumors affecting young men. They constitute a distinct entity because of their embryonic origin and their unique biological behavior. Recently, new preclinical data on genetic and epigenetic susceptibility profiles, biological signaling machinery as well as on molecular patterns of tumors and pathways of pathogenesis helped to elucidate the pathogenesis and the differentiation of TGCTs and to understand the mechanisms behind the development of resistance to treatment. In the present work, we have reviewed new clues to the development, differentiation and progression of TGCTs. We focus on the most important epigenetic and molecular biomarkers, and discussed their diagnostic and prognostic accuracy compared to the currently used biomarkers. The mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to cisplatin and commonly used chemotherapeutic agents are also discussed in detail. Finally, we summarize failed and ongoing clinical trials using targeted therapies in resistant TGCTs, and analyze the potential of new targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Aoun
- Department of Urology, Hôtel Dieu de France, Beyrouth, Lebanon.
| | - Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Department of Oncology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger Bordet Street, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Albisinni
- Department of Urology, Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Roumeguère
- Department of Urology, Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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The Relationship of Fas Promoter Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk in North-West of Iran: A Haplotype and in Silico Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Zheng HC. The molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59950-59964. [PMID: 28938696 PMCID: PMC5601792 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming intrinsic and acquired drug resistance is a major challenge in treating cancer patients because chemoresistance causes recurrence, cancer dissemination and death. This review summarizes numerous molecular aspects of multi-resistance, including transporter pumps, oncogenes (EGFR, PI3K/Akt, Erk and NF-κB), tumor suppressor gene (p53), mitochondrial alteration, DNA repair, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stemness, and exosome. The chemoresistance-related proteins are localized to extracellular ligand, membrane receptor, cytosolic signal messenger, and nuclear transcription factors for various events, including proliferation, apoptosis, EMT, autophagy and exosome. Their cross-talk frequently appears, such as the regulatory effects of EGFR-Akt-NF-κB signal pathway on the transcription of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin or EMT-related stemness. It is essential for the realization of the target, individualized and combine therapy to clarify these molecular mechanisms, explore the therapy target, screen chemosensitive population, and determine the efficacy of chemoreagents by cell culture and orthotopic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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41
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Tan BX, Liew HP, Chua JS, Ghadessy FJ, Tan YS, Lane DP, Coffill CR. Anatomy of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in evolution. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:3-15. [PMID: 28077607 PMCID: PMC6372010 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse double minute (Mdm) genes span an evolutionary timeframe from the ancient eukaryotic placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens to Homo sapiens, implying a significant and possibly conserved cellular role throughout history. Maintenance of DNA integrity and response to DNA damage involve many key regulatory pathways, including precise control over the tumour suppressor protein p53. In most vertebrates, degradation of p53 through proteasomal targeting is primarily mediated by heterodimers of Mdm2 and the Mdm2-related protein Mdm4 (also known as MdmX). Both Mdm2 and Mdm4 have p53-binding regions, acidic domains, zinc fingers, and C-terminal RING domains that are conserved throughout evolution. Vertebrates typically have both Mdm2 and Mdm4 genes, while analyses of sequenced genomes of invertebrate species have identified single Mdm genes, suggesting that a duplication event occurred prior to emergence of jawless vertebrates about 550-440 million years ago. The functional relationship between Mdm and p53 in T. adhaerens, an organism that has existed for 1 billion years, implies that these two proteins have evolved together to maintain a conserved and regulated function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Xiong Tan
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Hoe Peng Liew
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Joy S. Chua
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Farid J. Ghadessy
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis St, #07-01,Singapore138671, Singapore
| | - David P. Lane
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Cynthia R. Coffill
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a model for curable cancer because of exquisite chemosensitivity and incorporation of multimodal therapy. Nevertheless, our ability to predict metastases in early-stage disease and responders to chemotherapy in advanced disease is limited. Treatment options for cisplatin-resistant disease are sparse. A further understanding of TGCT biology may allow for more precise patient counseling and identify novel therapies in patients with cisplatin-resistant disease. RECENT FINDINGS Adult TGCTs are characterized by frequent chromosomal anomalies and low rates of somatic mutations. Large-scale integrated molecular analysis of early-stage TGCT patients is actively underway. In addition to ubiquitous gain of isochromosome 12p, current molecular studies have confirmed mutations of previously described genes (i.e., KIT and KRAS) and described novel mutations. Analysis of cisplatin-resistant cases has identified high rates of alterations within the TP53-MDM2 axis and a high proportion of patients with potentially actionable targets, including TP53-MDM2, PI3 kinase, and MAPK signaling pathway alterations. The role of epigenetics in TGCT development and prognosis is also being further characterized. SUMMARY Further molecular characterization of TGCT may allow for avoidance of unnecessary treatment in patients with early-stage disease and also provide new treatment options in patients with cisplatin-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon L Woldu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Bagrodia A, Lee BH, Lee W, Cha EK, Sfakianos JP, Iyer G, Pietzak EJ, Gao SP, Zabor EC, Ostrovnaya I, Kaffenberger SD, Syed A, Arcila ME, Chaganti RS, Kundra R, Eng J, Hreiki J, Vacic V, Arora K, Oschwald DM, Berger MF, Bajorin DF, Bains MS, Schultz N, Reuter VE, Sheinfeld J, Bosl GJ, Al-Ahmadie HA, Solit DB, Feldman DR. Genetic Determinants of Cisplatin Resistance in Patients With Advanced Germ Cell Tumors. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:4000-4007. [PMID: 27646943 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.68.7798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Owing to its exquisite chemotherapy sensitivity, most patients with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) are cured with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, up to 30% of patients with advanced GCT exhibit cisplatin resistance, which requires intensive salvage treatment, and have a 50% risk of cancer-related death. To identify a genetic basis for cisplatin resistance, we performed whole-exome and targeted sequencing of cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant GCTs. Methods Men with GCT who received a cisplatin-containing chemotherapy regimen and had available tumor tissue were eligible to participate in this study. Whole-exome sequencing or targeted exon-capture-based sequencing was performed on 180 tumors. Patients were categorized as cisplatin sensitive or cisplatin resistant by using a combination of postchemotherapy parameters, including serum tumor marker levels, radiology, and pathology at surgical resection of residual disease. Results TP53 alterations were present exclusively in cisplatin-resistant tumors and were particularly prevalent among primary mediastinal nonseminomas (72%). TP53 pathway alterations including MDM2 amplifications were more common among patients with adverse clinical features, categorized as poor risk according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) model. Despite this association, TP53 and MDM2 alterations predicted adverse prognosis independent of the IGCCCG model. Actionable alterations, including novel RAC1 mutations, were detected in 55% of cisplatin-resistant GCTs. Conclusion In GCT, TP53 and MDM2 alterations were associated with cisplatin resistance and inferior outcomes, independent of the IGCCCG model. The finding of frequent TP53 alterations among mediastinal primary nonseminomas may explain the more frequent chemoresistance observed with this tumor subtype. A substantial portion of cisplatin-resistant GCTs harbor actionable alterations, which might respond to targeted therapies. Genomic profiling of patients with advanced GCT could improve current risk stratification and identify novel therapeutic approaches for patients with cisplatin-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bagrodia
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Byron H Lee
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - William Lee
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Eugene K Cha
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - John P Sfakianos
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Eugene J Pietzak
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Sizhi Paul Gao
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Emily C Zabor
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Irina Ostrovnaya
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Samuel D Kaffenberger
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Aijazuddin Syed
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Raju S Chaganti
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Ritika Kundra
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Jana Eng
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Joseph Hreiki
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Vladimir Vacic
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Kanika Arora
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Dayna M Oschwald
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael F Berger
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Dean F Bajorin
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Manjit S Bains
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Victor E Reuter
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Joel Sheinfeld
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - George J Bosl
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - David B Solit
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Darren R Feldman
- Aditya Bagrodia, Byron H. Lee, William Lee, Eugene K. Cha, Gopa Iyer, Eugene J. Pietzak, Sizhi Paul Gao, Emily C. Zabor, Irina Ostrovnaya, Samuel D. Kaffenberger, Aijazuddin Syed, Maria E. Arcila, Raju S. Chaganti, Ritika Kundra, Jana Eng, Joseph Hreiki, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Nikolaus Schultz, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John P. Sfakianos, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Gopa Iyer, Michael F. Berger, Dean F. Bajorin, Manjit S. Bains, Victor E. Reuter, Joel Sheinfeld, George J. Bosl, Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, David B. Solit, Darren R. Feldman, Weill Cornell Medical College; and Vladimir Vacic, Kanika Arora, Dayna M. Oschwald, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
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Oing C, Kollmannsberger C, Oechsle K, Bokemeyer C. Investigational targeted therapies for the treatment of testicular germ cell tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1033-43. [PMID: 27286362 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common malignancy among men aged between 15 to 45. Despite high cure rates of >90% over all GCTs, 3 to 5% of patients will still die of platinum-refractory disease. New systemic treatment options are needed to improve treatment success in this challenging setting. AREAS COVERED To review targeted treatment options and preclinical developments in platinum-refractory GCTs, a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Medline and scientific meeting abstracts on published clinical trials and reports on molecularly targeted approaches was conducted. Outcomes of platinum-refractory disease and of patients failing high-dose chemotherapy remain poor. Currently, no molecularly targeted treatment has shown clinically meaningful activity in unselected patient populations in clinical trials, but individual patients may achieve short-lived objective responses by treatment with sunitinib, brentuximab vedotin or imatinib. Targeted trials based on molecular selection of patients have not yet been performed. EXPERT OPINION The limited activity of targeted agents in refractory GCT is disappointing. Assessment of druggable biomarkers and marker-stratified treatment may help individual patients, but is largely lacking. The low incidence and high curability of GCTs make the design of larger clinical trials difficult. The potential of novel agents, i.e. immune-checkpoint inhibitors, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Oing
- a Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christian Kollmannsberger
- b Division of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Vancouver Cancer Center , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Karin Oechsle
- a Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- a Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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Boublikova L, Bakardjieva-Mihaylova V, Skvarova Kramarzova K, Kuzilkova D, Dobiasova A, Fiser K, Stuchly J, Kotrova M, Buchler T, Dusek P, Grega M, Rosova B, Vernerova Z, Klezl P, Pesl M, Zachoval R, Krolupper M, Kubecova M, Stahalova V, Abrahamova J, Babjuk M, Kodet R, Trka J. Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1), TP53, RAS/BRAF and KIT aberrations in testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:367-76. [PMID: 27085458 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1), a zinc-finger transcription factor essential for testis development and function, along with other genes, was investigated for their role in the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). METHODS In total, 284 TGCT and 100 control samples were investigated, including qPCR for WT1 expression and BRAF mutation, p53 immunohistochemistry detection, and massively parallel amplicon sequencing. RESULTS WT1 was significantly (p < 0.0001) under-expressed in TGCT, with an increased ratio of exon 5-lacking isoforms, reaching low levels in chemo-naïve relapsed TGCT patients vs. high levels in chemotherapy-pretreated relapsed patients. BRAF V600E mutation was identified in 1% of patients only. p53 protein was lowly expressed in TGCT metastases compared to the matched primary tumors. Of 9 selected TGCT-linked genes, RAS/BRAF and WT1 mutations were frequent while significant TP53 and KIT variants were not detected (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS WT1 has been identified as a novel factor involved in TGCT pathogenesis, with a potential prognostic impact. Distinct biologic nature of the two types of relapses occurring in TGCT has been demonstrated. Differential mutation rate of the key TGCT-related genes has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boublikova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - V Bakardjieva-Mihaylova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Skvarova Kramarzova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Kuzilkova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Dobiasova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Fiser
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Stuchly
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kotrova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Buchler
- Department of Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Dusek
- Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Grega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Rosova
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Vernerova
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Klezl
- Department of Urology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Pesl
- Department of Urology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Zachoval
- Department of Urology, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krolupper
- Department of Urology, Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kubecova
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Stahalova
- Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Abrahamova
- Department of Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Babjuk
- Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Kodet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Trka
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kourie HR, Aoun F. Why balls are not put inside the basket? A reflection on testicular cancer clinical trial design. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:513-4. [PMID: 26960332 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New concepts of trial design are being developed based on biomarkers, namely basket and umbrella trials. Basket trials appear optimally positioned to evaluate new molecular markers for testicular germ cell tumors, a rare heterogeneous disease with relatively few molecular alterations. However, not uncommonly, the "balls" fall outside the "basket". In this short communication, we discussed the different causes limiting the inclusion of TGCT in basket trials and we proposed a new design for trials suitable for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium. .,Free University of Brussels, Belgium, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Fouad Aoun
- Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium.,Free University of Brussels, Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
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Voon YL, Ahmad M, Wong PF, Husaini R, Ng WTW, Leong CO, Lane DP, Khoo ASB. Nutlin-3 sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1692-700. [PMID: 26252575 PMCID: PMC4564086 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-molecule inhibitor of p53-Mdm2 interaction, Nutlin-3, is known to be effective against cancers expressing wild-type (wt) p53. p53 mutations are rare in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), hence targeting disruption of p53-Mdm2 interaction to reactivate p53 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for NPC. In the present study, the effects of Nutlin-3 alone or in combination with cisplatin, a standard chemotherapeutic agent, were tested on C666-1 cells, an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive NPC cell line bearing wt p53. Treatment with Nutlin-3 activated the p53 pathway and sensitized NPC cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. The combined treatment also markedly suppressed soft agar colony growth formation and increased apoptosis of NPC cells. The effect of Nutlin-3 on NPC cells was inhibited by knockdown of p53, suggesting that its effect was p53-dependent. Extended treatment with increasing concentrations of Nutlin-3 did not result in emergence of p53 mutations in the C666-1 cells. Collectively, the present study revealed supportive evidence of the effectiveness of combining cisplatin and Nutlin-3 as a potential therapy against NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Lin Voon
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Roslina Husaini
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Wayne Tiong-Weng Ng
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - David Philip Lane
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
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Zhang W, Gao R, Yu Y, Guo K, Hou P, Yu M, Liu Y, Yang A. Iodine-131 induces apoptosis in HTori-3 human thyrocyte cell line and G2/M phase arrest in a p53-independent pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3148-54. [PMID: 25515142 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine‑131 is known to destroy residual thyroid tissue following surgical resection of differentiated thyroid carcinoma and is widely used to treat hyperthyroidism. However, the mechanism by which iodine‑131 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the human thyrocyte cell line, Htori‑3, remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the cytotoxic effect of iodine‑131 on the HTori‑3 cell line and the underlying mechanism of iodine‑131‑induced cell apoptosis were investigated. Cell viability was analyzed using an MTT assay, while cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were determined using flow cytometry. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blot analyses were performed to determine the changes in the expression levels of p53, B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), Fas and growth arrest and DNA damage‑inducible 45 (GADD45), following iodine‑131 treatment. The results demonstrated that iodine‑131 may inhibit HTori‑3 cell growth via cell apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner. The iodine‑131 dose required for 50% growth inhibition of HTori‑3 cell viability 48 h after treatment was 27.75±2.22 MBq/ml. Upregulation of Fas and downregulation of Bcl‑2 expression levels were observed following iodine‑131 treatment. The results of RT‑qPCR revealed an increase in the GADD45 mRNA expression following HTori‑3 cell exposure to iodine‑131. Notably, the mRNA and protein expression levels of p53 were not altered following iodine‑131 treatment. In conclusion, iodine‑131 may induce apoptosis in HTori‑3 cells by downregulating the expression of Bcl‑2 and upregulating the expression of Fas. In addition, iodine‑131 may upregulate GADD45 mRNA expression in HTori‑3 cells, resulting in G2/M phase arrest in a p53‑independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hou
- Endocrinology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mingqi Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Tan BX, Khoo KH, Lim TM, Lane DP. High Mdm4 levels suppress p53 activity and enhance its half-life in acute myeloid leukaemia. Oncotarget 2015; 5:933-43. [PMID: 24659749 PMCID: PMC4011595 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although p53 is found mutated in almost 50% of all cancers, p53 mutations in leukaemia are relatively rare. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells employ other strategies to inactivate their wild type p53 (WTp53), like the overexpression of the p53 negative regulators Mdm2 and Mdm4. As such, AMLs are excellent candidates for therapeutics involving the reactivation of their WTp53 to restrict and destroy cancer cells, and the Mdm2 antagonist nutlin-3 is one such promising agent. Using AML cell lines with WTp53, we identified stable and high levels of p53 in the OCI/AML-2 cell lines. We demonstrate that this nutlin-3 sensitive cell line overexpressed Mdm4 to sequester, stabilise and inhibit p53 in the cytoplasm. We also show that elevated Mdm4 competed with Mdm2-p53 interaction and therefore extended p53 half-life while preventing p53 transcriptional activity. Our results provide biochemical evidence on the dynamics of the p53-Mdm2-Mdm4 interactions in affecting p53 levels and activity, and unlike previously reported findings derived from genetically manipulated systems, AML cells with naturally high levels of Mdm4 remain sensitive to nutlin treatment.
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50
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Jacobsen C, Honecker F. Cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumours: models and mechanisms. Andrology 2014; 3:111-21. [PMID: 25546083 DOI: 10.1111/andr.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cisplatin response and resistance in germ cell tumours (GCT), and several promising targets have been identified. Two main mechanisms of the responsiveness to DNA damaging agents have been postulated. Firstly, GCT readily activate a DNA damage response, but show deficits in several damage repair pathways. In particular, they have been found to have defects in interstrand crosslink repair and in homologous recombination (HR). Secondly, GCT, especially embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, show a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage, which activates p53, and leads to up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic factors Noxa, Puma and Fas in non-resistant EC. These cells fail to activate p21 which induces a G1/S arrest, but accumulate in G2/M phase. In the absence of functional p53, family members like p73 and GTAp63 might be important in initiating this response. Mechanisms involved in cisplatin resistance are as follows: down-regulation of Oct4 (e.g. as a result of hypoxia, treatment with retinoic acid or exposure to cisplatin) and failure to induce Puma and Noxa; changes in the expression levels of micro-RNAs such as miR-17/-106b, miR-302a, or miR-371 to -373; elevated levels of MDM2 and cytoplasmic translocation of p21 by phosphorylation; and activation of the PDGFRβ/PI3K/pAKT pathway. Several approaches to overcome resistance have been successfully examined in vitro and in vivo, including PARP inhibitors, especially in cells showing deficient HR-repair; stabilization of p53 using nutlin-3; inhibition of several components of the PI3K/pAKT pathway using small molecules; and DNA demethylation by 5-azacytidine or 5-aza-deoxy-cytidine, among others. Many of these substances deserve further exploration, alone or in combination with DNA damaging agents, and the most promising approaches should be taken forward to clinical testing. Targeted therapy based on mechanistic insights holds the promise to turn cisplatin-resistant GCT into a curable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacobsen
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pulmology, Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, Hamburg University Medical Center, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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