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Cui HS, Joo SY, Lee SY, Cho YS, Kim DH, Seo CH. Effect of Hypertrophic Scar Fibroblast-Derived Exosomes on Keratinocytes of Normal Human Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076132. [PMID: 37047109 PMCID: PMC10094451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes are highly activated, hyper-proliferated, and abnormally differentiated in the post-burn hypertrophic scar (HTS); however, the effects of scar fibroblasts (SFs) on keratinocytes through cell-cell interaction in HTS remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of HTSF-derived exosomes on the proliferation and differentiation of normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) compared with normal fibroblasts (NFs) and their possible mechanism to provide a reference for clinical intervention of HTS. Fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from HTS and normal skin. Both HTSF-exosomes and NF-exosomes were extracted via a column-based method from the cell culture supernatant. NHKs were treated for 24 or 48 h with 100 μg/mL of cell-derived exosomes. The expression of proliferation markers (Ki-67 and keratin 14), activation markers (keratins 6, 16, and 17), differentiation markers (keratins 1 and 10), apoptosis factors (Bax, Bcl2, caspase 14, and ASK1), proliferation/differentiation regulators (p21 and p27), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin) was investigated. Compared with NF-exosomes, HTSF-exosomes altered the molecular pattern of proliferation, activation, differentiation, and apoptosis, proliferation/differentiation regulators of NHKs, and EMT markers differently. In conclusion, our findings indicate that HTSF-derived exosomes may play a role in the epidermal pathological development of HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song Cui
- Burn Institute, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeol Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon 14158, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong Hoon Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
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2
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Cui HS, Joo SY, Cho YS, Park JH, Ro YM, Kim JB, Seo CH. Effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on keratinocytes derived from human hypertrophic scars. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17296. [PMID: 34453089 PMCID: PMC8397706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars represent a common complication in burn patients. In addition to cosmetic defects, they may cause serious sensory abnormalities such as pain and itching, severe dysfunction depending on the site, and emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression. The present study aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in keratinocytes. Keratinocytes derived from hypertrophic scar tissue were cultured and expression of proliferation markers (keratin 5 and 14), activation markers (keratin 6 and 17), differentiation markers (keratin 1, 10, and involucrin), apoptosis factors (Bax, Bcl2, and Caspase 14), and proliferation/differentiation regulators (p21 and p27) was investigated to compared with that of those in keratinocytes derived from normal skin tissue. Scar-derived keratinocytes were treated with extracorporeal shock waves under 1000 impulses at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mJ/mm2. Shock waves altered the molecular pattern of proliferation, activation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as proliferation/ differentiation regulators, including Bax, Bcl2, ASK1, p21, p27, and Notch1. In summary, we show that extracorporeal shock wave therapy regulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes derived from hypertrophic scar to maintain normal epidermal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Korea
| | - So Young Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Korea
| | - Ji Heon Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Ro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Korea
| | - June-Bum Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Korea.
| | - Cheong Hoon Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Korea.
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3
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PKCα/ERK/C7ORF41 axis regulates epidermal keratinocyte differentiation through the IKKα nuclear translocation. Biochem J 2021; 478:839-854. [PMID: 33528492 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes disrupts the skin barrier and causes a series of skin diseases. However, the molecular basis of keratinocyte differentiation is still poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the expression of C7ORF41 using tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry and found that C7ORF41 is specifically expressed in the basal layers of skin epithelium and its expression is gradually decreased during keratinocytes differentiation. Importantly, we corroborated the pivotal role of C7ORF41 during keratinocyte differentiation by C7ORF41 knockdown or overexpression in TPA-induced Hacat keratinocytes. Mechanismly, we first demonstrated that C7ORF41 inhibited keratinocyte differentiation mainly through formatting a complex with IKKα in the cytoplasm, which thus blocked the nuclear translocation of IKKα. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that inhibiting the PKCα/ERK signaling pathway reversed the reduction in C7ORF41 in TPA-induced keratinocytes, indicating that C7ORF41 expression could be regulated by upstream PKCα/ERK signaling pathway during keratinocyte differentiation. Collectively, our study uncovers a novel regulatory network PKCα/ERK/C7ORF41/IKKα during keratinocyte differentiation, which provides potential therapeutic targets for skin diseases.
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4
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Luo Y, Hara T, Kawashima A, Ishido Y, Suzuki S, Ishii N, Kambara T, Suzuki K. Pathological role of excessive DNA as a trigger of keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:1-10. [PMID: 32415989 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by excessive growth and aberrant differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes due to persistent inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism that triggers immune activation in psoriasis is not clear. In this study, we explored excessive DNA as a potential trigger of psoriasis using cultured human keratinocytes and psoriatic skin tissues. We demonstrated that human genomic DNA fragments induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression, hyperproliferation and over-expression of heparin-binding epidermal-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, accompanied by defective expression of keratins 1 and 10 in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes, which have a similar phenotype to that of keratinocytes in psoriatic skin lesions. In psoriatic lesions, we found high levels of double-stranded (ds)DNA fragments, accompanying keratinocytes expressing Ki-67, HB-EGF and TNF-α. In addition, we showed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited genomic DNA fragment-induced TNFA and interleukin-1β (IFNB) expression in human keratinocytes, and an intact function of cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide (CAMP) was required for this effect. These results suggest that excessive dsDNA fragments probably act as a risk factor for immune activation in psoriasis, and the active form of vitamin D can prevent genomic DNA-mediated skin inflammation via CAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - T Hara
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ishido
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Suzuki
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University of School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Ishii
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,National Sanatorium Tamazenshoen, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kambara
- Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Anti-Aging Effects of GDF11 on Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072598. [PMID: 32283613 PMCID: PMC7177281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis. The epidermis has four major cell layers made up of keratinocytes in varying stages of progressive differentiation. Skin aging is a multi-factorial process that affects every phase of its biology and function. The expression profiles of inflammation-related genes analyzed in resident immune cells demonstrated that these cells have a strong ability to regenerate adult skin stem cells and to produce endogenous substances such as growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). GDF11 appears to be the key to progenitor proliferation and/or differentiation. The preservation of youthful phenotypes has been tied to the presence of GDF11 in different human tissues, and, in the skin, this factor inhibits inflammatory responses. The protective role of GDF11 depends on a multi-factorial process implicating various types of skin cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. GDF11 should be further studied for the purpose of developing novel therapies for the treatment of skin diseases.
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6
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Context-dependent effect of sPLA 2-IIA induced proliferation on murine hair follicle stem cells and human epithelial cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:364-376. [PMID: 31521610 PMCID: PMC6838435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue stem cells (SCs) and cancer cells proliferation is regulated by many common signalling mechanisms. These mechanisms temporally balance proliferation and differentiation events during normal tissue homeostasis and repair. However, the effect of these aberrant signalling mechanisms on the ultimate fate of SCs and cancer cells remains obscure. METHODS To evaluate the functional effects of Secretory Phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) induced abnormal signalling on normal SCs and cancer cells, we have used K14-sPLA2-IIA transgenic mice hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), DMBA/TPA induced mouse skin tumour tissues, human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) derived cell lines. FINDINGS Our study demonstrates that sPLA2-IIA induces rapid proliferation of HFSCs, thereby altering the proliferation dynamics leading to a complete loss of the slow cycling H2BGFP positive HFSCs. Interestingly, in vivo reversion study by JNK inhibition exhibited a significant delay in post depilation hair growth, confirming that sPLA2-IIA promotes HFSCs proliferation through JNK/c-Jun signalling. In a different cellular context, we showed increased expression of sPLA2-IIA in human OSCC and mouse skin cancer tissues. Importantly, a xenograft of sPLA2-IIA knockdown cells of OSCC and SCC cell lines showed a concomitant reduction of tumour volume in NOD-SCID mice and decreased JNK/c-Jun signalling. INTERPRETATION This study unravels how an increased proliferation induced by a common proliferation inducer (sPLA2-IIA) alters the fate of normal SCs and cancer cells distinctively through common JNK/c-Jun signalling. Thus, sPLA2-IIA can be a potential target for various diseases including cancer. FUND: This work was partly supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR-3097) and ACTREC (42) grants.
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7
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The Enigmatic Protein Kinase C-eta. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020214. [PMID: 30781807 PMCID: PMC6406448 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), a multi-gene family, plays critical roles in signal transduction and cell regulation. Protein kinase C-eta (PKCη) is a unique member of the PKC family since its regulation is distinct from other PKC isozymes. PKCη was shown to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and cell death. It was also shown to contribute to chemoresistance in several cancers. PKCη has been associated with several cancers, including renal cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. However, mice lacking PKCη were more susceptible to tumor formation in a two-stage carcinogenesis model, and it is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, the role of PKCη in cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this review article is to discuss how PKCη regulates various cellular processes that may contribute to its contrasting roles in cancer.
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8
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Cao L, Liu J, Pu J, Milne G, Chen M, Xu H, Shipley A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD, Lois N. Polarized retinal pigment epithelium generates electrical signals that diminish with age and regulate retinal pathology. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5552-5564. [PMID: 30160348 PMCID: PMC6201363 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transepithelial potential difference (TEP) across the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) is dependent on ionic pumps and tight junction "seals" between epithelial cells. RPE cells release neurotrophic growth factors such as pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF), which is reduced in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The mechanisms that control the secretion of PEDF from RPE cells are not well understood. Using the CCL2/CX3CR1 double knockout mouse model (DKO), which demonstrates RPE damage and retinal degeneration, we uncovered an interaction between PEDF and the TEP which is likely to play an important role in retinal ageing and in the pathogenesis of AMD. We found that: (a) the expression of ATP1B1 (the Na+ /K+ -ATPase β1 subunit) was reduced significantly in RPE from aged mice, in patients with CNV (Choroidal Neovascularization) and in DKO mice; (b) the expression of PEDF also was decreased in aged persons and in DKO mice; (c) the TEP across RPE was reduced markedly in RPE cells from DKO mice and (d) an applied electric field (EF) of 50-100 mV/mm, used to mimic the natural TEP, increased the expression and secretion of PEDF in primary RPE cells. In conclusion, the TEP across the RPE depends on the expression of ATP1B1 and this regulates the secretion of PEDF by RPE cells and so may regulate the onset of retinal disease. Increasing the expression of PEDF using an applied EF to replenish a disease or age-reduced TEP may offer a new way of preventing or reversing retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Yizhou International Proton Medical Centre and Cancer HospitalHe BeiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyFrist Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jin Pu
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Gillian Milne
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Alan Shipley
- Biological Research & DevelopmentUniversity of New EnglandBiddefordMaine
| | - John V Forrester
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Colin D McCaig
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Noemi Lois
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
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9
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Kim IW, Jeong HS, Kwon NS, Baek KJ, Yun HY, Kim DS. LGI3 promotes human keratinocyte differentiation via the Akt pathway. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1224-1229. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- In Wook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyo-Soon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Nyoun Soo Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Baek
- Department of Biochemistry; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye-Young Yun
- Department of Biochemistry; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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10
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Rajapakse D, Chen M, Curtis TM, Xu H. PKCζ-dependent upregulation of p27kip1 contributes to oxidative stress induced retinal pigment epithelial cell multinucleation. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:2052-2068. [PMID: 29016360 PMCID: PMC5680555 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells increase in size and multinucleate during aging. We have shown using human and mouse cell lines that oxidised photoreceptor outer segments (oxPOS)-induced cytokinesis failure is related to RPE cell multinucleation, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the role of the PKC pathway in oxPOS-induced RPE multinucleation using ARPE19 cells. oxPOS treatment promoted PKC activity and upregulated the mRNA expression of PKC α, δ, ζ, ι and μ. Inhibition of PKCα with Gö6976 resulted in a 33% reduction of multinucleate ARPE19 cells, whereas inhibition of PKCζ with Gö6983 led to a 50% reduction in multinucleate ARPE19 cells. Furthermore, oxPOS treatment induced a PKCζ-dependent upregulation of the Cdk inhibitor p27kip1, its inhibition using A2CE reduced oxPOS-induced ARPE19 multinucleation. Our results suggest that oxPOS-induced ARPE19 cytokinesis failure is, at least in part, due to the upregulation of p27kip1 through activating the PKC, particularly PKCζ pathway. Targeting the PKCζ-p27kip1 signalling axis may be a novel approach to restore RPE repair capacity during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinusha Rajapakse
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
| | - Tim M Curtis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
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11
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Meng X, Qiu L, Song H, Dang N. MAPK Pathway Involved in Epidermal Terminal Differentiation of Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Open Med (Wars) 2018; 13:189-195. [PMID: 29770357 PMCID: PMC5952426 DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in epidermal terminal differentiation. Methods The MAPK pathways (p38, ERK1/2, JNK) were inhibited by SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), respectively. Western blotting assays were performed to detect expression of filaggrin and differentiation-related proteins. The mRNA expressions of differentiation-related proteins were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Results Inhibition of MAPK pathway by SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125 resulted in significant reduction of filaggrin expression in NHEKs. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway decreased the expression of differentiation-related proteins (cytokeratin 5, cytokeratin 14, ST14, and SPRR3), Akt, and NF-κB. Inhibition of JNK also suppressed expression of cytokeratin 14, SPRR3, Akt, and NF-κB. However, inhibition of ERK1/2 merely decreased expression of SPRR3 and Akt. Conclusion MAPK pathways regulates epidermal terminal differentiation in NHEKs. The p38 signaling pathway plays an especially important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguang Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong Province, China
| | - Liyun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, No.105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China, Tel: +86-0531-85695173
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12
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Lin-Shiao E, Lan Y, Coradin M, Anderson A, Donahue G, Simpson CL, Sen P, Saffie R, Busino L, Garcia BA, Berger SL, Capell BC. KMT2D regulates p63 target enhancers to coordinate epithelial homeostasis. Genes Dev 2018; 32:181-193. [PMID: 29440247 PMCID: PMC5830930 DOI: 10.1101/gad.306241.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Lin-Shiao et al. identify a novel role for KMT2D, an epigenetic regulator, in coordinating self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, as depletion of KMT2D from undifferentiated epidermal keratinocytes results in reduced proliferation, premature spurious activation of terminal differentiation genes, and disorganized epidermal stratification. Their results reveal a critical role for KMT2D in the control of epithelial enhancers and p63 target gene expression, including the requirement of KMT2D for the maintenance of epithelial progenitor gene expression and the coordination of proper terminal differentiation. Epithelial tissues rely on a highly coordinated balance between self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, disruption of which may drive carcinogenesis. The epigenetic regulator KMT2D (MLL4) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in all cancers, particularly epithelial cancers, yet its normal function in these tissues is unknown. Here, we identify a novel role for KMT2D in coordinating this fine balance, as depletion of KMT2D from undifferentiated epidermal keratinocytes results in reduced proliferation, premature spurious activation of terminal differentiation genes, and disorganized epidermal stratification. Genome-wide, KMT2D interacts with p63 and is enriched at its target enhancers. Depletion of KMT2D results in a broad loss of enhancer histone modifications H3 Lys 4 (H3K4) monomethylation (H3K4me1) and H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) as well as reduced expression of p63 target genes, including key genes involved in epithelial development and adhesion. Together, these results reveal a critical role for KMT2D in the control of epithelial enhancers and p63 target gene expression, including the requirement of KMT2D for the maintenance of epithelial progenitor gene expression and the coordination of proper terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lin-Shiao
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yemin Lan
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mariel Coradin
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amy Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Greg Donahue
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Cory L Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Payel Sen
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rizwan Saffie
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Luca Busino
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Brian C Capell
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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13
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Bertelsen M, Stahlhut M, Grue-Sørensen G, Liang X, Christensen GB, Skak K, Engell KM, Högberg T. Ingenol Disoxate: A Novel 4-Isoxazolecarboxylate Ester of Ingenol with Improved Properties for Treatment of Actinic Keratosis and Other Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2016; 6:599-626. [PMID: 27503482 PMCID: PMC5120626 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-016-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ingenol mebutate gel (Picato®, LEO Pharma A/S) is approved for the field treatment of actinic keratosis and is characterized by high sustained clearance of actinic lesions. The inherent propensity of ingenol mebutate towards chemical rearrangement necessitates refrigeration of the final product. We sought to identify novel ingenol derivatives with enhanced chemical stability and similar or improved in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy. Methods A number of ingenol esters were synthesized with full regiocontrol from ingenol. Chemical stability was determined in aqueous buffer at physiological pH and hydroalcoholic gel at lower pH. Acute cytotoxicity was determined in HeLa or HSC-5 cells. Keratinocyte proliferation, viability and caspase 3/7 activation was measured in primary epidermal keratinocytes. Relative gene expression levels were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Evaluation of in vivo tumor ablating potential was performed in the murine B16 melanoma mouse model and in the UV-induced skin carcinogenesis model in hairless SKH-1 mice following topical treatment for two consecutive days with test compounds formulated at 0.1% in a hydroalcoholic gel. Results This work resulted in the identification of ingenol disoxate (LEO 43204) displaying increased stability in a clinically relevant formulation and in aqueous buffer with minimal pH-dependent acyl migration degradation. Ingenol disoxate exhibited a significantly higher cytotoxic potency relative to ingenol mebutate. Likewise, cell growth arrest in normal human keratinocyte was more potently induced by ingenol disoxate, which was accompanied by protein kinase C dependent transcription of markers of keratinocyte differentiation. Most notably, ingenol disoxate possessed a superior antitumor effect in a B16 mouse melanoma model and significantly increased median survival time relative to ingenol mebutate. A significant effect on tumor ablation was also observed in a murine model of ultraviolet irradiation-induced skin carcinogenesis. Conclusion These data illustrate that the favorable in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties driving ingenol mebutate efficacy are either preserved or improved in ingenol disoxate. In combination with improved chemical stability to potentially facilitate storage of the final product at ambient temperatures, these features support further development of ingenol disoxate as a convenient and efficacious treatment modality of non-melanoma skin cancers. Funding LEO Pharma A/S. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-016-0137-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xifu Liang
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - Kresten Skak
- Skin Research, LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
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Mohamed W, Ray S, Brazill D, Baskar R. Absence of catalytic domain in a putative protein kinase C (PkcA) suppresses tip dominance in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol 2015; 405:10-20. [PMID: 26183108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of organisms possess several isoforms of protein kinase C but little is known about the significance of any specific isoform during embryogenesis and development. To address this we characterized a PKC ortholog (PkcA; DDB_G0288147) in Dictyostelium discoideum. pkcA expression switches from prestalk in mound to prespore in slug, indicating a dynamic expression pattern. Mutants lacking the catalytic domain of PkcA (pkcA(-)) did not exhibit tip dominance. A striking phenotype of pkcA- was the formation of an aggregate with a central hollow, and aggregates later fragmented to form small mounds, each becoming a fruiting body. Optical density wave patterns of cAMP in the late aggregates showed several cAMP wave generation centers. We attribute these defects in pkcA(-) to impaired cAMP signaling, altered cell motility and decreased expression of the cell adhesion molecules - CadA and CsaA. pkcA(-) slugs showed ectopic expression of ecmA in the prespore region. Further, the use of a PKC-specific inhibitor, GF109203X that inhibits the activity of catalytic domain phenocopied pkcA(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasima Mohamed
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sibnath Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Derrick Brazill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ramamurthy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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15
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PKCη is an anti-apoptotic kinase that predicts poor prognosis in breast and lung cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1519-23. [PMID: 25399563 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The successful treatment of cancer in a disseminated stage using chemotherapy is limited by the occurrence of drug resistance, often mediated by anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Thus the challenge is to pinpoint the underlying key factors and to develop therapies for their direct targeting. Protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes are promising candidates, as some PKCs were shown to be involved in regulation of apoptosis. Our studies and others have shown that PKCη is an anti-apoptotic kinase, able to confer protection on tumour cells against stress and chemotherapy. We have demonstrated that PKCη shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and that upon DNA damage is tethered at the nuclear membrane. The C1b domain mediates translocation of PKCη to the nuclear envelope and, similar to the full-length protein, could also confer protection against cell death. Furthermore, its localization in cell and nuclear membranes in breast cancer biopsies of neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer patients was an indicator for poor survival and a predictor for the effectiveness of treatment. PKCη is also a novel biomarker for poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus PKCη presents a potential target for therapy where inhibition of its activity and/or translocation to membranes could interfere with the resistance to chemotherapy.
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16
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Yang B, Cao L, Liu J, Xu Y, Milne G, Chan W, Heys SD, McCaig CD, Pu J. Low expression of chloride channel accessory 1 predicts a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Cancer 2015; 121:1570-80. [PMID: 25603912 PMCID: PMC4654332 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloride channel accessory 1 (CLCA1) is a CLCA protein that plays a functional role in regulating the differentiation and proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Here we investigated the relationship between the level of CLCA1 and the prognosis of CRC. METHODS First, the level of CLCA1 was detected quantitatively in normal and cancerous colonic epithelial tissues with immunohistochemistry. Next, the correlations between CLCA1 expression, pathological tumor features, and the overall survival rate of patients was analyzed. Finally, 3 publicly available data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus were examined: normal CRC versus early CRC (GSE4107), primary CRC versus metastatic lesions (GSE28702), and low chromosomal instability versus high chromosomal instability (GSE30540). RESULTS The expression of CLCA1 was decreased markedly in tumor specimens. CLCA1 expression was correlated significantly with the histological grade (P < .01) and lymph node metastasis (P < .01). A significantly poorer overall survival rate was found in patients with low levels of CLCA1 expression versus those with high expression levels (P < .05). The results confirmed that the low expression of CLCA1 in CRC was highly associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and high chromosomal instability. In addition, the loss of CLCA1 disrupted the differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CLCA1 levels may be a potential predictor of prognosis in primary human CRC. Low expression of CLCA1 predicts disease recurrence and lower survival, and this has implications for the selection of patients most likely to need and benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer 2015;121:1570–1580. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, 309th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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17
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Dang N, Pang S, Song H, Bian H, Zhang X, An L, Ma X. Knockdown of filaggrin influences the epidermal terminal differentiation via MAPK pathway in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:337-43. [PMID: 25374427 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to gain further insight into the role of the MAPK signaling pathway in terminal differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) with filaggrin knockdown. Filaggrin expression was knocked down by shRNA technology and the MAPK pathways were inhibited by three different inhibitors in NHEKs. The associated mRNAs and proteins were investigated by RT-PCR and western blot. Filaggrin absence inhibited the expression of differentiation-associated proteins, and blocked the protein expression of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK, Akt and NF-κB. Moreover, inhibited p38 MAPK, instead of ERK1/2 or JNK, lead to decreases in the expressions of Akt, NF-κB, and differentiation- associated proteins. In conclusion, Filaggrin might affect the epidermal terminal differentiation mainly through the p38-MAPK, NF-κB and Akt pathways. ERK1/2 and JNK might also be involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China,
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18
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Park GB, Choi Y, Kim YS, Lee HK, Kim D, Hur DY. Silencing of PKCη induces cycle arrest of EBV(+) B lymphoma cells by upregulating expression of p38-MAPK/TAp73/GADD45α and increases susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Lett 2014; 350:5-14. [PMID: 24784886 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PKCη is involved in proliferation, differentiation, and drug resistance. However, PKCη function in EBV(+) B lymphoma remains poorly understood. Gene silencing of PKCη through siRNA knockdown inhibited cellular proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and G2/M phases, and sensitized cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Upon PKCη knockdown, expression levels of p21, GADD45α, and TAp73 were all increased, whereas expression levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin E, cyclin B1, and cdc2 were all downregulated. PKCη silencing also activated p38-MAPK, which in turn contributed to the expression of cell cycle arrest-related molecules. These results suggest that siRNA-mediated silencing of PKCη can be a potent tool to complement existing chemotherapy regimens for treating EBV(+) B lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Bin Park
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunock Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Seok Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy and Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.
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19
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miR-24 affects hair follicle morphogenesis targeting Tcf-3. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e922. [PMID: 24232098 PMCID: PMC3847310 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, hair follicles (HFs) develop from an epidermal–mesenchymal cross talk between the ectoderm progenitor layer and the underlying dermis. Epidermal stem cell activation represents a crucial point both for HF morphogenesis and for hair regeneration. miR-24 is an anti-proliferative microRNA (miRNA), which is induced during differentiation of several cellular systems including the epidermis. Here, we show that miR-24 is expressed in the HF and has a role in hair morphogenesis. We generated transgenic mice ectopically expressing miR-24 under the K5 promoter. The K5::miR-24 animals display a marked defect in HF morphogenesis, with thinning of hair coat and altered HF structure. Expression of miR-24 alters the normal process of hair keratinocyte differentiation, leading to altered expression of differentiation markers. MiR-24 directly represses the hair keratinocyte stemness regulator Tcf-3. These results support the notion that microRNAs, and among them miR-24, have an important role in postnatal epidermal homeostasis.
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20
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Yang B, Cao L, Liu B, McCaig CD, Pu J. The transition from proliferation to differentiation in colorectal cancer is regulated by the calcium activated chloride channel A1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60861. [PMID: 23593331 PMCID: PMC3625186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breaking the balance between proliferation and differentiation in animal cells can lead to cancer, but the mechanisms maintaining this balance remain largely undefined. The calcium activated chloride channel A1 (CLCA1) is a member of the calcium sensitive chloride conductance family of proteins and is expressed mainly in the colon, small intestine and appendix. We show that CLCA1 plays a functional role in differentiation and proliferation of Caco-2 cells and of intestinal tissue. Caco-2 cells spontaneously differentiate either in confluent culture or when treated with butyrate, a molecule present naturally in the diet. Here, we compared CLCA1 expressional levels between patients with and without colorectal cancer (CRC) and determined the functional role of CLCA1 in differentiation and proliferation of Caco-2 cells. We showed that: 1) CLCA1 and CLCA4 expression were down-regulated significantly in CRC patients; 2) CLCA1 expression was up-regulated in Caco-2 cells induced to differentiate by confluent culture or by treatment with sodium butyrate (NaBT); 3) Knockdown of CLCA1 with siRNA significantly inhibited cell differentiation and promoted cell proliferation in Caco-2 confluent cultures, and 4) In Caco-2 3D culture, suppression of CLCA1 significantly increased cell proliferation and compromised NaBT-induced inhibition of proliferation. In conclusion, CLCA1 may contribute to promoting spontaneous differentiation and reducing proliferation of Caco-2 cells and may be a target of NaBT-induced inhibition of proliferation and therefore a potential diagnostic marker for CRC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JP); (BY)
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Colin D. McCaig
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Pu
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JP); (BY)
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21
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Gérard C, Goldbeter A. From quiescence to proliferation: Cdk oscillations drive the mammalian cell cycle. Front Physiol 2012; 3:413. [PMID: 23130001 PMCID: PMC3487384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently proposed a detailed model describing the dynamics of the network of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) driving the mammalian cell cycle (Gérard and Goldbeter, 2009). The model contains four modules, each centered around one cyclin/Cdk complex. Cyclin D/Cdk4–6 and cyclin E/Cdk2 promote progression in G1 and elicit the G1/S transition, respectively; cyclin A/Cdk2 ensures progression in S and the transition S/G2, while the activity of cyclin B/Cdk1 brings about the G2/M transition. This model shows that in the presence of sufficient amounts of growth factor the Cdk network is capable of temporal self-organization in the form of sustained oscillations, which correspond to the ordered, sequential activation of the various cyclin/Cdk complexes that control the successive phases of the cell cycle. The results suggest that the switch from cellular quiescence to cell proliferation corresponds to the transition from a stable steady state to sustained oscillations in the Cdk network. The transition depends on a finely tuned balance between factors that promote or hinder progression in the cell cycle. We show that the transition from quiescence to proliferation can occur in multiple ways that alter this balance. By resorting to bifurcation diagrams, we analyze the mechanism of oscillations in the Cdk network. Finally, we show that the complexity of the detailed model can be greatly reduced, without losing its key dynamical properties, by considering a skeleton model for the Cdk network. Using such a skeleton model for the mammalian cell cycle we show that positive feedback (PF) loops enhance the amplitude and the robustness of Cdk oscillations with respect to molecular noise. We compare the relative merits of the detailed and skeleton versions of the model for the Cdk network driving the mammalian cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Gérard
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Kang JH, Toita R, Kim CW, Katayama Y. Protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme-specific substrates and their design. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1662-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Terrinoni A, Serra V, Codispoti A, Talamonti E, Bui L, Palombo R, Sette M, Campione E, Didona B, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Zambruno G, Melino G, Candi E. Novel transglutaminase 1 mutations in patients affected by lamellar ichthyosis. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e416. [PMID: 23096117 PMCID: PMC3481139 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lamellar Ichthyosis (LI) is a form of congenital ichthyosis that is caused by mutations in the TGM1 gene that encodes for the transglutaminase 1 (TG1) enzyme. Functional inactivation of TG1 could be due to mutations, deletion or insertions. In this study, we have screened 16 patients affected by LI and found six new mutations: two transition/transversion (R37G, V112A), two nonsense mutations and two putative splice site both leading to a premature stop codon. The mutations are localized in exons 2 (N-terminal domain), 5, 11 (central catalytic domain), and none is located in the two beta-barrel C-terminal domains. In conclusion, this study expands the current knowledge on TGM1 mutation spectrum, increasing the characterization of mutations would provide more accurate prenatal genetic counselling for parents at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terrinoni
- IDI-IRCCS c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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24
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Wu N, Sulpice E, Obeid P, Benzina S, Kermarrec F, Combe S, Gidrol X. The miR-17 family links p63 protein to MAPK signaling to promote the onset of human keratinocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45761. [PMID: 23029228 PMCID: PMC3454365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 protein plays a key role in regulating human keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Although some p63-regulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in the control of epidermal homeostasis, little is known about miRNAs acting downstream of p63. In this paper, we characterized multiple p63-regulated miRNAs (miR-17, miR-20b, miR-30a, miR-106a, miR-143 and miR-455-3p) and elucidated their roles in the onset of keratinocyte differentiation. We identified RB, p21 and multiple MAPKs as targets of these p63-controlled miRNAs. Upon inhibition of most of these miRNAs, we observed defects in commitment to differentiation that could be reversed by siRNA-mediated silencing of their targets. Furthermore, knockdown of MAPK8 and MAPK9 efficiently restored expression of the early differentiation markers keratin 1 and keratin 10 in p63-silenced primary human keratinocytes. These results highlight new mechanistic roles of multiple miRNAs, particularly the miR-17 family (miR-17, miR-20b and miR-106a), as regulatory intermediates for coordinating p63 with MAPK signaling in the commitment of human mature keratinocytes to early differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- CEA, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Sulpice
- CEA, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Obeid
- CEA, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Benzina
- CEA, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Kermarrec
- CEA, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Combe
- CEA, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- CEA, Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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