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Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhai Z, Tanzhu G, Yang J, Zhou R. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:170. [PMID: 38965243 PMCID: PMC11224386 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Chu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wentao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ning
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yunqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guilong Tanzhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
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Suárez-Martínez E, Piersma SR, Pham TV, Bijnsdorp IV, Jimenez CR, Carnero A. Protein homeostasis maintained by HOOK1 levels promotes the tumorigenic and stemness properties of ovarian cancer cells through reticulum stress and autophagy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:150. [PMID: 38807192 PMCID: PMC11134651 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer has a high mortality rate mainly due to its resistance to currently used therapies. This resistance has been associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), interactions with the microenvironment, and intratumoral heterogeneity. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic targets, particularly those targeting CSCs, is important for improving patient prognosis. HOOK1 has been found to be transcriptionally altered in a substantial percentage of ovarian tumors, but its role in tumor initiation and development is still not fully understood. METHODS The downregulation of HOOK1 was performed in ovarian cancer cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, followed by growth in vitro and in vivo assays. Subsequently, migration (Boyden chamber), cell death (Western-Blot and flow cytometry) and stemness properties (clonal heterogeneity analysis, tumorspheres assay and flow cytometry) of the downregulated cell lines were analysed. To gain insights into the specific mechanisms of action of HOOK1 in ovarian cancer, a proteomic analysis was performed, followed by Western-blot and cytotoxicity assays to confirm the results found within the mass spectrometry. Immunofluorescence staining, Western-blotting and flow cytometry were also employed to finish uncovering the role of HOOK1 in ovarian cancer. RESULTS In this study, we observed that reducing the levels of HOOK1 in ovarian cancer cells reduced in vitro growth and migration and prevented tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, HOOK1 reduction led to a decrease in stem-like capabilities in these cells, which, however, did not seem related to the expression of genes traditionally associated with this phenotype. A proteome study, along with other analysis, showed that the downregulation of HOOK1 also induced an increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress levels in these cells. Finally, the decrease in stem-like properties observed in cells with downregulated HOOK1 could be explained by an increase in cell death in the CSC population within the culture due to endoplasmic reticulum stress by the unfolded protein response. CONCLUSION HOOK1 contributes to maintaining the tumorigenic and stemness properties of ovarian cancer cells by preserving protein homeostasis and could be considered an alternative therapeutic target, especially in combination with inducers of endoplasmic reticulum or proteotoxic stress such as proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Suárez-Martínez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot S/N; Campus HUVR, Ed. IBIS,, Seville, 41013, Spain
- CIBER de Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sander R Piersma
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, CCA 1-60, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, CCA 1-60, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene V Bijnsdorp
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, CCA 1-60, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, VUmc-Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, CCA 1-60, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot S/N; Campus HUVR, Ed. IBIS,, Seville, 41013, Spain.
- CIBER de Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Jin ML, Jeong KW. Histone modifications in drug-resistant cancers: From a cancer stem cell and immune evasion perspective. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01014-z. [PMID: 37394580 PMCID: PMC10394043 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and immune evasion of cancer stem cells (CSCs) limit the efficacy of currently available anticancer therapies. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic reprogramming regulates the expression of characteristic marker proteins and tumor plasticity associated with cancer cell survival and metastasis in CSCs. CSCs also possess unique mechanisms to evade external attacks by immune cells. Hence, the development of new strategies to restore dysregulated histone modifications to overcome cancer resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy has recently attracted attention. Restoring abnormal histone modifications can be an effective anticancer strategy to increase the therapeutic effect of conventional chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs by weakening CSCs or by rendering them in a naïve state with increased sensitivity to immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the role of histone modifiers in the development of drug-resistant cancer cells from the perspectives of CSCs and immune evasion. In addition, we discuss attempts to combine currently available histone modification inhibitors with conventional chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li Jin
- Gachon Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Jeong
- Gachon Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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Alhasan B, Mikeladze M, Guzhova I, Margulis B. Autophagy, molecular chaperones, and unfolded protein response as promoters of tumor recurrence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:217-254. [PMID: 36723697 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is a paradoxical function of a machinery, whereby a small proportion of the cancer cell population enters a resistant, dormant state, persists long-term in this condition, and then transitions to proliferation. The dormant phenotype is typical of cancer stem cells, tumor-initiating cells, disseminated tumor cells, and drug-tolerant persisters, which all demonstrate similar or even equivalent properties. Cancer cell dormancy and its conversion to repopulation are regulated by several protein signaling systems that inhibit or induce cell proliferation and provide optimal interrelations between cancer cells and their special niche; these systems act in close connection with tumor microenvironment and immune response mechanisms. During dormancy and reawakening periods, cell proteostasis machineries, autophagy, molecular chaperones, and the unfolded protein response are recruited to protect refractory tumor cells from a wide variety of stressors and therapeutic insults. Proteostasis mechanisms functionally or even physically interfere with the main regulators of tumor relapse, and the significance of these interactions and implications in the tumor recurrence phases are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Alhasan
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Marina Mikeladze
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris Margulis
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Suzuki M, Yamamoto Y, Nishijima-Matsunobu A, Kawasaki Y, Shibata H, Omori Y. A curcumin analogue GO-Y030 depletes cancer stem cells by inhibiting the interaction between the HSP70/HSP40 complex and its substrates. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:434-446. [PMID: 36648092 PMCID: PMC9989923 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to be involved in tumor initiation and play important roles in cancer relapse, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, the targeting of CSCs has potential for effective anticancer therapies. Curcumin is one of the most widely characterized phytochemicals with tumor-suppressive potential. GO-Y030 is a novel curcumin analogue exhibiting a much stronger growth-inhibitory effect than curcumin. In the present study, we verified the potency of GO-Y030 against a CSC population. We observed that GO-Y030 suppressed CSC sphere-forming ability in several cancer cell lines. Interestingly, a specific inhibitor of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 also exhibited effects similar to GO-Y030 (i.e. inhibition of CSC sphere formation and upregulation of HSP70 and HSP40 protein expression), suggesting that HSP70 and/or HSP40 might be target molecules of GO-Y030. We then performed an in vitro HSP70/HSP40-mediated refolding activity assay and observed that chaperone activity was efficiently inhibited by GO-Y030. Finally, we performed a substrate-binding assay to show that GO-Y030 reduced the binding of both HSP70 and HSP40 with their substrates. HSPs prevent denaturation or unfolding of client proteins under stressful conditions such as high temperature. Because CSCs by nature adapt to various stresses by reinforcing protein-folding activity, the function of HSP70/HSP40 is important for the maintenance of CSC population. Our data suggest that GO-Y030 may impair stress tolerance in CSCs by inhibiting the interaction of HSP70/HSP40 with their substrate proteins and disrupting the function of HSP70/HSP40, thereby contributing to a reduction of the CSC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Aki Nishijima-Matsunobu
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-and-Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Omori
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Yamamoto V, Wang B, Lee AS. Suppression of head and neck cancer cell survival and cisplatin resistance by GRP78 small molecule inhibitor YUM70. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1044699. [PMID: 36713577 PMCID: PMC9875086 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1044699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy are the mainstay of HNSCC treatment but are often unsatisfactory. Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapy in HNSCC; however, cisplatin resistance is a major cause of relapse and death. The 78-kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is the master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and is implicated in therapeutic resistance in cancer. The role of GRP78 in cisplatin resistance in HNSCC remains unclear. YUM70 is a newly discovered hydroxyquinoline analogue and found to be an inhibitor of GRP78. The effect of YUM70 in HNSCC cell lines is unknown. Method Knockdown of GRP78 by siRNAs was performed to investigate the effect of GRP78 reduction in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress induced and general apoptosis. Western blots examining apoptotic markers were performed on three HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines. WST-1 assay was performed to determine cell viability. In reverse, we utilized AA147, an ER proteostasis regulator to upregulate GRP78, and apoptotic markers and cell viability were determined. To test the ability of YUM70 to reverse cisplatin resistance, cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell lines were generated by prolonged, repeated exposure to increasing concentrations of cisplatin. Colony formation assay using the cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell line was performed to assess the in vitro reproductive cell survival. Furthermore, to test the ability of YUM70 to reverse cisplatin resistance in a physiologically relevant system, we subjected the 3D spheroids of the cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell line to cisplatin treatment with or without YUM70 and monitored the onset of apoptosis. Results Reduction of GRP78 level induced HNSCC cell death while GRP78 upregulation conferred higher resistance to cisplatin. Combined cisplatin and YUM70 treatment increased apoptotic markers in the cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell line, associating with reduced cell viability and clonogenicity. The combination treatment also increased apoptotic markers in the 3D spheroid model. Conclusion The GRP78 inhibitor YUM70 reduced HNSCC cell viability and re-sensitized cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell line in both 2D and 3D spheroid models, suggesting the potential use of YUM70 in the treatment of HNSCC, including cisplatin-resistant HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bintao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Amy S. Lee,
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Han YK, Park HY, Park SG, Hwang JJ, Park HR, Yi JM. Promoter Methylation of Cancer Stem Cell Surface Markers as an Epigenetic Biomarker for Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314624. [PMID: 36498950 PMCID: PMC9737199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that genetic and epigenetic factors, including environmental factors, contribute to the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here, we investigated the transcriptional silencing of the CD24, CD44, CD133, and CD147 genes, which are well-known cancer stem cell surface markers in various cancer types, including OSCC. We first examined the correlation between the transcriptional expression level and reactivation by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and the promoter methylation levels of the four genes in several OSCC cell lines. We observed promoter hypermethylation for the CD24, CD133, and CD147 genes at 70%, 75%, and 70%, respectively, in OSCC cell lines compared to normal oral mucosa tissues (<53%), indicating that this methylation pattern is cancer-specific, which was confirmed by bisulfite sequencing analysis. More specifically, the expression and methylation profiles of CD133 and CD147 extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were negatively correlated, supporting their epigenetic regulation in primary OSCC tumors. The methylation status of CD133 and CD147 was associated with poor survival in patients with OSCC using the TCGA database. Our findings provide additional insight into the abnormal DNA methylation of CD133 and that CD147 could be used for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyeong Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Gwang Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Joon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-890-6734
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Potential to Eradicate Cancer Stemness by Targeting Cell Surface GRP78. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070941. [PMID: 35883497 PMCID: PMC9313351 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stemness is proposed to be the main cause of metastasis and tumor relapse after conventional therapy due to the main properties of cancer stem cells. These include unlimited self-renewal, the low percentage in a cell population, asymmetric/symmetric cell division, and the hypothetical different nature for absorbing external substances. As the mechanism of how cancer stemness is maintained remains unknown, further investigation into the basic features of cancer stemness is required. Many articles demonstrated that glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) plays a key role in cancer stemness, suggesting that this molecule is feasible for targeting cancer stem cells. This review summarizes the history of finding cancer stem cells, as well as the functions of GRP78 in cancer stemness, for discussing the possibility of targeting GRP78 to eradicate cancer stemness.
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Isoliquiritigenin Inhibits Gastric Cancer Stemness, Modulates Tumor Microenvironment, and Suppresses Tumor Growth through Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 Downregulation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061350. [PMID: 35740372 PMCID: PMC9220208 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for gastric cancer; however, the currently available therapeutic drugs for treatment have limited efficacy. Cancer stemness and the tumor microenvironment may play crucial roles in tumor growth and chemoresistance. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone facilitating protein folding and cell homeostasis during stress and may participate in chemoresistance. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a bioactive flavonoid found in licorice. In this study, we demonstrated the role of GRP78 in gastric cancer stemness and evaluated GRP78-mediated stemness inhibition, tumor microenvironment regulation, and chemosensitivity promotion by ISL. ISL not only suppressed GRP78-mediated gastric cancer stem cell–like characteristics, stemness-related protein expression, and cancer-associated fibroblast activation but also gastric tumor growth in xenograft animal studies. The findings indicated that ISL is a promising candidate for clinical use in combination chemotherapy.
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10
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Angeles-Floriano T, Rivera-Torruco G, García-Maldonado P, Juárez E, Gonzalez Y, Parra-Ortega I, Vilchis-Ordoñez A, Lopez-Martinez B, Arriaga-Pizano L, Orozco-Ruíz D, Torres-Nava JR, Licona-Limón P, López-Sosa F, Bremer A, Alvarez-Arellano L, Valle-Rios R. Cell surface expression of GRP78 and CXCR4 is associated with childhood high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnostics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2322. [PMID: 35149705 PMCID: PMC8837614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most common type of cancer in pediatric individuals. Glucose regulated protein (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that facilitates the folding and assembly of proteins and regulates the unfolded protein response pathway. GRP78 has a role in survival of cancer and metastasis and cell-surface associated GRP78 (sGRP78) is expressed on cancer cells but not in normal cells. Here, we explored the presence of sGRP78 in pediatric B-ALL at diagnosis and investigated the correlation with bona fide markers of leukemia. By using a combination of flow cytometry and high multidimensional analysis, we found a distinctive cluster containing high levels of sGRP78, CD10, CD19, and CXCR4 in bone marrow samples obtained from High-risk leukemia patients, which was absent in the compartment of Standard-risk leukemia. We confirmed that sGRP78+CXCR4+ blood-derived cells were more frequent in High-risk leukemia patients. Finally, we analyzed the dissemination capacity of sGRP78 leukemia cells in a model of xenotransplantation. sGRP78+ cells emigrated to the bone marrow and lymph nodes, maintaining the expression of CXCR4. Testing the presence of sGRP78 and CXCR4 together with conventional markers may help to achieve a better categorization of High and Standard-risk pediatric leukemia at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Angeles-Floriano
- Unidad Universitaria de Investigación, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM-Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Rivera-Torruco
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paulina García-Maldonado
- Unidad Universitaria de Investigación, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM-Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Juárez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Gonzalez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Parra-Ortega
- Subdirección de Diagnóstico clínico y Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Vilchis-Ordoñez
- Subdirección de Diagnóstico clínico y Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Briceida Lopez-Martinez
- Subdirección de Diagnóstico clínico y Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco López-Sosa
- Departamento de Ortopedia, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alhelí Bremer
- Departamento de Ortopedia, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ricardo Valle-Rios
- Unidad Universitaria de Investigación, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM-Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Down-regulating GRP78 reverses pirarubicin resistance of triple negative breast cancer by miR-495-3p mimics and involves the p-AKT/mTOR pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 42:230551. [PMID: 34935899 PMCID: PMC8738866 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of known therapeutic targets for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), chemotherapy is the only available pharmacological treatment. Pirarubicin (tetrahydropyranyl Adriamycin, THP) is the most commonly used anthracycline chemotherapy agent. However, TNBC has a high recurrence rate after chemotherapy, and the mechanisms of chemoresistance and recurrence are not entirely understood. To study the chemoresistance mechanisms, we first screened compounds on a pirarubicin-resistant cell line (MDA-MB-231R) derived from MDA-MB-231. The drug resistance index of MDA-MB-231R cells was approximately five times higher than that of MDA-MB-231 cells. MDA-MB-231R cells have higher GRP78 and lower miR-495-3p expression levels than MDA-MB-231 cells. Transfecting MDA-MB-231R cells with a siGRP78 plasmid reduced GRP78 expression, which restored pirarubicin sensitivity. Besides, transfecting MDA-MB-231R cells with miR-495-3p mimics increased miR-495-3p expression, which also reversed pirarubicin chemoresistance. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), EdU, wound healing, and Transwell assays showed that the miR-495-3p mimics also inhibited cell proliferation and migration. Based on our results, miR-495-3p mimics could down-regulate GRP78 expression via the p-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in TNBC cells. Remarkably, chemo-resistant and chemo-sensitive TNBC tissues had opposite trends in GRP78 and miR-495-3p expressions. The lower the GRP78 and the higher the miR-495-3p expression, the better prognosis in TNBC patients. Therefore, the mechanism of pirarubicin resistance might involve the miR-495-3p/GRP78/Akt axis, which would provide a possible strategy for treating TNBC.
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Tong YT, Wang H, Wei D, Prakash LR, Kim M, Tzeng CWD, Lee JE, Rashid A, Koay EJ, Wolff RA, Maitra A, Katz MH, Wang H. GRP78 expression and prognostic significance in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy versus surgery first. Pancreatology 2021; 21:1378-1385. [PMID: 34429247 PMCID: PMC8541920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) plays an essential role in protein folding, transportation, and degradation, thus regulates ER homeostasis and promotes cell survival, proliferation and invasion. GRP78 expression in PDAC patients who received neoadjuvant therapy has not been reported. METHODS This retrospective study of resected PDAC patients included 125 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) and 140 patients treated with surgery first (SF). The expression of GRP78 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays and the results were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and survival. RESULTS GRP78 expression was higher in SF patients compared to NAT patients (P < 0.001). In SF cohort, the median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with GRP78-positive tumors were 11.2 months and 25.0 months, respectively, compared to DFS of 52.1 months (P = 0.008) and OS of 69.5 months (P = 0.02) for those with GRP78-negative tumors. GRP78 expression correlated with higher frequency of recurrent/metastasis (P = 0.045). In NAT cohort, GRP78 expression correlated with shorter OS (P = 0.03), but not DFS (P = 0.08). GRP78 expression was an independent prognosticator for both DFS (P = 0.02) and OS (P = 0.049) in SF cohort and was an independent prognosticator for OS (P = 0.03), but not for DFS (P = 0.06) in NAT cohort by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that GRP78 expression in NAT cohort is lower than that in SF cohort. GRP78 expression correlated with shorter survival in both SF and NAT patients. Our findings suggest that targeting GRP78 may help to improve the prognosis in PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tat Tong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dongguang Wei
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laura R Prakash
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ching-Wei D Tzeng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eugene J Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert A Wolff
- Department Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew Hg Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Chern YJ, Tai IT. Adaptive response of resistant cancer cells to chemotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:842-863. [PMID: 33299639 PMCID: PMC7721100 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer therapeutics and the integration of personalized medicine, the development of chemoresistance in many patients remains a significant contributing factor to cancer mortality. Upon treatment with chemotherapeutics, the disruption of homeostasis in cancer cells triggers the adaptive response which has emerged as a key resistance mechanism. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic studies investigating the three major components of the adaptive response, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, and senescence, in response to cancer chemotherapy. We will discuss the development of potential cancer therapeutic strategies in the context of these adaptive resistance mechanisms, with the goal of stimulating research that may facilitate the development of effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jye Chern
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Isabella T Tai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
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Chen YJ, You GR, Lai MY, Lu LS, Chen CY, Ting LL, Lee HL, Kanno Y, Chiou JF, Cheng AJ. A Combined Systemic Strategy for Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer: From Target Identification to Drug Discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113482. [PMID: 33238517 PMCID: PMC7700594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The efficiency of cisplatin is limited by drug resistance in head–neck cancer (HNC) patients. In this study, we established a cisplatin resistance (CR) cell model, generated CR related transcriptome profiling, and combined application of bioinformatics methodology to discover a possible way to overcome CR. Analysis of the functional pathway revealed that mitotic division is a novel mechanism significantly contributing to CR. Spindle pole body component 25 (SPC25), a kinetochore protein, was overexpressed in CR cells and significantly correlated with worse HNC patient survival. The silencing of SPC25 increased cisplatin sensitivity and reduced cancer stemness property. Integration of CR transcriptome profiling and drug database discovered a natural extract compound, celastrol, possessing a potent cytotoxic effect in CR cells to reverse CR. Thus, we combined systemic strategies to demonstrated that a novel biological process (mitotic cell division), a hub gene (SPC25), and a natural compound (celastrol) as novel strategies for the treatment of refractory HNC. Abstract Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapy agent for head and neck cancer (HNC), but its therapeutic effects are hampered by its resistance. In this study, we employed systemic strategies to overcome cisplatin resistance (CR) in HNC. CR cells derived from isogenic HNC cell lines were generated. The CR related hub genes, functional mechanisms, and the sensitizing candidates were globally investigated by transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses. Clinically, the prognostic significance was assessed by the Kaplan–Meier method. Cellular and molecular techniques, including cell viability assay, tumorsphere formation assay, RT-qPCR, and immunoblot, were used. Results showed that these CR cells possessed highly invasive and stem-like properties. A total of 647 molecules was identified, and the mitotic division exhibited a novel functional mechanism significantly related to CR. A panel of signature molecules, MSRB3, RHEB, ULBP1, and spindle pole body component 25 (SPC25), was found to correlate with poor prognosis in HNC patients. SPC25 was further shown as a prominent molecule, which markedly suppressed cancer stemness and attenuated CR after silencing. Celastrol, a nature extract compound, was demonstrated to effectively inhibit SPC25 expression and reverse CR phenotype. In conclusion, the development of SPC25 inhibitors, such as the application of celastrol, maybe a novel strategy to sensitize cisplatin for the treatment of refractory HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (L.-S.L.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yu Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (L.-S.L.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Chen
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.K.)
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Lai-Lei Ting
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yuzuka Kanno
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8800
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Sadeghian M, Rahmani S, Khalesi S, Hejazi E. A review of fasting effects on the response of cancer to chemotherapy. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1669-1681. [PMID: 33153820 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies suggest that fasting before or during chemotherapy may induce differential stress resistance, reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy and enhancing the efficacy of drugs. In this article, we review the effects of fasting, including intermittent, periodic, water-only short-term fasting, and caloric restriction on the responsiveness of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs, their protective effect on normal cells, and possible mechanisms of action. METHODS We could not perform a systematic review due to the wide variation in the study population, design, dependent measures, and outcomes (eg, type of cancer, treatment variation, experimental setting, etc.). However, a systematic approach to search and review literature was used. The electronic databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Embase were searched up to July 2020. RESULTS Fasting potentially improves the response of tumor cells to chemotherapy by (1) repairing DNA damage in normal tissues (but not tumor cells); (2) upregulating autophagy flux as a protection against damage to organelles and some cancer cells; (3) altering apoptosis and increasing tumor cells' sensitivity to the apoptotic stimuli, and preventing apoptosis-mediated damage to normal cells; (4) depleting regulatory T cells and improving the stimulation of CD8 cells; and (5) accumulating unfolded proteins and protecting cancer cells from immune surveillance. We also discuss how 'fasting-mimicking diet' as a modified form of fasting enables patients to eat a low calorie, low protein, and low sugar diet while achieving similar metabolic outcomes of fasting. CONCLUSION This review suggests the potential benefits of fasting in combination with chemotherapy to reduce tumor progression and increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. However, with limited human trials, it is not possible to generalize the findings from animal and in vitro studies. More human studies with adequate sample size and follow-ups are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rahmani
- Department of Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saman Khalesi
- Physical Activity Research Group, Appleton Institute & School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ehsan Hejazi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cancer stem cells and oral cancer: insights into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:113. [PMID: 32280305 PMCID: PMC7137421 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as a little population of cancer cells, which have features as the same as the cells normal stem cells. There is enough knowledge of the CSCs responsibility for metastasis, medicine resistance, and cancer outbreak. Therefore, CSCs control possibly provides an efficient treatment intervention inhibiting tumor growth and invasion. In spite of the significance of targeting CSCs in treating cancer, few study comprehensively explored the nature of oral CSCs. It has been showed that oral CSCs are able to contribute to oral cancer progression though activation/inhibition a sequences of cellular and molecular pathways (microRNA network, histone modifications and calcium regulation). Hence, more understanding about the properties of oral cancers and their behaviors will help us to develop new therapeutic platforms. Head and neck CSCs remain a viable and intriguing option for targeted therapy. Multiple investigations suggested the major contribution of the CSCs to the metastasis, tumorigenesis, and resistance to the new therapeutic regimes. Therefore, experts in the field are examining the encouraging targeted therapeutic choices. In spite of the advancements, there are not enough information in this area and thus a magic bullet for targeting and eliminating the CSCs deviated us. Hence, additional investigations on the combined therapies against the head and neck CSCs could offer considerable achievements. The present research is a review of the recent information on oral CSCs, and focused on current advancements in new signaling pathways contributed to their stemness regulation. Moreover, we highlighted various therapeutic approaches against oral CSCs.
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Molecular Chaperones in Cancer Stem Cells: Determinants of Stemness and Potential Targets for Antitumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040892. [PMID: 32268506 PMCID: PMC7226806 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a great challenge in the fight against cancer because these self-renewing tumorigenic cell fractions are thought to be responsible for metastasis dissemination and cases of tumor recurrence. In comparison with non-stem cancer cells, CSCs are known to be more resistant to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Elucidation of mechanisms and factors that promote the emergence and existence of CSCs and their high resistance to cytotoxic treatments would help to develop effective CSC-targeting therapeutics. The present review is dedicated to the implication of molecular chaperones (protein regulators of polypeptide chain folding) in both the formation/maintenance of the CSC phenotype and cytoprotective machinery allowing CSCs to survive after drug or radiation exposure and evade immune attack. The major cellular chaperones, namely heat shock proteins (HSP90, HSP70, HSP40, HSP27), glucose-regulated proteins (GRP94, GRP78, GRP75), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), peptidyl-prolyl isomerases, protein disulfide isomerases, calreticulin, and also a transcription heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) initiating HSP gene expression are here considered as determinants of the cancer cell stemness and potential targets for a therapeutic attack on CSCs. Various approaches and agents are discussed that may be used for inhibiting the chaperone-dependent development/manifestations of cancer cell stemness.
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Cell surface GRP78 promotes stemness in normal and neoplastic cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3474. [PMID: 32103065 PMCID: PMC7044190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable approaches to identify stem cell mechanisms that mediate aggressive cancer could have great therapeutic value, based on the growing evidence of embryonic signatures in metastatic cancers. However, how to best identify and target stem-like mechanisms aberrantly acquired by cancer cells has been challenging. We harnessed the power of reprogramming to examine GRP78, a chaperone protein generally restricted to the endoplasmic reticulum in normal tissues, but which is expressed on the cell surface of human embryonic stem cells and many cancer types. We have discovered that (1) cell surface GRP78 (sGRP78) is expressed on iPSCs and is important in reprogramming, (2) sGRP78 promotes cellular functions in both pluripotent and breast cancer cells (3) overexpression of GRP78 in breast cancer cells leads to an induction of a CD24−/CD44+ tumor initiating cell (TIC) population (4) sGRP78+ breast cancer cells are enriched for stemness genes and appear to be a subset of TICs (5) sGRP78+ breast cancer cells show an enhanced ability to seed metastatic organ sites in vivo. These collective findings show that GRP78 has important functions in regulating both pluripotency and oncogenesis, and suggest that sGRP78 marks a stem-like population in breast cancer cells that has increased metastatic potential in vivo.
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Tseng CC, Stanciauskas R, Zhang P, Woo D, Wu K, Kelly K, Gill PS, Yu M, Pinaud F, Lee AS. GRP78 regulates CD44v membrane homeostasis and cell spreading in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900377. [PMID: 31416894 PMCID: PMC6696983 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GRP78 conducts protein folding and quality control in the ER and shows elevated expression and cell surface translocation in advanced tumors. However, the underlying mechanisms enabling GRP78 to exert novel signaling functions at cell surface are just emerging. CD44 is a transmembrane protein and an important regulator of cancer metastasis, and isoform switch of CD44 through incorporating additional variable exons to the extracellular juxtamembrane region is frequently observed during cancer progression. Using super-resolution dual-color single-particle tracking, we report that GRP78 interacts with CD44v in plasma membrane nanodomains of breast cancer cells. We further show that targeting cell surface GRP78 by the antibodies can effectively reduce cell surface expression of CD44v and cell spreading of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Our results uncover new functions of GRP78 as an interacting partner of CD44v and as a regulator of CD44v membrane homeostasis and cell spreading. This study also provides new insights into anti-CD44 therapy in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramunas Stanciauskas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Woo
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaijin Wu
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Kelly
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Parkash S Gill
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Yu
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabien Pinaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lettini G, Lepore S, Crispo F, Sisinni L, Esposito F, Landriscina M. Heat shock proteins in cancer stem cell maintenance: A potential therapeutic target? Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:25-37. [PMID: 31322279 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells with unlimited self-renewal capability, multilineage differentiation potential and long-term tumor repopulation capacity. CSCs reside in anatomically distinct regions within the tumor microenvironment, called niches, and this favors the maintenance of CSC properties and preserves their phenotypic plasticity. Indeed, CSCs are characterized by a flexible state based on their capacity to interconvert between a differentiated and a stem-like phenotype, and this depends on the activation of adaptive mechanisms in response to different environmental conditions. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones, upregulated upon cell exposure to several stress conditions and are responsible for normal maturation, localization and activity of intra and extracellular proteins. Noteworthy, HSPs play a central role in several cellular processes involved in tumor initiation and progression (i.e. cell viability, resistance to apoptosis, stress conditions and drug therapy, EMT, bioenergetics, invasiveness, metastasis formation) and, thus, are widely considered potential molecular targets. Furthermore, much evidence suggests a key regulatory function for HSPs in CSC maintenance and their upregulation has been proposed as a mechanism used by CSCs to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, inflammation. This review discusses the relevance of HSPs in CSC biology, highlighting their role as novel potential molecular targets to develop anticancer strategies aimed at CSC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lettini
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Silvia Lepore
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Fabiana Crispo
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Li YC, Cheng AJ, Lee LY, Huang YC, Chang JTC. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Areca Nuts in Oral Carcinogenesis: the Molecular Pathology from Precancerous Condition to Malignant Transformation. J Cancer 2019; 10:4054-4062. [PMID: 31417650 PMCID: PMC6692602 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases worldwide, and areca nut is a primary carcinogen causing this cancer in Southeast Asia. It has been widely reported that areca nut induced several cytotoxic effects in oral cells, including ROS generation, inflammation, tissue hypoxia, DNA damage, and cell invasion. Recently, through chronic exposure model, more extensive pathological effects due to areca nut have been found. These include the induction of autophagy, promotion of epithelial- mesenchymal transition, and facilitation of cancer stemness conversion. Clinical findings support these adverse effects. Oral submucosal fibrosis, a premalignant condition, is prevalent in the area with habitual chewing of areca nuts. Consistently, oral cancer patients with habitual chewing areca nut exhibit more aggressive phenotypes, including resistance to chemo-radiotherapy. In this review, we comprehensively discuss and concisely summarize the up-to-date molecular and cellular mechanisms by which areca nuts contribute to malignant transformation. This review may provide critical information regarding clinical applications in risk assessment, disease prevention, diagnosis, and personalized therapeutics for areca nut-induced oral malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Tung-Chieh Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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22
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Xu Y, Dong X, Qi P, Ye Y, Shen W, Leng L, Wang L, Li X, Luo X, Chen Y, Sun P, Xiang R, Li N. Sox2 Communicates with Tregs Through CCL1 to Promote the Stemness Property of Breast Cancer Cells. Stem Cells 2018; 35:2351-2365. [PMID: 29044882 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As an important component of the tumor microenvironment, CD4+ CD25+ Tregs reduce antitumor immunity, promote angiogenesis and metastasis in breast cancer. However, their function in regulating the "stemness" of tumor cells and the communication between Tregs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) remain elusive. Here, we disclose that the primarily cultured Tregs isolated from breast-tumor-bearing Foxp3-EGFP mouse upregulate the stemness property of breast cancer cells. Tregs increased the side-population and the Aldehyde dehydrogenase-bright population of mouse breast cancer cells, promoted their sphere formation in a paracrine manner, and enhanced the expression of stemness genes, such as Sox2 and so forth. In addition, Tregs increased tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, Sox2-overexpression tumor cells activated NF-κB-CCL1 signaling to recruit Tregs through reducing the binding of H3K27Me3 on promoter regions of p65 and Ccl1. These findings reveal the functional interaction between Tregs and CSCs and indicate that targeting on the communication between them is a promising strategy in breast cancer therapy. Stem Cells 2017;35:2351-2365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Qi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Ye
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Leng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Technology, Beijing Health Vocational College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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23
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Purushothaman B, Arumugam P, Ju H, Kulsi G, Samson AAS, Song JM. Novel ruthenium(II) triazine complex [Ru(bdpta)(tpy)]2+ co-targeting drug resistant GRP78 and subcellular organelles in cancer stem cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:747-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Therapeutic Opportunities of Targeting Histone Deacetylase Isoforms to Eradicate Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071939. [PMID: 30004423 PMCID: PMC6073995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumor-initiating cells, are a small subset of cancer cells with the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis in many types of cancer. Moreover, therapeutic regimens, such as cisplatin and radiation were reported to induce the enrichment of CSCs, thereby conferring chemoresistance on cancer cells. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of CSCs represents a clinical challenge that needs to be addressed to improve patient outcome. In this context, the effectiveness of pan or class-I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in suppressing the CSC population is especially noteworthy in light of the new paradigm of combination therapy. Evidence suggests that this anti-CSC activity is associated with the ability of HDAC inhibitors to target multiple signaling pathways at different molecular levels. Beyond chromatin remodeling via histone acetylation, HDAC inhibitors can also block key signaling pathways pertinent to CSC maintenance. Especially noteworthy is the ability of different HDAC isoforms to regulate the protein stability and/or activity of a series of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing transcription factors, including HIF-1α, Stat3, Notch1, β-catenin, NF-κB, and c-Jun, each of which plays a critical role in regulating CSCs. From the translational perspective, these mechanistic links constitute a rationale to develop isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors as anti-CSC agents. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview on the roles of HDAC isoforms in maintaining CSC homeostasis via distinct signaling pathways independent of histone acetylation.
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25
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Chen YJ, Kuo CC, Ting LL, Lu LS, Lu YC, Cheng AJ, Lin YT, Chen CH, Tsai JT, Chiou JF. Piperlongumine inhibits cancer stem cell properties and regulates multiple malignant phenotypes in oral cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1789-1798. [PMID: 29399195 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PL), a natural product of Piper longum, inhibits multiple malignant phenotypes. Therefore, the present study examined whether PL suppresses cancer stemness in oral cancer. The cellular effects of PL were determined by examining alterations in tumor sphere formation, cell migration, invasion, proliferation ability, chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting were performed in order to determine molecular expression levels. The present study revealed that PL inhibited cancer stem cell-forming ability and suppressed the expression of the stemness-related transcription factors SRY-Box 2, POU class 5 homeobox 1, and Nanog homeobox. However, it increased the expression of the differentiation marker cytokeratin 18. PL also suppressed cell migration and invasion, resulting in the elimination of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, PL increased chemo- and radiosensitivity and suppressed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The results of the present study suggested that PL inhibits malignant phenotypes via the suppression of cancer stemness in oral cancer. Thus, PL may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Translational Laboratory, Research Department, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Chun Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lai-Lei Ting
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Tien Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Ho Chen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jo-Ting Tsai
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
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26
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MiR-520b as a novel molecular target for suppressing stemness phenotype of head-neck cancer by inhibiting CD44. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2042. [PMID: 28515423 PMCID: PMC5435724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells preferentially acquire the specific characteristics of stress tolerance and high mobility, allowing them to progress to a therapy-refractive state. To identify a critical molecule to regulate cancer stemness is indispensable to erratically cure cancer. In this study, we identified miR-520b as a novel molecular target to suppress head-neck cancer (HNC) with stemness phenotype. MiR-520b inhibited cellular migration and invasion via the mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. It also sensitized cells to therapeutic drug and irradiation. Significantly, miR-520b suppressed spheroid cell formation, as well as reduced expressions of multiple stemness regulators (Nestin, Twist, Nanog, Oct4). The CD44 molecule was identified as a direct target of miR-520b, as shown by the reverse correlative expressions, the response to miR-520 modulation, the luciferase reporter assay, and the functional rescue analyses. These cellular results were confirmed by a tumor xenograft mice study. Administration of miR-520b dramatically restrained tumorigenesis and liver colonization. Conversely, miR-520b silencing led to an acceleration of tumor growth. Taken together, our study demonstrated that miR-520b inhibits the malignancy of HNC through regulation of cancer stemness conversion by targeting CD44. MiR-520b may serve as an emerging therapeutic target that may be further developed for the intervention of refractory HNC.
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27
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Li YL, Chang JT, Lee LY, Fan KH, Lu YC, Li YC, Chiang CH, You GR, Chen HY, Cheng AJ. GDF15 contributes to radioresistance and cancer stemness of head and neck cancer by regulating cellular reactive oxygen species via a SMAD-associated signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:1508-1528. [PMID: 27903972 PMCID: PMC5352073 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an integral part for the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC), while radioresistance is a major cause leads to treatment failure. GDF15, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is hypothesized to participate in various types of homeostasis. However, the potential role of this molecule in regulation of radiosensitivity remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that GDF15 contributed to radioresistance of HNC, as determined by both gain- and lost-of-functional experiments. These results were achieved by the induction of mitochondrial membrane potential and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We further showed that GDF15 facilitated the conversion of cancer stemness, as assessed by the promotion of CD44+ and ALDH1+ cell populations and spheroid cell formation. At molecular level, GDF15 conferred to these cellular functions was through phosphorylated SMAD1 proteins to elite downstream signaling molecules. These cellular results were further confirmed in a tumor xenograft mouse study. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GDF15 contributed to radioresistance and cancer stemness by regulating cellular ROS levels via a SMAD-associated signaling pathway. GDF15 may serve as a prediction marker of radioresistance and a therapeutic target for the development of radio-sensitizing agents for the treatment of refractory HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsing Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsu Chiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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28
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Vella V, Nicolosi ML, Giuliano S, Bellomo M, Belfiore A, Malaguarnera R. PPAR-γ Agonists As Antineoplastic Agents in Cancers with Dysregulated IGF Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:31. [PMID: 28275367 PMCID: PMC5319972 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are associated to increased cancer incidence and mortality. Moreover, cancer development and progression as well as cancer resistance to traditional anticancer therapies are often linked to a deregulation/overactivation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, which involves the autocrine/paracrine production of IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II) and overexpression of their cognate receptors [IGF-I receptor, IGF-insulin receptor (IR), and IR]. Recently, new drugs targeting various IGF axis components have been developed. However, these drugs have several limitations including the occurrence of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which, in turn, may affect cancer cell growth and survival. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed. In this regard, the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists may have promising applications in cancer prevention and therapy. Indeed, activation of PPAR-γ by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-β/Wnt/β-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. In light of these evidences, TZDs and other PPAR-γ agonists may be exploited as potential preventive and therapeutic agents in tumors addicted to the activation of IGF axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. Unfortunately, clinical trials using PPAR-γ agonists as antineoplastic agents have reached conflicting results, possibly because they have not selected tumors with overactivated insulin/IGF-I axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. In conclusion, the use of PPAR-γ agonists in combined therapies of IGF-driven malignancies looks promising but requires future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Giuliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Belfiore,
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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29
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Kuo JR, Shang HS, Ho CT, Lai KG, Liu TZ, Chen YJ, Chiou JF. Cisplatin-induced regulation of signal transduction pathways and transcription factors in p53-mutated subclone variants of hepatoma cells: Potential application for therapeutic targeting. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3723-3730. [PMID: 27895723 PMCID: PMC5104157 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is commonly recognized as a DNA-damaging drug; however, its versatile antitumor effects have been demonstrated to extend beyond this narrow functional attribute. The present study determined how cisplatin regulates alternative pathways and transcription factors to exert its additional antitumor actions. Cisplatin was observed to be able to trigger an endoplasmic reticulum stress response through aggravated nitrosative stress coupled to perturbed mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, which substantially downregulated glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 expression by suppressing the cleavage of activating transcription factor (ATF) 6α (90 kDa) to its active 50 kDa subunit. Concomitantly, the ATF4-ATF3-C/emopamil binding protein homologous protein axis was activated by cisplatin, which triggered cellular glutathione (GSH) depletion by strongly inhibiting γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy chain (γ-GCSh), a key enzyme in GSH biosynthesis. The present study also demonstrated that cisplatin substantially inhibited β-catenin, causing a marked downregulation of survivin and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2. Taken together, the present results uncovered a novel mechanism of cisplatin that could simultaneously trigger the inhibition of three prominent antiapoptotic effector molecules (Bcl-2, survivin and GRP78) and effectively promote GSH depletion by inhibiting γ-GCSh. These newly discovered functional attributes of cisplatin can provide an avenue for novel combined therapeutic strategies to kill hepatocellular carcinoma cells effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinn-Rung Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Sheng Shang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Te Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Goung Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsan-Zon Liu
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yin-Ju Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
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30
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Yang Y, Cheung HH, Tu J, Miu KK, Chan WY. New insights into the unfolded protein response in stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54010-54027. [PMID: 27304053 PMCID: PMC5288239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism to increase cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. The UPR is critical for maintaining cell homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The vital functions of the UPR in development, metabolism and immunity have been demonstrated in several cell types. UPR dysfunction activates a variety of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease and immune disease. Stem cells with the special ability to self-renew and differentiate into various somatic cells have been demonstrated to be present in multiple tissues. These cells are involved in development, tissue renewal and certain disease processes. Although the role and regulation of the UPR in somatic cells has been widely reported, the function of the UPR in stem cells is not fully known, and the roles and functions of the UPR are dependent on the stem cell type. Therefore, in this article, the potential significances of the UPR in stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells, cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells, are comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide novel insights regarding the mechanisms associated with stem cell differentiation and cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Hoi Hung Cheung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - JiaJie Tu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Kai Kei Miu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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31
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Chao YK, Peng TL, Chuang WY, Yeh CJ, Li YL, Lu YC, Cheng AJ. Transketolase Serves a Poor Prognosticator in Esophageal Cancer by Promoting Cell Invasion via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. J Cancer 2016; 7:1804-1811. [PMID: 27698919 PMCID: PMC5039363 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To characterize the potential function and clinical significance of Transketolase (TKT) in esophageal cancer. Methods: High invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line CE48T/VGH was used. Cellular functions in response to TKT modulation were examined, including cell growth, migration and invasion. The underlying molecules involved in the TKT regulatory mechanism were determined by western blot and confocal microscopic analysis. Clinically, TKT expressions in 76 ESCC patients were assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) method, and the association with treatment outcome was determined. Results: TKT silencing inhibited cell migration and invasion but had a minimal effect on cell growth. This TKT silencing also induced the reversion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as evidenced by the spindle to cuboidal morphological change, increased the expression of epithelial markers (γ-catenin), and decreased the levels of mesenchymal markers (fibronectin and N-cadherin). Mechanically, TKT was shown to modulate the EMT through the pERK-Slug/Snail-associated signaling pathway. Clinically, a high level of TKT in the cancer tissues of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was associated with poor survival (P = 0.042). In the multivariate analysis, a high TKT level was also shown to be an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (Odds ratio: 1.827, 95% confidence interval: 1.045-3.196, P = 0.035). Conclusions: TKT contributes to esophageal cancer by promoting cell invasion via meditating EMT process. Clinically, the over-expression of TKT in ESCC patients predicts poorer survival. TKT inhibition may be a useful strategy to intervene in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, which may lead to better prognosis for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Kai Chao
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Lun Peng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Chiang CH, Wu CC, Lee LY, Li YC, Liu HP, Hsu CW, Lu YC, Chang JT, Cheng AJ. Proteomics Analysis Reveals Involvement of Krt17 in Areca Nut-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2981-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hsu Chiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Molecular
Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Liu
- Department of Veterinary
Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Tai-Chung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- Molecular
Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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Mahmoudi M, Zhao M, Matsuura Y, Laurent S, Yang PC, Bernstein D, Ruiz-Lozano P, Serpooshan V. Infection-resistant MRI-visible scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2016; 6:111-5. [PMID: 27525229 PMCID: PMC4981249 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering utilizes porous scaffolds as template to guide the new tissue growth. Clinical application of scaffolding biomaterials is hindered by implant-associated infection and impaired in vivo visibility of construct in biomedical imaging modalities. We recently demonstrated the use of a bioengineered type I collagen patch to repair damaged myocardium. By incorporating superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles into this patch, here, we developed an MRI-visible scaffold. Moreover, the embedded nanoparticles impeded the growth of Salmonella bacteria in the patch. Conferring anti-infection and MRI-visible activities to the engineered scaffolds can improve their clinical outcomes and reduce the morbidity/mortality of biomaterial-based regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yuka Matsuura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- CMMI - Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Avenue A. Bolland, 8 B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Phillip C. Yang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Pilar Ruiz-Lozano
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
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Nami B, Ghasemi-Dizgah A, Vaseghi A. Overexpression of molecular chaperons GRP78 and GRP94 in CD44(hi)/CD24(lo) breast cancer stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMID: 27525228 PMCID: PMC4981248 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
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Introduction: Breast cancer stem cell with CD44hi/CD24lo phonotype is described having stem cell properties and represented as the main driving factor in breast cancer initiation, growth, metastasis and low response to anti-cancer agents. Glucoseregulated proteins (GRPs) are heat shock protein family chaperons that are charged with regulation of protein machinery and modulation of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis whose important roles in stem cell development and invasion of various cancers have been demonstrated. Here, we investigated the expression levels of GRP78 and GRP94 in CD44hi/CD24lo phenotype breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs).
Methods: MCF7, T-47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were used. CD44hi/CD24lo
phenotype cell population were analyzed and sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Transcriptional and translational expression of GRP78 and GRP94 were investigated by western blotting and quantitative real time PCR.
Results: Results showed different proportion of CD44hi/CD24lo phenotype cell population in their original bulk cells. The ranking of the cell lines in terms of CD44hi/CD24lo phenotype cell population was as MCF7<T-47D<MDA-MB-231. Our results also indicated that CD44hi/CD24lo phenotype cells exhibited higher mRNA and protein expression level of GRP78 and GRP94 compared to their original bulk cells.
Conclusion: Our results show a relationship between overexpression of GRP78 and GRP94 and exhibiting CD44hi/CD24lo phenotype in breast cancer cells. We conclude that upregulation of GRPs may be an important factor in the emergence of CD44hi/CD24lo phenotype BCSCs features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Nami
- Department of Medical Genetics and The Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Akbar Vaseghi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
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35
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Diabetes and cancer, common threads and missing links. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:54-61. [PMID: 26879686 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a serious and growing health problem worldwide and is associated with severe acute and chronic complications. Accruing epidemiological and clinical evidence have suggested that an increased cancer incidence is associated with diabetes as well as certain diabetes risk factors and diabetes medications. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for this relationship have been postulated, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, enhanced inflammation, aberrant metabolic state, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and deregulation of autophagy. In addition to these potential mechanisms, a number of common risk factors, including obesity, may be behind the association between diabetes and cancer. Furthermore, different anti-diabetic medications may modify cancer risk and mortality in patients with diabetes. This Review discusses evidence to support the relationship between diabetes and cancer development as well as the underlying mechanisms. We also discuss the relationship of current diabetes treatments and cancer risk or prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms that connect type 2 diabetes or diabetes treatments to cancer are crucial for establishing the fundamental strategies concerning about primary prevention, early detection and effective therapy against these diseases.
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Todoroki K, Ogasawara S, Akiba J, Nakayama M, Naito Y, Seki N, Kusukawa J, Yano H. CD44v3+/CD24- cells possess cancer stem cell-like properties in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:99-109. [PMID: 26647656 PMCID: PMC4734600 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer stem cell-like cells (CSC-LCs) are a minority population of cells that relate to tumor progression, metastasis and drug resistance. To identify CSC-LCs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we used two OSCC cell lines, SAS and OSC20, and cell surface markers, CD44v3 and CD24. In addition, we examined CD44v3 and CD24 expression immunohistochemically and evaluated the relationship between the expression and clinicopathological parameters in 50 OSCC tissues. In SAS and OSC20, CD44v3+/CD24- cells showed a higher sphere forming ability than the other fractions, i.e., CD44v3+/CD24+, CD44v3-/CD24- and CD44v3-/CD24+ cells. The proportion of CD44v3+/CD24- cells in SAS and OSC20 was 10.7 and 24.1%, respectively. Regarding SAS, CD44v3+/CD24- cells also showed a higher drug resistance for CDDP, 5-FU and cetuximab and expressed higher mRNA levels of CSC property-related genes than the other cell fractions. The tumorigenicity of CD44v3+/CD24- cells was not significantly different from the other fractions in SAS. An immunohistochemical study revealed a significant correlation between CD44v3 expression in the invasive portion and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan Meier analysis revealed cases with CD44v3 expression in the invasive portion tended to show poor overall survival (OS) compared with those without CD44v3, and there was a significant difference in OS between CD44v3+/CD24- and CD44v3-/CD24- immunophenotypes in the invasive portion. In conclusion, the results suggest that the CD44v3+/CD24- cell population displays CSC-LC properties in a human OSCC cell line. Additionally, we present evidence that CD44v3 immunoexpression and CD44v3+/CD24- immunophenotypes could give prognostic information associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Todoroki
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Naito
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Naoko Seki
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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37
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A five-variable signature predicts radioresistance and prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients receiving radical radiotherapy. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2941-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Birkeland AC, Owen JH, Prince ME. Targeting Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells: Current Advances and Future Challenges. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1516-23. [PMID: 26307039 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515601960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumor-initiating cells, comprise a subset of tumor cells with demonstrated ability for tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Targeting of CSCs remains an attractive yet elusive therapeutic option, with the goal of increasing specificity and effectiveness in tumor eradication, as well as decreasing off-target or systemic toxicity. Research into further characterization and targeted therapy toward head and neck CSCs is an active and rapidly evolving field. This review discusses the current state of research into therapy against head and neck CSCs and future directions for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J H Owen
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M E Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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39
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Li YC, Chang JT, Chiu C, Lu YC, Li YL, Chiang CH, You GR, Lee LY, Cheng AJ. Areca nut contributes to oral malignancy through facilitating the conversion of cancer stem cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1012-23. [PMID: 26087469 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases worldwide, and areca nut is a primary carcinogen causing this cancer in Southeast Asia. Previous studies to examine the effects of this carcinogen often used short-term and high-dose treatment of area nut extract as a research model, which do not recapitulate the conditions of patients with long-term and habitual use of this substance. To approach authentic mechanism of areca nut-induced oral carcinogenesis that occurs in human, we established four isogenic sublines of oral cells which were chronic exposed to areca nut extract. Without eliciting cytotoxicity or senescence, these four sublines cells exhibited significant increase in invasive ability, along with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These cells also showed resistance to chemotherapeutic drug and irradiation, accompanying with the augmentation of ABCG2 protein efflux and increased ROS clearance. Moreover, these sublines possessed the characteristics of cancer stemness, as demonstrated by enriched CD24-/CD44+ and CD133+ sub-populations, enhanced spheroid cell formation, and induced expressions of pluripotent stemness regulators, including Gp96, Grp78, Slug, Sox9, Snail, and Foxc2. These stemness regulators were further shown up-regulations in oral cancer patients with areca nut-chewing habit, and were statistically correlated with CD44 expression, a stemness marker. In conclusion, our findings suggested that areca nut contributes to oral malignancy through facilitating the conversion of cancer stem cells. This study may further contribute to clinical applications in disease prevention, risk assessment or molecular therapeutics on areca nut- associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Crystal Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsu Chiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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40
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a frequently diagnosed cancer in males with high mortality in the world. As a heterogeneous tissue, the tumor mass contains a subpopulation that is called as cancer stem cells and displays stem-like properties such as self-renewal, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and drug resistance. Cancer stem cells have been identified in variant tumors and shown to be regulated by various molecules including microRNAs. MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs, which can influence tumorigenesis via different mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the functions of microRNAs on regulating the stemness of prostate cancer stem cells with different mechanisms and propose the potential roles of microRNAs in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-MedX Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yun-Li Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-MedX Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-MedX Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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41
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Chien W, Ding LW, Sun QY, Torres-Fernandez LA, Tan SZ, Xiao J, Lim SL, Garg M, Lee KL, Kitajima S, Takao S, Leong WZ, Sun H, Tokatly I, Poellinger L, Gery S, Koeffler PH. Selective inhibition of unfolded protein response induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4881-94. [PMID: 24952679 PMCID: PMC4148107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress from unfolded proteins is associated with the proliferation of pancreatic tumor cells, making the many regulatory molecules of this pathway appealing targets for therapy. The objective of our study was to assess potential therapeutic efficacy of inhibitors of unfolded protein response (UPR) in pancreatic cancers focusing on IRE1α inhibitors. IRE1α-mediated XBP-1 mRNA splicing encodes a transcription factor that enhances transcription of chaperone proteins in order to reverse UPR. Proliferation assays using a panel of 14 pancreatic cancer cell lines showed a dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition by IRE1α-specific inhibitors (STF-083010, 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 3-Ethoxy-5,6-dibromosalicylaldehyde, toyocamycin). Growth inhibition was also noted using a clonogenic growth assay in soft agar, as well as a xenograft in vivo model of pancreatic cancer. Cell cycle analysis showed that these IRE1α inhibitors caused growth arrest at either the G1 or G2/M phases (SU8686, MiaPaCa2) and induced apoptosis (Panc0327, Panc0403). Western blot analysis showed cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and prominent induction of the apoptotic molecule BIM. In addition, synergistic effects were found between either STF-083010, 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 3-Ethoxy-5,6-dibromosalicylaldehyde, or toyocamycin and either gemcitabine or bortezomib. Our data suggest that use of an IRE1α inhibitor is a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chien
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Lu YC, Chang JT, Liao CT, Kang CJ, Huang SF, Chen IH, Huang CC, Huang YC, Chen WH, Tsai CY, Wang HM, Yen TC, You GR, Chiang CH, Cheng AJ. OncomiR-196 promotes an invasive phenotype in oral cancer through the NME4-JNK-TIMP1-MMP signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:218. [PMID: 25233933 PMCID: PMC4176851 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-196 (miR-196), which is highly up-regulated in oral cancer cells, has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in several cancers; however, the significance of miR-196 in oral cancer has not yet been addressed. Methods Cellular functions in response to miR-196 modulation were examined, including cell growth, migration, invasion and radio/chemosensitivity. Algorithm-based studies were used to identify the regulatory target of miR-196. The miR-196 target gene and downstream molecular mechanisms were confirmed by RT-qPCR, western blot, luciferase reporter and confocal microscopy analyses. miR-196 expression was determined in paired cancer and adjacent normal tissues from oral cancer patients. Results Both miR-196a and miR-196b were highly over-expressed in the cancer tissue and correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Functionally, miR-196 actively promoted cell migration and invasion without affecting cell growth. Mechanistically, miR-196 performed it's their function by inhibiting NME4 expression and further activating p-JNK, suppressing TIMP1, and augmenting MMP1/9. Conclusion miR-196 contributes to oral cancer by promoting cell migration and invasion. Clinically, miR-196a/b was significantly over-expressed in the cancer tissues and correlated with lymph node metastasis. Thus, our findings provide new knowledge of the underlying mechanism of cancer metastasis. miR-196 may serve as a promising marker for better oral cancer management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-218) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
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43
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Wang N, Wang Z, Peng C, You J, Shen J, Han S, Chen J. Dietary compound isoliquiritigenin targets GRP78 to chemosensitize breast cancer stem cells via β-catenin/ABCG2 signaling. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2544-54. [PMID: 25194164 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that β-catenin signaling in breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) is closely correlated to chemoresistance and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily G2 (ABCG2) expression. Targeting the aberrant β-catenin signaling in CSCs has become a promising strategy to improve chemosensitivity in cancer treatment. In a pilot screening study, we found that the natural compound isoliquiritigenin (ISL) blocked β-catenin transcription activity with the highest inhibition ratio. Here, we investigated the chemosensitizing effects of ISL on breast CSCs and the underlying mechanisms regulating the β-catenin pathway. ISL could have synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic drugs to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. In addition, ISL could significantly limit the side population and CSC ratios in breast cancer cells, accompanied by inhibited self-renewal and multidifferentiation abilities. A mechanistic study revealed that ISL could inhibit β-catenin/ABCG2 signaling by activating the proteasome degradation pathway. The drug affinity responsive target stability strategy further identified GRP78 as the direct target of ISL. Subsequent molecular docking analysis and functional studies demonstrated that ISL could dock into the ATP domain of GRP78 and thereby inhibit its ATPase activity, resulting in its dissociation from β-catenin. An in vivo study also suggested that ISL could chemosensitize breast CSCs via the GRP78/β-catenin/ABCG2 pathway, with little toxicity in normal tissues and mammary stem cells. Taken together, the data from this study not only suggest ISL as a natural candidate to enhance breast CSC chemosensitivity but also highlight the significance of GRP78 in mediating cancer drug resistance and β-catenin signaling in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Estates Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong 00852, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Estates Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong 00852, China, Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China and
| | - Cheng Peng
- Pharmacy College,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Jieshu You
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Estates Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong 00852, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Estates Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong 00852, China
| | - Shouwei Han
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China and
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Estates Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong 00852, China,
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44
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Abstract
The glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are stress-inducible chaperones that mostly reside in the endoplasmic reticulum or the mitochondria. Recent advances show that the GRPs have functions that are distinct from those of the related heat shock proteins, and they can be actively translocated to other cellular locations and assume novel functions that control signalling, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation and immunity. Mouse models further identified their specific roles in development, tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. This Review describes their discovery and regulation, as well as their biological functions in cancer. Promising agents that use or target the GRPs are being developed, and their efficacy as anticancer therapeutics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Room 5308, Los Angeles, California 900899176, USA
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