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Fan M, Lu L, Shang H, Lu Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Lu H. Establishment and verification of a prognostic model based on coagulation and fibrinolysis-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:7578-7595. [PMID: 38568089 PMCID: PMC11131995 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that coagulation and fibrinolysis (CFR) are correlated with Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and prognosis. We aim to build a model based on CFR-correlated genes for risk assessment and prediction of HCC patient. METHODS HCC samples were selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases respectively. The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) was used to select the CFR genes. RiskScore model were established by single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), multivariate Cox regression analysis, LASSO regression analysis. RESULTS PCDH17, PGF, PDE2A, FAM110D, FSCN1, FBLN5 were selected as the key genes and designed a RiskScore model. Those key genes were Differential expressions in HCC cell and patients. Overexpression PDE2A inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion. The higher the RiskScore, the lower the probability of survival. The model has high AUC values in the first, third and fifth year prediction curves, indicating that the model has strong prediction performance. The difference analysis of clinicopathological features found that a great proportion of high clinicopathological grade samples showed higher RiskScore. RiskScore were positively correlated with immune scores and TIDE scores. High levels of immune checkpoints and immunomodulators were observed in high RiskScore group. High RiskScore groups may benefit greatly from taking traditional chemotherapy drugs. CONCLUSIONS We screened CFR related genes to design a RiskScore model, which could accurately evaluate the prognosis and survival status of HCC patients, providing certain value for optimizing the clinical treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Le Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Hao Shang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Yuxuan Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710003, China
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- Department of Medical, Shenzhen Engineering Center for Translational Medicine of Precision Cancer Immunodiagnosis and Therapy, YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710003, China
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2
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Arzumanian V, Pyatnitskiy M, Poverennaya E. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Three Common Liver Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108791. [PMID: 37240140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative transcriptomic analysis is a powerful approach for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying various physiological and pathological processes, including liver disease. The liver is a vital organ with diverse functions, including metabolism and detoxification. In vitro models of liver cells, such as HepG2, Huh7, and Hep3B, have been widely used to study liver biology and pathology. However, there is limited information on the heterogeneity of these cell lines at the transcriptomic level. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to conduct a comparative transcriptomic analysis of three common liver cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, and Hep3B) using publicly available RNA-sequencing data. In addition, we compared these cell lines to primary hepatocytes, cells isolated directly from liver tissue and considered the gold standard for studying liver function and disease. METHODS Our study included sequencing data with the following criteria: total number of reads over 20,000,000, average read length of over 60 base pairs, Illumina sequencing, and non-treated cells. The data for the three cell lines were compiled: HepG2 (97 samples), Huh7 (39 samples), and Hep3B (16 samples). We performed differential gene expression analysis using the DESeq2 package, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering on principal components, and correlation analysis to explore the heterogeneity within each cell line. RESULTS We identified numerous genes and pathways differentially expressed between HepG2, Huh7, and Hep3B, such as oxidative phosphorylation, cholesterol metabolism, and DNA damage. We report that the expression levels of important genes differ significantly between primary hepatocytes and liver cell lines. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights into the transcriptional heterogeneity of commonly used liver cell lines and highlights the importance of considering specific cell line. Consequently, transferring results without considering the heterogeneity of cell lines is impractical and may lead to inaccurate or distorted conclusions.
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Ito Y, Maejima Y, Nakagama S, Shiheido-Watanabe Y, Tamura N, Sasano T. Rivaroxaban, a Direct Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor, Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Alleviating Factor Xa-PAR2-Mediated Autophagy Suppression. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:964-980. [PMID: 35024502 PMCID: PMC8733676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors showed a mechanism for attenuating atherosclerosis by directly administering an oral factor Xa inhibitor (ie, rivaroxaban [RIV]). The autophagy activity of macrophages was significantly suppressed by factor Xa and was alleviated by the administration of RIV. However, factor Xa failed to inhibit 7-ketocholesterol-induced autophagy and inflammasome activation in protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) knockout macrophages. The atherosclerotic area of apolipoprotein E knockout mice was significantly reduced by the genetic ablation of PAR2, which was partially reversed by chloroquine. Thus, the authors found that RIV attenuates atherogenesis by inhibiting the factor Xa-PAR2-mediated suppression of macrophage autophagy and abrogating inflammasome activity.
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Key Words
- 7KC, 7-ketocholesterol
- ApoE–/–, apolipoprotein E deficient
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CQ, chloroquine
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL, interleukin
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- PAR2, protease-activated receptor 2
- PB, phosphate buffer
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PLA, proximity ligation assay
- PT, prothrombin time
- WT, wild type
- atherosclerosis
- autophagy
- factor Xa
- inflammasome
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- rivaroxaban
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Nakagama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Shiheido-Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sasano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Xu W, Chen B, Ke D, Chen X. CD142 plays a key role in the carcinogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma by inhibiting BCL2-dependent autophagy. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 100:17-27. [PMID: 34289309 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD142 is expressed on the surface of multiple malignant tumors and contributes to various carcinogenesis. However, the role of CD142 in the pathogenesis of GAC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of CD142 in GAC carcinogenesis. Our results showed that CD142 expression was significantly increased in GAC cancer tissues, especially in those with significant invasion or metastasis. The invasion and migration of CD142-positive SNU16 cells were significantly increased compared with those of CD142-negative cells. Moreover, CD142 overexpression promoted the invasion and migration of SGC083 cells, but CD142 silencing was contrary. In addition, there was a positive correlation between CD142 expression of cancer tissues and serum IL-8 levels. CD142 overexpression promotes IL-8 production in SGC083 cells. In vivo analysis showed that the implantation of CD142-positive SNU16 cells promoted the growth of xenograft tumor and the production of IL-8. Mechanistically, CD142 silencing not only inhibited the expression of BCL2 and the interaction between BCL2 and Beclin1, but also promoted the autophagic response in SGC083. Furthermore, CD142 silencing-induced IL-8 degradation was recovered by treatment of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. CD142 can inhibit autophagic cell death and the autophagic degradation of IL-8 in GAC, which exerts an effective effect on GAC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Henan Cancer Hospital, 377327, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Beibei Chen
- Henan Cancer Hospital, 377327, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Dianshan Ke
- Southern Medical University, 70570, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Henan Cancer Hospital, 377327, Zhengzhou, China, 450008;
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5
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Hill CN, Hernández-Cáceres MP, Asencio C, Torres B, Solis B, Owen GI. Deciphering the Role of the Coagulation Cascade and Autophagy in Cancer-Related Thrombosis and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605314. [PMID: 33365273 PMCID: PMC7750537 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic complications are the second leading cause of death among oncology patients worldwide. Enhanced thrombogenesis has multiple origins and may result from a deregulation of megakaryocyte platelet production in the bone marrow, the synthesis of coagulation factors in the liver, and coagulation factor signaling upon cancer and the tumor microenvironment (TME). While a hypercoagulable state has been attributed to factors such as thrombocytosis, enhanced platelet aggregation and Tissue Factor (TF) expression on cancer cells, further reports have suggested that coagulation factors can enhance metastasis through increased endothelial-cancer cell adhesion and enhanced endothelial cell activation. Autophagy is highly associated with cancer survival as a double-edged sword, as can both inhibit and promote cancer progression. In this review, we shall dissect the crosstalk between the coagulation cascade and autophagic pathway and its possible role in metastasis and cancer-associated thrombosis formation. The signaling of the coagulation cascade through the autophagic pathway within the hematopoietic stem cells, the endothelial cell and the cancer cell are discussed. Relevant to the coagulation cascade, we also examine the role of autophagy-related pathways in cancer treatment. In this review, we aim to bring to light possible new areas of cancer investigation and elucidate strategies for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nicole Hill
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Catalina Asencio
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Begoña Torres
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamin Solis
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Hsu CC, Hsieh PM, Chen YS, Lo GH, Lin HY, Dai CY, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Chen YL, Yu ML, Lin CW. Axl and autophagy LC3 expression in tumors is strongly associated with clinical prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3453-3463. [PMID: 31094090 PMCID: PMC6601576 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Axl and LC3 as predictors of tumor recurrence and overall survival (OS) after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection remains unclear. METHODS We retrospectively included 535 HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy from 2010 to 2014 in this study. Axl and the autophagy-related marker LC3 were immunohistochemically assessed in tumors. RESULTS Axl expression was significantly associated with advanced clinicopathological features, including cirrhosis, microvascular invasion, macrovascular invasion, tumor size, BCLC stage, recurrence, and mortality. HCC recurrence occurred in 245 patients, and 219 patients died. The 5-year cumulative incidences of HCC recurrence and OS rate after HCC resection were 53.3% and 58.8%, respectively. In the Cox proportional analyses, high Axl expression and high LC3 expression were significantly associated with HCC recurrence (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.95-5.02, P < 0.001; and HR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.26-0.55, P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, HCC recurrence (HR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.01-4.01, P < 0.0001), microvascular invasion (HR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.08-3.19, P = 0.026), hepatitis B virus-related HCC (HR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1. 21-2.56, P = 0.003), high Axl expression (HR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.41-1.97, P < 0.0001), antiviral therapy (HR: 0.54, CI: 0.38-0.76, P < 0.001) and LC3 expression (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.28-0.58, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with mortality. Furthermore, patients with a combination of high Axl and low LC3 expression had the highest risk of HCC recurrence (HR: 6.53, 95% CI: 4.11-10.4, P < 0.001) and mortality (HR: 6.66, 95% CI: 4.07-10.9, P < 0.001). In patients with high Axl, low LC3, and combined high Axl and low LC3 expression, the 5-year cumulative incidences of HCC recurrence and OS rate were 77.9%, 73.3%, and 90.0% and 28.8%, 26.7%, and 16.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION High Axl expression in tumors is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and worse clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the combination of high Axl and low LC3 expression significantly predicts poorer prognosis for HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chang Hsu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Min Hsieh
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Sen Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Ho Lo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Li Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Lie S, Banks P, Lawless C, Lydall D, Petersen J. The contribution of non-essential Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes to fitness in response to altered nutrient supply and target of rapamycin activity. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180015. [PMID: 29720420 PMCID: PMC5990653 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient fluctuations in the cellular environment promote changes in cell metabolism and growth to adapt cell proliferation accordingly. The target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling network plays a key role in the coordination of growth and cell proliferation with the nutrient environment and, importantly, nutrient limitation reduces TOR complex 1 (TORC1) signalling. We have performed global quantitative fitness profiling of the collection of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains from which non-essential genes have been deleted. We identified genes that regulate fitness when cells are grown in a nutrient-rich environment compared with minimal environments, with varying nitrogen sources including ammonium, glutamate and proline. In addition, we have performed the first global screen for genes that regulate fitness when both TORC1 and TORC2 signalling is reduced by Torin1. Analysis of genes whose deletions altered fitness when nutrients were limited, or when TOR signalling was compromised, identified a large number of genes that regulate transmembrane transport, transcription and chromatin organization/regulation and vesicle-mediated transport. The ability to tolerate reduced TOR signalling placed demands upon a large number of biological processes including autophagy, mRNA metabolic processing and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Importantly, novel biological processes and all processes known to be regulated by TOR were identified in our screens. In addition, deletion of 62 genes conserved in humans gave rise to strong sensitivity or resistance to Torin1, and 29 of these 62 genes have novel links to TOR signalling. The identification of chromatin and transcriptional regulation, nutritional uptake and transport pathways in this powerful genetic model now paves the way for a molecular understanding of how cells adapt to the chronic and acute fluctuations in nutrient supply that all eukaryotes experience at some stage, and which is a key feature of cancer cells within solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervi Lie
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Peter Banks
- High Throughput Screening Facility, Newcastle Biomedicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Conor Lawless
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Lydall
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia .,South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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8
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Zelaya H, Rothmeier AS, Ruf W. Tissue factor at the crossroad of coagulation and cell signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1941-1952. [PMID: 30030891 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tissue factor (TF) pathway plays a central role in hemostasis and thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Although structure-function relationships of the TF initiation complex are elucidated, new facets of the dynamic regulation of TF's activities in cells continue to emerge. Cellular pathways that render TF non-coagulant participate in signaling of distinct TF complexes with associated proteases through the protease-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Additional co-receptors, including the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and integrins, confer signaling specificity by directing subcellular localization and trafficking. We here review how TF is switched between its role in coagulation and cell signaling through thiol-disulfide exchange reactions in the context of physiologically relevant lipid microdomains. Inflammatory mediators, including reactive oxygen species, activators of the inflammasome, and the complement cascade play pivotal roles in TF procoagulant activation on monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. We furthermore discuss how TF, intracellular ligands, co-receptors and associated proteases are integrated in PAR-dependent cell signaling pathways controlling innate immunity, cancer and metabolic inflammation. Knowledge of the precise interactions of TF in coagulation and cell signaling is important for understanding effects of new anticoagulants beyond thrombosis and identification of new applications of these drugs for potential additional therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zelaya
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - A S Rothmeier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhein-Main, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Cimmino G, Cirillo P. Tissue factor: newer concepts in thrombosis and its role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:581-593. [PMID: 30498683 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the attention on tissue factor (TF) in human pathophysiology has been limited to its role as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway. Moreover, it was described as a glycoprotein located in several tissue including vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque. However, in the last two decades, the discovery that TF circulates in the blood as cell-associated protein, microparticles (MPs) bound and as soluble form, is changing this old vessel-wall TF dogma. Moreover, it has been reported that TF is expressed by different cell types, even T lymphocytes and platelets, and different pathological conditions, such as acute and chronic inflammatory status, and cancer, may enhance its expression and activity. Thus, recent advances in the biology of TF have clearly indicated that beyond its known effects on blood coagulation, it is a "true surface receptor" involved in many intracellular signaling, cell-survival, gene and protein expression, proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Finally, therapeutic modulation of TF expression and/or activity has been tested with controversial results. This report, starting from the old point of view about TF as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway, briefly illustrates the more recent concepts about TF and thrombosis and finally gives an overview about its role beyond thrombosis and haemostasis focusing on the different intracellular mechanisms triggered by its activation and potentially involved in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advance Biomedical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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10
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Lin CC, Wu CH, Chen LY, Tsai MC, Elsarawy AM, Huang KT. Coagulation factor VII gene polymorphisms are not associated with the occurrence or the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of 37 cases. Cancer Biol Med 2018; 15:275-281. [PMID: 30197794 PMCID: PMC6121054 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective : Coagulation factor VII (FVII) triggers the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. In our previous study, we showed that FVII plays an important role in tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of FVII polymorphism in HCC is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between HCC carcinogenesis and single nucleotide polymorphism of FVII. Methods : Thirty-seven HCC patients and 30 healthy donors were recruited in this study. Four common FVII gene polymorphisms - a decanucleotide insertion at position -323 (-323ins10-bp), a G to T substitution at position -401 (-401G/T), a G to A substitution at position -402 (-402G/A), and a T to C substitution at position -122 (-122T/C) - were analyzed by sequencing or commercialized assays using genomic DNA isolated from blood samples. Clinicopathological parameters between control and HCC subjects were compared according to the specific genotypes. Results : The most common nucleotide variation was -402G/A. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between healthy controls and HCC subjects for all four polymorphisms in terms of genotype distribution and allele frequencies, indicating that these polymorphisms may not affect HCC tumorigenesis. Furthermore, no association was found between -402G/A polymorphisms and tumor stage, recurrence, and overall survival. Conclusions : Our results indicate that FVII polymorphisms may not be a key factor that clinically impact tumorigenesis and outcomes of HCC, although further investigations should be conducted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China
| | - Chun-Hsien Wu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China
| | - Ming-Chao Tsai
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China
| | - Ahmed M Elsarawy
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China
| | - Kuang-Tzu Huang
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, China
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Lin CW, Chen YS, Lin CC, Lee PH, Lo GH, Hsu CC, Hsieh PM, Koh KW, Chou TC, Dai CY, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Chen YL, Yu ML. Autophagy-related gene LC3 expression in tumor and liver microenvironments significantly predicts recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:166. [PMID: 29961754 PMCID: PMC6026596 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of autophagy-related markers as the prognostic factor of post-operative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence remained controversial. METHODS Overall, 535 consecutive HCC patients undergoing curative resection from 2010 to 2014 were followed and classified with early (ER, <2 years) or late recurrence (LR). Autophagy-related markers, LC3, Beclin-1, and p62 expression was immunohistochemically assessed in HCC and adjacent non-tumor (ANT) tissues. RESULTS HCC recurred in 245 patients: 116 with ER and 129 with LR. The cumulative incidence of recurrence at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years was 9.7%, 33.9%, 53.3%, and 66.3%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, HCC recurrence was significantly associated with low LC3 expression in tumor and ANT tissues, HCC tissues only and ANT tissues only (hazard ratio/95% confidence interval: 6.12/2.473-17.53, 4.18/1.285-13.61, and 1.89/1.299-2.757) and macrovascular invasion (1.63/1.043-2.492) and cirrhosis (1.59/1.088-2.326). ER was significantly associated with low LC3 expression in tumor and ANT tissues, HCC tissues only and ANT tissues only (6.54/2.934-15.81, 3.26/1.034-10.27, and 2.09/1.313-3.321) and macrovascular and microvascular invasion (2.65/1.306-5.343 and 2.55/1.177-5.504). LR was significantly associated with low LC3 expression in tumor and ANT tissues, HCC tissues only and ANT tissues only (5.02/1.372-18.83, 3.19/1.13-12.09, and 1.66/1.051-2.620) and cirrhosis (1.66/1.049-2.631). Patients with low and high LC3 expression in tumor and ANT tissues showed a 5-year cumulative recurrence of 94.3% and 41.7%, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The high LC3 expression in the tumor and liver microenvironments is significantly associated with lower HCC recurrence. Furthermore, tumor characteristics and liver microenvironment were also significantly associated with ER and LR, respectively. TRANSLATIONAL IMPACT The analysis for LC3 expression in both the HCC and ANT tissues could identify patients at risk of HCC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Sen Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Ho Lo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Hsu
- Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Min Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kah Wee Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ching Chou
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Li Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
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12
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Tumor microenvironment mediated by suppression of autophagic flux drives liver malignancy. Biomed J 2018; 41:163-168. [PMID: 30080656 PMCID: PMC6138774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of autophagy in the catabolic process of the body involves protein synthesis and degradation in homeostasis under normal and stressed conditions. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the role of tumor microenvironment (TME) has been concerned as the main issue in fighting against this deadly malignancy. During the last decade, the crosstalk between tumor cells and their TME in HCC extensively accumulated. However, a deeper knowledge for the actual function of autophagy in this interconnection which involved in supporting tumor development, progression and chemoresistance in HCC is needed but still largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that coagulants tissue factor (TF) and factor VII (FVII) has a pathological role in promoting tumor growth by activating protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Autophagy-associated LC3A/B-II formation was selectively suppressed by FVII/PAR2 signaling which mediated by mTOR activation through Atg7 but not Atg5/Atg12 axis. The coagulant-derived autophagic suppression seemed potentiate a vicious circle of malignancy in producing more FVII and PAR2 which facilitate in vivo and in vitro tumor progression of HCC and the investigations are consistent with the clinical observations. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of autophagy and discuss recent evidence for its role in HCC malignancy.
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13
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Sun L, Li PB, Yao YF, Xiu AY, Peng Z, Bai YH, Gao YJ. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1120-1133. [PMID: 29563756 PMCID: PMC5850131 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i10.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To clarify the role of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in the process of metastasis.
METHODS PAR2 expression levels were assessed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in patient tissues and in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines SMMC-7721 and HepG2. Cell proliferation and metastasis were assessed both in vitro and in vitro. Immunoblotting was carried out to monitor the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers.
RESULTS The prognosis was significantly poorer in patients with high PAR2 levels than in those with low PAR2 levels. Patients with high PAR2 levels had advanced tumor stage (P = 0.001, chi-square test), larger tumor size (P = 0.032, chi-square test), and high microvascular invasion rate (P = 0.037, chi-square test). The proliferation and metastasis ability of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells was increased after PAR2 overexpression, while knockdown of PAR2 decreased the proliferation and metastasis ability of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells. Knockdown of PAR2 also inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma tumor cell growth and liver metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, PAR2 increased the proliferation ability of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells via ERK activation. Activated ERK further promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of these cells, which endowed them with enhanced migration and invasion ability.
CONCLUSION These data suggest that PAR2 plays an important role in the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting PAR2 may present a favorable target for treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Traffic Hospital, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pi-Bao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Traffic Hospital, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Fen Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Traffic Hospital, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ai-Yuan Xiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Huan Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Jing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Hu P, Cheng B, He Y, Wei Z, Wu D, Meng Z. Autophagy suppresses proliferation of HepG2 cells via inhibiting glypican-3/wnt/β-catenin signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:193-200. [PMID: 29379301 PMCID: PMC5757494 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s150520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autophagy plays an important role in the growth and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells through several target proteins or signaling pathways. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a new reliable HCC marker, which is involved in tumor growth in HCC, primarily mediated by wnt/β-catenin signaling. Objective The present study aimed to identify the role of autophagy in the proliferation of HepG2 cells through GPC3/wnt/β-catenin signaling. Results and discussion Results demonstrated that induction of autophagy by nutrition starvation and rapamycin treatment led to the downregulation of GPC3 expression in HepG2 cells, accompanied by the decreased expression of wnt downstream target genes (β-catenin, c-myc and cyclin D1). On the other hand, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) could rescue rapamycin-directed downregulation of GPC3 and wnt/β-catenin target genes and augment the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Furthermore, interference of GPC3 by siRNA suppressed wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuated 3-MA stimulation of HepG2 cell proliferation. More interestingly, the mRNA of GPC3 remained unchanged when the protein levels of GPC3 were decreased by autophagy activation, suggesting that induction of autophagy may accelerate the degradation of GPC3. Conclusion These results suggest that autophagy suppresses proliferation of HepG2 cells partially by inhibition of GPC3/wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Yulin He
- Institute of Biomedical Research
| | | | - Dongfang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan
| | - Zhongji Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Research.,Department of Infectious Disease, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Huang KT, Kuo IY, Tsai MC, Wu CH, Hsu LW, Chen LY, Kung CP, Cheng YF, Goto S, Chou YW, Chen CL, Lin CC, Chen KD. Factor VII-Induced MicroRNA-135a Inhibits Autophagy and Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:274-283. [PMID: 29246306 PMCID: PMC5675721 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive malignancies worldwide. Treatment outcomes remain poor mainly due to lack of good diagnostic/prognostic markers and limited therapeutic strategies. We previously characterized aberrant activation of the TF/FVII/PAR2 pathway, which subsequently results in decreased autophagy, as a crucial event in malignant progression of HCC. Here, we identified miR-135a as a highly upregulated miRNA in HCC in response to TF/FVII/PAR2 activation. Analyzing 103 HCC patient specimens, we confirmed that miR-135a was frequently elevated in HCC tissues with higher FVII expression compared to adjacent non-cancerous counterparts. Increased miR-135a levels in HCC were also associated with tumor staging, recurrence, microvascular invasion, and decreased disease-free survival. We subsequently identified Atg14, a key component that regulates the formation of autophagosome as a direct target of miR-135a. Ectopic expression of miR-135a suppressed Atg14 levels and inhibited the autophagic processes. Our results indicate strong positive correlations between miR-135a levels and malignant behaviors in HCC patients and also suggest novel functions of miR-135a in regulation of autophagy, which could be useful as a potential target for prognostic and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Tzu Huang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - I-Ying Kuo
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Tsai
- Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Wu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Pin Kung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Fukuoka Institute of Occupational Health, Fukuoka 815-0081, Japan
| | - Yu-Wei Chou
- Tissue Bank and BioBank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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16
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Du C, Zhang T, Xiao X, Shi Y, Duan H, Ren Y. Protease-activated receptor-2 promotes kidney tubular epithelial inflammation by inhibiting autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. Biochem J 2017; 474:2733-2747. [PMID: 28694352 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which belongs to a specific class of the G-protein-coupled receptors, is central to several inflammation processes. However, the precise molecular mechanism involved remains undefined. Autophagy has been previously shown to affect inflammation. In the present study, we examine the effect of PAR2 on kidney tubular epithelial autophagy and on autophagy-related inflammation and reveal the underlying mechanism involved. Autophagic activity and levels of autophagic marker LC3 were examined in human kidney tubular epithelial cells with PAR2 knockdown or overexpression. We administered the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (rapamycin) or activator (MHY1485) to investigate the function of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway. We also used transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced HK-2 cell inflammation models to investigate the role of PAR2-associated autophagy in kidney tubular epithelial inflammation. PAR2 antagonist and rapamycin were administered to mice after unilateral ureteral obstruction to detect the correlations between PAR2, autophagy, and inflammation. Our results show that PAR2 overexpression in HK-2 cells led to a greater reduction in autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation and induces autophagy-related inflammation. Meanwhile, a knockdown of PAR2 via PAR2 RNAi transfection greatly increased autophagy and alleviated autophagy-associated inflammation. In unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidneys, PAR2 antagonist treatment greatly attenuated renal inflammation and interstitial injury by enhancing autophagy. Moreover, inhibition of mTOR, rapa, markedly increased autophagy and inhibited the UUO-induced inflammation. We conclude that PAR2 induces kidney tubular epithelial inflammation by inhibiting autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. Our results are suggestive that PAR2 inhibition may play a role in the treatment of diseases with increased inflammatory responses in renal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Mecial University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijun Duan
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunzhuo Ren
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
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17
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Lin CW, Lin CC, Lee PH, Lo GH, Hsieh PM, Koh KW, Lee CY, Chen YL, Dai CY, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Chen YS, Yu ML. The autophagy marker LC3 strongly predicts immediate mortality after surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91902-91913. [PMID: 29190884 PMCID: PMC5696150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The remnant liver's ability to regenerate may affect post-hepatectomy immediate mortality. The promotion of autophagy post-hepatectomy could enhance liver regeneration and reduce mortality. This study aimed to identify predictive factors of immediate mortality after surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 535 consecutive HCC patients who had undergone their first surgical resection in Taiwan were enrolled between 2010 and 2014. Clinicopathological data and immediate mortality, defined as all cause-mortality within three months after surgery, were analyzed. The expression of autophagy proteins (LC3, Beclin-1, and p62) in adjacent non-tumor tissues was scored by immunohistochemical staining. Approximately 5% of patients had immediate mortality after surgery. The absence of LC3, hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dl), high alanine aminotransferase, and major liver surgery were significantly associated with immediate mortality in univariate analyses. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that absence of LC3 (hazard ratio/95% confidence interval: 40.8/5.14-325) and hypoalbuminemia (2.88/1.11-7.52) were significantly associated with immediate mortality. The 3-month cumulative incidence of mortality was 12.1%, 13.0%, 21.4% and 0.4%, respectively, among patients with absence of LC3 expression, hypoalbuminemia, both, or neither of the two. In conclusion, the absence of LC3 expression in adjacent non-tumor tissues and hypoalbuminemia were strongly predictive of immediate mortality after resection for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Ho Lo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Min Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kah Wee Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Li Chen
- Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Sen Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Unuma K, Aki T, Noritake K, Funakoshi T, Uemura K. A CO-releasing molecule prevents annexin A2 down-regulation and associated disorders in LPS-administered rat lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:748-754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Yau JW, Singh KK, Hou Y, Lei X, Ramadan A, Quan A, Teoh H, Kuebler WM, Al-Omran M, Yanagawa B, Ni H, Verma S. Endothelial-specific deletion of autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) attenuates arterial thrombosis in mice. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:978-988.e1. [PMID: 28400112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis persists as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Given that endothelial cells (ECs) play a central role in regulating thrombosis, understanding the molecular endothelial cues that regulate susceptibility or resistance to thrombosis have important translational implications. Accordingly, we evaluated the role of endothelial autophagy in the development of thrombosis. METHODS We generated mice in which the essential autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) gene was conditionally deleted from ECs (EC-ATG7-/- mice). Three in vivo models of thrombosis were used, and mechanistic studies were conducted with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS We silenced ATG7 in HUVECs and observed >60% decreases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced tissue factor (TF) transcript levels, protein expression, and activity. TF mRNA levels in the carotid arteries of EC-ATG7-/- mice subjected to the prothrombotic stimulus FeCl3 were lower than those in the similarly treated wild-type (WT) littermate group. Compared with WT mice, EC-ATG7-/- mice exhibited prolonged time to carotid (2-fold greater) and mesenteric (1.3-fold greater) artery occlusion following FeCl3 injury. The thrombi generated in laser-injured cremasteric arterioles were smaller in EC-ATG7-/- mice compared with WT mice, and took 2.3-fold longer to appear. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide definitive evidence that loss of endothelial ATG7 attenuates thrombosis and reduces the expression of TF. Our findings demonstrate that endothelial ATG7, and thus autophagy, is a critical and previously unrecognized target for modulating the susceptibility to thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Yau
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krishna K Singh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yan Hou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azza Ramadan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Quan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hwee Teoh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed Al-Omran
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, King Saud University and the King Saud University-Li Ka Shing Collaborative Research Program, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bobby Yanagawa
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Shahbazi S, Khorasani M, Mahdian R. Gene expression profile of FVII and AR in primary prostate cancer. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:353-358. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khorasani
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Mußbach F, Ungefroren H, Günther B, Katenkamp K, Henklein P, Westermann M, Settmacher U, Lenk L, Sebens S, Müller JP, Böhmer FD, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in hepatic stellate cells - evidence for a role in hepatocellular carcinoma growth in vivo. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:54. [PMID: 27473374 PMCID: PMC4966804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have established that proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) promotes migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, suggesting a role in HCC progression. Here, we assessed the impact of PAR2 in HCC stromal cells on HCC growth using LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Hep3B cells as model. METHODS PAR2 expression and function in LX-2 cells was analysed by RT-PCR, confocal immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and [Ca(2+)]i measurements, respectively. The impact of LX-2-expressed PAR2 on tumour growth in vivo was monitored using HCC xenotransplantation experiments in SCID mice, in which HCC-like tumours were induced by coinjection of LX-2 cells and Hep3B cells. To characterise the effects of PAR2 activation in LX-2 cells, various signalling pathways were analysed by immunoblotting and proteome profiler arrays. RESULTS Following verification of functional PAR2 expression in LX-2 cells, in vivo studies showed that these cells promoted tumour growth and angiogenesis of HCC xenografts in mice. These effects were significantly reduced when F2RL1 (encoding PAR2) was downregulated by RNA interference (RNAi). In vitro studies confirmed these results demonstrating RNAi mediated inhibition of PAR2 attenuated Smad2/3 activation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation in LX-2 cells and blocked the pro-mitotic effect of LX-2 derived conditioned medium on Hep3B cells. Furthermore, PAR2 stimulation with trypsin or a PAR2-selective activating peptide (PAR2-AP) led to activation of different intracellular signalling pathways, an increased secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-mitotic factors and proteinases, and an enhanced migration rate across a collagen-coated membrane barrier. Silencing F2RL1 by RNAi or pharmacological inhibition of Src, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) blocked PAR2-AP-induced migration. CONCLUSION PAR2 in HSCs plays a crucial role in promoting HCC growth presumably by mediating migration and secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-mitotic factors. Therefore, PAR2 in stromal HSCs may have relevance as a therapeutic target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mußbach
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Günther
- Service Unit Small Animal, Research Center Lobeda (FZL), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Lennart Lenk
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg P Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank-Dietmar Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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22
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Lenzi P, Lazzeri G, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Gambardella S, Salvetti A, Fornai F. The Autophagoproteasome a Novel Cell Clearing Organelle in Baseline and Stimulated Conditions. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:78. [PMID: 27493626 PMCID: PMC4955296 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein clearing pathways named autophagy (ATG) and ubiquitin proteasome (UP) control homeostasis within eukaryotic cells, while their dysfunction produces neurodegeneration. These pathways are viewed as distinct biochemical cascades occurring within specific cytosolic compartments owing pathway-specific enzymatic activity. Recent data strongly challenged the concept of two morphologically distinct and functionally segregated compartments. In fact, preliminary evidence suggests the convergence of these pathways to form a novel organelle named autophagoproteasome. This is characterized in the present study by using a cell line where, mTOR activity is upregulated and autophagy is suppressed. This was reversed dose-dependently by administering the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Thus, we could study autophagoproteasomes when autophagy was either suppressed or stimulated. The occurrence of autophagoproteasome was shown also in non-human cell lines. Ultrastructural morphometry, based on the stochiometric binding of immunogold particles allowed the quantitative evaluation of ATG and UP component within autophagoproteasomes. The number of autophagoproteasomes increases following mTOR inhibition. Similarly, mTOR inhibition produces overexpression of both LC3 and P20S particles. This is confirmed by the fact that the ratio of free vs. autophagosome-bound LC3 is similar to that measured for P20S, both in baseline conditions and following mTOR inhibition. Remarkably, within autophagoproteasomes there is a slight prevalence of ATG compared with UP components for low rapamycin doses, whereas for higher rapamycin doses UP increases more than ATG. While LC3 is widely present within cytosol, UP is strongly polarized within autophagoproteasomes. These fine details were evident at electron microscopy but could not be deciphered by using confocal microscopy. Despite its morphological novelty autophagoproteasomes appear in the natural site where clearing pathways (once believed to be anatomically segregated) co-exist and they are likely to interact at molecular level. In fact, LC3 and P20S co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting a specific binding and functional interplay, which may be altered by inhibiting mTOR. In summary, ATG and UP often represent two facets of a single organelle, in which unexpected amount of enzymatic activity should be available. Thus, autophagoproteasome may represent a sophisticated ultimate clearing apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Carla L Busceti
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy; Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), NeuromedPozzilli, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis remains a significant complication in the clinical management of cancer and interactions of the hemostatic system with cancer biology continue to be elucidated. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of tissue factor (TF) regulation and procoagulant activation, TF signaling in cancer and immune cells, and the expanding roles of the coagulation system in stem cell niches and the tumor microenvironment. The extravascular functions of coagulant and anti-coagulant pathways have significant implications not only for tumor progression, but also for the selection of appropriate target specific anticoagulants in the therapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrea S Rothmeier
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; 3(rd) Medical Department, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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24
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Green YA, Ben-Yaakov K, Adir O, Pollack A, Dvashi Z. TAK1 is involved in the autophagy process in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:188-96. [PMID: 26928052 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for degrading long-lived or malfunctioning proteins and organelles, such as those resulting from oxidative stress. Several publications have demonstrated the importance of the autophagy process in the pathophysiology of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Still, the mechanism underlying this process and its involvement in dry AMD are not fully characterized. Investigating the autophagy process in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, we identified transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) as a key player in the process. We found increased TAK1 phosphorylation in ARPE-19 and D407 cells treated with different inducers of autophagy, such as oxidative stress and rapamycin. Moreover, utilizing TAK1 specific inhibitor prior to oxidative stress or rapamycin treatment, we found significant reduction in LC3A/B-II expression. These results point at the involvement of TAK1 in the regulation of autophagy in RPE cells. This study suggests that aberrant activity of this kinase impairs autophagy and subsequently leads to alterations in the vitality of RPE cells. Proper activity of TAK1 may be essential for efficient autophagy, and crucial for the ability of RPE cells to respond to stress and dispose of damaged organelles, thus preventing or delaying retinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron A Green
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Ben-Yaakov
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayala Pollack
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zeev Dvashi
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Chen KD, Huang KT, Tsai MC, Wu CH, Kuo IY, Chen LY, Hu TH, Chen CL, Lin CC. Coagulation factor VII and malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2110. [PMID: 26913602 PMCID: PMC4849147 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K-D Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Program and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K-T Huang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Program and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - M-C Tsai
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Program and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Y Kuo
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Program and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - L-Y Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Program and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T-H Hu
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-L Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Program and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Lin
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Program and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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26
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Tsai MC, Chen KD, Wang CC, Huang KT, Wu CH, Kuo IY, Chen LY, Hu TH, Goto S, Nakano T, Dorling A, McVey JH, Chen CL, Lin CC. Factor VII promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through ERK-TSC signaling. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15051. [PMID: 27551480 PMCID: PMC4993037 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated PAR2 starts upstreamed with tissue factor (TF) and factor VII (FVII), inhibited autophagy via mTOR signaling in HCC. However, the mechanism underlying for merging functions of PAR2 with the coagulation system in HCC progression remained unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TF, FVII and PAR2 in tumor progression of HCC. The expressions of TF, FVII and PAR2 from HCC specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemical stains and western blotting. We found that the expression of FVII, but not TF and PAR2, directly related to the vascular invasion and the clinical staging. Importantly, a lower level of FVII expression was significantly associated with the longer disease-free survival. The addition of FVII but not TF induced the expression of PAR2 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas knockdown of FVII decreased PAR2 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HCC cell lines. Furthermore, levels of phosphor-TSC2 (Ser664) were increased after treatment with FVII and PAR2 agonist whereas these were significantly abolished in the presence of a potent and specific MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126. Moreover, mTOR knockdown highly reduced Hep3B migration, which could be reverted by FVII but not TF and PAR2. These results indicated that FVII/PAR2 signaling through MEK/ERK and TSC2 axis for mTOR activation has potent effects on the migration of HCC cells. In addition, FVII/PAR2 signaling elicits an mTOR-independent signaling, which promotes hepatoma cell migration in consistent with the clinical observations. Our study indicates that levels of FVII, but not TF, are associated with tumor migration and invasiveness in HCC, and provides clues that evaluation of FVII expression in HCC may be useful as a prognostic indicator in patients with HCC and may form an alternative target for further therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Tsai
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K-D Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Wang
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K-T Huang
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Wu
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Y Kuo
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - L-Y Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T-H Hu
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - S Goto
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Fukuoka Institution of Occupational Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Nakano
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - A Dorling
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation , London, UK
| | - J H McVey
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
| | - C-L Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Lin
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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