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Fu T, Zhang H, Zheng Q. Assessing the role of residue Phe108 of cytochrome P450 3A4 in allosteric effects of midazolam metabolism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8807-8814. [PMID: 38421040 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is involved in the metabolism of more drugs in clinical use than any other xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme. CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism is usually allosterically modulated by substrate concentration (homotropic allostery) and other drugs (heterotropic allostery), exhibiting unusual kinetic profiles and regiospecific metabolism. Recent studies suggest that residue Phe108 (F108) of CYP3A4 may have an important role in drug metabolism. In this work, residue mutations were coupled with well-tempered metadynamics simulations to assess the importance of F108 in the allosteric effects of midazolam metabolism. Comparing the simulation results of the wild-type and mutation systems, we identify that the π-π interaction and steric effect between the F108 side chain and midazolam is favorable for the stable binding of substrate in the active site. F108 also plays an important role in the transition of substrate binding mode, which mainly induces the transition of substrate binding mode by forming π-π interactions with multiple aromatic rings of the substrate. Moreover, the side chain of F108 is closely related to the radius and depth of the 2a and 2f channels, and F108 may further regulate drug metabolism by affecting the pathway, orientation, or time of substrate entry into the CYP3A4 active site or product egress from the active site. Altogether, we suggest that F108 affects drug metabolism and regulatory mechanisms by affecting substrate binding stability, binding mode transition, and channel characteristics of CYP3A4. Our findings could promote the understanding of complicated allosteric mechanisms in CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism, and the knowledge could be used for drug development and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
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Qi Y, Yang H, Wang S, Zou L, Zhao F, Zhang Q, Hong Y, Luo Q, Zhou Q, Geng P, Chen H, Ji F, Cai J, Dai D. Identification and Functional Assessment of Eight CYP3A4 Allelic Variants *39-*46 Detected in the Chinese Han Population. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:218-227. [PMID: 38195522 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), a key enzyme, is pivotal in metabolizing approximately half of the drugs used clinically. The genetic polymorphism of the CYP3A4 gene significantly influences individual variations in drug metabolism, potentially leading to severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In this study, we conducted a genetic analysis on CYP3A4 gene in 1163 Chinese Han individuals to identify the genetic variations that might affect their drug metabolism capabilities. For this purpose, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicon sequencing technique was developed, enabling us to perform the genotyping of CYP3A4 gene efficiently and economically on a large scale. As a result, a total of 14 CYP3A4 allelic variants were identified, comprising six previously reported alleles and eight new nonsynonymous variants that were nominated as new allelic variants *39-*46 by the PharmVar Association. Further, functional assessments of these novel CYP3A4 variants were undertaken by coexpressing them with cytochromes P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae microsomes. Immunoblot analysis indicated that with the exception of CYP3A4.40 and CYP3A4.45, the protein expression levels of most new variants were similar to that of the wild-type CYP3A4.1 in yeast cells. To evaluate their catalytic activities, midazolam was used as a probe drug. The results showed that variant CYP3A4.45 had almost no catalytic activity, whereas the other variants exhibited significantly reduced drug metabolism abilities. This suggests that the majority of the CYP3A4 variants identified in the Chinese population possess markedly altered capacities for drug metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we established a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicon sequencing method and detected the maximum number of new CYP3A4 variants in a single ethnic population. Additionally, we performed the functional characterizations of these eight novel CYP3A4 allele variants in vitro. This study not only contributes to the understanding of CYP3A4 genetic polymorphism in the Chinese Han population but also holds substantial reference value for their potential clinical applications in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Qi
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zou
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangling Zhao
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Hong
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfeng Luo
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusui Ji
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Dai
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (Y.Q., H.Y., D.D.); The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China (H.Y., F.Z., J.C.); Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China (S.W., Q.Z., P.G.); and Department of Cardiology (L.Z., Q.Z., H.C., F.J.) and Department of Gastroenterology (Y.H., Q.L.), Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yumoto Y, Endo T, Harada H, Kobayashi K, Nakabayashi T, Abe Y. High-throughput assay to simultaneously evaluate activation of CYP3A and the direct and time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:45-56. [PMID: 38265764 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2308818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In the early stages of drug discovery, adequate evaluation of the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of drug candidates is important. Several CYP3A activators are known to lead to underestimation of DDIs. These compounds affect midazolam 1'-hydroxylation but not midazolam 4-hydroxylation.We used both metabolic reactions of midazolam to evaluate the activation and inhibition of CYP3A activators simultaneously. For our CYP inhibition assay using cocktail probe substrates, simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry monitoring of 1'-hydroxymidazolam and 4-hydroxymidazolam for CYP3A was established in addition to monitoring of 4-hydroxydiclofenac and 1'-hydroxybufuralol for CYP2C9 and CYP2D6.The results of our cocktail inhibition assay were well correlated with those of a single inhibition assay, as were the estimated inhibition parameters for typical CYP3A inhibitors. In our assay, a proprietary compound that activated midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and tended to inhibit 4-hydroxylation was evaluated along with known CYP3A activators. All compounds were well characterised by comparison of the results of midazolam 1'- and 4-hydroxylation.In conclusion, our CYP cocktail inhibition assay can detect CYP3A activation and assess the direct and time-dependent inhibition potentials for CYP3A, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6. This method is expected to be very efficient in the early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yumoto
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takuro Endo
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakabayashi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Abe
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
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Fu Y, Li Y, Ma Y, He X, Xun X, Cui Y, Fan L, Dong Z. Effects of voriconazole and fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of almonertinib in rats by UPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5525. [PMID: 36241418 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Almonertinib was included in the first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR T790M mutations by the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology in 2021. Considering that immunocompromised lung cancer patients are prone to opportunistic fungal infections, and most triazole antifungal drugs are moderate or strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, this study was conducted to develop and validate an accurate and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying almonertinib in plasma and for investigating the pharmacokinetic changes of almonertinib caused by voriconazole and fluconazole in rats. After liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether, an XSelect HSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 2.5 μm, Waters) was used for the chromatographic separation of almonertinib and sorafenib-D3 (internal standard). The analytes were detected using an AB Sciex Triple Quad 5,500 mass spectrometer in the positive ionization mode. The method exhibited great linearity (0.5-200 ng/ml, r > 0.997) and stability under the established experimental conditions. All validation experiments were in accordance with the guidelines, and the results were all within the acceptable limits. This method was successfully applied to the researches of pharmacokinetics and drug interactions for almonertinib in rats. Voriconazole and fluconazole significantly altered the pharmacokinetic profiles of almonertinib and increased the systemic exposure of almonertinib in rats to different degrees, but further human trials should be conducted to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Fu
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yinling Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xueru He
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuejiao Xun
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanjun Cui
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liju Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanjun Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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5
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Atypical kinetics of cytochrome P450 enzymes in pharmacology and toxicology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:131-176. [PMID: 35953154 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical kinetics are observed in metabolic reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450). Yet, this phenomenon is regarded as experimental artifacts in some instances despite increasing evidence challenging the assumptions of typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. As P450 play a major role in the metabolism of a wide range of substrates including drugs and endogenous compounds, it becomes critical to consider the impact of atypical kinetics on the accuracy of estimated kinetic and inhibitory parameters which could affect extrapolation of pharmacological and toxicological implications. The first half of this book chapter will focus on atypical non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics (e.g. substrate inhibition, biphasic and sigmoidal kinetics) as well as proposed underlying mechanisms supported by recent insights in mechanistic enzymology. In particular, substrate inhibition kinetics in P450 as well as concurrent drug inhibition of P450 in the presence of substrate inhibition will be further discussed. Moreover, mounting evidence has revealed that despite the high degree of sequence homology between CYP3A isoforms (i.e. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5), they have the propensities to exhibit vastly different susceptibilities and potencies of mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) with a common drug inhibitor. These experimental observations pertaining to the presence of these atypical isoform- and probe substrate-specific complexities in CYP3A isoforms by several clinically-relevant drugs will therefore be expounded and elaborated upon in the second half of this book chapter.
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Denisov IG, Grinkova YV, McLean MA, Camp T, Sligar SG. Midazolam as a Probe for Heterotropic Drug-Drug Interactions Mediated by CYP3A4. Biomolecules 2022; 12:853. [PMID: 35740978 PMCID: PMC9221276 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 is involved in the processing of more than 35% of current pharmaceuticals and therefore is responsible for multiple drug-drug interactions (DDI). In order to develop a method for the detection and prediction of the possible involvement of new drug candidates in CYP3A4-mediated DDI, we evaluated the application of midazolam (MDZ) as a probe substrate. MDZ is hydroxylated by CYP3A4 in two positions: 1-hydroxy MDZ formed at lower substrate concentrations, and up to 35% of 4-hydroxy MDZ at high concentrations. The ratio of the formation rates of these two products (the site of metabolism ratio, SOM) was used as a measure of allosteric heterotropic interactions caused by effector molecules using CYP3A4 incorporated in lipid nanodiscs. The extent of the changes in the SOM in the presence of effectors is determined by chemical structure and is concentration-dependent. MD simulations of CYP3A4 in the lipid bilayer suggest that experimental results can be explained by the movement of the F-F' loop and concomitant changes in the shape and volume of the substrate-binding pocket. As a result of PGS binding at the allosteric site, several residues directly contacting MDZ move away from the substrate molecule, enabling the repositioning of the latter for minor product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G. Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (I.G.D.); (Y.V.G.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Yelena V. Grinkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (I.G.D.); (Y.V.G.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Mark A. McLean
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (I.G.D.); (Y.V.G.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Tyler Camp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (I.G.D.); (Y.V.G.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Stephen G. Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (I.G.D.); (Y.V.G.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Numerical Methods for Modeling Enzyme Kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:147-168. [PMID: 34272694 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Differential equations are used to describe time-dependent changes in enzyme kinetics and pharmacokinetics. Analytical and numerical methods can be used to solve differential equations. This chapter describes the use of numerical methods in solving differential equations and its applications in characterizing the complexities observed in enzyme kinetics. A discussion is included on the use of numerical methods to overcome limitations of explicit equations in the analysis of metabolism kinetics, reversible inhibition kinetics, and inactivation kinetics. The chapter describes the advantages of using numerical methods when Michaelis-Menten assumptions do not hold.
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Denisov IG, Grinkova YV, Camp T, McLean MA, Sligar SG. Midazolam as a Probe for Drug-Drug Interactions Mediated by CYP3A4: Homotropic Allosteric Mechanism of Site-Specific Hydroxylation. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1670-1681. [PMID: 34015213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed an efficient and sensitive probe for drug-drug interactions mediated by human CYP3A4 by using midazolam (MDZ) as a probe substrate. Using global analysis of four parameters over several experimental data sets, we demonstrate that the first MDZ molecule (MDZ1) binds with high affinity at the productive site near the heme iron and gives only hydroxylation at the 1 position (1OH). The second midazolam molecule (MDZ2) binds at an allosteric site at the membrane surface and perturbs the position and mobility of MDZ1 such that the minor hydroxylation product at the 4 position (4OH) is formed in a 1:2 ratio (35%). No increase in catalytic rate is observed after the second MDZ binding. Hence, the site of the 1OH:4OH metabolism ratio is a sensitive probe for drugs, such as progesterone, that bind with high affinity to the allosteric site and serve as effectors. We observe similar changes in the MDZ 1OH:4OH ratio in the presence of progesterone (PGS), suggesting a direct communication between the active and allosteric sites. Mutations introduced into the F-F' loop indicate that residues F213 and D214 are directly involved in allosteric interactions leading to MDZ homotropic cooperativity, and these same residues, together with L211, are involved in heterotropic allosteric interactions in which PGS is the effector and MDZ the substrate. Molecular dynamics simulations provide a mechanistic picture of the origin of this cooperativity. These results show that the midazolam can be used as a sensitive probe for drug-drug interactions in human P450 CYP3A4.
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Li J, Chen Y, Tang Y, Li W, Tu Y. Homotropic Cooperativity of Midazolam Metabolism by Cytochrome P450 3A4: Insight from Computational Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:2418-2426. [PMID: 33884878 PMCID: PMC8278384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
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Human cytochrome
P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is responsible for the metabolism
of ∼50% clinically used drugs. Midazolam (MDZ) is a commonly
used sedative drug and serves as a marker substrate for the CYP3A4
activity assessment. MDZ is metabolized by CYP3A4 to two hydroxylation
products, 1′-OH-MDZ and 4-OH-MDZ. It has been reported that
the ratio of 1′-OH-MDZ and 4-OH-MDZ is dependent on the MDZ
concentration, which reflects the homotropic cooperative behavior
in MDZ metabolism by CYP3A4. Here, we used quantum chemistry (QC),
molecular docking, conventional molecular dynamics (cMD), and Gaussian
accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) approaches to investigate the
mechanism of the interactions between CYP3A4 and MDZ. QC calculations
suggest that C1′ is less reactive for hydroxylation than C4,
which is a pro-chirality carbon. However, the 4-OH-MDZ product is
likely to be racemic due to the chirality inversion in the rebound
step. The MD simulation results indicate that MDZ at the peripheral
allosteric site is not stable and the binding modes of the MDZ molecules
at the productive site are in line with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Li
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yue Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaoquan Tu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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McDonald MG, Tian DD, Thummel KE, Paine MF, Rettie AE. Modulation of Major Human Liver Microsomal Cytochromes P450 by Component Alkaloids of Goldenseal: Time-Dependent Inhibition and Allosteric Effects. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1018-1027. [PMID: 32591416 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.091041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanical and other natural products (NPs) are often coconsumed with prescription medications, presenting a risk for cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated NP-drug interactions. The NP goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) has exhibited antimicrobial activities in vitro attributed to isoquinoline alkaloids contained in the plant, primarily berberine, (-)-β-hydrastine, and to a lesser extent, hydrastinine. These alkaloids contain methylenedioxyphenyl rings, structural alerts with potential to inactivate P450s through formation of metabolic intermediate complexes. Time-dependent inhibition experiments were conducted to evaluate their ability to inhibit major P450 activities in human liver microsomes by using a cocktail of isozyme-specific substrate probes. Berberine inhibited CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan O-demethylation; K I = 2.7 μM, kinact = 0.065 minute-1) and CYP3A4/5 (midazolam 1'-hydroxylation; K I = 14.8 μM, kinact = 0.019 minute-1); (-)-β-hydrastine inhibited CYP2C9 (diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation; K I = 49 μM, kinact = 0.036 minute-1), CYP2D6 (K I > 250 μM, kinact > 0.06 minute-1), and CYP3A4/5 (K I = 28 μM, kinact = 0.056 minute-1); and hydrastinine inhibited CYP2D6 (K I = 37 μM, kinact = 0.049 minute-1) activity. Berberine additionally exhibited allosteric effects on midazolam hydroxylation, showing both positive and negative heterotropic cooperativity. Experiments with recombinant isozymes showed that berberine activated midazolam 1'-hydroxylation by CYP3A5, lowering K m(app), but showed mixed inhibition and negative cooperativity toward this reaction when catalyzed by CYP3A4. Berberine inactivated CYP3A4 at a much faster rate than CYP3A5 and was a noncompetitive inhibitor of midazolam 4-hydroxylation by CYP3A4 but a strong mixed inhibitor of the CYP3A5 catalyzed reaction. These complex kinetics should be considered when extrapolating the risk for NP-drug interactions involving goldenseal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Robust kinetic parameters were determined for the reversible and time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 activities in human liver microsomes by major component isoquinoline alkaloids contained in the botanical natural product goldenseal. The alkaloid berberine also exhibited opposing, isozyme-specific allosteric effects on midazolam hydroxylation mediated by recombinant CYP3A4 (inhibition) and CYP3A5 (activation). These data will inform the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that can be used to predict potential clinically relevant goldenseal-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G McDonald
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Mary F Paine
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., A.E.R.) and Pharmaceutics (K.E.T.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-D.T., M.F.P.), College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (K.E.T., M.F.P., A.E.R.)
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11
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Wang Q, Chen Z, Chen D, Ye XY. An LC-MS/MS Bioanalytical Assay for the Determination of Gilteritinib in Rat Plasma and Application to a Drug-Drug Interaction Study. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2061-2067. [PMID: 32546970 PMCID: PMC7266109 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s243760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Gilteritinib, a novel, potent FLT3/AXL inhibitor, was recently approved in Japan and USA for the treatment of adult patients who have relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a FLT3 mutation. Purpose and Methods In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a sensitive and simple ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of gilteritinib in plasma and to investigate whether CYP3A4 inhibitors (fluconazole and itraconazole) could influence the pharmacokinetics of gilteritinib from a drug–drug interaction study in rats. Sample preparation was done by a simple protein crash with acetonitrile containing the internal standard (IS) pirfenidone, followed by UPLC-MS/MS quantification. Results The assay was successfully validated in a 1–500 ng/mL calibration range for gilteritinib, where the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was set at 1 ng/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precisions for gilteritinib were less than 10.6%, and the accuracies were in the range of −14.5% to 11.1%. Recovery and matrix effect of the analyte and IS were acceptable, and the analyte was stable during the assay and storage in plasma samples. The validated UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to a drug–drug interaction study between gilteritinib and CYP3A4 inhibitors (fluconazole and itraconazole) in rats. Itraconazole significantly increased the exposure of gilteritinib, and affected the pharmacokinetics of gilteritinib in rats, not fluconazole. Conclusion A further clinical study should be conducted to investigate the effect of itraconazole on the metabolism of gilteritinib in subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia-Yan Ye
- Department of Brain Surgery, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zárate-Pérez F, Hackett JC. Conformational selection is present in ligand binding to cytochrome P450 19A1 lipoprotein nanodiscs. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 209:111120. [PMID: 32464592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) display remarkable plasticity in their ability to bind substrates and catalyze a broad array of chemical reactions. Herein we evaluate binding of androstenedione, testosterone, and 7-hydroxyflavone to CYP19A1, also known as aromatase, in phospholipid nanodiscs by stopped-flow UV-vis spectroscopy. Exponential fitting of the kinetic traces supports the possibility of a multi-step binding mechanism. Subsequent global fitting of the data to the solutions of the coupled differential equations describing the fundamental mechanisms of induced fit and conformational selection, consistently support presence of the latter. To our knowledge, this is the first discrimination of conformational selection from induced fit for a mono-disperse CYP in a native-like membrane environment. In addition, 7-hydroxyflavone binds to CYP19A1 nanodiscs with comparable affinity to the substrates and induces an unusual spectral response likely attributable to hydrogen bonding to, rather than displacement of the heme-coordinated water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zárate-Pérez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and The Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - John C Hackett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and The Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
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13
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Bai J, Li L, Zhao S, Fan X, Zhang J, Hu M, Chen Y, Sun Y, Wang B, Jin J, Wang X, Zhang D, Hu J, Li Y. Heterotropic activation of flavonoids on cytochrome P450 3A4: A case example of alleviating dronedarone-induced cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Yadav J, Paragas E, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Time-dependent enzyme inactivation: Numerical analyses of in vitro data and prediction of drug-drug interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107449. [PMID: 31836452 PMCID: PMC6995442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme kinetics often do not conform to Michaelis-Menten assumptions, and time-dependent inactivation (TDI) of CYPs displays complexities such as multiple substrate binding, partial inactivation, quasi-irreversible inactivation, and sequential metabolism. Additionally, in vitro experimental issues such as lipid partitioning, enzyme concentrations, and inactivator depletion can further complicate the parameterization of in vitro TDI. The traditional replot method used to analyze in vitro TDI datasets is unable to handle complexities in CYP kinetics, and numerical approaches using ordinary differential equations of the kinetic schemes offer several advantages. Improvement in the parameterization of CYP in vitro kinetics has the potential to improve prediction of clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This manuscript discusses various complexities in TDI kinetics of CYPs, and numerical approaches to model these complexities. The extrapolation of CYP in vitro TDI parameters to predict in vivo DDIs with static and dynamic modeling is discussed, along with a discussion on current gaps in knowledge and future directions to improve the prediction of DDI with in vitro data for CYP catalyzed drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Erickson Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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15
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Redhair M, Hackett JC, Pelletier RD, Atkins WM. Dynamics and Location of the Allosteric Midazolam Site in Cytochrome P4503A4 in Lipid Nanodiscs. Biochemistry 2020; 59:766-779. [PMID: 31961139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Promiscuous and allosteric drug interactions with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) are ubiquitous but incompletely understood at the molecular level. A classic allosteric CYP3A4 drug interaction includes the benzodiazepine midazolam (MDZ). MDZ exhibits homotropic and heterotropic allostery when metabolized to 1'-hydroxy and 4-hydroxy metabolites in varying ratios. The combination of hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations of CYP3A4 in lipid nanodiscs and in a lipid bilayer, respectively, reveals MDZ-dependent changes in dynamics in a membrane environment. The F-, G-, and intervening helices, as well as the loop preceding the β1-sheets, display the largest observed changes in HDX. The GaMD suggests a potential allosteric binding site for MDZ in the F'- and G'-regions, which undergo significant increases in HDX at near-saturating MDZ concentrations. The HDX-MS and GaMD results confirm that changes in dynamics are most significant near the developing consensus allosteric site, and these changes are distinct from those observed previously with the nonallosteric inhibitor ketoconazole. The results suggest that the allosteric MDZ remains mobile in its binding site at the Phe-cluster. The results further suggest that this binding site remains dynamic or changes the depth of insertion in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Redhair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-7610 , United States
| | - John C Hackett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298-0035 , United States
| | - Robert D Pelletier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-7610 , United States
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-7610 , United States
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16
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Lu C, Di L. In vitro
and
in vivo
methods to assess pharmacokinetic drug– drug interactions in drug discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:3-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPKSanofi Company Waltham MA 02451
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and MetabolismPfizer Worldwide Research & Development Groton CT 06340
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17
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Guo Y, Lucksiri A, Dickinson GL, Vuppalanchi RK, Hilligoss JK, Hall SD. Quantitative Prediction of CYP3A4- and CYP3A5-Mediated Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:246-256. [PMID: 31356678 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We verified a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict cytochrome P450 3A4/5-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). A midazolam (MDZ)-ketoconazole (KTZ) interaction study in 24 subjects selected by CYP3A5 genotype, and liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy quantification of CYP3A4/5 abundance from independently acquired and genotyped human liver (n = 136) and small intestinal (N = 12) samples, were conducted. The observed CYP3A5 genetic effect on MDZ systemic and oral clearance was successfully replicated by a mechanistic framework incorporating the proteomics-informed CYP3A abundance and optimized small intestinal CYP3A4 abundance based on MDZ intestinal availability (FG ) of 0.44. Furthermore, combined with a modified KTZ PBPK model, this framework recapitulated the observed geometric mean ratio of MDZ area under the curve (AUCR) following 200 or 400 mg KTZ, which was, respectively, 2.7-3.4 and 3.9-4.7-fold in intravenous administration and 11.4-13.4 and 17.0-19.7-fold in oral administration, with AUCR numerically lower (P > 0.05) in CYP3A5 expressers than nonexpressers. In conclusion, the developed mechanistic framework supports dynamic prediction of CYP3A-mediated DDIs in study planning by bridging DDIs between CYP3A5 expressers and nonexpressers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center DC0714, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Aroonrut Lucksiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Gemma L Dickinson
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center DC0714, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Raj K Vuppalanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Janna K Hilligoss
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen D Hall
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center DC0714, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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18
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Li H, Lampe JN. Neonatal cytochrome P450 CYP3A7: A comprehensive review of its role in development, disease, and xenobiotic metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 673:108078. [PMID: 31445893 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 CYP3A7, once thought to be an enzyme exclusive to fetal livers, has more recently been identified in neonates and developing infants as old as 24 months post-gestational age. CYP3A7 has been demonstrated to metabolize two endogenous compounds that are known to be important in the growth and development of the fetus and neonate, namely dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). In addition, it is also known to metabolize a variety of drugs and xenobiotics, albeit generally to a lesser extent relative to CYP3A4/5. CYP3A7 is an important component in the development and protection of the fetal liver and additionally plays a role in certain disease states, such as cancer and adrenal hyperplasia. Ultimately, a full understanding of the expression, regulation, and metabolic properties of CYP3A7 is needed to provide neonates with appropriate individualized pharmacotherapy. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge of CYP3A7, including its discovery, distribution, alleles, RNA splicing, expression and regulation, metabolic properties, substrates, and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Li
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jed N Lampe
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mail Stop C238, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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19
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Zaporowska-Stachowiak I, Szymański K, Oduah MT, Stachowiak-Szymczak K, Łuczak J, Sopata M. Midazolam: Safety of use in palliative care: A systematic critical review. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108838. [PMID: 30981104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The undesired effects of midazolam can be life-threatening. This paper delineates the findings related to the pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and drug-drug interactions as well as associated therapeutic implications for safe midazolam use. METHODS A systematic review of literature was conducted. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of midazolam depends on hepatic and renal functions, fat tissue mass, route and duration of administration, as well as potential drug-drug interactions. Palliative care patients constitute a high-risk group prone to side effects of drugs, due to polytherapy and multi-organ failure. CONCLUSION Midazolam is one of three most frequently administered drugs in palliative care. The indications for its use include anxiety, dyspnea, seizures, vomiting refractory to treatment, agitation, myoclonus, status epilepticus, restlessness, delirium, pruritus, hiccups, insomnia, analgosedation, palliative sedation and preventing or counteracting undesired effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zaporowska-Stachowiak
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Palliative Medicine In-Patient Unit, University Hospital of Lord's Transfiguration, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Szymański
- Students' Scientific Society, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mary-Tiffany Oduah
- English Students' Research Association, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stachowiak-Szymczak
- Department of Interpreting Studies and Audiovisual Translation, Institute of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Łuczak
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Maciej Sopata
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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20
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Inhibition of CYP3A by Antimalarial Piperaquine and Its Metabolites in Human Liver Microsomes With IVIV Extrapolation. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1461-1467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Hackett JC. Membrane-embedded substrate recognition by cytochrome P450 3A4. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4037-4046. [PMID: 29382727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is the dominant xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme in the liver and intestine and is involved in the disposition of more than 50% of drugs. Because of its ability to bind multiple substrates, its reaction kinetics are complex, and its association with the microsomal membrane confounds our understanding of how this enzyme recognizes and recruits diverse substrates. Testosterone (TST) hydroxylation is the prototypical CYP3A4 reaction, displaying positive homotropic cooperativity with three binding sites. Here, exploiting the capability of accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) to sample events in the millisecond regime, I performed >25-μs aMD simulations in the presence of three TST molecules. These simulations identified high-occupancy surface-binding sites as well as a pathway for TST ingress into the CYP3A4 active site originating in the membrane. Adaptive biasing force analysis of the latter pathway revealed a metastable intermediate that could constitute a third binding site at high TST concentrations. Prompted by the observation that interactions between TST and the G'-helix mobilize the ligand into the active site, a free-energy analysis of TST distribution in the membrane was conducted and revealed that the depth of the G'-helix is optimal for extracting TST. In summary, these simulations confirm separate, but adjacent substrate-binding sites within the enzyme and the existence of an auxiliary TST-binding site. The broader impact of these simulations is that they support a mechanism in which cytochromes P450 directly recruit membrane-solubilized substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hackett
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0035
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22
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Amsden JR, Gubbins PO. Pharmacogenomics of triazole antifungal agents: implications for safety, tolerability and efficacy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:1135-1146. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1391213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett R. Amsden
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul O. Gubbins
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, UMKC School of Pharmacy at MSU, Springfield, MO, USA
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23
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Ducharme J, Auclair K. Use of bioconjugation with cytochrome P450 enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017. [PMID: 28625736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation, defined as chemical modification of biomolecules, is widely employed in biological and biophysical studies. It can expand functional diversity and enable applications ranging from biocatalysis, biosensing and even therapy. This review summarizes how chemical modifications of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) have contributed to improving our understanding of these enzymes. Genetic modifications of P450s have also proven very useful but are not covered in this review. Bioconjugation has served to gain structural information and investigate the mechanism of P450s via photoaffinity labeling, mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) and fluorescence studies. P450 surface acetylation and protein cross-linking have contributed to the investigation of protein complexes formation involving P450 and its redox partner or other P450 enzymes. Finally, covalent immobilization on polymer surfaces or electrodes has benefited the areas of biocatalysis and biosensor design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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24
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Polic V, Auclair K. Allosteric Activation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 via Progesterone Bioconjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:885-889. [PMID: 28339191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is responsible for the metabolism of the majority of drugs. As such, it is implicated in many adverse drug-drug and food-drug interactions, and is of significant interest to the pharmaceutical industry. This enzyme is known to simultaneously bind multiple ligands and display atypical enzyme kinetics, suggestive of allostery and cooperativity. As well, evidence of a postulated peripheral allosteric binding site has provoked debate around its significance and location. We report the use of bioconjugation to study the significance of substrate binding at the proposed allosteric site and its effect on CYP3A4 activity. CYP3A4 mutants were created and covalently modified with various small molecules including progesterone. The labeled mutants displayed enhanced kinetic stability and improved activity in testosterone and 7-benzyloxy-(4-trifluoromethyl)coumarin oxidation assays. Our work applies a new strategy to study cytochrome P450 allostery and supports the hypothesis that substrate binding at the postulated allosteric site of CYP3A4 may induce functional cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Polic
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
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Challenges in assignment of allosteric effects in cytochrome P450-catalyzed substrate oxidations to structural dynamics in the hemoprotein architecture. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 167:100-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Allosteric activation of midazolam CYP3A5 hydroxylase activity by icotinib – Enhancement by ketoconazole. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 121:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Blobaum AL, Byers FW, Bridges TM, Locuson CW, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Daniels JS. A Screen of Approved Drugs Identifies the Androgen Receptor Antagonist Flutamide and Its Pharmacologically Active Metabolite 2-Hydroxy-Flutamide as Heterotropic Activators of Cytochrome P450 3A In Vitro and In Vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1718-26. [PMID: 26265743 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be an artifact of microsomal systems, atypical kinetics with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes have been extensively investigated in vitro and found to be substrate and species dependent. Building upon increasing reports of heterotropic CYP activation and inhibition in clinical settings, we screened a compound library of clinically approved drugs and various probe compounds to identify the frequency of heterotropism observed with different drug classes and the associated CYP enzymes thereof (1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4/5). Results of this screen revealed that the prescribed androgen receptor antagonist flutamide activated the intrinsic midazolam hydroxylase activity of CYP3A in human hepatic microsomes (66%), rat and human hepatocytes (36 and 160%, respectively), and in vivo in male Sprague-Dawley rats (>2-fold, combined area under the curve of primary rat in vivo midazolam metabolites). In addition, a screen of the pharmacologically active metabolite 2-hydroxy-flutamide revealed that this principle metabolite increased CYP3A metabolism of midazolam in human microsomes (30%) and hepatocytes (110%). Importantly, both flutamide and 2-hydroxy-flutamide demonstrated a pronounced increase in the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of commonly paired medications, nifedipine (antihypertensive) and amiodarone (antiarrhythmic), in multispecies hepatocytes (100% over baseline). These data serve to highlight the importance of an appropriate substrate and in vitro system selection in the pharmacokinetic modeling of atypical enzyme kinetics. In addition, the results of our investigation have illuminated a previously undiscovered class of heterotropic CYP3A activators and have demonstrated the importance of selecting commonly paired therapeutics in the in vitro and in vivo modeling of projected clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Blobaum
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Frank W Byers
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Charles W Locuson
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
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Denisov IG, Grinkova YV, Baylon JL, Tajkhorshid E, Sligar SG. Mechanism of drug-drug interactions mediated by human cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 monomer. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2227-39. [PMID: 25777547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using Nanodiscs, we quantitate the heterotropic interaction between two different drugs mediated by monomeric CYP3A4 incorporated into a nativelike membrane environment. The mechanism of this interaction is deciphered by global analysis of multiple-turnover experiments performed under identical conditions using the pure substrates progesterone (PGS) and carbamazepine (CBZ) and their mixtures. Activation of CBZ epoxidation and simultaneous inhibition of PGS hydroxylation are measured and quantitated through differences in their respective affinities for both a remote allosteric site and the productive catalytic site near the heme iron. Preferred binding of PGS at the allosteric site and a stronger preference for CBZ binding at the productive site give rise to a nontrivial drug-drug interaction. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate functionally important conformational changes caused by PGS binding at the allosteric site and by two CBZ molecules positioned inside the substrate binding pocket. Structural changes involving Phe-213, Phe-219, and Phe-241 are thought to be responsible for the observed synergetic effects and positive allosteric interactions between these two substrates. Such a mechanism is likely of general relevance to the mutual heterotropic effects caused by biologically active compounds that exhibit different patterns of interaction with the distinct allosteric and productive sites of CYP3A4, as well as other xenobiotic metabolizing cytochromes P450 that are also involved in drug-drug interactions. Importantly, this work demonstrates that a monomeric CYP3A4 can display the full spectrum of activation and cooperative effects that are observed in hepatic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, and §Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yelena V Grinkova
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, and §Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Javier L Baylon
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, and §Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, and §Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, and §Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Childers WK, Harrelson JP. Allosteric modulation of substrate motion in cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated xylene oxidation. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1018-28. [PMID: 24476063 DOI: 10.1021/bi401472p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) exhibit allosteric behavior reflecting a complex ligand-binding process involving numerous factors: conformational selection, protein-protein interactions, substrate/effector/protein structure, and multiple-ligand binding. The interplay of CYP plasticity and rigidity contributes to substrate/product selectivity and to allosterism. Detailed evidence describing how protein motion modulates product selectivity is incomplete as are descriptions of effector-induced modulation of substrate dynamics. Our intent was to discover details of allosteric behavior and CYP3A4 flexibility and rigidity by investigating substrate motion using low-molecular weight ligands. Steady state kinetics and product ratios were measured for oxidation of m-xylene-(2)H3 and p-xylene; intramolecular isotope effects were measured for m-xylene-(2)H3 oxidation as a function of m-xylene-(2)H3 and p-xylene concentration. Biphasic kinetic plots indicated homotropic cooperative behavior with xylene isomers. Selectivity for aromatic hydroxylation over benzylic hydroxylation of m-xylene-(2)H3 supports a model in which the region near the CYP3A4 active oxidizing species limits substrate dynamics. p-Xylene impedes the motion of m-xylene-(2)H3 substrates that have access to the active oxidizing species: (kH/kD)obs values for m-xylene-(2)H3 decreased with p-xylene concentration. m-Xylene-(2)H3 and p-xylene do not have simultaneous access to the active oxidizing species: deuterium-labeled and unlabeled p-xylene exhibited similar effects on the (kH/kD)obs values for m-xylene-(2)H3 oxidation. p-Xylene and m-xylene-(2)H3 bind at different sites: m-xylene-(2)H3 oxidation rates and product selectivity were consistent across the p-xylene concentration range. Overall, this study indicates that the intramolecular isotope effect experimental design provides a unique opportunity to investigate allosteric mechanisms as it provides information about substrate motion when the enzyme is primed to oxidize substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kurtis Childers
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon , Forest Grove, Oregon 97116, United States
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Blobaum AL, Bridges TM, Byers FW, Turlington ML, Mattmann ME, Morrison RD, Mackie C, Lavreysen H, Bartolomé JM, Macdonald GJ, Steckler T, Jones CK, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Stauffer SR, Daniels JS. Heterotropic activation of the midazolam hydroxylase activity of CYP3A by a positive allosteric modulator of mGlu5: in vitro to in vivo translation and potential impact on clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2066-75. [PMID: 24003250 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors has gained considerable attention in the drug discovery arena because it opens avenues to achieve greater selectivity over orthosteric ligands. We recently identified a series of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu(5)) for the treatment of schizophrenia that exhibited robust heterotropic activation of CYP3A4 enzymatic activity. The prototypical compound from this series, 5-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-((3-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine (VU0448187), was found to activate CYP3A4 to >100% of its baseline intrinsic midazolam (MDZ) hydroxylase activity in vitro; activation was CYP3A substrate specific and mGlu(5) PAM dependent. Additional studies revealed the concentration-dependence of CYP3A activation by VU0448187 in multispecies hepatic and intestinal microsomes and hepatocytes, as well as a diminished effect observed in the presence of ketoconazole. Kinetic analyses of the effect of VU0448187 on MDZ metabolism in recombinant P450 or human liver microsomes resulted in a significant increase in V(max) (minimal change in K(m)) and required the presence of cytochrome b5. The atypical kinetics translated in vivo, as rats receiving an intraperitoneal administration of VU0448187 prior to MDZ treatment demonstrated a significant increase in circulating 1- and 4-hydroxy- midazolam (1-OH-MDZ, 4-OH-MDZ) levels compared with rats administered MDZ alone. The discovery of a potent substrate-selective activator of rodent CYP3A with an in vitro to in vivo translation serves to illuminate the impact of increasing intrinsic enzymatic activity of hepatic and extrahepatic CYP3A in rodents, and presents the basis to build models capable of framing the clinical relevance of substrate-dependent heterotropic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Blobaum
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (A.L.B., T.M.B., F.W.B., R.D.M., J.S.D.), Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (M.L.T., M.E.M., C.W.L., S.R.S.), and Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory (C.K.J., C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; CREATe ADME/Tox, (C.M.), and Neuroscience (H.L., G.J.M., T.S.), Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium; and Jarama 75, Toledo, Spain (J.M.B.)
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Shirasaka Y, Chang SY, Grubb MF, Peng CC, Thummel KE, Isoherranen N, Rodrigues AD. Effect of CYP3A5 expression on the inhibition of CYP3A-catalyzed drug metabolism: impact on modeling CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1566-74. [PMID: 23723360 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CYP3A5 expression on inhibitory potency (Ki or IC50 values) of CYP3A inhibitors, using recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 (rCYP3A4 and rCYP3A5) and CYP3A5 genotyped human liver microsomes (HLMs). IC50 ratios between rCYP3A4 and rCYP3A5 (rCYP3A5/rCYP3A4) of ketoconazole (KTZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) were 8.5 and 8.8 for midazolam (MDZ), 4.7 and 9.1 for testosterone (TST), 1.3 and 2.8 for terfenadine, and 0.6 and 1.7 for vincristine, respectively, suggesting substrate- and inhibitor-dependent selectivity of the two azoles. Due to the difference in the IC50 values for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, nonconcordant expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 protein can significantly affect the observed magnitude of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions in humans. Indeed, the IC50 values of KTZ and ITZ for CYP3A-catalyzed MDZ and TST metabolism were significantly higher in HLMs with CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3 genotypes than in HLMs with the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype, showing CYP3A5 expression-dependent IC50 values. Moreover, when IC50 values of KTZ and ITZ for different HLMs were kinetically simulated based on CYP3A5 expression level and enzyme-specific IC50 values, a good correlation between the simulated and the experimentally measured IC50 values was observed. Further simulation analysis revealed that both the Ki ratio (for inhibitors) and Vmax/Km ratio (for substrates) between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were major factors for CYP3A5 expression-dependent IC50 values. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that CYP3A5 genotype and expression level have a significant impact on inhibitory potency for CYP3A-catalyzed drug metabolism, but that the magnitude of its effect is inhibitor-substrate pair specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wong YC, Qian S, Zuo Z. Regioselective biotransformation of CNS drugs and its clinical impact on adverse drug reactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:833-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.688027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Keubler A, Weiss J, Haefeli WE, Mikus G, Burhenne J. Drug Interaction of Efavirenz and Midazolam: Efavirenz Activates the CYP3A-Mediated Midazolam 1′-Hydroxylation In Vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1178-82. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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