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Veh J, Ludwig C, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B. Regulatory B Cells-Immunopathological and Prognostic Potential in Humans. Cells 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38391970 PMCID: PMC10886933 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the following review is to shed light on the putative role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in various human diseases and highlight their potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance in humans. Regulatory B cells are a heterogeneous group of B lymphocytes capable of suppressing inflammatory immune reactions. In this way, Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance and immune homeostasis by limiting ongoing immune reactions temporally and spatially. Bregs play an important role in attenuating pathological inflammatory reactions that can be associated with transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases and allergies but also with infectious, neoplastic and metabolic diseases. Early studies of Bregs identified IL-10 as an important functional molecule, so the IL-10-secreting murine B10 cell is still considered a prototype Breg, and IL-10 has long been central to the search for human Breg equivalents. However, over the past two decades, other molecules that may contribute to the immunosuppressive function of Bregs have been discovered, some of which are only present in human Bregs. This expanded arsenal includes several anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-35 and TGF-β, but also enzymes such as CD39/CD73, granzyme B and IDO as well as cell surface proteins including PD-L1, CD1d and CD25. In summary, the present review illustrates in a concise and comprehensive manner that although human Bregs share common functional immunosuppressive features leading to a prominent role in various human immunpathologies, they are composed of a pool of different B cell types with rather heterogeneous phenotypic and transcriptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Veh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Onofrio LI, Marin C, Dutto J, Brugo MB, Baigorri RE, Bossio SN, Quiróz JN, Almada L, Ruiz Moreno F, Olivera C, Silvera-Ruiz SM, Ponce NE, Icely PA, Amezcua Vesely MC, Fozzatti L, Rodríguez-Galán MC, Stempin CC, Cervi L, Maletto BA, Acosta Rodríguez EV, Bertone M, Abiega CD, Escudero D, Kahn A, Caeiro JP, Maccioni M, Motrán CC, Gruppi A, Sotomayor CE, Chiapello LS, Montes CL. COVID-19 patients display changes in lymphocyte subsets with a higher frequency of dysfunctional CD8lo T cells associated with disease severity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223730. [PMID: 37809093 PMCID: PMC10552777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This work examines cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in patients from Córdoba, Argentina, during two major waves characterized by different circulating viral variants and different social behavior. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the main lymphocyte populations of peripheral blood from hospitalized patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 disease. Our results show disturbances in the cellular immune compartment, as previously reported in different cohorts worldwide. We observed an increased frequency of B cells and a significant decrease in the frequency of CD3+ T cells in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy donors (HD). We also found a reduction in Tregs, which was more pronounced in severe patients. During the first wave, the frequency of GZMB, CD107a, CD39, and PD-1-expressing conventional CD4+ T (T conv) cells was significantly higher in moderate and severe patients than in HD. During the second wave, only the GZMB+ T conv cells of moderate and severe patients increased significantly. In addition, these patients showed a decreased frequency in IL-2-producing T conv cells. Interestingly, we identified two subsets of circulating CD8+ T cells with low and high CD8 surface expression in both HD and COVID-19 patients. While the percentages of CD8hi and CD8lo T cells within the CD8+ population in HD are similar, a significant increase was observed in CD8lo T cell frequency in COVID-19 patients. CD8lo T cell populations from HD as well as from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients exhibited lower frequencies of the effector cytokine-producing cells, TNF, IL-2, and IFN-γ, than CD8hi T cells. Interestingly, the frequency of CD8lo T cells increased with disease severity, suggesting that this parameter could be a potential marker for disease progression. Indeed, the CD8hi/CD8lo index helped to significantly improve the patient's clinical stratification and disease outcome prediction. Our data support the addition of, at least, a CD8hi/CD8lo index into the panel of biomarkers commonly used in clinical labs, since its determination may be a useful tool with impact on the therapeutic management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisina Ines Onofrio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeremías Dutto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Belén Brugo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruth Eliana Baigorri
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Noemi Bossio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Nahuel Quiróz
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Almada
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico Ruiz Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Olivera
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silene M. Silvera-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Eric Ponce
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Alejandra Icely
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Amezcua Vesely
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Fozzatti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Rodríguez-Galán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cinthia Carolina Stempin
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys Angélica Maletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva Virginia Acosta Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bertone
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudio Daniel Abiega
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daiana Escudero
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrián Kahn
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Caeiro
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Maccioni
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Cristina Motrán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Elena Sotomayor
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Silvina Chiapello
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Lucia Montes
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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The pathophysiologic significance of lymphocyte subset determination in children with infectious mononucleosis, mycoplasma pneumonia and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:698. [PMID: 36471313 PMCID: PMC9724287 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore lymphocyte subset determinations as an aid to understanding the pathophysiology of infectious mononucleosis (IM), pneumonia due to mycoplasma infection (P-MI) and Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. METHODS The peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of 45 children with IM, 20 children with P-MI, and 31 children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), who were treated in the pediatrics department of our hospital from April 2019 to February 2020, were determined by flow cytometry, and the number and percentage of lymphocyte subsets with CD3+, CD3 + CD4+, CD3 + CD8+, CD3 + CD4+/CD3 + CD8+, CD3-CD16 + CD56+, and CD3-CD19 + cells were observed, and the results were compared and analyzed. RESULTS (1) The percentages of CD3+, CD3 + CD8 + lymphocyte subsets in children in IM group were significantly higher than those in children with P-MI and HSP, and the percentages of CD3-CD19 + lymphocyte subsets in children in IM group were significantly lower than those in children with P-MI and HSP. The percentages of CD3 + CD4 + lymphocyte subsets in children in the three groups were the lowest in children with IM, and the highest in children with P-MI.The differences in the percentages of CD3+, CD3 + CD4+, CD + CD8+, and CD3-CD19 + lymphocyte subsets among the IM, P-MI, and HSP groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01). (2) The results of CD3 + CD4+/CD3 + CD8 + in the three groups were the lowest in children with IM and the highest in children with P-MI. There was a significant difference among the three groups (P < 0.01); The ages of the children with IM and P-MI were lower than that of the children with HSP (p < 0.01), while there was no difference in the ages of the children with IM and P-MI (p > 0.05). (3) The difference in the percentage of CD3-CD16 + CD56 + lymphocyte subsets among the three groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The determination of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets is of significance for understanding the pathophysiology of IM, mycoplasma pneumonia, and HSP in children.
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Cai J, Zhang B, Li Y, Zhu W, Akihisa T, Li W, Kikuchi T, Liu W, Feng F, Zhang J. Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111290. [PMID: 34835222 PMCID: PMC8623587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Bodou Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Yuqi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Wanfang Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (W.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (W.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
- Correspondence:
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Chesneau M, Le Mai H, Brouard S. New Method for the Expansion of Highly Purified Human Regulatory Granzyme B-Expressing B Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2270:203-216. [PMID: 33479900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GZMB)-expressing B cells inhibit CD4+ T-lymphocyte proliferation in a contact- and GZMB-dependent manner, through degradation of TCR zeta or induction of T-cell apoptosis. This regulatory B-cell population is present in human healthy individuals and represents about 1% of circulating B cells. Their small proportion requires the development of expansion methods to enable their study and envision clinical applications. We describe here how to expand GZMB-expressing B cells to obtain more than 90% of highly purified GZMB+ B cells, and the protocol of B/T cells coculture for the evaluation of the suppressive function of the GZMB+ B-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chesneau
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,Labex IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Hoa Le Mai
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,Labex IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France. .,Labex IGO, Nantes, France. .,Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie, Centre de ressources biologiques (CRB), Nantes, France.
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Barber-Axthelm IM, Barber-Axthelm V, Sze KY, Zhen A, Suryawanshi GW, Chen IS, Zack JA, Kitchen SG, Kiem HP, Peterson CW. Stem cell-derived CAR T cells traffic to HIV reservoirs in macaques. JCI Insight 2021; 6:141502. [PMID: 33427210 PMCID: PMC7821595 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with CCR5– donor cells is the only treatment known to cure HIV-1 in patients with underlying malignancy. This is likely due to a donor cell–mediated graft-versus-host effect targeting HIV reservoirs. Allo-HSCT would not be an acceptable therapy for most people living with HIV due to the transplant-related side effects. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapies specifically traffic to malignant lymphoid tissues (lymphomas) and, in some settings, are able to replace allo-HSCT. Here, we quantified the engraftment of HSC-derived, virus-directed CAR T cells within HIV reservoirs in a macaque model of HIV infection, using potentially novel IHC assays. HSC-derived CAR cells trafficked to and displayed multilineage engraftment within tissue-associated viral reservoirs, persisting for nearly 2 years in lymphoid germinal centers, the brain, and the gastrointestinal tract. Our findings demonstrate that HSC-derived CAR+ cells reside long-term and proliferate in numerous tissues relevant for HIV infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Barber-Axthelm
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerie Barber-Axthelm
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kai Yin Sze
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gajendra W Suryawanshi
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irvin Sy Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerome A Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher W Peterson
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine and
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7
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Memory CD73+IgM+ B cells protect against Plasmodium yoelii infection and express Granzyme B. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238493. [PMID: 32886698 PMCID: PMC7473529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand anti-malaria protective immune responses, we examined the cellular mechanisms that govern protective immunity in a murine Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (PyNL) re-infection model. Initially, we confirmed that immune B cells generated during a primary PyNL infection were largely responsible for protection from a second PyNL infection. Using the previously identified memory B cell markers CD80, PD-L2, and CD73, we found an increase in the frequency of CD80-PD-L2-CD73+ B cells up to 55 days after a primary PyNL infection and at 4-6 days following a second PyNL infection. Moreover, injection of enriched immune CD19+CD73+ B cells into nonimmune mice were significantly more protective against a PyNL infection than CD73- B cells. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of these CD73+ B cells also expressed IgM and granzyme B, a biomolecule that has been increasingly associated with protective responses against malaria.
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Arabpour M, Rasolmali R, Talei AR, Mehdipour F, Ghaderi A. Granzyme B production by activated B cells derived from breast cancer-draining lymph nodes. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:172-178. [PMID: 31357083 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes with regulatory or effector functions synthesize granzyme B (GZMB). We investigated the frequency and phenotype of GZMB-producing B cells in breast tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). Mononuclear cells were isolated from 48 axillary lymph nodes and were stimulated with anti-BCR (B cell receptor), recombinant interleukin (IL)-21 and CD40 L alone or in combination. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression of GZMB in B cells, and in 4 samples the phenotype of GZMB+ B cells was determined. B cells produced GZMB only when stimulated with a combination of IL-21 and anti-BCR for at least 16 h. Adding CD40 L to IL-21 and anti-BCR stimuli resulted in lower GZMB production in B cells. A small fraction of B cells was able to produce perforin in all stimulation conditions, and the majority of GZMB+ B cells were perforin-negative. Both naïve (CD24lowCD27-) and active/memory (CD24hiCD27+) B cells expressed GZMB. In patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, the frequency of GZMB+ B cells was significantly lower in metastatic compared to non-metastatic lymph nodes. The frequency of GZMB+ B cells did not significantly correlate with prognostic factors such as stage, tumor size or Her2 expression. In summary, a subpopulation of both naïve and memory B cells expressed GZMB in breast TDLNs. Our findings underscore the need to investigate the function of GZMB+ B cells in breast tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Arabpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Rasolmali
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Central Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdoul-Rasoul Talei
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehdipour
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Multiplex ImmunoSpot ® Assays for the Study of Functional B Cell Subpopulations. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29956175 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8567-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
B cells mediate humoral immunity by producing antibody molecules, but they also participate in innate and acquired immune functions via the secretion of effector molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and granzyme. B cell subpopulations releasing such effector molecules have been implicated in immunobiology and a number of diseases.Unlike antigen-specific T cells that can be identified by multimer staining, and then counter-stained to define T cell subpopulations, antigen-specific B cells cannot be detected by flow cytometry. Staining antigen-specific B cells with labeled antigen, in large, has been unsuccessful. Instead, antigen-specific B cells can be and are commonly studied by ELISPOT. In the ELISPOT approach, the B cell is identified via the antibody that it secretes being captured on a membrane by the antigen itself. Should it be feasible to measure simultaneously antibody production and the secretion of other secretory B cell products, it would then be possible to identify B cell subpopulations that co-express effector molecules. Here we introduce multiplex ELISPOT assays in which measurements of antibody secretion are combined with the detection of Granzyme B, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Such multiplex assays will help define effector B cell subpopulations, as well as the understanding of their role in health and disease.
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Engelberg R, Martin M, Wrotniak BH, Hicar MD. Observational study of Interleukin-21 (IL-21) does not distinguish Kawasaki disease from other causes of fever in children. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2017; 15:32. [PMID: 28427414 PMCID: PMC5397673 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-017-0163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is a febrile childhood vasculitis of unknown etiology. The diagnosis is highly concerning as over a quarter of children who fail to receive timely treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) will develop coronary aneurysms. Diagnosis relies on proper symptomatology and is supported by non-specific markers of inflammation. Previous studies have identified elevated plasma levels of interleukin-21 (IL-21) as a sensitive and specific biomarker in KD. The aim of this study is to assess the validity of IL-21 as a diagnostic biomarker for KD in febrile children in North America. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from children who presented to an urban Emergency Department in North America. IL-21 levels were measured using commercial ELISA kits in 12 KD versus 60 controls subjects. RESULTS Our study shows that IL-21 levels were non-specifically elevated across all febrile children, irrespective of KD diagnosis. Length of fever prior to sample collection does not correlate with IL-21 levels. Other inflammatory markers and laboratory values were also compared to IL-21 and show no significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS Since IL-21 is elevated non-specifically in this cohort, our data supports that IL-21 is not an appropriate biomarker for diagnosis of KD in North American pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Engelberg
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Meghan Martin
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Brian H. Wrotniak
- 0000 0004 1936 9887grid.273335.3Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Mark Daniel Hicar
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Dasari V, Bhatt KH, Smith C, Khanna R. Designing an effective vaccine to prevent Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:377-390. [PMID: 28276306 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1293529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus associated with a number of clinical manifestations. Primary EBV infection in young adolescents often manifests as acute infectious mononucleosis and latent infection is associated with multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers and autoimmune disorders, particularly multiple sclerosis. Areas covered: Over the last decade, our understanding of pathogenesis and immune regulation of EBV-associated diseases has provided an important platform for the development of novel vaccine formulations. In this review, we discuss developmental strategies for prophylactic and therapeutic EBV vaccines which have been assessed in preclinical and clinical settings. Expert commentary: Major roadblocks in EBV vaccine development include no precise understanding of the clinical correlates of protection, uncertainty about adjuvant selection and the unavailability of appropriate animal models. Recent development of new EBV vaccine formulations provides exciting opportunities for the formal clinical assessment of novel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Dasari
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Kunal H Bhatt
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
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Tabanelli V, Santiago-Pacheco V, Corbellino M, Calleri A, Agostinelli C, Parravicini C, Pileri SA. Cytotoxic Epstein-Barr virus-positive large B cell lymphoma: a regulatory B cell-derived neoplasia? Histopathology 2016; 70:650-656. [PMID: 27782313 DOI: 10.1111/his.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A new subtype of granzyme B (GrB)-producing regulatory B cells (Bregs ) has been described recently; these peculiar cytotoxic B cells are increased significantly in interleukin (IL)-21-rich settings, and in particular during HIV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Our aim is to report a unique case of an EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with cytotoxic features arisen in an HIV+ patient, and to understand if this lesion may represent a proliferation of neoplastic cytotoxic Bregs . METHODS AND RESULTS We describe a 66-year-old male patient who presented with cervical lymph node enlargement and B symptoms; subsequently, HIV infection was diagnosed. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular studies were performed, and revealed an EBV-positive DLBCL with cytotoxic features. Considering the immunological setting and unconventional phenotype observed, we tried to evaluate further the expression of GrB and IL-21 in another 150 aggressive B cell lymphomas (17 of 150 EBV+ , two of 150 EBV+ /HIV+ ). Minimal dot-like expression of GrB was found in seven lymphomas (in fewer than 1% of tumour cells), three of which were EBV-positive. CONCLUSIONS Breg origin has never been reported in B cell lymphomas. We describe an exceptional case of EBV-positive DLBCL with aberrant expression of cytotoxic markers in a patient with a previously unknown HIV infection. We propose cytotoxic Bregs as a possible normal counterpart for this unusual tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Corbellino
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Calleri
- Unit of Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Parravicini
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano A Pileri
- Unit of Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
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Kotb A, Klippert A, Daskalaki M, Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Neumann B. Elevated granzyme B + B-cell level in SIV-infection correlate with viral load and low CD4 T-cell count. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:316-320. [PMID: 27779180 PMCID: PMC5364320 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme B-expressing (GrB+) B cells are thought to contribute to immune dysfunctions in HIV patients, but so far their exact role is unknown. This report demonstrates for the first time the existence of GrB+ B cells in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, which represent the most commonly used nonhuman primate model for HIV research. Similar to HIV patients, we found significantly higher frequencies of these cells in the blood of chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys compared with uninfected healthy ones. These frequencies correlated with plasma viral load and inversely with absolute CD4 T-cell counts. When investigating GrB+ B cells in different compartments, levels were highest in blood, spleen and bone marrow, but considerably lower in lymph nodes and tonsils. Analysis of expression of various surface markers on this particular B-cell subset in SIV-infected macaques revealed differences between the phenotype in macaques and in humans. GrB+ B cells in SIV-infected rhesus macaques exhibit an elevated expression of CD5, CD10, CD25 and CD27, while expression of CD19, CD185 and HLA-DR is reduced. In contrast to human GrB+ B cells, we did not observe a significantly increased expression of CD43 and CD86. B-cell receptor stimulation in combination with IL-21 of purified B cells from healthy animals led to the induction of GrB expression. Furthermore, initial functional analyses indicated a regulatory role on T-cell proliferation. Overall, our data pave the way for longitudinal analyses including studies on the functionality of GrB+ B cells in the nonhuman primate model for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kotb
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Virology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Antonina Klippert
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Daskalaki
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Berit Neumann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
Over the last century, the development of effective vaccine approaches to treat a number of viral infections has provided the impetus for the continual development of vaccine platforms for other viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The clinical manifestations associated with EBV infection occur either following primary infection, such as infectious mononucleosis, or following an extended period of latency, primarily the EBV-associated malignancies and potentially including a number of autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. As a consequence, two independent vaccine approaches are under development to prevent or control EBV-associated diseases. The first approach, which has been widely successful against other viral infections, is aimed at inducing a viral neutralisation antibody response to prevent primary infection. The second approach focuses upon the induction of cell-mediated immunity to control latent infected cells in persistently infected individuals. Early clinical studies have offered some insight into the potential efficacy of both of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia. .,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, 4006, Australia.
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