1
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Singh S, Bensalem J, Hein LK, Casey A, Mäkinen VP, Sargeant TJ. epHero - a tandem-fluorescent probe to track the fate of apoptotic cells during efferocytosis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:179. [PMID: 38632247 PMCID: PMC11024195 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficient removal of apoptotic cells via efferocytosis is critical for maintaining optimal tissue function. This involves the binding and engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes and the subsequent maturation of the phagosome, culminating in lysosomal fusion and cargo destruction. However, current approaches to measure efferocytosis rely on labelling apoptotic targets with fluorescent dyes, which do not sufficiently distinguish between changes to the engulfment and acidification of apoptotic material. To address this limitation, we have developed a genetically coded ratiometric probe epHero which when expressed in the cytoplasm of target cells, bypasses the need for additional labelling steps. We demonstrate that epHero is a pH-sensitive reporter for efferocytosis and can be used to simultaneously track changes to apoptotic cell uptake and acidification, both in vitro and in mice. As proof-of-principle, we modify extracellular nutrition to show how epHero can distinguish between changes to cargo engulfment and acidification. Thus, tracking efferocytosis with epHero is a simple, cost-effective improvement on conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjna Singh
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Julien Bensalem
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leanne K Hein
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aaron Casey
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ville-Petteri Mäkinen
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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2
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Wang D, Feng Q, Luo Y, Wang W, Yan Y, Ding CF. Self-assembly of hydrazide-linked porous organic polymers rich in titanium for efficient enrichment of glycopeptides and phosphopeptides from human serum. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37368458 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, titanium-rich hydrazide-linked porous organic polymers (hydrazide-POPs-Ti4+) were synthesized using hydrazine, 2,3-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde (DHTA) and trimethyl 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (TP) as the ligands. Hydrazide-POPs-Ti4+ combined with HILIC and IMAC can be used for simultaneous enrichment of glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. The detection limit of this protocol is 0.1 fmol μL-1 for glycopeptides and 0.005 fmol μL-1 for phosphopeptides, and the selectivities are 1 : 1000 and 1 : 2000 for glycopeptides and phosphopeptides, respectively. For practical bio-sample analysis, 201 glycopeptides associated with 129 glycoproteins and 26 phosphopeptides associated with 21 phosphoproteins were selectively captured from healthy human serum, and 186 glycopeptides associated with 117 glycoproteins and 60 phosphopeptides associated with 50 phosphoproteins were enriched in the serum of breast cancer patients. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the identified glycoproteins and phosphoproteins were linked to breast cancer, including the binding of complement component C1q and low-density lipoprotein particles, protein oxidation and complement activation, suggesting that these connected pathways are probably engaged in the disease pathology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Quanshou Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Yiting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Yinghua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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3
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Lukácsi S, Farkas Z, Saskői É, Bajtay Z, Takács-Vellai K. Conserved and Distinct Elements of Phagocytosis in Human and C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168934. [PMID: 34445642 PMCID: PMC8396242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis provides the cellular nutrition and homeostasis of organisms, but pathogens often take advantage of this entry point to infect host cells. This is counteracted by phagocytosis that plays a key role in the protection against invading microbes both during the initial engulfment of pathogens and in the clearance of infected cells. Phagocytic cells balance two vital functions: preventing the accumulation of cell corpses to avoid pathological inflammation and autoimmunity, whilst maintaining host defence. In this review, we compare elements of phagocytosis in mammals and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Initial recognition of infection requires different mechanisms. In mammals, pattern recognition receptors bind pathogens directly, whereas activation of the innate immune response in the nematode rather relies on the detection of cellular damage. In contrast, molecules involved in efferocytosis—the engulfment and elimination of dying cells and cell debris—are highly conserved between the two species. Therefore, C. elegans is a powerful model to research mechanisms of the phagocytic machinery. Finally, we show that both mammalian and worm studies help to understand how the two phagocytic functions are interconnected: emerging data suggest the activation of innate immunity as a consequence of defective apoptotic cell clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Takács-Vellai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Panja K, Buranapraditkun S, Roytrakul S, Kovitvadhi A, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Nakagawa T, Limmanont C, Jaroensong T. Scorpion Venom Peptide Effects on Inhibiting Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis in Canine Mammary Gland Tumor Cell Lines. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072119. [PMID: 34359246 PMCID: PMC8300387 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common neoplasms in intact female dogs are CMGTs. BmKn-2, an antimicrobial peptide, is derived from scorpion venom and has published anticancer effects in oral and colon human cancer cell lines. Thus, it is highly likely that BmKn-2 could inhibit CMGT cell lines which has not been previously reported. This study investigated the proliferation and apoptotic properties of BmKn-2 via Bax and Bcl-2 relative gene expression in two CMGT cell lines, metastatic (CHMp-5b) and non-metastatic (CHMp-13a). The results showed that BmKn-2 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in the CMGT cell lines. The cell morphology clearly changed and increased apoptosis in a dose dependent of manner. The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 30 µg/mL for CHMp-5b cell line and 54 µg/mL for CHMp-13a cell line. The induction of apoptosis was mediated through Bcl-2 and Bax expression after BmKn-2 treatment. In conclusion, BmKn-2 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in both CHMp-5b and CHMp-13a cell lines via down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax relative mRNA expression. Therefore, BmKn-2 could be feasible as candidate treatment for CMGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonporn Panja
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.P.); (C.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Bangpra, Chonburi 20110, Thailand
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center-Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Thai Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Immunology (TPGHAI) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Chunsumon Limmanont
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Tassanee Jaroensong
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.P.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-86-797-4270
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5
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Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:793-804. [PMID: 33843978 PMCID: PMC8106503 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although millions of cells in the human body will undergo programmed cell death each day, dying cells are rarely detected under homeostatic settings in vivo. The swift removal of dying cells is due to the rapid recruitment of phagocytes to the site of cell death which then recognise and engulf the dying cell. Apoptotic cell clearance - the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes - is a well-defined process governed by a series of molecular factors including 'find-me', 'eat-me', 'don't eat-me' and 'good-bye' signals. However, in recent years with the rapid expansion of the cell death field, the removal of other necrotic-like cell types has drawn much attention. Depending on the type of death, dying cells employ different mechanisms to facilitate engulfment and elicit varying functional impacts on the phagocyte, from wound healing responses to inflammatory cytokine secretion. Nevertheless, despite the mechanism of death, the clearance of dying cells is a fundamental process required to prevent the uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory disease. This mini-review summarises the current understandings of: (i) apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cell clearance; (ii) the functional consequences of dying cell engulfment and; (iii) the outstanding questions in the field.
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6
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Tajbakhsh A, Rezaee M, Barreto GE, Moallem SA, Henney NC, Sahebkar A. The role of nuclear factors as “Find-Me”/alarmin signals and immunostimulation in defective efferocytosis and related disorders. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Westman J, Grinstein S, Marques PE. Phagocytosis of Necrotic Debris at Sites of Injury and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3030. [PMID: 31998312 PMCID: PMC6962235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of cellular debris is required to maintain the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. It is intrinsic to processes such as tissue growth and remodeling, regeneration and resolution of injury and inflammation. Most of the removal of effete and damaged cells is performed by macrophages and neutrophils through phagocytosis, a complex phenomenon involving ingestion and degradation of the disposable particles. The study of the clearance of cellular debris has been strongly biased toward the removal of apoptotic bodies; as a result, the mechanisms underlying the removal of necrotic cells have remained relatively unexplored. Here, we will review the incipient but growing knowledge of the phagocytosis of necrotic debris, from their recognition and engagement to their internalization and disposal. Critical insights into these events were gained recently through the development of new in vitro and in vivo models, along with advances in live-cell and intravital microscopy. This review addresses the classes of "find-me" and "eat-me" signals presented by necrotic cells and their cognate receptors in phagocytes, which in most cases differ from the extensively characterized counterparts in apoptotic cell engulfment. The roles of damage-associated molecular patterns, chemokines, lipid mediators, and complement components in recruiting and activating phagocytes are reviewed. Lastly, the physiological importance of necrotic cell removal is emphasized, highlighting the key role of impaired debris clearance in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Kawano M, Nagata S. Efferocytosis and autoimmune disease. Int Immunol 2019; 30:551-558. [PMID: 30165442 PMCID: PMC6234909 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous number of cells in the body die by apoptosis during development and under homeostasis. Apoptotic cells are swiftly engulfed by macrophages and digested into units. This removal of apoptotic cells is called ‘efferocytosis’. For efferocytosis, macrophages recognize phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposed on the cell surface as an ‘eat me’ signal. In healthy cells, PtdSer is exclusively localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane by the action of flippases. When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase cleaves flippases to inactivate them, while it cleaves pro-scramblases to active scramblases, which quickly translocate PtdSer to the cell surface. The PtdSer is then recognized by PtdSer-binding proteins or by PtdSer receptors on macrophages, which subsequently engulf the apoptotic cells. When efferocytosis fails, apoptotic cells can rupture, releasing cellular materials that can evoke an autoimmune response. Thus, a defect in the PtdSer-exposing or PtdSer-recognizing processes triggers autoimmunity, leading to a systemic lupus erythematosus-type autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiru Kawano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Catelas I, Lehoux EA, Ning Z, Figeys D, Baskey SJ, Beaulé PE. Differential proteomic analysis of synovial fluid from hip arthroplasty patients with a pseudotumor vs. Periprosthetic osteolysis . J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1849-1859. [PMID: 29352728 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adverse tissue reactions to metal implants, including pseudotumors, can compromise implant functionality and survivorship. The identification of specific proteins in the synovial fluid (SF) of hip arthroplasty patients with a pseudotumor may lead to a better understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms. The objective of the present study was to compare the protein content of SF from patients with a short-term metal-on-metal hip implant associated with a pseudotumor and patients with a long-term metal-on-polyethylene hip implant associated with periprosthetic osteolysis. Discovery proteomics was used to identify differentially abundant proteins in albumin-depleted SF. In toto, 452 distinct proteins (present in at least half of the patients in one or both groups) were identified. Thirty of these 452 proteins were differentially abundant between the two groups, including two potential biomarkers: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (which plays a major protective role against oxidative stress) for the pseudotumor group, and scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 (which is involved in low-grade inflammation) for the periprosthetic osteolysis group. Other differentially abundant proteins identified suggest the presence of an adaptive immune response (particularly a type-IV hypersensitivity reaction), necrosis, and greater oxidative stress in patients with a pseudotumor. They also suggest the presence of an innate immune response, oxidative stress, tissue remodeling, and apoptosis in both patient groups, although differences in the specific proteins identified in each group point to differences in the pathomechanisms. Overall, results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying metal-related pseudotumors and periprosthetic osteolysis, and may ultimately help elucidate pseudotumor etiology and assess the risk that asymptomatic pseudotumors will develop into an aggressive lesion. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1849-1859, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Catelas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5.,Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8L6.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Eric A Lehoux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Zhibin Ning
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Stephen J Baskey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Paul E Beaulé
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8L6
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10
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Abstract
When apoptotic cells are not cleared in an efficient and timely manner, they progress to secondary necrosis and lose their membrane integrity. This results in a leakage of immunostimulatory, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), similar to accidental (or primary) necrosis. However, primary necrosis is a sudden event with an inadvertent release of almost unmodified DAMPs. Secondary necrotic cells, in contrast, have gone through various modifications during the process of apoptosis. Recent research revealed that the molecules released from the cytoplasm or exposed on the cell surface differ between primary necrosis, secondary necrosis, and regulated necrosis such as necroptosis. This review gives an overview of these differences and focusses their effects on the immune response. The implications to human physiology and diseases are manifold and will be discussed in the context of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sachet
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ying Yu Liang
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Liang YY, Schwarzinger I, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Agis H, Oehler R. Impaired efferocytosis by monocytes in multiple myeloma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:409-416. [PMID: 29928429 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytosis is important for tissue homeostasis. Impaired efferocytosis leads to the accumulation of cell debris, which is regarded as a trigger in chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Patients with hematological neoplastic disorders such as multiple myeloma (MM) exhibit high blood levels of apoptotic microparticles. The present study investigated whether these high levels of apoptotic microparticles are associated with insufficient dead cell clearance. Blood samples were collected from patients with MM immediately prior to and 3, 7 and 10 days after the initial cycle of bortezomib-based therapy. In addition, bone marrow aspirates (BMA) were collected prior to and following therapy. Prior to therapy, a 52% reduction in efferocytosis by blood monocytes was observed compared with the healthy controls (P<0.017). This was associated with an elevated number of 7-AAD+ dead cell remnants in the blood flow as well as in BMA. A portion of the blood samples contained active caspase 3. The subsequent bortezomib-based therapy had no effect on efferocytosis, although the quantity of dead cell remnants decreased. This reduction was associated with a decline in cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ and CD4+ T cells and an increase in the number of monocytes. However, of 28 distinct soluble immune-modulating molecules (i.e. chemokines, cytokines and soluble co-stimulators) only C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL24 and sCD27 were affected by bortezomib-based therapy. The levels of all other molecules remained unchanged or were below the detection threshold in all samples. The present study results revealed that the presence of dead cell remnants in the blood and bone morrow of patients with MM is associated with impaired efferocytosis by monocytes; however, its contribution to inflammatory events during MM remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu Liang
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwarzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hermine Agis
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Abstract
The human body generates 10-100 billion cells every day, and the same number of cells die to maintain homeostasis in our body. Cells infected by bacteria or viruses also die. The cell death that occurs under physiological conditions mainly proceeds by apoptosis, which is a noninflammatory, or silent, process, while pathogen infection induces necroptosis or pyroptosis, which activates the immune system and causes inflammation. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are quickly engulfed by macrophages for degradation. Caspases are a large family of cysteine proteases that act in cascades. A cascade that leads to caspase 3 activation mediates apoptosis and is responsible for killing cells, recruiting macrophages, and presenting an "eat me" signal(s). When apoptotic cells are not efficiently engulfed by macrophages, they undergo secondary necrosis and release intracellular materials that represent a damage-associated molecular pattern, which may lead to a systemic lupus-like autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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13
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Ferluga J, Kouser L, Murugaiah V, Sim RB, Kishore U. Potential influences of complement factor H in autoimmune inflammatory and thrombotic disorders. Mol Immunol 2017; 84:84-106. [PMID: 28216098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Complement system homeostasis is important for host self-protection and anti-microbial immune surveillance, and recent research indicates roles in tissue development and remodelling. Complement also appears to have several points of interaction with the blood coagulation system. Deficiency and altered function due to gene mutations and polymorphisms in complement effectors and regulators, including Factor H, have been associated with familial and sporadic autoimmune inflammatory - thrombotic disorders, in which autoantibodies play a part. These include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome, anti-phospholipid syndrome and age-related macular degeneration. Such diseases are generally complex - multigenic and heterogeneous in their symptoms and predisposition/susceptibility. They usually need to be triggered by vascular trauma, drugs or infection and non-complement genetic factors also play a part. Underlying events seem to include decline in peripheral regulatory T cells, dendritic cell, and B cell tolerance, associated with alterations in lymphoid organ microenvironment. Factor H is an abundant protein, synthesised in many cell types, and its reported binding to many different ligands, even if not of high affinity, may influence a large number of molecular interactions, together with the accepted role of Factor H within the complement system. Factor H is involved in mesenchymal stem cell mediated tolerance and also contributes to self-tolerance by augmenting iC3b production and opsonisation of apoptotic cells for their silent dendritic cell engulfment via complement receptor CR3, which mediates anti-inflammatory-tolerogenic effects in the apoptotic cell context. There may be co-operation with other phagocytic receptors, such as complement C1q receptors, and the Tim glycoprotein family, which specifically bind phosphatidylserine expressed on the apoptotic cell surface. Factor H is able to discriminate between self and nonself surfaces for self-protection and anti-microbe defence. Factor H, particularly as an abundant platelet protein, may also modulate blood coagulation, having an anti-thrombotic role. Here, we review a number of interaction pathways in coagulation and in immunity, together with associated diseases, and indicate where Factor H may be expected to exert an influence, based on reports of the diversity of ligands for Factor H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Lubna Kouser
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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14
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Khazaei S, Esa NM, Ramachandran V, Hamid RA, Pandurangan AK, Etemad A, Ismail P. In vitro Antiproliferative and Apoptosis Inducing Effect of Allium atroviolaceum Bulb Extract on Breast, Cervical, and Liver Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:5. [PMID: 28197098 PMCID: PMC5281556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are considered potent sources for novel drug discovery and development. The multiple therapeutic effects of natural compounds in traditional medicine motivate us to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of bulb of Allium atroviolaceum in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. The bulb methanol extract of A. atroviolaceum was found to be an active cell proliferation inhibitor at the time and dose dependent manner. Determination of DNA content by flow cytometry demonstrated S and G2/M phase arrest of MCF-7 cell, correlated to Cdk1 downregulation, S phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 which is p53 and Cdk1-dependent, sub-G0 cell cycle arrest in HeLa aligned with Cdk1 downregulation, G0/G1, S, G2/M phase arrest in HepG2 which is p53-dependent. Apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death was confirmed by morphology study, caspases activity assay, as well as apoptosis related gene expression, Bcl-2. Caspase-8, -9, and -3 activity with downregulation of Bcl-2 illustrated occurrence of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in MCF7, while caspase-3 and -8 activity revealed extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, although Bcl-2 downregulated. In HeLa cells, the activity of caspase-9 and -3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 shows intrinsic pathway or mitochondrial pathway, whereas HepG2 shows caspase independent apoptosis. Further, the combination of the extract with tamoxifen against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 and combination with doxorubicin against HeLa and HeG2 demonstrated synergistic effect in most concentrations, suggests that the bulb of A. atroviolaceum may be useful for the treatment of cancer lonely or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Khazaei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norhaizan M Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ashok K Pandurangan
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Etemad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
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15
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Extracellular histones, cell-free DNA, or nucleosomes: differences in immunostimulation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2518. [PMID: 27929534 PMCID: PMC5261016 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In inflammation, extensive cell death may occur, which results in the release of chromatin components into the extracellular environment. Individually, the purified chromatin components double stranded (ds)DNA and histones have been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, to display various immunostimulatory effects, for example, histones induce cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling through toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and 4, while DNA induces signaling through TLR9 and intracellular nucleic acid sensing mechanisms. However, DNA and histones are organized in nucleosomes in the nucleus, and evidence suggests that nucleosomes are released as such in inflammation. The cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling induced by nucleosomes have not been studied as extensively as the separate effects brought about by histones and dsDNA, and there appear to be some marked differences. Remarkably, little distinction between the different forms in which histones circulate has been made throughout literature. This is partly due to the limitations of existing techniques to differentiate between histones in their free or DNA-bound form. Here we review the current understanding of immunostimulation induced by extracellular histones, dsDNA and nucleosomes, and discuss the importance of techniques that in their detection differentiate between these different chromatin components.
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16
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Colonna L, Parry GC, Panicker S, Elkon KB. Uncoupling complement C1s activation from C1q binding in apoptotic cell phagocytosis and immunosuppressive capacity. Clin Immunol 2016; 163:84-90. [PMID: 26769276 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation contributes to inflammation in many diseases, yet it also supports physiologic apoptotic cells (AC) clearance and its downstream immunosuppressive effects. The roles of individual complement components in AC phagocytosis have been difficult to dissect with artificially depleted sera. Using human in vitro systems and the novel antibody complement C1s inhibitor TNT003, we uncoupled the role of the enzymatic activation of the classical pathway from the opsonizing role of C1q in mediating a) the phagocytosis of early and late AC, and b) the immunosuppressive capacity of early AC. We found that C1s inhibition had a small impact on the physiologic clearance of early AC, leaving their immunosuppressive properties entirely unaffected, while mainly inhibiting the phagocytosis of late apoptotic/secondary necrotic cells. Our data suggest that C1s inhibition may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy to control classical pathway activation without causing significant AC accumulation in diseases without defects in AC phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Colonna
- University of Washington, Division of Rheumatology, 750 Republican Street, Box 358060, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Graham C Parry
- True North Therapeutics, Inc, 951 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Sandip Panicker
- True North Therapeutics, Inc, 951 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Keith B Elkon
- University of Washington, Division of Rheumatology, 750 Republican Street, Box 358060, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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17
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Marsman G, Stephan F, de Leeuw K, Bulder I, Ruinard JT, de Jong J, Westra J, Bultink IE, Voskuyl AE, Aarden LA, Luken BM, Kallenberg CG, Zeerleder S. FSAP-mediated nucleosome release from late apoptotic cells is inhibited by autoantibodies present in SLE. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:762-71. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Marsman
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Femke Stephan
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karina de Leeuw
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bulder
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jessica T. Ruinard
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Jong
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Irene E.M. Bultink
- Department of Rheumatology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre E. Voskuyl
- Department of Rheumatology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lucien A. Aarden
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brenda M. Luken
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cees G.M. Kallenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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18
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19
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Leffler J, Ciacma K, Gullstrand B, Bengtsson AA, Martin M, Blom AM. A subset of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus fails to degrade DNA from multiple clinically relevant sources. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:205. [PMID: 26268365 PMCID: PMC4535789 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a decreased ability to clear cell remnants and multiple deficiencies in the ability to degrade cellular chromatin have been linked to the disease. Since the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a renewed interest has been sparked in this field of research with multiple studies reporting a decreased ability of patients with SLE to degrade NETs. In this study we extend these findings by investigating the ability of patients with SLE to degrade chromatin from multiple clinically relevant sources. Methods We use flow cytometry in combination with NET degradation and DNA zymogram assays to investigate the ability of sera from SLE patients to degrade chromatin from three different sources of DNA such as NETs, apoptotic and necrotic cells. This ability was further associated with clinical manifestations. Results We found that 61 % of the patients had an affected degradation of at least one chromatin source. Further, degradation of NETs correlated with degradation of chromatin from secondary necrotic cells but not with degradation of chromatin from primary necrotic cells. Patients who fail to degrade several forms of DNA more often display anti-nuclear and nephritic involvement whereas this is not observed in patients with decreased ability to degrade chromatin from primary necrotic cells. Conclusions The majority of patients with SLE has a decreased ability to degrade chromatin from clinically relevant sources. This decreased ability is further reflected in their clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 53 floor 4, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden. .,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA6008, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Katarzyna Ciacma
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 53 floor 4, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Birgitta Gullstrand
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Myriam Martin
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 53 floor 4, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Anna M Blom
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 53 floor 4, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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20
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Carou MC, Cruzans PR, Maruri A, Stockert JC, Lombardo DM. Apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells of cattle: morphological features and clearance by homologous phagocytosis. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:92-103. [PMID: 25511683 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is involved in many physiological processes of the ovary, such as recruitment of prenatal germ cells, follicular atresia, ovulation, and luteolysis. Based on the need for the involvement of phagocytic cells to achieve apoptosis clearance and that follicular atresia is triggered by weak apoptotic stimuli, we postulate that granulosa cells engullng apoptotic corpses (ACs) must carry out this macrophagic process. Since apoptosis was early defined in terms of morphological aspects, here we describe apoptosis induced by a GnRH analog (leuprolide acetate, LA) at histological level on bovine granulosa cells (primary culture, CPGB, and an established cell line, BGC-1). We observed two main types of apoptosis. In type A, the whole cell or most of it is compacted into a single large AC that is then engulfed by neighboring cells or simply detached. In type B, small portions of cells, either with or without nuclear material, become ACs that are also phagocytosed. Apoptosis and homologous phagocytosis were confirmed by TUNEL and immunocytochemistry for Bax and active caspase 3. Induction of apoptosis was significant in BGC-1 cells treated for 24 h with 100 nM LA. CPGB cells showed two types of response with different doses of LA. Fetal calf serum was necessary to find apoptosis induced by LA.
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21
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Kimani SG, Geng K, Kasikara C, Kumar S, Sriram G, Wu Y, Birge RB. Contribution of Defective PS Recognition and Efferocytosis to Chronic Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:566. [PMID: 25426118 PMCID: PMC4226236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells results in the elimination of auto-antigens and provides a strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive signal to prevent autoimmunity. While professional and non-professional phagocytes utilize a wide array of surface receptors to recognize apoptotic cells, the recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells by PS receptors on phagocytes is the emblematic signal for efferocytosis in metazoans. PS-dependent efferocytosis is associated with the production of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and TGF-β that function, in part, to maintain tolerance to auto-antigens. In contrast, when apoptotic cells fail to be recognized and processed for degradation, auto-antigens persist, such as self-nucleic acids, which can trigger immune activation leading to autoantibody production and autoimmunity. Despite the fact that genetic mouse models clearly demonstrate that loss of PS receptors can lead to age-dependent auto-immune diseases reminiscent of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the link between PS and defective clearance in chronic inflammation and human autoimmunity is not well delineated. In this perspective, we review emerging questions developing in the field that may be of relevance to SLE and human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Gititu Kimani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences - Cancer Center , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Ke Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences - Cancer Center , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Canan Kasikara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences - Cancer Center , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences - Cancer Center , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Ganapathy Sriram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences - Cancer Center , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou , China ; Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences - Cancer Center , Newark, NJ , USA
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22
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Radic M. Clearance of Apoptotic Bodies, NETs, and Biofilm DNA: Implications for Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:365. [PMID: 25126089 PMCID: PMC4115591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
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