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Sato Y, Elbadawy M, Suzuki K, Tsunedomi R, Nagano H, Ishihara Y, Yamamoto H, Azakami D, Uchide T, Nabeta R, Fukushima R, Abugomaa A, Kaneda M, Yamawaki H, Shinohara Y, Usui T, Sasaki K. Establishment of an experimental model of canine malignant mesothelioma organoid culture using a three-dimensional culture method. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114651. [PMID: 37030135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine malignant mesothelioma (cMM) is a rare and drug-resistant malignant tumor. Due to few patients and experimental models, there have not been enough studies to demonstrate the pathogenesis of the disease and novel effective treatment for cMM. Since cMM resembles human MM (hMM) in histopathological characteristics, it is also considered a promising research model of hMM. Compared with conventional 2-dimensional (2D) culture methods, 3-dimensional (3D) organoid culture can recapitulate the properties of original tumor tissues. However, cMM organoids have never been developed. In the present study, we for the first time generated cMM organoids using the pleural effusion samples. Organoids from individual MM dogs were successfully generated. They exhibited the characteristics of MM and expressed mesothelial cell markers, such as WT-1 and mesothelin. The sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs was different in each strain of cMM organoids. RNA sequencing analysis showed cell adhesion molecule pathways were specifically upregulated in cMM organoids compared with their corresponding 2D cultured cells. Among these genes, the expression level of E-cadherin was drastically higher in the organoids than that in the 2D cells. In conclusion, our established cMM organoids might become a new experimental tool to provide new insights into canine and human MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomogi Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, Egypt.
| | - Kazuhiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Haru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rina Nabeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukushima
- Animal Medical Emergency Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Pet Health & Food Division, Iskara Industry CO., LTD, 1-14-2, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Selective Eradication of Colon Cancer Cells Harboring PI3K and/or MAPK Pathway Mutations in 3D Culture by Combined PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway and MEK Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021668. [PMID: 36675180 PMCID: PMC9863259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second deadliest cancer in the world. Besides APC and p53 alterations, the PI3K/AKT/MTOR and MAPK pathway are most commonly mutated in CRC. So far, no treatment options targeting these pathways are available in routine clinics for CRC patients. We systematically analyzed the response of CRC cells to the combination of small molecular inhibitors targeting the PI3K and MAPK pathways. We used CRC cells in 2D, 3D spheroid, collagen gel cultures and freshly isolated organoids for drug response studies. Readout for drug response was spheroid or organoid growth, spheroid outgrowth, metabolic activity, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. We found profound tumor cell destruction under treatment with a combination of Torin 1 (inhibiting mTOR), MK2206 (targeting AKT) and selumetinib (inhibiting MEK) in 3D but not in 2D. Induction of cell death was due to apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed efficient drug action. Gedatolisib, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, could replace Torin1/MK2206 with similar efficiency. The presence of PI3K and/or RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway mutations accounted for treatment responsiveness. Here, we identified a novel, efficient therapy, which induced proliferation stop and tumor cell destruction in vitro based on the genetic background. These preclinical findings show promise to further test this combi-treatment in vivo in mice and to potentially develop a mutation specific targeted therapy for CRC patients.
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Hariharan A, Qi W, Rehrauer H, Wu L, Ronner M, Wipplinger M, Kresoja‐Rakic J, Sun S, Oton‐Gonzalez L, Sculco M, Serre‐Beinier V, Meiller C, Blanquart C, Fonteneau J, Vrugt B, Rüschoff JH, Opitz I, Jean D, de Perrot M, Felley‐Bosco E. Heterogeneous RNA editing and influence of ADAR2 on mesothelioma chemoresistance and the tumor microenvironment. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3949-3974. [PMID: 36221913 PMCID: PMC9718120 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed increased levels of adenosine-deaminase-acting-on-dsRNA (Adar)-dependent RNA editing during mesothelioma development in mice exposed to asbestos. The aim of this study was to characterize and assess the role of ADAR-dependent RNA editing in mesothelioma. We found that tumors and mesothelioma primary cultures have higher ADAR-mediated RNA editing compared to mesothelial cells. Unsupervised clustering of editing in different genomic regions revealed heterogeneity between tumor samples as well as mesothelioma primary cultures. ADAR2 expression levels are higher in BRCA1-associated protein 1 wild-type tumors, with corresponding changes in RNA editing in transcripts and 3'UTR. ADAR2 knockdown and rescue models indicated a role in cell proliferation, altered cell cycle, increased sensitivity to antifolate treatment, and type-1 interferon signaling upregulation, leading to changes in the microenvironment in vivo. Our data indicate that RNA editing contributes to mesothelioma heterogeneity and highlights an important role of ADAR2 not only in growth regulation in mesothelioma but also in chemotherapy response, in addition to regulating inflammatory response downstream of sensing nucleic acid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Hariharan
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Weihong Qi
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH ZurichUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH ZurichUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Licun Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Manuel Ronner
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martin Wipplinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jelena Kresoja‐Rakic
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Suna Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lucia Oton‐Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marika Sculco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Clément Meiller
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, InsermSorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Functional Genomics of Solid TumorsFrance
| | - Christophe Blanquart
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NAFrance
| | | | - Bart Vrugt
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jan Hendrik Rüschoff
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Didier Jean
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, InsermSorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Functional Genomics of Solid TumorsFrance
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Emanuela Felley‐Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
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Gao Y, Kruithof-de Julio M, Peng RW, Dorn P. Organoids as a Model for Precision Medicine in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Where Are We Today? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153758. [PMID: 35954422 PMCID: PMC9367391 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an extremely lethal cancer, notoriously known for its limited treatment options, lack of targeted therapies, and catastrophic survival rates. MPM tumors are highly heterogeneous and exhibit substantial variance in the genome landscape among individual patients, characterized by widespread loss-of-function mutations of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) that are difficult to target. Therefore, there is an urgent and unmet need for novel therapeutic targets and strategies for personalized treatment. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs), the next generation tumor models that have significantly influenced the discovery of anticancer drugs and biomarkers of response to therapies in many other cancers, are emerging and promise to play a critical role in understanding the biology of MPM and, importantly, in identifying and developing precision oncology approaches tailored to specific subsets of MPM patients. Abstract MPM is an aggressive tumor originating from pleural mesothelial cells. A characteristic feature of the disease is the dominant prevalence of therapeutically intractable inactivating alterations in TSGs, making MPM one of the most difficult cancers to treat and the epitome of a cancer characterized by a significant lack of therapy options and an extremely poor prognosis (5-year survival rate of only 5% to 10%). Extensive interpatient heterogeneity poses another major challenge for targeted therapy of MPM, warranting stratified therapy for specific subgroups of MPM patients. Accurate preclinical models are critical for the discovery of new therapies and the development of personalized medicine. Organoids, an in vitro ‘organ-like’ 3D structure derived from patient tumor tissue that faithfully mimics the biology and complex architecture of cancer and largely overcomes the limitations of other existing models, are the next-generation tumor model. Although organoids have been successfully produced and used in many cancers, the development of MPM organoids is still in its infancy. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in cancer organoids, focusing on the progress and challenges in MPM organoid development. We also elaborate the potential of MPM organoids for understanding MPM pathobiology, discovering new therapeutic targets, and developing personalized treatments for MPM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Gao
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Oncology-Thoracic Malignancies (OTM), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Translation Organoid Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Oncology-Thoracic Malignancies (OTM), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (R.-W.P.); (P.D.); Tel.: +41-31-684-0462 (R.-W.P.); +41-31-632-3745 (P.D.)
| | - Patrick Dorn
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Oncology-Thoracic Malignancies (OTM), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (R.-W.P.); (P.D.); Tel.: +41-31-684-0462 (R.-W.P.); +41-31-632-3745 (P.D.)
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Johnson BW, Takahashi K, Cheng YY. Preclinical Models and Resources to Facilitate Basic Science Research on Malignant Mesothelioma - A Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:748444. [PMID: 34900693 PMCID: PMC8660093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.748444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, predominantly caused by human occupational exposure to asbestos. The global incidence of mesothelioma is predicted to increase as a consequence of continued exposure to asbestos from a variety of sources, including construction material produced in the past in developed countries, as well as those currently being produced in developing countries. Mesothelioma typically develops after a long latency period and consequently it is often diagnosed in the clinic at an advanced stage, at which point standard care of treatment, such as chemo- and radio-therapy, are largely ineffective. Much of our current understanding of mesothelioma biology, particularly in relation to disease pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, can be attributed to decades of preclinical basic science research. Given the postulated rising incidence in mesothelioma cases and the limitations of current diagnostic and treatment options, continued preclinical research into mesothelioma is urgently needed. The ever-evolving landscape of preclinical models and laboratory technology available to researchers have made it possible to study human disease with greater precision and at an accelerated rate. In this review article we provide an overview of the various resources that can be exploited to facilitate an enhanced understanding of mesothelioma biology and their applications to research aimed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of mesothelioma. These resources include cell lines, animal models, mesothelioma-specific biobanks and modern laboratory techniques/technologies. Given that different preclinical models and laboratory technologies have varying limitations and applications, they must be selected carefully with respect to the intended objectives of the experiments. This review therefore aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various preclinical models and technologies with respect to their advantages and limitations. Finally, we will detail about a highly valuable preclinical laboratory resource to curate high quality mesothelioma biospecimens for research; the biobank. Collectively, these resources are essential to the continued advancement of precision medicine to curtail the increasing health burden caused by malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuen Yee Cheng
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Shamseddin M, Obacz J, Garnett MJ, Rintoul RC, Francies HE, Marciniak SJ. Use of preclinical models for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Thorax 2021; 76:1154-1162. [PMID: 33692175 PMCID: PMC8526879 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer most commonly caused by prior exposure to asbestos. Median survival is 12-18 months, since surgery is ineffective and chemotherapy offers minimal benefit. Preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the genomic and histopathological features of cancer are critical for the development of new treatments. The most commonly used models of MPM are two-dimensional cell lines established from primary tumours or pleural fluid. While these have provided some important insights into MPM biology, these cell models have significant limitations. In order to address some of these limitations, spheroids and microfluidic chips have more recently been used to investigate the role of the three-dimensional environment in MPM. Efforts have also been made to develop animal models of MPM, including asbestos-induced murine tumour models, MPM-prone genetically modified mice and patient-derived xenografts. Here, we discuss the available in vitro and in vivo models of MPM and highlight their strengths and limitations. We discuss how newer technologies, such as the tumour-derived organoids, might allow us to address the limitations of existing models and aid in the identification of effective treatments for this challenging-to-treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Shamseddin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Joanna Obacz
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Mathew J Garnett
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Robert Campbell Rintoul
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Stefan John Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Barnawi I, Hawsawi Y, Dash P, Oyouni AAA, Mustafa SK, Hussien NA, Al-Amer O, Alomar S, Mansour L. Nitric Oxide Synthase Potentiates the Resistance of Cancer Cell Lines to Anticancer Chemotherapeutics. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1397-1406. [PMID: 34165414 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210623094526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the advancement in the fields of medical science and molecular biology, cancer is still the leading cause of death worldwide. Chemotherapy is a choice for treatment; however, the acquisition of chemo-resistance is a major impediment to cancer management. Many mechanisms have been postulated regarding the acquisition of chemo-resistance in breast cancer the impact on cellular signaling and the induction of apoptosis in tumour cells. The mechanism of the apoptotic mutation of p53 and bcl-2 proteins is commonly associated with increased resistance to apoptosis and, therein, to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES The current study was aimed to investigate A172 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells' sensitivity against chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel with different doses. Moreover, it estimates the resistance of cancer cells by evaluating nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and evaluate its correlation with the expression profile proteins of the apoptosis regulating Bcl-2 family. METHODS Dose-dependent sensitivity to cisplatin, doxorubicin, or paclitaxel was evaluated on spheroid cultured A172 and MDA-MB-231 cells lines as measured by time-lapse microscopy over a 72h period. Expressions of two nitric oxides (NO) synthases isoforms (iNOS, eNOS), anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, phospho-Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL), and pro-apoptotic (BID, Bim, Bok, Bad, Puma, and Bax) were evaluated by Western blot. The effect of NO modulation on anti- and pro-apoptotic molecule expression was also studied using Western blot. RESULT A172 cells show more resistance to chemotherapy drugs than MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Therefore, they need higher doses for apoptosis. Resistance of gliomas might be returned to the higher significant expression of endothelial eNOS expression. It was clear that there is not a significant effect of NO modulation on the expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins on both cell lines. CONCLUSION The present work provides a putative mechanism for the acquisition of drug resistance in breast cancer and glioma, which might be significant for clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Barnawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Taiba, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Hawsawi
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, P.O. Box 40047, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip Dash
- University of Reading Faculty of Life Sciences, school of science, Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Syed Khalid Mustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahed A Hussien
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Osama Al-Amer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University PO. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University PO. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Malignant pleural mesothelioma co-opts BCL-X L and autophagy to escape apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:406. [PMID: 33859162 PMCID: PMC8050302 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Escape from programmed cell death is a hallmark of cancer. In this study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic mechanisms and explored the therapeutic potential of BCL-2 homology domain-3 (BH3) mimetics in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), a lethal thoracic malignancy with an extreme dearth of treatment options. By implementing integrated analysis of functional genomic data of MPM cells and quantitative proteomics of patients’ tumors, we identified BCL-XL as an anti-apoptotic driver that is overexpressed and confers an oncogenic dependency in MPM. MPM cells harboring genetic alterations that inactivate the NF2/LATS1/2 signaling are associated with increased sensitivity to A-1155463, a BCL-XL-selective BH3 mimetic. Importantly, BCL-XL inhibition elicits protective autophagy, and concomitant blockade of BCL-XL and autophagic machinery with A-1155463 and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved autophagy inhibitor, synergistically enhances anti-MPM effects in vitro and in vivo. Together, our work delineates the molecular basis underlying resistance to apoptosis and uncovers an evasive mechanism that limits response to BH3 mimetics in MPM, suggesting a novel strategy to target this aggressive disease.
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Jagirdar RM, Papazoglou ED, Pitaraki E, Kouliou OA, Rouka E, Giannakou L, Giannopoulos S, Sinis SI, Hatzoglou C, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. Cell and extracellular matrix interaction models in benign mesothelial and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells in 2D and 3D in-vitro. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:543-552. [PMID: 33336399 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumour that grows in the pleural cavity. MPM spheroids released in the pleural fluid can form new tumour foci. Cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in 2D and 3D impact malignant cell behaviour during cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, epithelioid, biphasic and sarcomatoid MPM cell types as well as benign mesothelial cells were tested with regards to the above phenotypes. Fibronectin (FN) and homologous cell-derived extracellular matrix (hcd-ECM) treated substratum differentially affected the above phenotypes. 3D MPM spheroid invasion was higher in FN-collagen matrices in the epithelioid and biphasic cells, while 3D cell cultures of epithelioid and sarcomatoid MPM cells in FN-collagen showed a higher contractility compared to hcd-ECM-collagen. Cell aggregates demonstrated invasive behaviour in hcd-ECM matrices alone. Our results suggest that ECM and the dimensionality affect malignant cell behaviour during cell culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh M Jagirdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleftherios D Papazoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleanna Pitaraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Olympia A Kouliou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Erasmia Rouka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Lydia Giannakou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Stefanos Giannopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios I Sinis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrissi Hatzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
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10
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Arulananda S, Lee EF, Fairlie WD, John T. The role of BCL-2 family proteins and therapeutic potential of BH3-mimetics in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:413-424. [PMID: 33238762 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1856660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: With limited recent therapeutic changes, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is associated with poor survival and death within 12 months, making it one of the most lethal malignancies. Due to unregulated asbestos use in developing countries and home renovation exposures, cases of MPM are likely to present for decades. As MPM is largely driven by dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes, researchers have examined other mechanisms of subverting tumor proliferation and spread. Over-expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins impairs cells from undergoing apoptosis, and BH3-mimetics targeting them are a novel treatment option across various cancers, though have not been widely investigated in MPM.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of MPM and its current treatment landscape. It summarizes the role of BCL-2 family proteins in tumorigenesis and the therapeutic potential of BH3-mimetics . Finally, it discusses the role of BCL-2 proteins in MPM and the pre-clinical rationale for investigating BH3-mimetics as a therapeutic strategy.Expert opinion: As a disease without readily actionable oncogene driver mutations and with modest benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition, novel therapeutic options are urgently needed for MPM. Hence, BH3-mimetics provide a promising treatment option, with evidence supporting dependence on pro-survival BCL-2 proteins for MPM cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surein Arulananda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas John
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Arulananda S, O'Brien M, Evangelista M, Harris TJ, Steinohrt NS, Jenkins LJ, Walkiewicz M, O'Donoghue RJJ, Poh AR, Thapa B, Williams DS, Leong T, Mariadason JM, Li X, Cebon J, Lee EF, John T, Fairlie WD. BCL-XL is an actionable target for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:114. [PMID: 33298868 PMCID: PMC7603509 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having one of the lowest survival rates of all cancers, there have been no new approved treatments for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in over a decade. Standard-of-care treatment relies on Cisplatin plus Pemetrexed chemotherapy. Here, we tested a suite of BH3-mimetic drugs targeting BCL-2 pro-survival proteins of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We found BCL-XL is the dominant pro-survival protein in a panel of cell lines in vitro, though potent, synergistic cell killing occurred with MCL-1 co-targeting. This correlates with high-level expression of BCL-XL and MCL-1 in cell lines and a large cohort of patient tumour samples. BCL-XL inhibition combined with Cisplatin also enhanced cell killing. In vivo BCL-XL inhibition was as effective as Cisplatin, and the combination enhanced tumour growth control and survival. Genetic ablation of MCL-1 also enhanced the effects of BCL-XL inhibitors, in vivo. Combined, these data provide a compelling rationale for the clinical investigation of BH3-mimetics targeting BCL-XL in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surein Arulananda
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco Evangelista
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiffany J Harris
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Nikita S Steinohrt
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Marzena Walkiewicz
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J J O'Donoghue
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashleigh R Poh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Bibhusal Thapa
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - David S Williams
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Trishe Leong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Thomas John
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - W D Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Xu D, Yang H, Schmid RA, Peng RW. Therapeutic Landscape of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Collateral Vulnerabilities and Evolutionary Dependencies in the Spotlight. Front Oncol 2020; 10:579464. [PMID: 33072611 PMCID: PMC7538645 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.579464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is the epitome of a recalcitrant cancer driven by pharmacologically intractable tumor suppressor proteins. A significant but largely unmet challenge in the field is the translation of genetic information on alterations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) into effective cancer-specific therapies. The notion that abnormal tumor genome subverts physiological cellular processes, which creates collateral vulnerabilities contextually related to specific genetic alterations, offers a promising strategy to target TSG-driven MPM. Moreover, emerging evidence has increasingly appreciated the therapeutic potential of genetic and pharmacological dependencies acquired en route to cancer development and drug resistance. Here, we review the most recent progress on vulnerabilities co-selected by functional loss of major TSGs and dependencies evolving out of cancer development and resistance to cisplatin based chemotherapy, the only first-line regimen approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finally, we highlight CRISPR-based functional genomics that has emerged as a powerful platform for cancer drug discovery in MPM. The repertoire of MPM-specific “Achilles heel” rises on the horizon, which holds the promise to elucidate therapeutic landscape and may promote precision oncology for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Haitang Yang
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Shehzad A, Ravinayagam V, AlRumaih H, Aljafary M, Almohazey D, Almofty S, Al-Rashid NA, Al-Suhaimi EA. Application of Three-dimensional (3D) Tumor Cell Culture Systems and Mechanism of Drug Resistance. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3599-3607. [PMID: 31612821 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191014163923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The in-vitro experimental model for the development of cancer therapeutics has always been challenging. Recently, the scientific revolution has improved cell culturing techniques by applying three dimensional (3D) culture system, which provides a similar physiologically relevant in-vivo model for studying various diseases including cancer. In particular, cancer cells exhibiting in-vivo behavior in a model of 3D cell culture is a more accurate cell culture model to test the effectiveness of anticancer drugs or characterization of cancer cells in comparison with two dimensional (2D) monolayer. This study underpins various factors that cause resistance to anticancer drugs in forms of spheroids in 3D in-vitro cell culture and also outlines key challenges and possible solutions for the future development of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Shehzad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijaya Ravinayagam
- Scientific Research & Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad AlRumaih
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meneerah Aljafary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Almohazey
- Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Almofty
- Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor A Al-Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Impact of hypoxia on chemoresistance of mesothelioma mediated by the proton-coupled folate transporter, and preclinical activity of new anti-LDH-A compounds. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:644-656. [PMID: 32493992 PMCID: PMC7434895 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) is associated with survival of mesothelioma patients treated with pemetrexed, and is reduced by hypoxia, prompting studies to elucidate their correlation. METHODS Modulation of glycolytic gene expression was evaluated by PCR arrays in tumour cells and primary cultures growing under hypoxia, in spheroids and after PCFT silencing. Inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-A) were tested in vitro and in vivo. LDH-A expression was determined in tissue microarrays of radically resected malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM, N = 33) and diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM, N = 56) patients. RESULTS Overexpression of hypoxia marker CAIX was associated with low PCFT expression and decreased MPM cell growth inhibition by pemetrexed. Through integration of PCR arrays in hypoxic cells and spheroids and following PCFT silencing, we identified the upregulation of LDH-A, which correlated with shorter survival of MPM and DMPM patients. Novel LDH-A inhibitors enhanced spheroid disintegration and displayed synergistic effects with pemetrexed in MPM and gemcitabine in DMPM cells. Studies with bioluminescent hypoxic orthotopic and subcutaneous DMPM athymic-mice models revealed the marked antitumour activity of the LDH-A inhibitor NHI-Glc-2, alone or combined with gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel insights into hypoxia/PCFT-dependent chemoresistance, unravelling the potential prognostic value of LDH-A, and demonstrating the preclinical activity of LDH-A inhibitors.
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15
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Blanquart C, Jaurand MC, Jean D. The Biology of Malignant Mesothelioma and the Relevance of Preclinical Models. Front Oncol 2020; 10:388. [PMID: 32269966 PMCID: PMC7109283 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM), especially its more frequent form, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), is a devastating thoracic cancer with limited therapeutic options. Recently, clinical trials that used immunotherapy strategies have yielded promising results, but the benefits are restricted to a limited number of patients. To develop new therapeutic strategies and define predictors of treatment response to existing therapy, better knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of MM tumors and sound preclinical models are needed. This review aims to provide an overview of our present knowledge and issues on both subjects. MM shows a complex pattern of molecular changes, including genetic, chromosomic, and epigenetic alterations. MM is also a heterogeneous cancer. The recently described molecular classifications for MPM could better consider inter-tumor heterogeneity, while histo-molecular gradients are an interesting way to consider both intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneities. Classical preclinical models are based on use of MM cell lines in culture or implanted in rodents, i.e., xenografts in immunosuppressed mice or isografts in syngeneic rodents to assess the anti-tumor immune response. Recent developments are tumoroids, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), xenografts in humanized mice, and genetically modified mice (GEM) that carry mutations identified in human MM tumor cells. Multicellular tumor spheroids are an interesting in vitro model to reduce animal experimentation; they are more accessible than tumoroids. They could be relevant, especially if they are co-cultured with stromal and immune cells to partially reproduce the human microenvironment. Even if preclinical models have allowed for major advances, they show several limitations: (i) the anatomical and biological tumor microenvironments are incompletely reproduced; (ii) the intra-tumor heterogeneity and immunological contexts are not fully reconstructed; and (iii) the inter-tumor heterogeneity is insufficiently considered. Given that these limitations vary according to the models, preclinical models must be carefully selected depending on the objectives of the experiments. New approaches, such as organ-on-a-chip technologies or in silico biological systems, should be explored in MM research. More pertinent cell models, based on our knowledge on mesothelial carcinogenesis and considering MM heterogeneity, need to be developed. These endeavors are mandatory to implement efficient precision medicine for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Blanquart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Didier Jean
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
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16
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Jackson MR, Ashton M, Koessinger AL, Dick C, Verheij M, Chalmers AJ. Mesothelioma Cells Depend on the Antiapoptotic Protein Bcl-xL for Survival and Are Sensitized to Ionizing Radiation by BH3-Mimetics. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 106:867-877. [PMID: 31786278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of mesothelioma continues to rise and prognosis remains dismal owing to resistance to conventional therapies and few novel treatment options. Failure to activate apoptotic cell death is a resistance mechanism that may be overcome by inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins using BH3-mimetic drugs. We investigated the role of antiapoptotic proteins in the radioresistance of mesothelioma, identifying clinically relevant targets for radiosensitization and evaluating the activity of BH3-mimetics alone and in combination with radiation therapy in preclinical models. METHODS, MATERIALS AND RESULTS Mesothelioma cell lines 211H, H2052, and H226 exposed to BH3-mimetics demonstrated Bcl-xL dependence that correlated with protein expression and was confirmed by genetic knockdown. The Bcl-xL inhibitor A1331852 exhibited cytotoxic (EC50, 0.13-1.42 μmol/L) and radiosensitizing activities (sensitizer enhancement ratios, 1.3-1.8). Cytotoxicity was associated with induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and caspase-3/7 activation. Efficacy was maintained in a 3-dimensional model in which combination therapy completely eradicated mesothelioma spheroids. Clinical applicability was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 proteins in patient samples and radiosensitizing activity of A1331852 in primary patient-derived mesothelioma cells. CONCLUSIONS Mesothelioma cells exhibit addiction to the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL, and their intrinsic radioresistance can be overcome by small molecule inhibition of this novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Jackson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda Ashton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L Koessinger
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Dick
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Verheij
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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17
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Zhang J, Wang X, Wen J, Su X, Weng L, Wang C, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Tao J, Xu P, Lu G, Teng Z, Wang L. Size effect of mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles on tumor penetration and accumulation. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4790-4799. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The size effect of mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs) on tumor penetration and accumulation remains poorly understood, which strongly affects the tumor therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiaofen Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging
- Jinling Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Medical Imaging
- Jinling Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Xiaodan Su
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Lixing Weng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging
- Jinling Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Medical Imaging
- Jinling Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging
- Jinling Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing
- P.R. China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging
- Jinling Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Zhaogang Teng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- China
- Department of Medical Imaging
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing
- China
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18
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Cerruti F, Jocollè G, Salio C, Oliva L, Paglietti L, Alessandria B, Mioletti S, Donati G, Numico G, Cenci S, Cascio P. Proteasome stress sensitizes malignant pleural mesothelioma cells to bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17626. [PMID: 29247244 PMCID: PMC5732203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on promising results in preclinical models, clinical trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib towards malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), an aggressive cancer arising from the mesothelium of the serous cavities following exposure to asbestos. Unexpectedly, only minimal therapeutic benefits were observed, thus implicating that MPM harbors inherent resistance mechanisms. Identifying the molecular bases of this primary resistance is crucial to develop novel pharmacologic strategies aimed at increasing the vulnerability of MPM to bortezomib. Therefore, we assessed a panel of four human MPM lines with different sensitivity to bortezomib, for functional proteasome activity and levels of free and polymerized ubiquitin. We found that highly sensitive MPM lines display lower proteasome activity than more bortezomib-resistant clones, suggesting that reduced proteasomal capacity might contribute to the intrinsic susceptibility of mesothelioma cells to proteasome inhibitors-induced apoptosis. Moreover, MPM equipped with fewer active proteasomes accumulated polyubiquitinated proteins, at the expense of free ubiquitin, a condition known as proteasome stress, which lowers the cellular apoptotic threshold and sensitizes mesothelioma cells to bortezomib-induced toxicity as shown herein. Taken together, our data suggest that an unfavorable load-versus-capacity balance represents a critical determinant of primary apoptotic sensitivity to bortezomib in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Cerruti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Genny Jocollè
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale U. Parini, Viale Ginevra 3, 11100, Aosta, Italy
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Oliva
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Paglietti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Beatrice Alessandria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Mioletti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Donati
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Ospedale U. Parini, Viale Ginevra 3, 11100, Aosta, Italy
| | - Gianmauro Numico
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e C Arrigo, Via Venezia 16, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Simone Cenci
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cascio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
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19
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Hoda MA, Pirker C, Dong Y, Schelch K, Heffeter P, Kryeziu K, van Schoonhoven S, Klikovits T, Laszlo V, Rozsas A, Ozsvar J, Klepetko W, Döme B, Grusch M, Hegedüs B, Berger W. Trabectedin Is Active against Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Cell and Xenograft Models and Synergizes with Chemotherapy and Bcl-2 Inhibition In Vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2357-2369. [PMID: 27512118 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is characterized by widespread resistance to systemic therapy. Trabectedin is an antineoplastic agent targeting both the malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment that has been approved for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer. In this preclinical study, we evaluated the antineoplastic potential of trabectedin as a single agent and in drug combination approaches in human MPM. Therefore, we utilized an extended panel of MPM cell lines (n = 6) and primary cell cultures from surgical MPM specimens (n = 13), as well as nonmalignant pleural tissue samples (n = 2). Trabectedin exerted a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in all MPM cell cultures in vitro when growing as adherent monolayers or nonadherent spheroids with IC50 values ≤ 2.6 nmol/L. Nonmalignant mesothelial cells were significantly less responsive. The strong antimesothelioma activity was based on cell-cycle perturbation and apoptosis induction. The activity of trabectedin against MPM cells was synergistically enhanced by coadministration of cisplatin, a drug routinely used for systemic MPM treatment. Comparison of gene expression signatures indicated an inverse correlation between trabectedin response and bcl-2 expression. Accordingly, bcl-2 inhibitors (Obatoclax, ABT-199) markedly synergized with trabectedin paralleled by deregulated expression of the bcl-2 family members bcl-2, bim, bax, Mcl-1, and bcl-xL as a consequence of trabectedin exposure. In addition, trabectedin exerted significant antitumor activity against an intraperitoneal MPM xenograft model. Together, these data suggest that trabectedin exerts strong activity in MPM and synergizes with chemotherapy and experimental bcl-2 inhibitors in vitro Thus, it represents a promising new therapeutic option for MPM. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2357-69. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir A Hoda
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yawen Dong
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Schelch
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Klikovits
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Rozsas
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Ozsvar
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Döme
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary. Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Hegedüs
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. MTA-SE Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter Berger
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Schunselaar LM, Quispel-Janssen JM, Neefjes JJC, Baas P. A catalogue of treatment and technologies for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:455-63. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1162100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Analysis of Gene Expression in 3D Spheroids Highlights a Survival Role for ASS1 in Mesothelioma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150044. [PMID: 26982031 PMCID: PMC4794185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the underlying causes of chemoresistance in malignant pleural mesothelioma, we have studied mesothelioma cell lines as 3D spheroids, which acquire increased chemoresistance compared to 2D monolayers. We asked whether the gene expression of 3D spheroids would reveal mechanisms of resistance. To address this, we measured gene expression of three mesothelioma cell lines, M28, REN and VAMT, grown as 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids. A total of 209 genes were differentially expressed in common by the three cell lines in 3D (138 upregulated and 71 downregulated), although a clear resistance pathway was not apparent. We then compared the list of 3D genes with two publicly available datasets of gene expression of 56 pleural mesotheliomas compared to normal tissues. Interestingly, only three genes were increased in both 3D spheroids and human tumors: argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), annexin A4 (ANXA4) and major vault protein (MVP); of these, ASS1 was the only consistently upregulated of the three genes by qRT-PCR. To measure ASS1 protein expression, we stained 2 sets of tissue microarrays (TMA): one with 88 pleural mesothelioma samples and the other with additional 88 pleural mesotheliomas paired with matched normal tissues. Of the 176 tumors represented on the two TMAs, ASS1 was expressed in 87 (50%; staining greater than 1 up to 3+). For the paired samples, ASS1 expression in mesothelioma was significantly greater than in the normal tissues. Reduction of ASS1 expression by siRNA significantly sensitized mesothelioma spheroids to the pro-apoptotic effects of bortezomib and of cisplatin plus pemetrexed. Although mesothelioma is considered by many to be an ASS1-deficient tumor, our results show that ASS1 is elevated at the mRNA and protein levels in mesothelioma 3D spheroids and in human pleural mesotheliomas. We also have uncovered a survival role for ASS1, which may be amenable to targeting to undermine mesothelioma multicellular resistance.
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Kushitani K, Amatya VJ, Mawas AS, Miyata Y, Okada M, Takeshima Y. Use of Anti-Noxa Antibody for Differential Diagnosis between Epithelioid Mesothelioma and Reactive Mesothelial Hyperplasia. Pathobiology 2016; 83:33-40. [PMID: 26735863 DOI: 10.1159/000442092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The histological differential diagnosis between epithelioid mesothelioma (EM) and reactive mesothelial hyperplasia (RMH) is not always straightforward. The aim of the present study was to search for new immunohistochemical markers to distinguish EM from RMH. METHODS We evaluated and compared the expression of apoptosis-related genes in EM and RMH by real-time RT-PCR array analysis followed by clustering of significant gene expression. Immunohistochemical staining and statistical analysis of Noxa expression in 81 cases of EM and 55 cases of RMH were performed and compared with the utility of other previously reported antibodies such as Desmin, EMA, GLUT-1, IMP-3 and CD146. RESULTS Noxa mRNA expression levels were found to be increased in EM when compared to RMH by RT-PCR array analysis. In the immunohistochemical analysis, Noxa showed sensitivity of 69.0%, specificity of 93.6% and positive predictive value of 93.0% as a positive marker of EM in distinguishing it from RMH, and these values were almost similar to IMP-3. CONCLUSION Noxa is a marker with relatively high specificity, and can be used to distinguish EM from RMH. It would be a valuable addition to the current antibody panel used for the differential diagnosis of EM and RMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kushitani
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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23
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Barbone D, Follo C, Echeverry N, Gerbaudo VH, Klabatsa A, Bueno R, Felley-Bosco E, Broaddus VC. Autophagy Correlates with the Therapeutic Responsiveness of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma in 3D Models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134825. [PMID: 26284517 PMCID: PMC4540424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a highly chemoresistant solid tumor. We have studied this apoptotic resistance using in vitro and ex vivo three-dimensional models, which acquire a high level of chemoresistance that can be reduced by PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Here, we investigate the activity of GDC-0980, a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, which has been proposed to be effective in mesothelioma. In this work, we aimed to identify mechanisms and markers of efficacy for GDC-0980 by utilizing 3D models of mesothelioma, both in vitro multicellular spheroids and ex vivo tumor fragment spheroids grown from patient tumor samples. We found that a subset of mesothelioma spheroids is sensitive to GDC-0980 alone and to its combination with chemotherapy. Unexpectedly, this sensitivity did not correlate with the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Instead, sensitivity to GDC-0980 correlated with the presence of constitutive ATG13 puncta, a feature of autophagy, a cellular program that supports cells under stress. In tumor fragment spheroids grown from 21 tumors, we also found a subset (n = 11) that was sensitive to GDC-0980, a sensitivity that also correlated with the presence of ATG13 puncta. Interference with autophagy by siRNA of ATG7, an essential autophagic protein, increased the response to chemotherapy, but only in the sensitive multicellular spheroids. In the spheroids resistant to GDC-0980, autophagy appeared to play no role. In summary, we show that GDC-0980 is effective in mesothelioma 3D models that display ATG13 puncta, and that blockade of autophagy increases their response to chemotherapy. For the first time, we show a role for autophagy in the response to chemotherapy of 3D models of mesothelioma and propose ATG13 as a potential biomarker of the therapeutic responsiveness of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Barbone
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, United States of America
| | - Carlo Follo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, United States of America
| | - Nohemy Echeverry
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victor H. Gerbaudo
- Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Astero Klabatsa
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Bueno
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | | | - V. Courtney Broaddus
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, United States of America
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Inhibition of autophagy sensitizes malignant pleural mesothelioma cells to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1757. [PMID: 25950487 PMCID: PMC4669703 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) originates in most of the cases from chronic inflammation of the mesothelium due to exposure to asbestos fibers. Given the limited effect of chemotherapy, a big effort is being made to find new treatment options. The PI3K/mTOR pathway was reported to be upregulated in MPM. We tested the cell growth inhibition properties of two dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors NVP-BEZ235 and GDC-0980 on 19 MPM cell lines. We could identify resistant and sensitive lines; however, there was no correlation to the downregulation of PI3K/mTOR activity markers. As a result of mTOR inhibition, both drugs efficiently induced long-term autophagy but not cell death. Autophagy blockade by chloroquine in combination with the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors significantly induced caspase-independent cell death involving RIP1 in the sensitive cell line SPC212. Cell death in the resistant cell line Mero-82 was less pronounced, and it was not induced via RIP1-dependent mechanism, suggesting the involvement of RIP1 downstream effectors. Cell death induction was confirmed in 3D systems. Based on these results, we identify autophagy as one of the main mechanisms of cell death resistance against dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in MPM. As PI3K/mTOR inhibitors are under investigation in clinical trials, these results may help interpreting their outcome and suggest ways for intervention.
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25
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Rossi ÚA, Gil-Cardeza ML, Villaverde MS, Finocchiaro LME, Glikin GC. Interferon-β gene transfer induces a strong cytotoxic bystander effect on melanoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 72:44-51. [PMID: 26054674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A local gene therapy scheme for the delivery of type I interferons could be an alternative for the treatment of melanoma. We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of interferon-β (IFNβ) gene lipofection on tumor cell lines derived from three human cutaneous and four canine mucosal melanomas. The cytotoxicity of human IFNβ gene lipofection resulted higher or equivalent to that of the corresponding addition of the recombinant protein (rhIFNβ) to human cells. IFNβ gene lipofection was not cytotoxic for only one canine melanoma cell line. When cultured as monolayers, three human and three canine IFNβ-lipofected melanoma cell lines displayed a remarkable bystander effect. As spheroids, the same six cell lines were sensitive to IFNβ gene transfer, two displaying a significant multicell resistance phenotype. The effects of conditioned IFNβ-lipofected canine melanoma cell culture media suggested the release of at least one soluble thermolabile cytotoxic factor that could not be detected in human melanoma cells. By using a secretion signal-free truncated human IFNβ, we showed that its intracellular expression was enough to induce cytotoxicity in two human melanoma cell lines. The lower cytoplasmatic levels of reactive oxygen species detected after intracellular IFNβ expression could be related to the resistance displayed by one human melanoma cell line. As IFNβ gene transfer was effective against most of the assayed melanomas in a way not limited by relatively low lipofection efficiencies, the clinical potential of this approach is strongly supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula A Rossi
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Gil-Cardeza
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela S Villaverde
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana M E Finocchiaro
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo C Glikin
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Scortegagna M, Lau E, Zhang T, Feng Y, Sereduk C, Yin H, De SK, Meeth K, Platt JT, Langdon CG, Halaban R, Pellecchia M, Davies MA, Brown K, Stern DF, Bosenberg M, Ronai ZA. PDK1 and SGK3 Contribute to the Growth of BRAF-Mutant Melanomas and Are Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1399-412. [PMID: 25712345 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma development involves members of the AGC kinase family, including AKT, PKC, and, most recently, PDK1, as elucidated recently in studies of Braf::Pten mutant melanomas. Here, we report that PDK1 contributes functionally to skin pigmentation and to the development of melanomas harboring a wild-type PTEN genotype, which occurs in about 70% of human melanomas. The PDK1 substrate SGK3 was determined to be an important mediator of PDK1 activities in melanoma cells. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of PDK1 and SGK3 attenuated melanoma growth by inducing G1 phase cell-cycle arrest. In a synthetic lethal screen, pan-PI3K inhibition synergized with PDK1 inhibition to suppress melanoma growth, suggesting that focused blockade of PDK1/PI3K signaling might offer a new therapeutic modality for wild-type PTEN tumors. We also noted that responsiveness to PDK1 inhibition associated with decreased expression of pigmentation genes and increased expression of cytokines and inflammatory genes, suggesting a method to stratify patients with melanoma for PDK1-based therapies. Overall, our work highlights the potential significance of PDK1 as a therapeutic target to improve melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scortegagna
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric Lau
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Translational Genomics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yongmei Feng
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Chris Sereduk
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Hongwei Yin
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Surya K De
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Katrina Meeth
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James T Platt
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Casey G Langdon
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael A Davies
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Translational Genomics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David F Stern
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California.
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Ruppen J, Cortes-Dericks L, Marconi E, Karoubi G, Schmid RA, Peng R, Marti TM, Guenat OT. A microfluidic platform for chemoresistive testing of multicellular pleural cancer spheroids. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1198-1205. [PMID: 24496222 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on a microfluidic platform on which single multicellular spheroids from malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis, can be loaded, trapped and tested for chemotherapeutic drug response. A new method to detect the spheroid viability cultured on the microfluidic chip as a function of the drug concentration is presented. This approach is based on the evaluation of the caspase activity in the supernatant sampled from the chip and tested using a microplate reader. This simple and time-saving method does only require a minimum amount of manipulations and was established for very low numbers of cells. This feature is particularly important in view of personalised medicine applications for which the number of cells obtained from the patients is low. MPM spheroids were continuously perfused for 48 hours with cisplatin, one of the standard chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat MPM. The 50% growth inhibitory concentration of cisplatin in perfused MPM spheroids was found to be twice as high as in spheroids cultured under static conditions. This chemoresistance increase might be due to the continuous support of nutrients and oxygen to the perfused spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ruppen
- ARTORG Lung Regeneration Technologies Lab, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 50, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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Chimenti MS, Tucci P, Candi E, Perricone R, Melino G, Willis AE. Metabolic profiling of human CD4+ cells following treatment with methotrexate and anti-TNF-α infliximab. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3025-36. [PMID: 23974102 PMCID: PMC3875677 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune process in rheumatoid arthritis depends on activation of immune cells, which utilize intracellular kinases to respond to external stimuli such as cytokines, immune complexes, and antigens. CD4+ T cells comprise a large proportion of the inflammatory cells that invade the synovial tissue and may therefore be a cell type of pathogenic importance. Both methotrexate and infliximab are effective in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis; however, the biological effects triggered by these treatments and the biochemical mechanisms underlining the cell response are still not fully understood. Thus, in this study the global metabolic changes associated with methotrexate or infliximab treatment of isolated human CD4+ T cells were examined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. In total 148 metabolites involved in selective pathways were found to be significantly altered. Overall, the changes observed are likely to reflect the effort of CD4+ cells to increase the production of cellular reducing power to offset the cellular stress exerted by treatment. Importantly, analysis of the global metabolic changes associated with MTX or infliximab treatment of isolated human CD4+ T cells suggested that the toxicity associated with these agents is minimal when used at clinically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy
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Juin P, Geneste O, Gautier F, Depil S, Campone M. Decoding and unlocking the BCL-2 dependency of cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:455-65. [PMID: 23783119 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are subject to many apoptotic stimuli that would kill them were it not for compensatory prosurvival alterations. BCL-2-like (BCL-2L) proteins contribute to such aberrant behaviour by engaging a network of interactions that is potent at promoting survival but that is also fragile: inhibition of a restricted number of interactions may suffice to trigger cancer cell death. Currently available and novel compounds that inhibit these interactions could be efficient therapeutic agents if this phenotype of BCL-2L dependence was better understood at a molecular, cellular and systems level and if it could be diagnosed by relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Juin
- Team 8 Cell survival and tumor escape in breast cancer, UMR 892 INSERM / 6299 CNRS / Université de Nantes, Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes, 8 quai Moncousu, BP 70721, 44007 Nantes Cedex, 1 France.
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30
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Szulkin A, Nilsonne G, Mundt F, Wasik AM, Souri P, Hjerpe A, Dobra K. Variation in drug sensitivity of malignant mesothelioma cell lines with substantial effects of selenite and bortezomib, highlights need for individualized therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65903. [PMID: 23840376 PMCID: PMC3688685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant mesothelioma cells have an epithelioid or sarcomatoid morphology, both of which may be present in the same tumor. The sarcomatoid phenotype is associated with worse prognosis and heterogeneity of mesothelioma cells may contribute to therapy resistance, which is often seen in mesothelioma. This study aimed to investigate differences in sensitivity between mesothelioma cell lines to anti-cancer drugs. We studied two novel drugs, selenite and bortezomib and compared their effect to four conventional drugs. We also investigated the immunoreactivity of potential predictive markers for drug sensitivity; Pgp, MRP-1, ERCC1, RRM1, TS, xCT and proteasome 20S subunit. Materials and methods We treated six mesothelioma cell lines with selenite, bortezomib, carboplatin, pemetrexed, doxorubicin or gemcitabine as single agents and in combinations. Viability was measured after 24 and 48 hours. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect predictive markers. Results As a single agent, selenite was effective on four out of six cell lines, and in combination with bortezomib yielded the greatest response in the studied mesothelioma cell lines. Cells with an epithelioid phenotype were generally more sensitive to the different drugs than the sarcomatoid cells. Extensive S-phase arrest was seen in pemetrexed-sensitive cell lines. MRP-1 predicted sensitivity of cell lines to treatment with carboplatin and xCT predicted pemetrexed effect. Conclusions The observed heterogeneity in sensitivity of mesothelioma cell lines with different morphology highlights the need for more individualized therapy, requiring development of methods to predict drug sensitivity of individual tumors. Selenite and bortezomib showed a superior effect compared to conventional drugs, motivating clinical testing of these agents as future treatment regime components for patients with malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szulkin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Mundt
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agata M. Wasik
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pega Souri
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hjerpe
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fennell DA. Apoptotic agents. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2013; 2:238-43. [PMID: 25806237 PMCID: PMC4367595 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Fennell
- University of Leicester & Leicester University Hospitals, UK
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32
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Gurpinar E, Grizzle WE, Shacka JJ, Mader BJ, Li N, Piazza NA, Russo S, Keeton AB, Piazza GA. A novel sulindac derivative inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell growth through suppression of Akt/mTOR signaling and induction of autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:663-74. [PMID: 23443799 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as sulindac sulfide have shown promising antineoplastic activity in multiple tumor types, but toxicities resulting from COX inhibition limit their use in cancer therapy. We recently described a N,N-dimethylethyl amine derivative of sulindac sulfide, sulindac sulfide amide (SSA), that does not inhibit COX-1 or -2, yet displays potent tumor cell growth-inhibitory activity. Here, we studied the basis for the growth-inhibitory effects of SSA on human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. SSA potently inhibited the growth of lung tumor cells with IC50 values of 2 to 5 μmol/L compared with 44 to 52 μmol/L for sulindac sulfide. SSA also suppressed DNA synthesis and caused a G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest. SSA-induced cell death was associated with characteristics of autophagy, but significant caspase activation or PARP cleavage was not observed after treatment at its IC50 value. siRNA knockdown of Atg7 attenuated SSA-induced autophagy and cell death, whereas pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD was not able to rescue viability. SSA treatment also inhibited Akt/mTOR signaling and the expression of downstream proteins that are regulated by this pathway. Overexpression of a constitutively active form of Akt was able to reduce autophagy markers and confer resistance to SSA-induced cell death. Our findings provide evidence that SSA inhibits lung tumor cell growth by a mechanism involving autophagy induction through the suppression of Akt/mTOR signaling. This unique mechanism of action, along with its increased potency and lack of COX inhibition, supports the development of SSA or related analogs for the prevention and/or treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Gurpinar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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33
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Navitoclax augments the activity of carboplatin and paclitaxel combinations in ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Godugu C, Patel AR, Desai U, Andey T, Sams A, Singh M. AlgiMatrix™ based 3D cell culture system as an in-vitro tumor model for anticancer studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53708. [PMID: 23349734 PMCID: PMC3548811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) in-vitro cultures are recognized for recapitulating the physiological microenvironment and exhibiting high concordance with in-vivo conditions. Taking the advantages of 3D culture, we have developed the in-vitro tumor model for anticancer drug screening. Methods Cancer cells grown in 6 and 96 well AlgiMatrix™ scaffolds resulted in the formation of multicellular spheroids in the size range of 100–300 µm. Spheroids were grown in two weeks in cultures without compromising the growth characteristics. Different marketed anticancer drugs were screened by incubating them for 24 h at 7, 9 and 11 days in 3D cultures and cytotoxicity was measured by AlamarBlue® assay. Effectiveness of anticancer drug treatments were measured based on spheroid number and size distribution. Evaluation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers was done by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The 3D results were compared with the conventional 2D monolayer cultures. Cellular uptake studies for drug (Doxorubicin) and nanoparticle (NLC) were done using spheroids. Results IC50 values for anticancer drugs were significantly higher in AlgiMatrix™ systems compared to 2D culture models. The cleaved caspase-3 expression was significantly decreased (2.09 and 2.47 folds respectively for 5-Fluorouracil and Camptothecin) in H460 spheroid cultures compared to 2D culture system. The cytotoxicity, spheroid size distribution, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and nanoparticle penetration data suggested that in vitro tumor models show higher resistance to anticancer drugs and supporting the fact that 3D culture is a better model for the cytotoxic evaluation of anticancer drugs in vitro. Conclusion The results from our studies are useful to develop a high throughput in vitro tumor model to study the effect of various anticancer agents and various molecular pathways affected by the anticancer drugs and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandraiah Godugu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Apurva R. Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Utkarsh Desai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Terrick Andey
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandria Sams
- Primary and Stem Cell Systems, Cell Systems Division, Life Technologies Corporation, Frederick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Barbone D, Cheung P, Battula S, Busacca S, Gray SG, Longley DB, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ, Fennell DA, Broaddus VC. Vorinostat eliminates multicellular resistance of mesothelioma 3D spheroids via restoration of Noxa expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52753. [PMID: 23300762 PMCID: PMC3530471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When grown in 3D cultures as spheroids, mesothelioma cells acquire a multicellular resistance to apoptosis that resembles that of solid tumors. We have previously found that resistance to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in 3D can be explained by a lack of upregulation of Noxa, the pro-apoptotic BH3 sensitizer that acts via displacement of the Bak/Bax-activator BH3-only protein, Bim. We hypothesized that the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat might reverse this block to Noxa upregulation in 3D. Indeed, we found that vorinostat effectively restored upregulation of Noxa protein and message and abolished multicellular resistance to bortezomib in the 3D spheroids. The ability of vorinostat to reverse resistance was ablated by knockdown of Noxa or Bim, confirming the essential role of the Noxa/Bim axis in the response to vorinostat. Addition of vorinostat similarly increased the apoptotic response to bortezomib in another 3D model, the tumor fragment spheroid, which is grown from human mesothelioma ex vivo. In addition to its benefit when used with bortezomib, vorinostat also enhanced the response to cisplatin plus pemetrexed, as shown in both 3D models. Our results using clinically relevant 3D models show that the manipulation of the core apoptotic repertoire may improve the chemosensitivity of mesothelioma. Whereas neither vorinostat nor bortezomib alone has been clinically effective in mesothelioma, vorinostat may undermine chemoresistance to bortezomib and to other therapies thereby providing a rationale for combinatorial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Barbone
- Lung Biology Center, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Stamelos VA, Redman CW, Richardson A. Understanding sensitivity to BH3 mimetics: ABT-737 as a case study to foresee the complexities of personalized medicine. J Mol Signal 2012; 7:12. [PMID: 22898329 PMCID: PMC3477050 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BH3 mimetics such as ABT-737 and navitoclax bind to the BCL-2 family of proteins and induce apoptosis through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. There is considerable variability in the sensitivity of different cells to these drugs. Understanding the molecular basis of this variability will help to determine which patients will benefit from these drugs. Furthermore, this understanding aids in the design of rational strategies to increase the sensitivity of cells which are otherwise resistant to BH3 mimetics. We discuss how the expression of BCL-2 family proteins regulates the sensitivity to ABT-737. One of these, MCL-1, has been widely described as contributing to resistance to ABT-737 which might suggest a poor response in patients with cancers that express levels of MCL-1. In some cases, resistance to ABT-737 conferred by MCL-1 is overcome by the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins that bind to apoptosis inhibitors such as MCL-1. However, the distribution of the pro-apoptotic proteins amongst the various apoptosis inhibitors also influences sensitivity to ABT-737. Furthermore, the expression of both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can change dynamically in response to exposure to ABT-737. Thus, there is significant complexity associated with predicting response to ABT-737. This provides a paradigm for the multiplicity of intricate factors that determine drug sensitivity which must be considered for the full implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios A Stamelos
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine & School of Pharmacy, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, Keele, ST4 7QB, UK.
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37
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Fennell DA, Swanton C. Unlocking Pandora's box: personalising cancer cell death in non-small cell lung cancer. EPMA J 2012; 3:6. [PMID: 22738201 PMCID: PMC3422179 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis is a hallmark of tumorigenesis and a recognised cause of multidrug resistance. Over the last decade, insights into how apoptosis might be exploited in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and how cancer therapeutics might be used to engage apoptotic signalling in a personalised manner have changed markedly. We are now in the wake of a paradigm shift in stratified therapeutic approaches related to NSCLC. At the heart of this shift in thinking is the emerging knowledge that even the most drug-resistant cancers exhibit a functional death pathway and, critically, that this pathway can be efficiently engaged, leading to clinical benefit. This review will summarise current knowledge of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway dysfunction in NSCLC and how the next generation of targeted therapeutics might be used to exploit deficiencies in apoptotic signalling in a personalised manner to improve clinical outcome and predict therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Fennell
- University of Leicester & Leicester University Hospitals, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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Bucur O, Stancu AL, Khosravi-Far R, Almasan A. Analysis of apoptosis methods recently used in Cancer Research and Cell Death & Disease publications. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e263. [PMID: 22297295 PMCID: PMC3288344 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lee JH, Na K, Song SC, Lee J, Kuh HJ. The distribution and retention of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in multicellular layer cultures. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:995-1002. [PMID: 22267208 PMCID: PMC3583577 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited distribution of anticancer drugs has been recognized as a significant hurdle to efficacy. We investigated a detailed penetration/distribution profile of paclitaxel-rhodamine (PTX-rd) and doxorubicin (DOX) in multicellular layer (MCL) cultures of human cancer cells as an in vitro model for avascular regions of solid tumors. MCLs were exposed to drugs and fluorescent images of frozen sections were acquired for determination of drug penetration into MCL under various exposure conditions. PTX-rd and DOX showed drastically different profiles of penetration. DOX showed full penetration after 1 h and accumulation over 3 h, whereas PTX-rd showed slow and limited penetration, with accumulation only within the top 20% of layers by 2 h and insignificant penetration even at 72 h. Drug retention in MCL was more dependent on drug concentration, rather than exposure time, i.e., drug distribution increased by 6.3- and 2.5-fold for PTX-rd and DOX, respectively, when exposed to higher concentrations under comparable AUC exposure (1 μM × 24 h vs. 50 μM × 0.5 h). Anti-proliferative activity of PTX and DOX in MCL, as determined by cell cycle analysis, was minimal and may be attributed, at least in part, to their limited distribution in multicellular cultures. Overall, we demonstrated that penetration and retention of PTX and DOX in MCL was not only concentration- and time-dependent, but also schedule-dependent. It is suggested that slow releasing formulations or a slow infusion regimen may not necessarily be desirable, especially for PTX, due to insufficient penetration and accumulation which may result from a low local concentration at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Ho Lee
- Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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