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Ashfaq F, Aljaadi AM, Salaka AS, Noorwali EA, Khatoon F, Khan MI. Comparison of TCN-2 (776C>G) Gene Polymorphism and Vitamin B12 Status with Different Body Mass Index among Saudi Adults. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051185. [PMID: 37240829 DOI: 10.3390/life13051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity (OO) are significant public health issues, and many elements, including genetics, epigenetics, sedentary lifestyle, comorbid conditions, psychological and environmental pressures, have been linked to OO. More than 2 billion people are presently impacted by the global obesity epidemic, which is still advancing relentlessly. It is a significant public health concern and a major contributor to healthcare costs, because it increases the chance of developing conditions such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Using the ranges of 18.5-25 for normality, 25-30 for overweight, and 30 for obesity, BMI (in kg/m2) is used to identify obesity. Vitamin deficiency is one of the causative factors associated with the increasing trend of obesity. Altered vitamin B12 status is a multifactorial trait; changes in B12 status are produced by several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various genes that interact with the environment. They also support coordinated efforts to alter the built environment that is causing the obesity pandemic. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the TCN-2 (776C>G) gene alteration and vitamin B12 levels with respect to different body mass index, as well as associating BMI with other biochemical parameters. METHODS 250 individuals were involved in the study; among them, 100 were in the healthy weight range category (BMI: 18.5 to <25 kg/m2), 100 were overweight (BMI: 25.0 to <30 kg/m2), and 50 were obese (BMI: >30 kg/m2). Participants visited during the screening program were subjected to blood pressure measurement, and further peripheral blood samples were drawn from all the participants in plain as well as in EDTA vials for biochemical (lipid profile and vitamin B12 level) analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism studies. Extracted DNA from whole blood collected in EDTA vials using kit protocol was used for genotyping by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS The levels of systolic (p < 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.0001), HDL (p < 0.0001), LDL (p = 0.04), TG (p < 0.0001), cholesterol (p < 0.0001), and VLDL (p < 0.0001) showed significant differences between healthy controls, overweight, and obese groups. The healthy control TCN-2 (776C>G) genotypes were compared with those of overweight and obese participants, and compared to the healthy controls it was observed that overweight (p = 0.01) and obese (p = 0.002) subjects had significant differences in TCN-2 (776C>G) genotypes. For genotypes CG and GG, the odds ratio was 1.61 (0.87-2.95; p = 0.12), and 3.81 (1.47-9.88; p = 0.005) for overweight participants, respectively, and obese participants' calculated odds ratios were 2.49 (1.16-5.36; p = 0.01) and 5.79 (1.93-17.35; p = 0.001), respectively. The relative risk for genotypes CG and GG, was 1.25 (0.93-1.68; p = 0.12), 2.17 (1.12-4.17; p = 0.02) for overweight participants, while the obese participants' calculated relative risks were 1.31 (1.03-1.68; p = 0.01) and 2.02 (1.12-3.65; p = 0.001), respectively. Vitamin B12 levels were analyzed, and it was observed that a significant difference existed among overweight (305.5 pmol/L, p < 0.0001) and obese patients (229 pmol/L, p < 0.0001), respectively, as compared to healthy controls (385.5 pmol/L). Correlation analysis showed a significant association of vitamin B12 level with TG, cholesterol and VLDL; it showed a negative correlation, suggesting that decreases in B12 levels may impact the lipid profile. CONCLUSION The study concluded that a predisposition to the GG genotype of TCN-2 gene polymorphism (776C>G) may increase susceptibility to obesity and the related complications, and higher odds and relative risk for the GG genotype may increase the risk of having obesity and further related complications. Lower vitamin B12 levels were linked with obesity and overweight, and impaired lipid parameters suggested that lower vitamin B12 may impact the altered lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Ashfaq
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M Aljaadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan S Salaka
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essra A Noorwali
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahmida Khatoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Idreesh Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
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Dudi P, Rani A, Goyal B, Kampani G, Rabari K, Kothari A, Saha S. Association of vitamin B12 transporter protein (transcobalamin II) genetic polymorphisms with risk of stroke: An observational pilot study in north Indian population. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Surendran S, Adaikalakoteswari A, Saravanan P, Shatwaan IA, Lovegrove JA, Vimaleswaran KS. An update on vitamin B12-related gene polymorphisms and B12 status. GENES AND NUTRITION 2018; 13:2. [PMID: 29445423 PMCID: PMC5801754 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient in humans needed for health maintenance. Deficiency of vitamin B12 has been linked to dietary, environmental and genetic factors. Evidence for the genetic basis of vitamin B12 status is poorly understood. However, advancements in genomic techniques have increased the knowledge-base of the genetics of vitamin B12 status. Based on the candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWA) studies, associations between genetic loci in several genes involved in vitamin B12 metabolism have been identified. Objective The objective of this literature review was to identify and discuss reports of associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in vitamin B12 pathway genes and their influence on the circulating levels of vitamin B12. Methods Relevant articles were obtained through a literature search on PubMed through to May 2017. An article was included if it examined an association of a SNP with serum or plasma vitamin B12 concentration. Beta coefficients and odds ratios were used to describe the strength of an association, and a P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Two reviewers independently evaluated the eligibility for the inclusion criteria and extracted the data. Results From 23 studies which fulfilled the selection criteria, 16 studies identified SNPs that showed statistically significant associations with vitamin B12 concentrations. Fifty-nine vitamin B12-related gene polymorphisms associated with vitamin B12 status were identified in total, from the following populations: African American, Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese, Danish, English, European ancestry, Icelandic, Indian, Italian, Latino, Northern Irish, Portuguese and residents of the USA. Conclusion Overall, the data analyzed suggests that ethnic-specific associations are involved in the genetic determination of vitamin B12 concentrations. However, despite recent success in genetic studies, the majority of identified genes that could explain variation in vitamin B12 concentrations were from Caucasian populations. Further research utilizing larger sample sizes of non-Caucasian populations is necessary in order to better understand these ethnic-specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Surendran
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - A Adaikalakoteswari
- 2Warwick Medical School - Population Evidence and Technologies, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.,3UK Academic Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, UK
| | - P Saravanan
- 2Warwick Medical School - Population Evidence and Technologies, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.,3UK Academic Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, UK
| | - I A Shatwaan
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - J A Lovegrove
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - K S Vimaleswaran
- 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
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Oussalah A, Levy J, Filhine-Trésarrieu P, Namour F, Guéant JL. Association of TCN2 rs1801198 c.776G>C polymorphism with markers of one-carbon metabolism and related diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic association studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1142-1156. [PMID: 28814397 PMCID: PMC5611783 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.156349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) deficiency may produce severe neurologic and hematologic manifestations. Approximately 20-25% of circulating cobalamin binds to transcobalamin 2 (TCN2), which is referred to as active vitamin B-12. The G allele of the TCN2 c.776G>C (rs1801198) polymorphism has been associated with a lower plasma concentration of holotranscobalamin. However, genotype association studies on rs1801198 have led to conflicting results regarding its influence on one-carbon metabolism (OCM) markers or its association with pathologic conditions.Objective: We assessed the association of rs1801198 genotypes with OCM marker concentrations and primary risks of congenital abnormalities, cancer, and Alzheimer disease.Design: We conducted a systematic review of the literature that was published from January 1966 to February 2017 and included all studies that assessed the association between rs1801198 and OCM markers or a pathologic condition.Results: Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Subjects with the rs1801198 GG genotype had significantly lower concentrations of holotranscobalamin [standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.445 (95% CI: -0.673, -0.217; P < 0.001); I2 = 48.16% (95% CI: 0.00%, 78.10%; P = 0.07)] and higher concentrations of homocysteine (European descent only) [SMD: 0.070 (95% CI: 0.020, 0.120; P = 0.01); I2 = 0.00% (95% CI: 0.00%, 49.59%; P = 0.73)] than did subjects with the rs1801198 CC genotype. The meta-analysis on the association between rs1801198 and methylmalonic acid (MMA) lacked statistical power. No significant difference was observed regarding cobalamin, folate, and red blood cell folate. No significant association was observed between rs1801198 and primary risks of congenital abnormalities, cancer, or Alzheimer disease.Conclusions: Meta-analysis results indicate an influence of rs1801198 on holotranscobalamin and homocysteine concentrations in European-descent subjects. In addition, well-designed and -powered studies should be conducted for assessing the association between rs1801198 and MMA and clinical manifestations that are linked to a decreased availability of cobalamin. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42017058504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Oussalah
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics,,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, and,INSERM, Unité 954, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julien Levy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics,,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, and
| | - Pierre Filhine-Trésarrieu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics,,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, and,INSERM, Unité 954, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Fares Namour
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics,,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, and,INSERM, Unité 954, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics, .,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, and.,INSERM, Unité 954, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Green R. Peripheral neuropathy risk and a transcobalamin polymorphism: connecting the dots between excessive folate intake and disease susceptibility. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1495-1496. [PMID: 27852614 PMCID: PMC5118737 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.146365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Sawaengsri H, Bergethon PR, Qiu WQ, Scott TM, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Paul L. Transcobalamin 776C→G polymorphism is associated with peripheral neuropathy in elderly individuals with high folate intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1665-1670. [PMID: 27733392 PMCID: PMC5118734 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.139030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 776C→G polymorphism of the vitamin B-12 transport protein transcobalamin gene (TCN2) (rs1801198; Pro259Arg) is associated with a lower holotranscobalamin concentration in plasma. This effect may reduce the availability of vitamin B-12 to tissues even when vitamin B-12 intake is adequate. Clinical outcomes associated with vitamin B-12 insufficiency could potentially be worsened by high folate intake. OBJECTIVE We determined the association of the TCN2 776C→G polymorphism and folate intake with peripheral neuropathy in elders with normal plasma concentrations of vitamin B-12. DESIGN Participants in this cross-sectional study (n = 171) were from a cohort of community-based, home-bound elderly individuals aged ≥60 y who underwent an evaluation by physicians including an assessment for peripheral neuropathy. Participants were administered food-frequency and general health status questionnaires, anthropometric measurements were taken, and a fasting blood sample from each subject was collected. RESULTS Odds of neuropathy were 3-fold higher for GG genotypes than for CC genotypes (OR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.15, 9.64). When folate intake was >2 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance (800 μg), GG genotypes had 6.9-fold higher odds of neuropathy than CC genotypes (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 1.31, 36.36). There was no difference between the genotypes in the odds of peripheral neuropathy when folate intake was ≤800 μg (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 0.18, 12.33). CONCLUSION The TCN2 776C→G polymorphism is associated with increased odds of peripheral neuropathy in the elderly, even with a normal vitamin B-12 status, especially if their folate intake is >2 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathairat Sawaengsri
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Peter R Bergethon
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Ligi Paul
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA;
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Bae S, West AA, Yan J, Jiang X, Perry CA, Malysheva O, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Caudill MA. Vitamin B-12 Status Differs among Pregnant, Lactating, and Control Women with Equivalent Nutrient Intakes. J Nutr 2015; 145:1507-14. [PMID: 25995278 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available from controlled studies on biomarkers of maternal vitamin B-12 status. OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify the effects of pregnancy and lactation on the vitamin B-12 status response to a known and highly controlled vitamin B-12 intake. METHODS As part of a 10-12 wk feeding trial, pregnant (26-29 wk gestation; n = 26), lactating (5 wk postpartum; n = 28), and control (nonpregnant, nonlactating; n = 21) women consumed vitamin B-12 amounts of ∼8.6 μg/d [mixed diet (∼6 μg/d) plus a prenatal multivitamin supplement (2.6 μg/d)]. Serum vitamin B-12, holotranscobalamin (bioactive form of vitamin B-12), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine were measured at baseline and study-end. RESULTS All participants achieved adequate vitamin B-12 status in response to the study dose. Compared with control women, pregnant women had lower serum vitamin B-12 (-21%; P = 0.02) at study-end, whereas lactating women had higher (P = 0.04) serum vitamin B-12 throughout the study (+26% at study-end). Consumption of the study vitamin B-12 dose increased serum holotranscobalamin in all reproductive groups (+16-42%; P ≤ 0.009). At study-end, pregnant (vs. control) women had a higher holotranscobalamin-to-vitamin B-12 ratio (P = 0.04) with ∼30% (vs. 20%) of total vitamin B-12 in the bioactive form. Serum MMA increased during pregnancy (+50%; P < 0.001) but did not differ by reproductive state at study-end. Serum homocysteine increased in pregnant women (+15%; P = 0.009) but decreased in control and lactating women (-16-17%; P < 0.001). Despite these changes, pregnant women had ∼20% lower serum homocysteine than the other 2 groups at study-end (P ≤ 0.02). CONCLUSION Pregnancy and lactation alter vitamin B-12 status in a manner consistent with enhanced vitamin B-12 supply to the child. Consumption of the study vitamin B-12 dose (∼3 times the RDA) increased the bioactive form of vitamin B-12, suggesting that women in these reproductive states may benefit from vitamin B-12 intakes exceeding current recommendations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01127022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajin Bae
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Allyson A West
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Jian Yan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Cydne A Perry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Olga Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Robert H Allen
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
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Kurnat-Thoma EL, Pangilinan F, Matteini AM, Wong B, Pepper GA, Stabler SP, Guralnik JM, Brody LC. Association of Transcobalamin II (TCN2) and Transcobalamin II-Receptor (TCblR) Genetic Variations With Cobalamin Deficiency Parameters in Elderly Women. Biol Res Nurs 2015; 17:444-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800415569506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency is a subtle progressive clinical disorder, affecting nearly 1 in 5 individuals > 60 years old. This deficiency is produced by age-related decreases in nutrient absorption, medications that interfere with vitamin B12 absorption, and other comorbidities. Clinical heterogeneity confounds symptom detection for elderly adults, as deficiency sequelae range from mild fatigue and weakness to debilitating megaloblastic anemia and permanent neuropathic injury. A better understanding of genetic factors that contribute to cobalamin deficiency in the elderly would allow for targeted nursing care and preventive interventions. We tested for associations of common variants in genes involved in cobalamin transport and homeostasis with metabolic indicators of cobalamin deficiency (homocysteine and methylmalonic acid) as well as hematologic, neurologic, and functional performance features of cobalamin deficiency in 789 participants of the Women’s Health and Aging Studies. Although not significant when corrected for multiple testing, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two genes, transcobalamin II ( TCN2) and the transcobalamin II-receptor ( TCblR), were found to influence several clinical traits of cobalamin deficiency. The three most significant findings were the identified associations involving missense coding SNPs, namely, TCblR G220R (rs2336573) with serum cobalamin, TCN2 S348F (rs9621049) with homocysteine, and TCN2 P259R (rs1801198) with red blood cell mean corpuscular volume. These SNPs may modify the phenotype in older adults who are more likely to develop symptoms of vitamin B12 malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Kurnat-Thoma
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Faith Pangilinan
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy M. Matteini
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bob Wong
- University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Sally P. Stabler
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Lawrence C. Brody
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Cascalheira JF, Gonçalves M, Barroso M, Castro R, Palmeira M, Serpa A, Dias-Cabral AC, Domingues FC, Almeida S. Association of the transcobalamin II gene 776C→G polymorphism with Alzheimer’s type dementia: dependence on the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1298A→C polymorphism genotype. Ann Clin Biochem 2014; 52:448-55. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563214561770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Decreased serum concentrations of vitamin B12 are associated with Alzheimer’s type dementia. The transcobalamin II gene (TCN2) 776C→G polymorphism affects transcobalamin II function as a carrier of vitamin B12 and might modify its availability. The association of the TCN2 776C→G polymorphism with Alzheimer’s type dementia is unclear and was investigated in the present study. Methods Case–control study including 27 individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s type dementia and 28 healthy controls. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12, homocysteine and other analytes were determined and the presence of TCN2 776C→G and 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1298A→C polymorphisms genotypes was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 were lower while those of homocysteine were higher in patients than in controls ( P < 0.05). The frequency of individuals carrying at least one 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1298C allele was higher (59% versus 32%) while frequency of individuals harbouring at least one TCN2 776G allele was lower (58% versus 86%) in patients than in controls ( P < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression showed negative association of TCN2 776CG genotype with Alzheimer’s type dementia (OR = 0.17 versus CC genotype, P < 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression identified TCN2 776C→G polymorphism as independent predictor of Alzheimer’s type dementia together with higher concentrations of homocysteine, cholesterol and uric acid and lower concentrations of oestradiol. Association of TCN2 776C→G polymorphism with Alzheimer’s type dementia was observed for individuals carrying the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1298AA genotype but not the AC or CC genotypes, indicating interaction between the two polymorphisms. Conclusions The TCN2 776C→G polymorphism is negatively associated with Alzheimer’s type dementia, suggesting a protective role against the disease in subjects with the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1298AA genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Cascalheira
- CICS-UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mónica Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Madalena Barroso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - André Serpa
- CICS-UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C Dias-Cabral
- CICS-UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fernanda C Domingues
- CICS-UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Mitchell ES, Conus N, Kaput J. B vitamin polymorphisms and behavior: evidence of associations with neurodevelopment, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and cognitive decline. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:307-20. [PMID: 25173634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B vitamins folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 are essential for neuronal function, and severe deficiencies have been linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric disease and dementia. Polymorphisms of genes involved in B vitamin absorption, metabolism and function, such as methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), cystathionine β synthase (CβS), transcobalamin 2 receptor (TCN2) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), have also been linked to increased incidence of psychiatric and cognitive disorders. However, the effects of these polymorphisms are often quite small and many studies failed to show any meaningful or consistent associations. This review discusses previous findings from clinical studies and highlights gaps in knowledge. Future studies assessing B vitamin-associated polymorphisms must take into account not just traditional demographics, but subjects' overall diet, relevant biomarkers of nutritional status and also analyze related genetic factors that may exacerbate behavioral effects or nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Siobhan Mitchell
- Nestle Institute of Health Science, Innovation Park, EPFL Campus, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Nelly Conus
- Nestle Institute of Health Science, Innovation Park, EPFL Campus, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jim Kaput
- Nestle Institute of Health Science, Innovation Park, EPFL Campus, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Binia A, Contreras AV, Canizales-Quinteros S, Alonzo VA, Tejero ME, Silva-Zolezzi I. Geographical and ethnic distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms within genes of the folate/homocysteine pathway metabolism. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:421. [PMID: 25106483 PMCID: PMC4172644 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High levels of plasma homocysteine are associated with an increased risk of many health conditions influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The objective of this study was to provide the geographical distribution of folate pathway genetic polymorphisms in Mexico and the comparison with the reported frequencies in different continental populations. This study included the analysis of the genotypic frequencies of eight polymorphisms in genes of the folate/homocysteine metabolic pathway in 1,350 Mestizo and Amerindian subjects from different regions in Mexico and 836 individuals from European, African and Asian populations of the 1,000 Genomes Project. In Mexican Mestizo and Amerindian populations, the MTHFR C677T risk genotype (TT) was highly prevalent (frequency: 25 and 57 %, respectively). In Mestizos, the frequency showed clear regional variation related to ancestry; the Guerrero subpopulation with the highest Amerindian contribution had the highest TT frequency (33 %). The MTHFD1 G1958A AA risk genotype was also enriched in Mexican Mestizos and Amerindians (frequency: 34 and 58 %, respectively), whereas in African and Asian ancestry populations the frequency for AA was low (~4 %). All together risk genotypes showed regional differences, and Sonora had significantly different genetic frequencies compared with the other regions (P value <0.05). Our study illustrates differential geographical distribution of the risk variants in the folate/homocysteine metabolic pathway relative to ethnic background. This work supports that certain areas of the world have increased needs for folic acid and vitamin B supplementation, and this information needs to be considered in public health guidelines and eventually policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Binia
- Nutrition and Health Research, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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Joslin AC, Green R, German JB, Lange MC. Concept mapping One-Carbon Metabolism to model future ontologies for nutrient-gene-phenotype interactions. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:419. [PMID: 25091042 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the development of bioinformatic tools continue to improve investigators' ability to interrogate, organize, and derive knowledge from large amounts of heterogeneous information. These tools often require advanced technical skills not possessed by life scientists. User-friendly, low-barrier-to-entry methods of visualizing nutrigenomics information are yet to be developed. We utilized concept mapping software from the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition to create a conceptual model of diet and health-related data that provides a foundation for future nutrigenomics ontologies describing published nutrient-gene/polymorphism-phenotype data. In this model, maps containing phenotype, nutrient, gene product, and genetic polymorphism interactions are visualized as triples of two concepts linked together by a linking phrase. These triples, or "knowledge propositions," contextualize aggregated data and information into easy-to-read knowledge maps. Maps of these triples enable visualization of genes spanning the One-Carbon Metabolism (OCM) pathway, their sequence variants, and multiple literature-mined associations including concepts relevant to nutrition, phenotypes, and health. The concept map development process documents the incongruity of information derived from pathway databases versus literature resources. This conceptual model highlights the importance of incorporating information about genes in upstream pathways that provide substrates, as well as downstream pathways that utilize products of the pathway under investigation, in this case OCM. Other genes and their polymorphisms, such as TCN2 and FUT2, although not directly involved in OCM, potentially alter OCM pathway functionality. These upstream gene products regulate substrates such as B12. Constellations of polymorphisms affecting the functionality of genes along OCM, together with substrate and cofactor availability, may impact resultant phenotypes. These conceptual maps provide a foundational framework for development of nutrient-gene/polymorphism-phenotype ontologies and systems visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Joslin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Remacha AF, Sardà MP, Canals C, Queraltò JM, Zapico E, Remacha J, Carrascosa C. Role of serum holotranscobalamin (holoTC) in the diagnosis of patients with low serum cobalamin. Comparison with methylmalonic acid and homocysteine. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:565-9. [PMID: 24057896 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma holotranscobalamin (holoTC) transports active cobalamin. Decreased levels of holoTC have been considered to be the earliest marker of cobalamin (Cbl) deficiency. In this work, holoTC was evaluated in low or borderline serum Cbl (LB12) and a concordance analysis was carried out with methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (Hcy). Levels of Cbl, holoTC, MMA, and Hcy were investigated in a reference group in 106 patients with LB12 (≤200 pmol/l) and in 27 with folate deficiency (FOL). HoloTC levels were evaluated by an automated immunoassay (Active B12, Abbott Lab, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Lower levels of holoTC were observed in both LB12 and FOL groups (reference group vs LB12; p < 0.0001. Reference group vs FOL; p = 0.002). HoloTC levels were lower in LB12 than in FOL (p = 0.001). In LB12, concordance between Hcy and MMA was 82.1 % (chi-square test, p < 0.001; Kappa Index, 0.64, p < 0.0001). Concordance between Hcy and holoTC was 62 % (chi-square test, p = 0.006; Kappa index, 0.245, p = 0.006). Concordance between holoTC and MMA was 55.6 % (p = 0.233). Some cases with LB12 and elevated MMA did not show decreased holoTC. By contrast, MMA and Hcy were not increased in some patients with low holoTC and LB12. In conclusion, levels of holoTC were decreased in LB12 and FOL. In LB12 patients, holoTC concordance with MMA was poor. MMA/Hcy levels were not increased in a significant number of subjects with LB12 and low holoTC. This profile was found in iron deficiency. The significance of these changes remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Remacha
- Hematology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Avda Padre Claret 167, Barcelona, 08025, Spain,
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Wang B, Liu M, Yan W, Mao J, Jiang D, Li H, Chen Y. Association of SNPs in genes involved in folate metabolism with the risk of congenital heart disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1768-77. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.799648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Quadros EV, Sequeira JM. Cellular uptake of cobalamin: transcobalamin and the TCblR/CD320 receptor. Biochimie 2013; 95:1008-18. [PMID: 23415653 PMCID: PMC3902480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of cobalamin is facilitated by a receptor-mediated endocytosis process involving transcobalamin, a plasma protein that binds cobalamin and a cell surface receptor that specifically binds transcobalamin saturated with cobalamin. Intracellular Cbl concentration is maintained by modulating the expression of the receptor, which is cell cycle associated with highest expression in actively proliferating cells and an efflux system that shunts the excess cobalamin out of the cells for mobilization to other tissues where it is most needed. This review describes the process, proteins involved and genes encoding these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V Quadros
- Departments of Medicine / Cell Biology, SUNY- Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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McCaddon A. Vitamin B12 in neurology and ageing; clinical and genetic aspects. Biochimie 2012; 95:1066-76. [PMID: 23228515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The classic neurological and psychiatric features associated with vitamin B12 deficiency have been well described and are the subject of many excellent review articles. The advent of sensitive diagnostic tests, including homocysteine and methylmalonic acid assays, has revealed a surprisingly high prevalence of a more subtle 'subclinical' form of B12 deficiency, particularly within the elderly. This is often associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Metabolic evidence of B12 deficiency is also reported in association with other neurodegenerative disorders including vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. These conditions are all associated with chronic neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress. It is possible that these clinical associations reflect compromised vitamin B12 metabolism due to such stress. Physicians are also increasingly aware of considerable inter-individual variation in the clinical response to B12 replacement therapy. Further research is needed to determine to what extent this is attributable to genetic determinants of vitamin B12 absorption, distribution and cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McCaddon
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Gwenfro Units 6/7, Wrexham Technology Park, Wrexham LL17 7YP, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Tanwar VS, Chand MP, Kumar J, Garg G, Seth S, Karthikeyan G, Sengupta S. Common variant in FUT2 gene is associated with levels of vitamin B(12) in Indian population. Gene 2012. [PMID: 23201895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B(12) is an essential micronutrient synthesized by microorganisms. Mammals including humans have evolved ways for transport and absorption of this vitamin. Deficiency of vitamin B(12) (either due to low intake or polymorphism in genes involved in absorption and intracellular transport of this vitamin) has been associated with various complex diseases. Genome-wide association studies have recently identified several common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in fucosyl transferase 2 gene (FUT2) to be associated with levels of vitamin B(12)-the strongest association was with a non-synonymous SNP rs602662 in this gene. In the present study, we attempted to replicate the association of this SNP (rs602662) in an Indian population since a significant proportion has been reported to have low levels of vitamin B(12) in this population. A total of 1146 individuals were genotyped for this SNP using a single base extension method and association with levels of vitamin B(12) was assessed in these individuals. Regression analysis was performed to analyze the association considering various confounding factors like for age, sex, diet, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease status. We found that the SNP rs602662 was significantly associated with the levels of vitamin B(12) (p value<0.0001). We also found that individuals adhering to a vegetarian diet with GG (homozygous major genotype) have significantly lower levels of vitamin B(12) in these individuals. Thus, our study reveals that vegetarian diet along with polymorphism in the FUT2 gene may contribute significantly to the high prevalence of vitamin B(12) deficiency in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Singh Tanwar
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi-110007, India.
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Garg G, Kumar J, Tanwar VS, Basak T, Seth S, Karthikeyan G, Sengupta S. Polymorphisms in transcobalamin II gene is associated with coronary artery disease in Indian population. Biomarkers 2011; 17:119-24. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.642408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Garg
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology,
Delhi-110007, India
| | - Jitender Kumar
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology,
Delhi-110007, India
| | - Vinay Singh Tanwar
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology,
Delhi-110007, India
| | - Trayambak Basak
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology,
Delhi-110007, India
| | - Sandeep Seth
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology,
Delhi-110007, India
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Riedel BM, Molloy AM, Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ulvik A, Schneede J, Nexø E, Hoff G, Ueland PM. Transcobalamin polymorphism 67A->G, but not 776C->G, affects serum holotranscobalamin in a cohort of healthy middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2011; 141:1784-90. [PMID: 21865561 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.141960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two polymorphic variants in the gene coding for transcobalamin II (TCN2), TCN2 776C- > G and TCN2 67A- > G, may alter serum holotranscobalamin (holoTC), which in turn may affect cellular uptake of cobalamin (Cbl) and thereby Cbl status indicators. We studied the effects of TCN2 776C- > G and TCN2 67A- > G on blood concentrations of holoTC, Cbl, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and total homocysteine (tHcy) in 2411 individuals (50-64 y) that had been selected on the basis of these TCN2 genotypes from 10601 Norwegian inhabitants. The serum holoTC concentration was lower in TCN2 67AG (55 ± 0.75 pmol/L) and 67GG (48 ± 2.14 pmol/L) than in 67AA (62 ± 0.67 pmol/L) (P < 0.001) but did not differ among TCN2 776C- > G genotypes. The polymorphisms interacted as serum holoTC determinants (P = 0.001) and the presence of TCN2 67AG and GG in strata of 776CC and CG, but not 776GG, increased the risk of having serum holoTC < 45.6 pmol/L [tertile 1 vs. tertiles 2 and 3: OR = 2.5 (95% CI 1.8-3.5) for 67AG; OR = 5.7 (95% CI 3.5-9.1) for 67GG in 776CC; OR = 2.1 (95% CI 1.6-2.9) for 67AG; and OR = 4.5 (95% CI 2.4-8.2) for 67GG in 776CG; all P < 0.001]. Plasma MMA, tHcy, and Cbl were not affected by either polymorphism. In summary, serum holoTC, but not plasma Cbl, MMA, or tHcy, varied according to TCN2 67A- > G genotypes. It remains to be determined whether this polymorphic effect on serum holoTC alters its diagnostic utility as Cbl status indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Riedel
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Nexo E, Hoffmann-Lücke E. Holotranscobalamin, a marker of vitamin B-12 status: analytical aspects and clinical utility. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:359S-365S. [PMID: 21593496 PMCID: PMC3127504 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-quarter of circulating cobalamin (vitamin B-12) binds to transcobalamin (holoTC) and is thereby available for the cells of the body. For this reason, holoTC is also referred to as active vitamin B-12. HoloTC was suggested as an optimal marker of early vitamin B-12 deficiency >20 y ago. This suggestion led to the development of suitable assays for measurement of the compound and clinical studies that aimed to show the benefit of measurement of holoTC rather than of vitamin B-12. Today holoTC can be analyzed by 3 methods: direct measurement of the complex between transcobalamin and vitamin B-12, measurement of vitamin B-12 attached to transcobalamin, or measurement of the amount of transcobalamin saturated with vitamin B-12. These 3 methods give similar results, but direct measurement of holoTC complex is preferable in the clinical setting from a practical point of view. HoloTC measurement has proven useful for the identification of the few patients who suffer from transcobalamin deficiency. In addition, holoTC is part of the CobaSorb test and therefore useful for assessment of vitamin B-12 absorption. Clinical studies that compare the ability of holoTC and vitamin B-12 to identify individuals with vitamin B-12 deficiency (elevated concentration of methylmalonic acid) suggest that holoTC performs better than total vitamin B-12. To date, holoTC has not been used for population-based assessments of vitamin B-12 status, but we suggest that holoTC is a better marker than total vitamin B-12 for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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