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Malik JA, Zafar MA, Lamba T, Nanda S, Khan MA, Agrewala JN. The impact of aging-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis on dendritic cells and lung diseases. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2290643. [PMID: 38087439 PMCID: PMC10718154 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2290643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable natural process that impacts every individual, and understanding its effect on the gut microbiome and dendritic cell (DC) functionality in elderly subjects is crucial. DCs are vital antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that orchestrate the immune response, maintaining immune tolerance to self-antigens and bridging innate and adaptive immunity. With aging, there is a shift toward nonspecific innate immunity, resulting in a decline in adaptive immune responses. This alteration raises significant concerns about managing the health of an elderly population. However, the precise impact of aging and microbiome changes on DC function and their implications in lung-associated diseases remain relatively understudied. To illuminate this subject, we will discuss recent advancements in understanding the connections between aging, gut dysbiosis, DCs, and lung diseases. Emphasizing the key concepts linking age-related gut microbiome changes and DC functions, we will focus on their relevance to overall health and immune response in elderly individuals. This article aims to improve our understanding of the intricate relationship between aging, gut microbiome, and DCs, potentially benefiting the management of age-associated diseases and promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Adeel Zafar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Taruna Lamba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sidhanta Nanda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Affan Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Javed Naim Agrewala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
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2
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Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wang J. 25-hydroxycholesterol: an integrator of antiviral ability and signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268104. [PMID: 37781400 PMCID: PMC10533924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, as an important component in mammalian cells, is efficient for viral entry, replication, and assembly. Oxysterols especially hydroxylated cholesterols are recognized as novel regulators of the innate immune response. The antiviral ability of 25HC (25-Hydroxycholesterol) is uncovered due to its role as a metabolic product of the interferon-stimulated gene CH25H (cholesterol-25-hydroxylase). With the advancement of research, the biological functions of 25HC and its structural functions have been interpreted gradually. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of antiviral effect of 25HC are not only limited to interferon regulation. Taken up by the special biosynthetic ways and structure, 25HC contributes to modulate not only the cholesterol metabolism but also autophagy and inflammation by regulating signaling pathways. The outcome of modulation by 25HC seems to be largely dependent on the cell types, viruses and context of cell microenvironments. In this paper, we review the recent proceedings on the regulatory effect of 25HC on interferon-independent signaling pathways related to its antiviral capacity and its putative underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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3
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Celik C, Lee SYT, Yap WS, Thibault G. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipids in health and diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101198. [PMID: 36379317 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex and dynamic organelle that regulates many cellular pathways, including protein synthesis, protein quality control, and lipid synthesis. When one or multiple ER roles are dysregulated and saturated, the ER enters a stress state, which, in turn, activates the highly conserved unfolded protein response (UPR). By sensing the accumulation of unfolded proteins or lipid bilayer stress (LBS) at the ER, the UPR triggers pathways to restore ER homeostasis and eventually induces apoptosis if the stress remains unresolved. In recent years, it has emerged that the UPR works intimately with other cellular pathways to maintain lipid homeostasis at the ER, and so does at cellular levels. Lipid distribution, along with lipid anabolism and catabolism, are tightly regulated, in part, by the ER. Dysfunctional and overwhelmed lipid-related pathways, independently or in combination with ER stress, can have reciprocal effects on other cellular functions, contributing to the development of diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the UPR in response to proteotoxic stress and LBS and the breadth of the functions mitigated by the UPR in different tissues and in the context of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenk Celik
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Wei Sheng Yap
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.
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4
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Schmidt NM, Wing PAC, Diniz MO, Pallett LJ, Swadling L, Harris JM, Burton AR, Jeffery-Smith A, Zakeri N, Amin OE, Kucykowicz S, Heemskerk MH, Davidson B, Meyer T, Grove J, Stauss HJ, Pineda-Torra I, Jolly C, Jury EC, McKeating JA, Maini MK. Targeting human Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase as a dual viral and T cell metabolic checkpoint. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2814. [PMID: 33990561 PMCID: PMC8121939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining divergent metabolic requirements of T cells, and the viruses and tumours they fail to combat, could provide new therapeutic checkpoints. Inhibition of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) has direct anti-carcinogenic activity. Here, we show that ACAT inhibition has antiviral activity against hepatitis B (HBV), as well as boosting protective anti-HBV and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) T cells. ACAT inhibition reduces CD8+ T cell neutral lipid droplets and promotes lipid microdomains, enhancing TCR signalling and TCR-independent bioenergetics. Dysfunctional HBV- and HCC-specific T cells are rescued by ACAT inhibitors directly ex vivo from human liver and tumour tissue respectively, including tissue-resident responses. ACAT inhibition enhances in vitro responsiveness of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells to PD-1 blockade and increases the functional avidity of TCR-gene-modified T cells. Finally, ACAT regulates HBV particle genesis in vitro, with inhibitors reducing both virions and subviral particles. Thus, ACAT inhibition provides a paradigm of a metabolic checkpoint able to constrain tumours and viruses but rescue exhausted T cells, rendering it an attractive therapeutic target for the functional cure of HBV and HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - James M Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Jeffery-Smith
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nekisa Zakeri
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mirjam H Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Davidson
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joe Grove
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hans J Stauss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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Yin X, Zeng W, Wu B, Wang L, Wang Z, Tian H, Wang L, Jiang Y, Clay R, Wei X, Qin Y, Zhang F, Zhang C, Jin L, Liang W. PPARα Inhibition Overcomes Tumor-Derived Exosomal Lipid-Induced Dendritic Cell Dysfunction. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108278. [PMID: 33086073 PMCID: PMC7771208 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate the initiation, programming, and regulation of anti-tumor immune responses. Emerging evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment (TME) induces immune dysfunctional tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs), characterized with both increased intracellular lipid content and mitochondrial respiration. The underlying mechanism, however, remains largely unclear. Here, we report that fatty acid-carrying tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) induce immune dysfunctional DCs to promote immune evasion. Mechanistically, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α responds to the fatty acids delivered by TDEs, resulting in excess lipid droplet biogenesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO), culminating in a metabolic shift toward mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which drives DC immune dysfunction. Genetic depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of PPARα effectively attenuates TDE-induced DC-based immune dysfunction and enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy. This work uncovers a role for TDE-mediated immune modulation in DCs and reveals that PPARα lies at the center of metabolic-immune regulation of DCs, suggesting a potential immunotherapeutic target. Yin et al. reveal that tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs), as fatty acid carriers, induce a metabolic shift toward oxidative phosphorylation, driving DC immune dysfunction. Transcriptomic analysis identifies PPARα as the fatty acid sensor mediating the immunosuppressive effects of TDEs on DCs. PPARα blockade effectively restores DC function and enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Yin
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Wenfeng Zeng
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China.
| | - Bowen Wu
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China; Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Luoyang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Hongjian Tian
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Yunhan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-3033, USA
| | - Ryan Clay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-3033, USA
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fayun Zhang
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingtao Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-3033, USA.
| | - Wei Liang
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China.
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Metcalf MG, Higuchi-Sanabria R, Garcia G, Tsui CK, Dillin A. Beyond the cell factory: Homeostatic regulation of and by the UPR ER. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb9614. [PMID: 32832649 PMCID: PMC7439504 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is commonly referred to as the factory of the cell, as it is responsible for a large amount of protein and lipid synthesis. As a membrane-bound organelle, the ER has a distinct environment that is ideal for its functions in synthesizing these primary cellular components. Many different quality control machineries exist to maintain ER stability under the stresses associated with synthesizing, folding, and modifying complex proteins and lipids. The best understood of these mechanisms is the unfolded protein response of the ER (UPRER), in which transmembrane proteins serve as sensors, which trigger a coordinated transcriptional response of genes dedicated for mitigating the stress. As the name suggests, the UPRER is most well described as a functional response to protein misfolding stress. Here, we focus on recent findings and emerging themes in additional roles of the UPRER outside of protein homeostasis, including lipid homeostasis, autophagy, apoptosis, and immunity.
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Flacher V, Neuberg P, Point F, Daubeuf F, Muller Q, Sigwalt D, Fauny JD, Remy JS, Frossard N, Wagner A, Mueller CG, Schaeffer E. Mannoside Glycolipid Conjugates Display Anti-inflammatory Activity by Inhibition of Toll-like Receptor-4 Mediated Cell Activation. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2697-705. [PMID: 26389521 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of excessive Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling is a therapeutic approach pursued for many inflammatory diseases. We report that Mannoside Glycolipid Conjugates (MGCs) selectively blocked TLR4-mediated activation of human monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). They potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and maturation of DCs exposed to LPS, leading to impaired T cell stimulation. MGCs did not interfere with LPS and could act in a delayed manner, hours after LPS stimulation. Their inhibitory action required both the sugar heads and the lipid chain, although the nature of the sugar and the structure of the lipid tail could be modified. They blocked early signaling events at the cell membrane, enhanced internalization of CD14 receptors, and prevented colocalization of CD14 and TLR4, thereby abolishing NF-κB nuclear translocation. When the best lead conjugate was tested in a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung inflammation, it displayed an anti-inflammatory action by suppressing the recruitment of neutrophils. Thus, MGCs could serve as promising leads for the development of selective TLR4 antagonistic agents for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Floriane Point
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Daubeuf
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Innovation, CNRS-University of Strasbourg UMR 7200/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Quentin Muller
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jean-Daniel Fauny
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Innovation, CNRS-University of Strasbourg UMR 7200/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | | | - Christopher G Mueller
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Evelyne Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Lecoeur H, Giraud E, Prévost MC, Milon G, Lang T. Reprogramming neutral lipid metabolism in mouse dendritic leucocytes hosting live Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2276. [PMID: 23785538 PMCID: PMC3681733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After loading with live Leishmania (L) amazonensis amastigotes, mouse myeloid dendritic leucocytes/DLs are known to undergo reprogramming of their immune functions. In the study reported here, we investigated whether the presence of live L. amazonensis amastigotes in mouse bone marrow-derived DLs is able to trigger re-programming of DL lipid, and particularly neutral lipid metabolism. Methodology/Principal Findings Affymetrix-based transcriptional profiles were determined in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse bone marrow-derived DLs that had been sorted from cultures exposed or not to live L. amazonensis amastigotes. This showed that live amastigote-hosting DLs exhibited a coordinated increase in: (i) long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and cholesterol uptake/transport, (ii) LCFA and cholesterol (re)-esterification to triacyl-sn-glycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters (CE), respectively. As these neutral lipids are known to make up the lipid body (LB) core, oleic acid was added to DL cultures and LB accumulation was compared in live amastigote-hosting versus amastigote-free DLs by epi-fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. This showed that LBs were both significantly larger and more numerous in live amastigote-hosting mouse dendritic leucocytes. Moreover, many of the larger LB showed intimate contact with the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuoles hosting the live L. amazonensis amastigotes. Conclusions/Significance As leucocyte LBs are known to be more than simple neutral lipid repositories, we set about addressing two related questions. Could LBs provide lipids to live amastigotes hosted within the DL parasitophorous vacuole and also deliver? Could LBs impact either directly or indirectly on the persistence of L. amazonensis amastigotes in rodent skin? Once they have gained entry to mammals, live Leishmania (L) amazonensis amastigotes are known to subvert both macrophages and dendritic leucocytes (DLs) as host cells. These L. amazonensis amastigotes then may or may not proliferate in these two phagocytic leucocyte lineages, but in both cases the otherwise versatile differentiation program of these lineages is known to be rapidly remodeled. Here, we describe the rapid reprogramming of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse bone marrow-derived DLs, with a special focus on cytosolic lipid bodies (LBs) that are known to store neutral lipids such as triacyl-sn-glycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters (CE). After extracting RNA from carefully sorted amastigote-free DLs and L. amazonensis amastigote-hosting DLs, an Affymetrix-based analysis clearly showed a singular and coordinated increase in DL transcripts involved in (i) long-chain fatty acid uptake, transport and esterification to TAG and (ii) cholesterol uptake and esterification to cholesteryl esters. Oleic acid was added to check that neutral lipid metabolism was both rapidly increased and reprogrammed in amastigote-hosting DLs. It should be noted that the LBs in live amastigote-hosting DLs were more numerous, and that the largest of these LBs were in contact with live amastigote- hosting parasitophorous vacuoles. We further discuss these findings in the context of live L. amazonensis amastigote-rodent host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lecoeur
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (TL)
| | - Emilie Giraud
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Prévost
- Institut Pasteur, Département Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Plateforme de Microscopie Ultrastructurale, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Milon
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (TL)
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