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Chen Z, Xia X, Yao M, Yang Y, Ao X, Zhang Z, Guo L, Xu X. The dual role of mesenchymal stem cells in apoptosis regulation. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:250. [PMID: 38582754 PMCID: PMC10998921 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely distributed pluripotent stem cells with powerful immunomodulatory capacity. MSCs transplantation therapy (MSCT) is widely used in the fields of tissue regeneration and repair, and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Apoptosis is an important way for tissues to maintain cell renewal, but it also plays an important role in various diseases. And many studies have shown that MSCs improves the diseases by regulating cell apoptosis. The regulation of MSCs on apoptosis is double-sided. On the one hand, MSCs significantly inhibit the apoptosis of diseased cells. On the other hand, MSCs also promote the apoptosis of tumor cells and excessive immune cells. Furthermore, MSCs regulate apoptosis through multiple molecules and pathways, including three classical apoptotic signaling pathways and other pathways. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the regulation of apoptosis by MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of General Surgery, The 906th Hospital of PLA, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Mengwei Yao
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of orthopedics, The 953th Hospital of PLA, Shigatse Branch of Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Shigatse, 857000, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 906th Hospital of PLA, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Guo
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Yin N, Luo C, Wei L, Yang G, Bo L, Mao C. The mechanisms of MicroRNA 21 in premature ovarian insufficiency mice with mesenchymal stem cells transplantation : The involved molecular and immunological mechanisms. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:75. [PMID: 38575997 PMCID: PMC10996253 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) transplantation has been deeply explored for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) disease. However, the associated mechanism remains to be researched. To explore whether and how the microRNA 21 (miR-21) functions in POI mice with UCMSCs transplantation, the autoimmune-induced POI mice model was built up, transplanted with or without UCMSCs transfect with the LV-hsa-miR-21-5p/LV-hsa-miR-21-5p-inhibition, with the transfection efficiency analyzed by QRT-PCR. Mice hormone secretion and the anti-Zona pellucida antibody (AZPAb) levels were analyzed, the ovarian morphological changes and folliculogenesis were observed, and the ovarian apoptosis cells were detected to evaluate ovarian function. The expression and localization of the PTEN/Akt/FOXO3a signal pathway-related cytokines were analyzed in mice ovaries.Additionally, the spleen levels of CD8 + CD28-T cells were tested and qualified with its significant secretory factor, interleukin 10 (IL-10). We found that with the LV-hsa-miR-21-5p-inhibition-UCMSCs transplantation, the mice ovarian function can be hardly recovered than mice with LV-NC-UCMSCs transplantation, and the PTEN/Akt/FOXO3a signal pathway was activated. The expression levels of the CD8 + CD28-T cells were decreased, with the decreased levels of the IL-10 expression. In contrast, in mice with the LV-hsa-miR-21-5p-UCMSCs transplantation, the injured ovarian function can be reversed, and the PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a signal pathway was detected activated, with the increased levels of the CD8 + CD28-T cells, and the increased serum levels of IL-10. In conclusion, miR-21 improves the ovarian function recovery of POI mice with UCMSCs transplantation, and the mechanisms may be through suppressing the PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a signal pathway and up-regulating the circulating of the CD8 + CD28-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Rd, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Rd, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lun Wei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Rd, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangzhao Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Rd, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Bo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Rd, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Caiping Mao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Rd, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China.
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Hazrati A, Malekpour K, Khorramdelazad H, Rajaei S, Hashemi SM. Therapeutic and immunomodulatory potentials of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and immune checkpoints related molecules. Biomark Res 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38515166 PMCID: PMC10958918 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are used in many studies due to their therapeutic potential, including their differentiative ability and immunomodulatory properties. These cells perform their therapeutic functions by using various mechanisms, such as the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, direct cell-to-cell contact, extracellular vesicles (EVs) production, and mitochondrial transfer. However, mechanisms related to immune checkpoints (ICPs) and their effect on the immunomodulatory ability of MSCs are less discussed. The main function of ICPs is to prevent the initiation of unwanted responses and to regulate the immune system responses to maintain the homeostasis of these responses. ICPs are produced by various types of immune system regulatory cells, and defects in their expression and function may be associated with excessive responses that can ultimately lead to autoimmunity. Also, by expressing different types of ICPs and their ligands (ICPLs), tumor cells prevent the formation and durability of immune responses, which leads to tumors' immune escape. ICPs and ICPLs can be produced by MSCs and affect immune cell responses both through their secretion into the microenvironment or direct cell-to-cell interaction. Pre-treatment of MSCs in inflammatory conditions leads to an increase in their therapeutic potential. In addition to the effect that inflammatory environments have on the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by MSCs, they can increase the expression of various types of ICPLs. In this review, we discuss different types of ICPLs and ICPs expressed by MSCs and their effect on their immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Samira Rajaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yang H, Chen J, Li J. Isolation, culture, and delivery considerations for the use of mesenchymal stem cells in potential therapies for acute liver failure. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243220. [PMID: 37744328 PMCID: PMC10513107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a high-mortality syndrome for which liver transplantation is considered the only effective treatment option. A shortage of donor organs, high costs and surgical complications associated with immune rejection constrain the therapeutic effects of liver transplantation. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy was recognized as an alternative strategy for liver transplantation. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been used in clinical trials of several liver diseases due to their ease of acquisition, strong proliferation ability, multipotent differentiation, homing to the lesion site, low immunogenicity and anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the harvest and culture expansion strategies for BMSCs, the development of animal models of ALF of different aetiologies, the critical mechanisms of BMSC therapy for ALF and the challenge of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Cai X, Wu J, An ZY, Wang CC, Zhu XL, He Y, Fu HX, Huang XJ, Zhang XH. Tacrolimus prevents complement-mediated Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and pyroptosis of mesenchymal stem cells from immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2023; 202:995-1010. [PMID: 36546515 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal immunomodulatory functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been implicated in the development of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Recent studies have suggested important effects of complement on immune cell function. However, whether complement modulates bone marrow MSCs function in ITP is poorly defined. Tacrolimus has recently been applied to the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Here, we explored whether impaired ITP-MSCs could be targeted by tacrolimus. Our results showed that the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was activated in ITP MSCs with complement deposition (MSCs-C+ ) and initiated caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. Transcriptome sequencing results showed abnormal fatty acid metabolism in MSCs-C+ . Enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation and reactive oxygen species production activated the NLRP3 inflammasome. Adipocytes derived from MSCs-C+ secreted less adiponectin. Adiponectin promoted the differentiation of megakaryocytes and inhibited the destruction of platelets. Tacrolimus inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and MSCs-C+ pyroptosis in vitro and in vivo. Tacrolimus plus danazol elicited a higher sustained response than danazol monotherapy in corticosteroid-resistant patients with ITP. Our findings demonstrate that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ITP MSCs mediated by complement could be inhibited by tacrolimus, which might be a potential new therapy for ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cai
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Yu An
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Cong Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yun He
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Xia Fu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
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Riekert M, Almanzar G, Schmalzing M, Schütze N, Jakob F, Prelog M. Mesenchymal stem cells modulate IL-17 and IL-9 production induced by Th17-inducing cytokine conditions in autoimmune arthritis: an explorative analysis. Adv Rheumatol 2023; 63:37. [PMID: 37525265 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-023-00317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of proinflammatory T-cells and their cytokine production in patients with autoimmune arthritis has been widely described. Due to their immunomodulatory properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have come into focus as a potential therapeutic concept. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of MSCs on the phenotype, cytokine profile, and functionality of naive and non-naive CD4+ T-cells from healthy donors (HD) and patients with autoimmune arthritis under Th17-cytokine polarizing conditions in an explorative way using a transwell system prohibiting any cell-cell-contact. METHODS Magnetically isolated naive and non-naive CD4+ T-cells were stimulated under Th17-polarizing proinflammatory cytokine conditions in presence and absence of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). After an incubation period of 6 days, the proportions of the T-cell subpopulations TEMRA (CD45RA+CD27-), memory (CD45RA-CD27+), effector (CD45RA-CD27-) and naive cells (CD45RA+CD27+) were determined. Quantitative immunofluorescence intensity was used as a measure for IL-9, IL-17 and IFN-γ production in each subpopulation. RESULTS In isolated naive CD4+ T-cells from HD and patients, MSCs suppressed the differentiation of naive towards an effector phenotype while memory and naive cells showed higher percentages in culture with MSCs. In patients, MSCs significantly decreased the proportion of IL-9 and IL-17 producing effector T-cells. MSCs also reduced IFN-γ production in the naive and memory phenotype from HD. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate significant immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, as under Th17-polarizing conditions MSCs are still able to control T-cell differentiation and proinflammatory cytokine production in both HD and patients with autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Riekert
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmalzing
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Schütze
- Orthopedic Clinic, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Clinic, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Ghasemi Darestani N, Gilmanova AI, Al-Gazally ME, Zekiy AO, Ansari MJ, Zabibah RS, Jawad MA, Al-Shalah SAJ, Rizaev JA, Alnassar YS, Mohammed NM, Mustafa YF, Darvishi M, Akhavan-Sigari R. Mesenchymal stem cell-released oncolytic virus: an innovative strategy for cancer treatment. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:43. [PMID: 36829187 PMCID: PMC9960453 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) infect, multiply, and finally remove tumor cells selectively, causing no damage to normal cells in the process. Because of their specific features, such as, the ability to induce immunogenic cell death and to contain curative transgenes in their genomes, OVs have attracted attention as candidates to be utilized in cooperation with immunotherapies for cancer treatment. This treatment takes advantage of most tumor cells' inherent tendency to be infected by certain OVs and both innate and adaptive immune responses are elicited by OV infection and oncolysis. OVs can also modulate tumor microenvironment and boost anti-tumor immune responses. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are gathering interest as promising anti-cancer treatments with the ability to address a wide range of cancers. MSCs exhibit tumor-trophic migration characteristics, allowing them to be used as delivery vehicles for successful, targeted treatment of isolated tumors and metastatic malignancies. Preclinical and clinical research were reviewed in this study to discuss using MSC-released OVs as a novel method for the treatment of cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna I Gilmanova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Angelina O Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Saif A J Al-Shalah
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Jasur Alimdjanovich Rizaev
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Rector, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University, Warsaw, Poland
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Sheikholeslami A, Fazaeli H, Kalhor N, Khoshandam M, Eshagh Hoseini SJ, Sheykhhasan M. Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Crohn's Disease and Perianal Fistulas: A Narrative Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 18:76-92. [PMID: 34530720 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210916145717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's Disease (CD), which usually leads to anal fistulas among patients, is the most important inflammatory bowel disease that causes morbidity in many people around the world. This review article proposes using MSCs as a hopeful therapeutic strategy for CD and anal fistula treatment in both preclinical and clinical conditions. Finally, darvadstrocel, a cell-based medication to treat complex anal fistulas in adults, as the only European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved product for the treatment of anal fistulas in CD is addressed. Although several common therapies, such as surgery and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) drugs as well as a combination of these methods is used to improve this disease, however, due to the low effectiveness of these treatments, the use of new strategies with higher efficiency is still recommended. Cell therapy is among the new emerging therapeutic strategies that have attracted great attention from clinicians due to its unique capabilities. One of the most widely used cell sources administrated in cell therapy is mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). This review article will discuss preclinical and clinical studies about MSCs as a potent and promising therapeutic option in the treatment of CD and anal fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Sheikholeslami
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
| | - Hoda Fazaeli
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom,Iran
| | - Naser Kalhor
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Khoshandam
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Sheykhhasan
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran.,Department of Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Jiang Y, Lin S, Gao Y. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapy for Dry Eye: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221133818. [PMID: 36398793 PMCID: PMC9679336 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221133818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye is one of the most common chronic diseases in ophthalmology. It affects quality of life and has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored. The current treatment methods mainly include artificial tear replacement therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, and local immunosuppressive therapy. These treatments are mainly limited to improvement of ocular surface discomfort and other symptoms. In recent years, regenerative medicine has developed rapidly, and ophthalmologists are working on new methods to treat dry eye. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have anti-inflammatory, tissue repair, and immune regulatory effects, and have become a promising tool for the treatment of dry eye. These effects can also be produced by MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos). As a cell-free therapy, MSC-Exos are hypoimmunogenic, serve more stable entities, and compared with MSCs, reduce the safety risks associated with the injection of live cells. This article reviews current knowledge about MSCs and MSC-Exos, and highlights the latest progress and future prospects of MSC-based therapy in dry eye treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Yingying Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China,Yingying Gao, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China.
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10
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Tynecka M, Janucik A, Niemira M, Zbikowski A, Stocker N, Tarasik A, Starosz A, Grubczak K, Szalkowska A, Korotko U, Reszec J, Kwasniewski M, Kretowski A, Akdis C, Sokolowska M, Moniuszko M, Eljaszewicz A. The short-term and long-term effects of intranasal mesenchymal stem cell administration to noninflamed mice lung. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967487. [PMID: 36189248 PMCID: PMC9523259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (mesenchymal stromal cells; MSC)-based therapies remain a promising approach to treat degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Their beneficial effects were confirmed in numerous experimental models and clinical trials. However, safety issues concerning MSCs’ stability and their long-term effects limit their implementation in clinical practice, including treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and COVID-19. Here, we aimed to investigate the safety of intranasal application of human adipose tissue-derived MSCs in a preclinical experimental mice model and elucidate their effects on the lungs. We assessed short-term (two days) and long-term (nine days) effects of MSCs administration on lung morphology, immune responses, epithelial barrier function, and transcriptomic profiles. We observed an increased frequency of IFNγ- producing T cells and a decrease in occludin and claudin 3 as a long-term effect of MSCs administration. We also found changes in the lung transcriptomic profiles, reflecting redox imbalance and hypoxia signaling pathway. Additionally, we found dysregulation in genes clustered in pattern recognition receptors, macrophage activation, oxidative stress, and phagocytosis. Our results suggest that i.n. MSCs administration to noninflamed healthy lungs induces, in the late stages, low-grade inflammatory responses aiming at the clearance of MSCs graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Tynecka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Janucik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Niemira
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Zbikowski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Nino Stocker
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Tarasik
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Starosz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Szalkowska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Korotko
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszec
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Cezmi Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Andrzej Eljaszewicz, ; Marcin Moniuszko,
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Andrzej Eljaszewicz, ; Marcin Moniuszko,
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11
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Regulatory T cells in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration: recent insights. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:680. [PMID: 35931697 PMCID: PMC9356005 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle repair and regeneration after injury is a multi-stage process, involving a dynamic inflammatory microenvironment consisting of a complex network formed by the interaction of immune cells and their secreted cytokines. The homeostasis of the inflammatory microenvironment determines whether skeletal muscle repair tissues will ultimately form scar tissue or regenerative tissue. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate homeostasis within the immune system and self-immune tolerance, and play a crucial role in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration. Dysregulated Tregs function leads to abnormal repair. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of Tregs in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration after injury and provide new strategies for Treg immunotherapy in skeletal muscle diseases.
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12
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Scirocchi F, Scagnoli S, Botticelli A, Di Filippo A, Napoletano C, Zizzari IG, Strigari L, Tomao S, Cortesi E, Rughetti A, Marchetti P, Nuti M. Immune effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer: Relief from immunosuppression is associated with clinical response. EBioMedicine 2022; 79:104010. [PMID: 35477069 PMCID: PMC9061627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are innovative small target molecules that, in combination with endocrine therapy, have recently been employed in the treatment of patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer (mBC). In this prospective study, we investigate the impact of CDK4/6i on the immune profile of patients with HR+/HER2− mBC. Methods Immune cell subsets were analysed using flow cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with HR+/HER2− mBC, both before and during treatment. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were identified using the markers CD4, CD25, CTLA4, CD45RA, and intracellular FOXP3. Monocytic and polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs) and other immune populations were analysed using CD45, CD14, CD66b, CD11c, HLA-DR, CD3, CD8, CD28, CD137, PD1, CD45RA, CCR7, and Ki67. Findings The percentage of circulating Tregs and M/PMN-MDSCs was significantly downregulated from baseline during CDK4/6i-treatment (p<0.0001 and p<0.05, respectively). In particular, the effector Treg subset (CD4+CD25+FOXP3highCD45RA−) was strongly reduced (p<0.0001). The decrease in Treg levels was significantly greater in responder patients than in non-responder patients. Conversely, CDK4/6i treatment was associated with increased levels of CD4+ T cells and anti-tumour CD137+CD8+ T cells (p<0.05). Interpretation CDK4/6i treatment results in downregulation of Tregs, M-MDSCs, and PMN-MDSCs, thus weakening tumour immunosuppression. This decrease is associated with response to treatment, highlighting the importance of unleashing immunity in cancer treatment efficacy. These results suggest a novel mechanism of immunomodulation in mBC and provide valuable information for the future design of novel treatments combining CDK4/6i with immunotherapy in other cancer settings. Funding Sapienza University of Rome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scirocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Simone Scagnoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Di Filippo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Chiara Napoletano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Ilaria Grazia Zizzari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Lidia Strigari
- Medical Physics Unit, "S. Orsola-Malpighi" Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Enrico Cortesi
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
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13
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Pandey V, Madi S, Gupta P. The promising role of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in managing knee osteoarthritis. What is beyond Mesenchymal stromal cells? J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 26:101804. [PMID: 35242531 PMCID: PMC8857498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) express a wide range of properties anticipated to be beneficial for treating genetic, mechanical, and age-related degeneration in diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Although contemporary conservative management of OA is successful in many patients with mild-moderate OA, it often fails to improve symptoms in many patients who are not a candidate for any surgical management. Further, existing conservative treatment strategies do not prevent the progression of the disease and therefore fail to provide a long-term pain-free life. On the other hand, tremendous progress has been taking place in the exciting field of regenerative medicine involving MSCs (autologous and allogeneic), with promising translation taking place from basic science to the bedside. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the potential role of MSCs in treating OA, both autologous and off-the-shelf, allogeneic stem cells. Further, newer therapies are in the offing to treat OA, such as exosomes and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Pandey
- Sports Injury and Arthroscopy Division, Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,Corresponding author. Sports injury and arthroscopy division, Orthopaedics, Kasturba medical college, Manipal. Manipal academy of Higher education, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Sandesh Madi
- Sports Injury and Arthroscopy Division, Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Stempeutics Research Pvt. Ltd, Manipal Hospital, Whitefield, Banaglore, 560048, India
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14
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Wang W, Hong T, Wang X, Wang R, Du Y, Gao Q, Yang S, Zhang X. Newly Found Peacekeeper: Potential of CD8+ Tregs for Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:764786. [PMID: 34899714 PMCID: PMC8652293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains the most effective and potentially curative treatment for a variety of hematologic malignancies. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major obstacle that limits wide application of allo-HSCT, despite the development of prophylactic strategies. Owing to experimental and clinical advances in the field, GVHD is characterized by disruption of the balance between effector and regulatory immune cells, resulting in higher inflammatory cytokine levels. A reduction in regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been associated with limiting recalibration of inflammatory overaction and maintaining immune tolerance. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that immunoregulation may be useful for preventing GVHD. As opposed to CD4+ Tregs, the CD8+ Tregs population, which constitutes an important proportion of all Tregs, efficiently attenuates GVHD while sparing graft-versus-leukemic (GVL) effects. CD8+ Tregs may provide another form of cellular therapy for preventing GVHD and preserving GVL effects, and understanding the underlying mechanisms that different from those of CD4+ Tregs is significant. In this review, we summarize preclinical experiments that have demonstrated the role of CD8+ Tregs during GVHD and attempted to obtain optimized CD8+ Tregs. Notably, although optimized CD8+ Tregs have obvious advantages, more exploration is needed to determine how to apply them in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxuan Du
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiangguo Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Mrahleh MA, Matar S, Jafar H, Wehaibi S, Aslam N, Awidi A. Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Primed by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ Modulate the Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells of Type 1 Diabetic Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732549. [PMID: 34650558 PMCID: PMC8506215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique immunomodulation and immunosuppressive potential of Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSCs) make them a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D). The immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is exerted either by cell-cell contact or by secretome secretion. Cell-cell contact is a critical mechanism by which MSCs regulate immune-responses and generate immune regulatory cells such as tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) and regulatory T cell (Tregs). In this study, we primed WJ-MSCs with TNF-α and IFN-γ and investigated the immunomodulatory properties of primed WJ-MSCs on mature dendritic cells (mDCs) and activated T cells differentiated from mononuclear cells (MNCs) of T1D patient’s. Our findings revealed that primed WJ-MSCs impaired the antigen-mediated immunity, upregulated immune-tolerance genes and downregulated immune-response genes. We also found an increase in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Significant upregulation of FOXP3, IL10 and TGFB1 augmented an immunosuppressive effect on adaptive T cell immunity which represented a strong evidence in support of the formation of Tregs. Furthermore, upregulation of many critical genes involved in the immune-tolerance mechanism (IDO1 and PTGES2/PTGS) was detected. Interestingly, upregulation of ENTPD1/NT5E genes express a strong evidence to switch immunostimulatory response toward immunoregulatory response. We conclude that WJ-MSCs primed by TNF-α and IFN-γ may represent a promising tool to treat the autoimmune disorders and can provide a new evidence to consider MSCs- based therapeutic approach for the treatment of TID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzan Matar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, The University of Jordan, School of Science, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hanan Jafar
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Anatomy & Histology, The University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Suha Wehaibi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nazneen Aslam
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdalla Awidi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
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16
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Wang X, Zhao X, He Z. Mesenchymal stem cell carriers enhance anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:238. [PMID: 33664802 PMCID: PMC7882891 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically infect, replicate and eventually destroy tumor cells, with no concomitant toxicity to adjacent normal cells. Furthermore, OVs can regulate tumor microenvironments and stimulate anti-tumor immune responses. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have inherent tumor tropisms and immunosuppressive functions. MSCs carrying OVs not only protect viruses from clearing by the immune system, but they also deliver the virus to tumor lesions. Equally, cytokines released by MSCs enhance anti-tumor immune responses, suggesting that MSCs carrying OVs may be considered as a promising strategy in enhancing the anti-tumor efficacies of virotherapy. In the present review, preclinical and clinical studies were evaluated and discussed, as well as the effectiveness of MSCs carrying OVs for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyao Wang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Zhixu He
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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17
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Zhou JH, Lu X, Yan CL, Sheng XY, Cao HC. Mesenchymal stromal cell-dependent immunoregulation in chemically-induced acute liver failure. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:208-220. [PMID: 33815670 PMCID: PMC8006015 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which refers to liver damage caused by a drug or its metabolites, has emerged as an important cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in recent years. Chemically-induced ALF in animal models mimics the pathology of DILI in humans; thus, these models are used to study the mechanism of potentially effective treatment strategies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties, and they alleviate acute liver injury and decrease the mortality of animals with chemically-induced ALF. Here, we summarize some of the existing research on the interaction between MSCs and immune cells, and discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the immuno-modulatory activity of MSCs in chemically-induced ALF. We conclude that MSCs can impact the phenotype and function of macrophages, as well as the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells, and inhibit the proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes. MSCs also have immuno-modulatory effects on the production of cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene 6, in animal models. Thus, MSCs have significant benefits in the treatment of chemically-induced ALF by interacting with immune cells and they may be applied to DILI in humans in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cui-Lin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Cui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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18
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da Silva PHL, de Castro KKG, Mendes MA, Leal-Calvo T, Leal JMP, Nery JADC, Sarno EN, Lourenço RA, Moraes MO, Lara FA, Esquenazi D. Presence of Senescent and Memory CD8+ Leukocytes as Immunocenescence Markers in Skin Lesions of Elderly Leprosy Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647385. [PMID: 33777045 PMCID: PMC7991105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease that remains endemic in approximately 100 developing countries, where about 200,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Moreover, multibacillary leprosy, the most contagious form of the disease, has been detected at continuously higher rates among Brazilian elderly people. Due to the so-called immunosenescence, characterized by several alterations in the quality of the immune response during aging, this group is more susceptible to infectious diseases. In view of such data, the purpose of our work was to investigate if age-related alterations in the immune response could influence the pathogenesis of leprosy. As such, we studied 87 individuals, 62 newly diagnosed and untreated leprosy patients distributed according to the age range and to the clinical forms of the disease and 25 healthy volunteers, who were studied as controls. The frequency of senescent and memory CD8+ leukocytes was assessed by immunofluorescence of biopsies from cutaneous lesions, while the serum levels of IgG anti-CMV antibodies were analyzed by chemiluminescence and the gene expression of T cell receptors' inhibitors by RT-qPCR. We noted an accumulation of memory CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as reduced CD8+CD28+ cell expression in skin lesions from elderly patients, when compared to younger people. Alterations in LAG3 and PDCD1 gene expression in cutaneous lesions of young MB patients were also observed, when compared to elderly patients. Such data suggest that the age-related alterations of T lymphocyte subsets can facilitate the onset of leprosy in elderly patients, not to mention other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Alves Lourenço
- Laboratorio de Envelhecimento Humano, GeronLab, Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danuza Esquenazi
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Disciplina de Patologia Geral, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Moghadasali R, Hajinasrollah M, Ehsani E, Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Sodeifi N, Saidi R, Zarrabi M, Farzanehkhah M, Sadeghi B, Baharvand H, Aghdami N. Immunomodulatory Activity of Human Bone Marrow and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prolongs Allogenic Skin Graft Survival in Nonhuman Primates. CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:1-13. [PMID: 33650815 PMCID: PMC7944119 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective In the present study, we examined the tolerance-inducing effects of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) and bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) on a nonhuman primate model of skin transplantation. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, allogenic and xenogeneic of immunomodulatory properties of human AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs were evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays. Human MSCs were obtained from BM or AD tissues (from individuals of either sex with an age range of 35 to 65 years) and intravenously injected (2×106 MSCs/kg) after allogeneic skin grafting in a nonhuman primate model. The skin sections were evaluated by H and E staining for histopathological evaluations, particularly inflammation and rejection reaction of grafts after 96 hours of cell injection. At the mRNA and protein levels, cellular mediators of inflammation, such as CD4+IL-17+ (T helper 17; Th17) and CD4+INF-γ+ (T helper 1, Th1) cells, along with CD4+FoxP3+ cells (Treg), as the mediators of immunomodulation, were measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry analyses. Results A significant Treg cells expansion was observed in MSCs-treated animals which reached the zenith at 24 hours and remained at a high concentration for 96 hours; however, Th1 and Th17 cells were significantly decreased. Our results showed that human MSCs significantly decrease Th1 and Th17 cell proliferation by decreasing interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-γ (INF-γ) production and significantly increase Treg cell proliferation by increasing FoxP3 production. They also extend the allogenic skin graft survival in nonhuman primates. Histological evaluations showed no obvious presence of inflammatory cells or skin redness or even bulging after MSCs injection up to 96 hours, compared to the group without MSCs. There were no significant differences between hBM-MSCs and hAD-MSCs in terms of histopathological scores and inflammatory responses (P<0.05). Conclusion It seems that MSCs could be regarded as a valuable immunomodulatory tool to reduce the use of immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hajinasrollah
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ehsani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Sodeifi
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saidi
- Department of Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zarrabi
- Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, Cord Blood Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bahareh Sadeghi
- Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, Cord Blood Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Zhou H, Yang J, Tian J, Wang S. CD8 + T Lymphocytes: Crucial Players in Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 11:602823. [PMID: 33584670 PMCID: PMC7876316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.602823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with damage to multiple organs and glands. The most common clinical manifestations are dry eyes, dry mouth, and enlarged salivary glands. Currently, CD4+ T lymphocytes are considered to be key factors in the immunopathogenesis of pSS, but various studies have shown that CD8+ T lymphocytes contribute to acinar injury in the exocrine glands. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the classification and features of CD8+ T lymphocytes, specifically describing the role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in disease pathophysiology. Furthermore, we presented treatment strategies targeting CD8+ T cells to capitalize on the pathogenic and regulatory potential of CD8+ T lymphocytes in SS to provide promising new strategies for this inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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21
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Analysis of Same Selected Immunomodulatory Properties of Chorionic Mesenchymal Stem Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10249040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a population of adherent cells that can be isolated from multiple adult tissues. MSCs have immunomodulatory capacity and the ability to differentiate into many cell lines. Research study examines the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs isolated from chorion (CMSCs). Following the stimulation process, it was found that MSCs are capable of immunomodulatory action via the release of bioactive molecules as well as through direct contact with the immune cells. Immunomodulatory potential of the CMSCs was analyzed by modifying proliferative capacity of mitogen-activated lymphocytes. CMSCs and lymphocytes were tested in cell-to-cell contact. Lymphocytes were stained with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Inhibition of the proliferation of activated lymphocytes was observed. Following the co-cultivation, the expression of markers involved in the immune response modulation was assessed. Afterwards, an increase in CMSCs expression of IL-10 was detected. Following the co-cultivation with activated lymphocyte, adhesion molecules CD54 and CD44 in the CMSCs increased. An increase of CD54 expression was observed. The properties of CMSCs, adherence and differentiation ability, were confirmed. The phenotype of CMSCs CD105+, CD90+, CD73+, CD44+, CD29+, CD45−, CD34−, CD54+ was characterized. It was demonstrated that chorion-derived MSCs have important immunomodulatory effects.
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22
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Wu Z, Liang J, Huang W, Jiang L, Paul C, Gao X, Alam P, Kanisicak O, Xu M, Wang Y. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of cardiac allograft rejection. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:851-860. [PMID: 33327780 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220978650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart transplantation continues to be the gold standard clinical intervention to treat patients with end-stage heart failure. However, there are major complications associated with this surgical procedure that reduce the survival prognosis of heart transplant patients, including allograft rejection, malignancies, infections, and other complications that arise from the use of broad-spectrum immunosuppression drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) against allotransplantation rejection in both in vitro and in vivo settings due to their immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, utilization of MSCs provides new and exciting strategies to improve heart transplantation and potentially reduce the use of broad-spectrum immunosuppression drugs while alleviating allograft rejection. In this review, we will discuss the current research on the mechanisms of cardiac allograft rejection, the physiological and immunological characteristics of MSCs, the effects of MSCs on the immune system, and immunomodulation of heart transplantation by MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Christian Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Perwez Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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23
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Ajam F, Aghaei M, Mohammadi S, Samiei H, Behnampour N, Memarian A. PD-1 Expression on CD8+CD28- T cells within inflammatory synovium is associated with Relapse: A cohort of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:76-82. [PMID: 33069765 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Defect in T lymphocyte homeostasis could implicate initiation and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since PD-1 plays a key role in the regulation of T lymphocytes, its expression pattern in various CD8+ T cell subsets could be so effective in RA pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the expression of PD-1 and CXCR3 on CD8+CD28- T cells in association with the IFN-γ levels in patients with RA. A total of 42 RA patients, including 10 newly-diagnosed (ND) and 32 relapsed (RL) cases and also 20 healthy donors were enrolled. Phenotypic characterization of CD8+ T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) was performed by flow cytometry. The plasma and SF IFN-γ levels were also assessed by ELISA. The frequency of CD8+CD28- T cells showed no significant differences between patients and controls while its higher levels were observed in PB, versus SF of RL patients. Relapsed patients also showed higher CXCR3 and especially PD-1 expression on their CD8+CD28- T cells. The IFN-γ concentration was elevated in SF of ND patients while its plasma level was significantly lower in RL subgroup than controls. Although PD-1 could induce immune suppression in effector T cells, it is upregulated during inflammation and its overexpression on CD8+CD28- T cells within inflammatory synovium is associated with severity of disease in our cohort of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ajam
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Aghaei
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center (GRRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Samiei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nasser Behnampour
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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24
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Li H, Guan Y, Sun B, Dou X, Liu X, Xue F, Fu R, Zhang L, Yang R. Role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell defects in CD8 + CD28 - suppressor T-lymphocyte induction in patients with immune thrombocytopenia and associated mechanisms. Br J Haematol 2020; 191:852-862. [PMID: 32677050 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many immune dysfunctions participate in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) pathogenesis, including numeric and functional defects in suppressor T (Ts) cells and immune-regulation abnormalities in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recent studies showed that MSCs can promote Ts cell differentiation. Thus, we compared the Ts cell induction ability of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) between patients with ITP and normal controls (NCs), and examined the mechanism of this difference. Co-culture of CD8+ T cells with BM-MSCs revealed that BM-MSCs elevated Ts cell percentage and function, but the efficiency was lower in patients with ITP than in NCs. Blockade experiments showed that blockade of interleukin 6 (IL-6) partially reversed Ts cell induction by BM-MSCs. Addition of exogenous IL-6 down-regulated Ts cell apoptosis. Moreover, BM-MSCs enhanced IL-10 secretion and inhibition ability of Ts cells. IL-6 secretion, regulatory abilities of IL-10 expression in Ts cells, and the enhanced efficiency of Ts cells inhibition function by BM-MSCs were all decreased in patients with ITP. All-trans retinoic acid preconditioning promoted BM-MSC induction of Ts cell percentages and umbilical cord-derived (UC) MSCs efficiently improved ITP Ts cell numbers and dysfunction. In conclusion, defects of BM-MSCs in Ts cell induction are involved in ITP pathogenesis, and exogenous UC-MSCs may be useful for ITP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Boyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueqing Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongfeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Renchi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Laboratory of Blood Disease Gene Therapy, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China
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25
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Fung TH, Yang KY, Lui KO. An emerging role of regulatory T-cells in cardiovascular repair and regeneration. Theranostics 2020; 10:8924-8938. [PMID: 32802172 PMCID: PMC7415793 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that immune cells play an important role in the regulation of tissue repair and regeneration. After injury, danger signals released by the damaged tissue trigger the initial pro-inflammatory phase essential for removing pathogens or cellular debris that is later replaced by the anti-inflammatory phase responsible for tissue healing. On the other hand, impaired immune regulation can lead to excessive scarring and fibrosis that could be detrimental for the restoration of organ function. Regulatory T-cells (Treg) have been revealed as the master regulator of the immune system that have both the immune and regenerative functions. In this review, we will summarize their immune role in the induction and maintenance of self-tolerance; as well as their regenerative role in directing tissue specific response for repair and regeneration. The latter is clearly demonstrated when Treg enhance the differentiation of stem or progenitor cells such as satellite cells to replace the damaged skeletal muscle, as well as the proliferation of parenchymal cells including neonatal cardiomyocytes for functional regeneration. Moreover, we will also discuss the reparative and regenerative role of Treg with a particular focus on blood vessels and cardiac tissues. Last but not least, we will describe the ongoing clinical trials with Treg in the treatment of autoimmune diseases that could give clinically relevant insights into the development of Treg therapy targeting tissue repair and regeneration.
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26
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Owen A, Newsome PN. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, a New Player in Reducing Complications From Liver Transplantation? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1306. [PMID: 32636850 PMCID: PMC7318292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the global burden of liver disease there has been a commensurate increase in the demand for liver transplantation. However, due to a paucity of donor organs many centers have moved toward the routine use of marginal allografts, which can be associated with a greater risk of complications and poorer clinical outcomes. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a multi-potent progenitor cell population that have been utilized to modulate aberrant immune responses in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. MSC exert an immunomodulatory effect on innate and adaptive immune systems through the release of both paracrine soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. Through these routes MSC can switch the regulatory function of the immune system through effects on macrophages and T regulatory cells enabling a switch of phenotype from injury to restoration. A key benefit seems to be their ability to tailor their response to the inflammatory environment without compromising the host ability to fight infection. With over 200 clinical trials registered to examine MSC therapy in liver disease and an increasing number of trials of MSC therapy in solid organ transplant recipients, there is increasing consideration for their use in liver transplantation. In this review we critically appraise the potential role of MSC therapy in the context of liver transplantation, including their ability to modulate reperfusion injury, their role in the reduction of medium term complications in the biliary tree and their potential to enhance tolerance in transplanted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Owen
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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27
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Mehdipour A, Ebrahimi A, Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Soleimani-Rad J, Roshangar L, Samiei M, Ebrahimi-Kalan A. The potentials of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurosci 2020; 30:857-868. [PMID: 31026226 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has indicated a promising treatment capacity for tissue regeneration. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune-based chronic disease, in which the myelin sheath of the central nervous system is destructed. Scientists have not discovered any cure for multiple sclerosis, and most of the treatments are rather palliative. The pursuit of a versatile treatment option, therefore, seems essential. The immunoregulatory and non-chronic rejection characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells, as well as their homing properties, recommend them as a prospective treatment option for multiple sclerosis. Different sources of mesenchymal stem cells have distinct characteristics and functional properties; in this regard, choosing the most suitable cell therapy approach seems to be challenging. In this review, we will discuss umbilical cord/blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, their identified exclusive properties compared to another adult mesenchymal stem cells, and the expectations of their potential roles in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mehdipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayyub Ebrahimi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Jafar Soleimani-Rad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samiei
- Endodontics Department of Dental Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Radiology, School of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,
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28
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Liu G, Yu Y, Feng F, Zhu P, Zhang H, Zhang D, Feng X, Zhang Z, Liu Y. Human CD8 +CD28 - T suppressor cells expanded by common gamma chain (γc) cytokines retain steady allospecific suppressive capacity in vivo. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:23. [PMID: 32349664 PMCID: PMC7189520 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+CD28− T suppressor (Ts) cells play critical role in transplant tolerance. Our previous study has generated CD8+CD28− Ts cells in vitro which exert robust allospecific suppressive capacity in vitro. Results CD8+CD28− Ts cells were expanded by stimulating human CD8+ T cells with allogeneic antigen presenting cells in the presence of the common gamma chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 in vitro, and were further verified in vitro through day 7 to 11 for their persistency of the allospecific suppressive capacity. When CD8+CD28− Ts cells were adoptively transferred into NOG mice, their capacity to inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferation in allospecific manner remained potent on 11 days after their injection. The mechanisms for expansion of CD8+CD28− Ts cells by the common gamma chain cytokines were investigated. These included promoting CD8+CD28− T cells proliferation, converting CD8+CD28+ T cells to CD8+CD28− T cells and decreasing CD8+CD28− T cell death. Furthermore, the expanded CD8+CD28− Ts cells showed upregulation of the co-inhibitory molecule Tim-3 and down-regulation of the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B. Conclusions In summary, these results demonstrated that the in vitro-expanded human CD8+CD28− T cells retained potent allospecific suppressive capacity in vivo and depicted multiple mechanisms for the expansion of Ts cells, which might promote further bench to clinic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuming Yu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), No.106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fu Feng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), No.106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), No.106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zedan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), No.106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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29
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Zhou X, Jin N, Wang F, Chen B. Mesenchymal stem cells: a promising way in therapies of graft-versus-host disease. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:114. [PMID: 32280306 PMCID: PMC7137413 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well acknowledged that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective treatment for numerous malignant blood diseases, which has also been applied to autoimmune diseases for more than a decade. Whereas graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) as a common serious complication, seriously affecting the efficacy of transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from a wealth of sources can easily isolate and expand with low immunogenicity. MSCs also have paracrine and immune regulatory functions, leading to a broad application prospect in treatment and tissue engineering. This review focuses on immunoregulatory function of MSCs, factors affecting mesenchymal stem cells to exert immunosuppressive effects, clinical application of MSCs in GVHD and researches on MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). The latest research progress on MSC in related fields is reviewed as well. The relevant literature from PubMed databases is reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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30
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Yin N, Wu C, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Bo L, Xu Y, Shi M, Zhu S, Yang G, Mao C. Protective properties of heme oxygenase-1 expressed in umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells help restore the ovarian function of premature ovarian failure mice through activating the JNK/Bcl-2 signal pathway-regulated autophagy and upregulating the circulating of CD8 +CD28 - T cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32019599 PMCID: PMC7001243 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSCs) transplantation has been widely studied in premature ovarian failure (POF). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aims to investigate the protective properties and mechanisms of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressed in UCMSCs in restoring the ovarian function of POF mice. Methods In in vitro and in vivo experiments, mice were treated with the presence or absence of the HO-1/shHO-1-transfected UCMSCs, and the administration of SP600125 or anisomycin, the inhibitor or activator of JNK. The viability and apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) at different time points of co-cultivation were assessed in vitro. In in vivo experiments, mouse ovarian function was assessed by detecting the serum levels of hormone and observing the ovarian morphological changes. Multiple molecular indices of JNK/Bcl-2 signal pathway were performed. And the autophagy changes in GCs were assessed by detecting the associated cytokines and observing the intracellular autophagosome accumulation. Additionally, the spleen levels of CD8+CD28− T cells and serum levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) were tested to evaluate the immune mechanisms involved. Results UCMSCs transfected with shHO-1 or treated with SP600125 inhibited GCs’ viability and promoted its apoptosis in a time-dependent manner in vitro. In in vivo experiments, mice in both groups showed little therapeutic efficiency which presented as the increased extent of ovarian fibrosis with decreased number of functional follicles, and disordered hormone production. Additionally, the JNK/Bcl-2-associated cytokines were obviously declined. The inhibited autophagy-related cytokines, the chromatin condensation and abound vacuolar autophagosome in GCs, and weakened fluorescence intensity by MDC were observed. The downregulated levels of CD8+CD28− T cells and serum levels of IL-10 were also detected. The damages above can be alleviated with HO-1-MSCs treatment or anisomycin administration. Conclusions HO-1 expressed in UCMSCs is critical in restoring the ovarian function in POF mice with UCMSC transplantation, which is mediated by the activation of JNK/Bcl-2 signal pathway-regulated autophagy and upregulating the circulating of CD8+CD28− T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenting Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Qiu
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Bo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengdie Shi
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songyue Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangzhao Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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31
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García-Chagollán M, Ledezma-Lozano IY, Hernández-Bello J, Sánchez-Hernández PE, Gutiérrez-Ureña SR, Muñoz-Valle JF. Expression patterns of CD28 and CTLA-4 in early, chronic, and untreated rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23188. [PMID: 31907973 PMCID: PMC7246387 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T‐cell activation pathways have been proposed as trigger mechanisms in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CD28 and CTLA‐4 play major roles in regulating the stimulatory and inhibitory co‐signals in T cells. Objective To analyze the association between soluble and surface expression of CD28 and CTLA‐4 with the clinical parameters of RA patients. Methods A total of 35 RA patients classified as early RA (n = 14), chronic RA (n = 14), and untreated RA (n = 7), as well as 7 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects (CS) were included. Surface expression of CD28 and CTLA‐4 on T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Soluble levels of CD28 (sCD28), CTLA‐4 (sCTLA‐4), and anti‐CCP antibodies were measured by ELISA. Results A significant lower percentage of CD8 + T cells positive to CD28 (CS = 64.9% vs RA = 42.7%, P = .04), and diminished surface expression of CD28 (CS: MFI = 122.9 vs RA: MFI = 33.1, P = .006), were found in chronic RA patients compared to CS. Higher sCD28 were observed in early RA patients compared with chronic RA patients (P < .05). sCTLA‐4 was found increased in untreated RA patients compared to early RA patients (P < .05). sCD28 concentration correlated with anti‐CCP levels (rho = −0.12; P = .032). The soluble and surface expressions of CTLA‐4 were not associated with RA clinical parameters. Conclusions In RA, the percentage of CD8 + CD28+ T cells decreases and expresses fewer membrane CD28 than CS. sCD28 levels are lower in chronic RA and are associated negatively with anti‐CCP levels. sCTLA 4 levels are lower in early RA patients than in untreated RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel García-Chagollán
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Iris Yolanda Ledezma-Lozano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | | | | | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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32
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Hu C, Li L. The immunoregulation of mesenchymal stem cells plays a critical role in improving the prognosis of liver transplantation. J Transl Med 2019; 17:412. [PMID: 31823784 PMCID: PMC6905033 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is supplied by a dual blood supply, including the portal venous system and the hepatic arterial system; thus, the liver organ is exposed to multiple gut microbial products, metabolic products, and toxins; is sensitive to extraneous pathogens; and can develop liver failure, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after short-term or long-term injury. Although liver transplantation (LT) serves as the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver diseases, it is not very popular because of the complications and low survival rates. Although the liver is generally termed an immune and tolerogenic organ with adaptive systems consisting of humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, a high rejection rate is still the main complication in patients with LT. Growing evidence has shown that mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation could serve as an effective immunomodulatory strategy to induce tolerance in various immune-related disorders. MSCs are reported to inhibit the immune response from innate immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T (NKT) cells, and that from adaptive immune cells, including T cells, B cells and other liver-specific immune cells, for the generation of a tolerogenic microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the relationship between LT and immunoregulation, and we focused on how to improve the effects of MSC transplantation to improve the prognosis of LT. Only after exhaustive clarification of the potential immunoregulatory mechanisms of MSCs in vitro and in vivo can we implement MSC protocols in routine clinical practice to improve LT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Feng F, Liu G, Feng X, Zhang Z, Xie L, Liu J, Yu Y. Different Effects of Interleukin 21 and Interleukin 15 on In Vitro Expanded CD8+ T Cells Stimulated by Alloantigen. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:3456-3462. [PMID: 31733792 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of IL (interleukin) 21 on CD8+ T cells stimulated by alloantigen in the presence of IL-15 in vitro. METHODS CD8+ T cells sorted with MicroBeads from fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with antigen-presenting cells derived from HLA-A, -B, and -DR full-mismatched individuals for 9 days without any cytokines, in the presence of IL-15, IL-21, and IL-15 combined with IL-21, respectively. The proliferation and phenotypic characteristics of CD28+ and CD28- subsets were measured after 9 days of culture. RESULTS The proliferation of CD8+ T cells can be promoted either by IL-15 alone or in combination with IL-21 compared with IL-21. Cells expanded in the presence of IL-15 are mainly CD8+CD28- T cells, while those expanded in the presence of IL-15 combined with IL-21 are mostly CD8+CD28+ T cells. In the presence of IL-15, most CD8+CD28+ T cells shifted to CD8+CD28- T cells during the process of proliferation, but In the presence of IL-15 combined with IL-21, CD8+CD28+ T cells didn't shift to CD8+CD28- T cells during proliferation, moreover, CD8+CD28- T cells cannot transform in reverse to CD8+CD28+ T cells. IL-21 combined with IL-15 can promote the expression of granzyme B and perforin in CD8+CD28+ and/or CD8+CD28- T cells compared with IL-15 alone. CONCLUSION IL-21 cannot promote the proliferation of CD8+ T cells under allogeneic stimulation unless combined with IL-15. IL-21 prevents the loss of CD28 molecules caused by IL-15 but cannot promote its re-expression in CD28- T cells. CD8+ T cells expanded by IL-21 combined with IL-15 is characterized by cytotoxic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Feng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zedan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiumin Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China.
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Gavin C, Boberg E, Von Bahr L, Bottai M, Andrén AT, Wernerson A, Davies LC, Sugars RV, Le Blanc K. Tissue immune profiles supporting response to mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in acute graft-versus-host disease-a gut feeling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:334. [PMID: 31747938 PMCID: PMC6864966 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, is associated with high mortality rates in patients not responding to standard line care with steroids. Adoptive mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy has been established in some countries as a second-line treatment. Limitations in our understanding as to MSC mode of action and what segregates patient responders from non-responders to MSC therapy remain. The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the immune cell profile in gut biopsies of patients diagnosed with aGvHD and establish differences in baseline cellular composition between responders and non-responders to subsequent MSC therapy. Our findings indicate that a pro-inflammatory immune profile within the gut at the point of MSC treatment may impede their therapeutic potential. These findings support the need for further validation in a larger cohort of patients and the development of improved biomarkers in predicting responsiveness to MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gavin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erik Boberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Center of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Von Bahr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Annika Wernerson
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lindsay C Davies
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rachael V Sugars
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Katarina Le Blanc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Jiang W, Xu J. Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12712. [PMID: 31730279 PMCID: PMC6985662 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be derived from various adult tissues with multipotent and self‐renewal abilities. The characteristics of presenting no major ethical concerns, having low immunogenicity and possessing immune modulation functions make MSCs promising candidates for stem cell therapies. MSCs could promote inflammation when the immune system is underactivated and restrain inflammation when the immune system is overactivated to avoid self‐overattack. These cells express many immune suppressors to switch them from a pro‐inflammatory phenotype to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype, resulting in immune effector cell suppression and immune suppressor cell activation. We would discuss the mechanisms governing the immune modulation function of these cells in this review, especially the immune‐suppressive effects of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Anatomy, Histology & Developmental Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Anatomy, Histology & Developmental Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Immunology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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36
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Flippe L, Bézie S, Anegon I, Guillonneau C. Future prospects for CD8 + regulatory T cells in immune tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:209-224. [PMID: 31593314 PMCID: PMC7027528 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ Tregs have been long described and significant progresses have been made about their phenotype, their functional mechanisms, and their suppressive ability compared to conventional CD4+ Tregs. They are now at the dawn of their clinical use. In this review, we will summarize their phenotypic characteristics, their mechanisms of action, the similarities, differences and synergies between CD8+ and CD4+ Tregs, and we will discuss the biology, development and induction of CD8+ Tregs, their manufacturing for clinical use, considering open questions/uncertainties and future technically accessible improvements notably through genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Flippe
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Bézie
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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Naji A, Eitoku M, Favier B, Deschaseaux F, Rouas-Freiss N, Suganuma N. Biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells and clinical implications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3323-3348. [PMID: 31055643 PMCID: PMC11105258 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are isolated from multiple biological tissues-adult bone marrow and adipose tissues and neonatal tissues such as umbilical cord and placenta. In vitro, MSCs show biological features of extensive proliferation ability and multipotency. Moreover, MSCs have trophic, homing/migration and immunosuppression functions that have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. A number of clinical trials are using MSCs for therapeutic interventions in severe degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease and graft-versus-host disease, alone or in combination with other drugs. MSCs are promising for therapeutic applications given the ease in obtaining them, their genetic stability, their poor immunogenicity and their curative properties for tissue repair and immunomodulation. The success of MSC therapy in degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases might depend on the robustness of the biological functions of MSCs, which should be linked to their therapeutic potency. Here, we outline the fundamental and advanced concepts of MSC biological features and underline the biological functions of MSCs in their basic and translational aspects in therapy for degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Naji
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA, DRF-IBFJ, IDMIT, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Paris-Sud University, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang Occitanie, UMR 5273 CNRS, INSERM U1031, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, DRF-Francois Jacob Institute, Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, IRSL, UMRS 976, Paris, France
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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38
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Zimmerer JM, Ringwald BA, Elzein SM, Avila CL, Warren RT, Abdel-Rasoul M, Bumgardner GL. Antibody-suppressor CD8+ T Cells Require CXCR5. Transplantation 2019; 103:1809-1820. [PMID: 30830040 PMCID: PMC6713619 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the novel activity of alloprimed CD8 T cells that suppress posttransplant alloantibody production. The purpose of the study is to investigate the expression and role of CXCR5 on antibody-suppressor CD8 T-cell function. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with FVB/N hepatocytes. Alloprimed CD8 T cells were retrieved on day 7 from hepatocyte transplant recipients. Unsorted or flow-sorted (CXCR5CXCR3 and CXCR3CXCR5) alloprimed CD8 T-cell subsets were analyzed for in vitro cytotoxicity and capacity to inhibit in vivo alloantibody production following adoptive transfer into C57BL/6 or high alloantibody-producing CD8 knock out (KO) hepatocyte transplant recipients. Alloantibody titer was assessed in CD8 KO mice reconstituted with naive CD8 T cells retrieved from C57BL/6, CXCR5 KO, or CXCR3 KO mice. Antibody suppression by ovalbumin (OVA)-primed monoclonal OVA-specific t-cell receptor transgenic CD8+ T cells (OT-I) CXCR5 or CXCR3 CD8 T-cell subsets was also investigated. RESULTS Alloprimed CXCR5CXCR3CD8 T cells mediated in vitro cytotoxicity of alloprimed "self" B cells, while CXCR3CXCR5CD8 T cells did not. Only flow-sorted alloprimed CXCR5CXCR3CD8 T cells (not flow-sorted alloprimed CXCR3CXCR5CD8 T cells) suppressed alloantibody production and enhanced graft survival when transferred into transplant recipients. Unlike CD8 T cells from wild-type or CXCR3 KO mice, CD8 T cells from CXCR5 KO mice do not develop alloantibody-suppressor function. Similarly, only flow-sorted CXCR5CXCR3 (and not CXCR3CXCR5) OVA-primed OT-I CD8 T cells mediated in vivo suppression of anti-OVA antibody production. CONCLUSIONS These data support the conclusion that expression of CXCR5 by antigen-primed CD8 T cells is critical for the function of antibody-suppressor CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Zimmerer
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Bryce A. Ringwald
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Steven M. Elzein
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Christina L. Avila
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert T. Warren
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Ginny L. Bumgardner
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Cen S, Wang P, Xie Z, Yang R, Li J, Liu Z, Wang S, Wu X, Liu W, Li M, Tang S, Shen H, Wu Y. Autophagy enhances mesenchymal stem cell-mediated CD4 + T cell migration and differentiation through CXCL8 and TGF-β1. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:265. [PMID: 31443687 PMCID: PMC6708254 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been recognized as a promising tool for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. Stress conditions affect immune-mediated treatment and activate autophagy in MSCs. However, whether autophagy affects the MSC-mediated recruitment and differentiation of CD4+ T cells remains elusive. METHODS MSCs were pretreated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and rapamycin to regulate autophagy, and then co-cultured with CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cell migration and differentiation were detected by flow cytometry. Further, gene expression levels of well-known chemokines were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blot analysis were performed to detect C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 protein levels. An exogenous antibody and short hairpin RNA were used to regulate CXCL8 and TGF-β1 levels, which enabled us to evaluate how autophagy affected MSC-mediated CD4+ T cell migration and differentiation. RESULTS 3-MA inhibited autophagy in MSCs, which was activated by rapamycin. Rapamycin increased the migration of CD4+ T cells, whereas 3-MA decreased their migration. Mechanistically, we found that autophagy strengthened CXCL8 secretion, and the addition of exogenous CXCL8 and an anti-CXCL8 antibody eliminated the difference of CD4+ T cell migration among groups. Further, the ratio of regulatory T (Treg) cells was increased in rapamycin-pretreated MSCs, but the ratio of T helper 1 (Th1) cells was decreased, while pretreatment of MSCs with 3-MA induced the opposite effect compared with the control group. TGF-β1 overexpression and knockdown using lentiviruses rectified the differences in the ratios of Treg and Th1 cells among the groups. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that autophagy of mesenchymal stem cells mediates CD4+ T cell migration and differentiation through CXCL8 and TGF-β1, respectively. These results provide a potential new strategy for improving MSC-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuizhong Cen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shen Nan Road, Shenzhen, 518033, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyu Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shen Nan Road, Shenzhen, 518033, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, 253# Industry Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wang
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Su'an Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, 253# Industry Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shen Nan Road, Shenzhen, 518033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107# Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
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Mesenchymal stem cells immunomodulation: The road to IFN-γ licensing and the path ahead. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Although cluster of differentiation (CD)8 regulatory T (Treg) cells have been in the last 20 years more studied since evidences of their role in tolerance as been demonstrated in transplantation, autoimmune diseases and cancer, their characteristics are still controversial. In this review, we will focus on recent advances on CD8 Treg cells and description of a role for CD8 Treg cells in tolerance in both solid organ transplantation and graft-versus-host disease and their potential for clinical trials.
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Shen XH, Xu P, Yu X, Song HF, Chen H, Zhang XG, Wu MY, Wang XF. Discrepant Clinical Significance of CD28 +CD8 - and CD4 +CD25 high Regulatory T Cells During the Progression of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:548-558. [PMID: 30117787 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that CD8+CD28- regulatory T cells increase in chronic viral infection as well as tumorigenesis. However, it is still not clear about their characteristics in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In addition, it is not understood whether this regulatory immune subset is distinct from CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells in the aspect of impact on or relationship to the progression of HBV infection. Hence, we investigated their dynamics and compared their correlations with clinical parameters in the chronic and advanced phases of HBV infection. The data showed that compared with healthy controls, the frequencies of CD28+CD8- and CD4+CD25high T cells increased in both chronic and advanced phases, while there is no significant difference between the two case groups. Interestingly, we found that in chronic phase, the frequency of CD8+CD28- subset was negatively correlated with the levels of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), respectively, and did not present association with HBV DNA load, whereas that of CD4+CD25high T cells was positively correlated with HBV DNA load and the levels of ALT and AST, respectively. Amazingly, in advanced phase, the frequency of CD4+CD25high T cells was negatively correlated with HBV DNA load and the levels of ALT, respectively, while there is no significant correlation between the frequency of CD8+CD28- subset and those clinical parameters. Thereby, our findings demonstrated that CD28+CD8- and CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells might exert distinct effect on modulating antiviral immune responses and mitigate immunomediated liver damage in different phases of HBV infection, which represent potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for HBV-infected patients based on further exploration of detailed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hua Shen
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,2 The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- 2 The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Xi Yu
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,3 Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital , Suzhou, China
| | - Hua-Feng Song
- 2 The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- 2 The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Guang Zhang
- 4 Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,5 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,6 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Ying Wu
- 2 The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,5 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,6 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
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43
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Description of CD8 + Regulatory T Lymphocytes and Their Specific Intervention in Graft-versus-Host and Infectious Diseases, Autoimmunity, and Cancer. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3758713. [PMID: 30155493 PMCID: PMC6098849 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3758713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gershon and Kondo described CD8+ Treg lymphocytes as the first ones with regulating activity due to their tolerance ability to foreign antigens and their capacity to inhibit the proliferation of other lymphocytes. Regardless, CD8+ Treg lymphocytes have not been fully described-unlike CD4+ Treg lymphocytes-because of their low numbers in blood and the lack of specific and accurate population markers. Still, these lymphocytes have been studied for the past 30 years, even after finding difficulties during investigations. As a result, studies have identified markers that define their subpopulations. This review is focused on the expression of cell membrane markers as CD25, CD122, CD103, CTLA-4, CD39, CD73, LAG-3, and FasL as well as soluble molecules such as FoxP3, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-34, and IL-35, in addition to the lack of expression of cell activation markers such as CD28, CD127 CD45RC, and CD49d. This work also underlines the importance of identifying some of these markers in infections with several pathogens, autoimmunity, cancer, and graft-versus-host disease as a strategy in their prevention, monitoring, and cure.
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44
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Zhu Y, Feng X. Genetic contribution to mesenchymal stem cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:149. [PMID: 29793537 PMCID: PMC5968462 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has recently become a promising therapy for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MSCs are a kind of multipotent stem cell than can efficiently modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, yet those from SLE patients themselves fail to maintain the balance of immune cells, which is partly due to the abnormal genetic background. Clarifying genetic factors associated with MSC dysfunction may be helpful to delineate SLE pathogenesis and provide new therapeutic targets. In this review, the scientific evidence on the genetic contribution to MSC dysfunction in SLE is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantong Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuebing Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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45
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Stanniocalcin-2 contributes to mesenchymal stromal cells attenuating murine contact hypersensitivity mainly via reducing CD8 + Tc1 cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:548. [PMID: 29748538 PMCID: PMC5945630 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to ameliorate allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a typical T-cell-mediated disorder. However, the underlying mechanisms behind the MSC-based treatment for ACD have not yet been fully elucidated. The stanniocalcins (STCs) comprise a family of secreted glycoprotein hormones that act as important anti-inflammatory proteins. Here, we investigated the roles of STCs in MSC-mediated T-cell suppression and their potential role in the MSC-based treatment for ACD. Gene expression profiling revealed that STC2, but not STC1, was highly expressed in MSCs. STC2 knockdown in MSCs significantly impaired their effects in reducing TNF-α- and IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. Importantly, silencing the STC2 expression in MSCs abated their therapeutic effect on contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice, mainly restoring the generation and infiltration of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells (Tc1 cells). Mechanistically, STC2 co-localized with heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in MSCs, and contributed to MSC-mediated reduction of CD8+ Tc1 cells via regulating HO-1 activity. Together, these findings newly identify STC2 as the first stanniocalcin responsible for mediating the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs on allogeneic T cells and STC2 contribute to MSC-based treatment for ACD mainly via reducing the CD8+ Tc1 cells.
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46
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Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells reversed the suppressive deficiency of T regulatory cells from peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis in a co-culture - a preliminary study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72537-72545. [PMID: 27705922 PMCID: PMC5341927 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoregulatory function of T regulatory cells (Tregs) is impaired in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have shown that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) exert regulatory effect on the functions of immune cells. Thus, we investigated whether UC-MSCs could improve the impaired function of Tregs from MS patients. Co-cultures of UC-MSCs with PBMCs of MS patients were performed for 3 days. Flow cytometry was used to determine the frequency of Tregs. A cell proliferation assay was used to evaluate the suppressive capacity of Tregs. ELISA was conducted for cytokine analysis in the co-cultures. Our results showed that UC-MSCs significantly increased the frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127low/− Tregs in resting CD4+ T cells (p<0.01) from MS, accompanied by the significantly augmented production of cytokine prostaglandin E2, transforming growth factor (−β1, and interleukin-10, along with a reduced interferon-γ production in these co-cultures (p<0.05 - 0.01). More importantly, UC-MSC-primed Tregs of MS patients significantly inhibited the proliferation of PHA-stimulated autologous and allogeneic CD4+CD25− T effector cells (Teffs) from MS patients and healthy individuals compared to non-UC-MSC-primed (naïve) Tregs from the same MS patients (p<0.01). Furthermore, no remarkable differences in suppressing the proliferation of PHA-stimulated CD4+CD25− Teffs was observed in UC-MSC-primed Tregs from MS patients and naïve Tregs from healthy subjects. The impaired suppressive function of Tregs from MS can be completely reversed in a co-culture by UC-MSC modulation. This report is the first to demonstrate that functional defects of Tregs in MS can be repaired in vitro using a simple UC-MSC priming approach.
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47
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Ibraheim H, Giacomini C, Kassam Z, Dazzi F, Powell N. Advances in mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in the management of Crohn's disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:141-153. [PMID: 29096549 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1393332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of therapy in Crohn's disease (CD) is induction and maintenance of remission, promotion of mucosal healing and restoration of quality of life. Even the best treatment regimes, including combinations of biologics and immunomodulators lack durable efficacy and have well documented side effects. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for novel therapies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a subset of non-hematopoietic stem cells that home to sites of inflammation where they exert potent immunomodulatory effects and contribute to tissue repair. Their utility is being explored in several inflammatory and immune mediated disorders including CD, where they have demonstrated favourable safety, feasibility and efficacy profiles. Areas covered: This review highlights current knowledge on MSC therapy and critically evaluates their safety, efficacy and potential mechanisms of action in CD. Expert commentary: Building on positive early phase clinical trials and a recent phase 3 trial in perianal CD, there is considerable optimism for the possibility of MSCs changing the treatment landscape in complicated CD. Although important questions remain unanswered, including the safety and durability of MSC therapy, optimal adjunctive therapies and their sourcing and manufacturing, it is anticipated that MSCs are likely to enter mainstream treatment algorithms in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajir Ibraheim
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital , London , UK
| | - Chiara Giacomini
- b School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Zain Kassam
- b School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- b School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Nick Powell
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital , London , UK.,b School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences , King's College London , London , UK
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48
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CD8+CD28- T cells: not only age-related cells but a subset of regulatory T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:734-736. [PMID: 29375130 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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49
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Geng L, Liu J, Huang J, Lin B, Yu S, Shen T, Wang Z, Yang Z, Zhou L, Zheng S. A high frequency of CD8 +CD28 - T-suppressor cells contributes to maintaining stable graft function and reducing immunosuppressant dosage after liver transplantation. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:892-899. [PMID: 30008601 PMCID: PMC6036103 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+CD28-T cells (CD8Ts) exert immunosuppressive effects in various autoimmune diseases. The current study was designed to investigate the role of defects in CD8Ts in liver transplantation (LT). The proportion of CD8Ts in peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry. The mean proportion of CD8Ts was 23.39% in recipients with stable graft function and 16.64% in those with graft dysfunction following LT compared with 19.86% in the healthy cohort. After receiving enhanced immunosuppressive therapy, patients in the rejection group who achieved recovery of graft function showed an increase in the proportion of CD8Ts (from 17.39% to 25.55%), but those in the group with refractory graft dysfunction showed no significant change (12.49% to 10.30%). Furthermore, in the first year after LT, recipients longer removed in time from the LT date exhibited a higher proportion of CD8Ts. Patients benefited most from tacrolimus concentrations of 5-10 ng/ml in the first year after LT and 0-5 ng/ml thereafter. Moreover, the change in the proportion of CD8Ts (ΔCD8Ts) was significantly higher in recipients with stable graft function than in those with graft dysfunction. These results suggest that a high frequency of CD8Ts prevents rejection and contributes to reduce immunosuppressant dosage and even induces tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Geng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Bingyi Lin
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Songfeng Yu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tian Shen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhuoyi Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shuseng Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Division of Liver Transplantation, Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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50
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Contreras-Kallens P, Terraza C, Oyarce K, Gajardo T, Campos-Mora M, Barroilhet MT, Álvarez C, Fuentes R, Figueroa F, Khoury M, Pino-Lagos K. Mesenchymal stem cells and their immunosuppressive role in transplantation tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1417:35-56. [PMID: 28700815 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since they were first described, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to have important effector mechanisms and the potential for use in cell therapy. A great deal of research has been focused on unveiling how MSCs contribute to anti-inflammatory responses, including describing several cell populations involved and identifying soluble and other effector molecules. In this review, we discuss some of the contemporary evidence for use of MSCs in the field of immune tolerance, with a special emphasis on transplantation. Although considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the biological function of MSCs, additional resources are required to clarify the mechanisms of their induction of immune tolerance, which will undoubtedly lead to improved clinical outcomes for MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamina Contreras-Kallens
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Terraza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Gajardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Campos-Mora
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Teresa Barroilhet
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Figueroa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Pino-Lagos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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