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Thanhaeuser M, Gsoellpointner M, Kornsteiner-Krenn M, Steyrl D, Brandstetter S, Jilma B, Berger A, Haiden N. Introduction of Solid Foods in Preterm Infants and Its Impact on Growth in the First Year of Life-A Prospective Observational Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2077. [PMID: 38999826 PMCID: PMC11242969 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether age at introduction of solid foods in preterm infants influences growth in the first year of life. This was a prospective observational study in very low birth weight infants stratified to an early (<17 weeks corrected age) or a late (≥17 weeks corrected age) feeding group according to the individual timing of weaning. In total, 115 infants were assigned to the early group, and 82 were assigned to the late group. Mean birth weight and gestational age were comparable between groups (early: 926 g, 26 + 6 weeks; late: 881 g, 26 + 5 weeks). Mean age at weaning was 13.2 weeks corrected age in the early group and 20.4 weeks corrected age in the late group. At 12 months corrected age, anthropometric parameters showed no significant differences between groups (early vs. late, mean length 75.0 vs. 74.1 cm, weight 9.2 vs. 8.9 kg, head circumference 45.5 vs. 45.0 cm). A machine learning model showed no effect of age at weaning on length and length z-scores at 12 months corrected age. Infants with comorbidities had significantly lower anthropometric z-scores compared to infants without comorbidities. Therefore, regardless of growth considerations, we recommend weaning preterm infants according to their neurological abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Thanhaeuser
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Margit Kornsteiner-Krenn
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Steyrl
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Brandstetter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Haiden
- Department of Neonatology, Kepler University Hospital, 4020 Linz, Austria
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Massirio P, Battaglini M, Bonato I, De Crescenzo S, Calevo MG, Malova M, Caruggi S, Parodi A, Preiti D, Zoia A, Uccella S, Tortora D, Severino M, Rossi A, Traggiai C, Nobili L, Striano P, Ramenghi LA. Early Extra-Uterine Growth Restriction in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonates with Normal or Mildly Abnormal Brain MRI: Effects on a 2-3-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcome. Nutrients 2024; 16:449. [PMID: 38337733 PMCID: PMC10856867 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extra-uterine growth restriction (EUGR) is a common complication and a known risk factor for impaired development in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates. We report a population of 288 patients with no or with low-grade MRI lesions scanned at a term equivalent age (TEA) born between 2012 and 2018. Griffiths Mental Development Scale II (GMDS II) at 2 and 3 years, preterm complications and weight growth were retrospectively analyzed. EUGR was defined for weight z-score ˂ 10 percentile at TEA, 6 and 12 months of correct age or as z-score decreased by 1-point standard deviation (SDS) from birth to TEA and from TEA to 6 months. Multivariate analysis showed that a higher weight z-score at 6 months is protective for the global developmental quotient (DQ) at 2 years (OR 0.74; CI 95% 0.59-0.93; p = 0.01). EUGR at 6 months was associated with worse locomotor, personal/social, language and performance DQ at 2 years and worse language and practical reasoning DQ at 3 years. In conclusion, a worse weight z-score at 6 months of age seems to be an independent risk factor for significantly reduced GMDS in many areas. These results suggest that we should invest more into post-discharge nutrition, optimizing family nutritional education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Massirio
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
| | - Marcella Battaglini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.U.); (L.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Irene Bonato
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
| | - Sara De Crescenzo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.U.); (L.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Maria Grazia Calevo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Mariya Malova
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
| | - Samuele Caruggi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.U.); (L.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
| | - Deborah Preiti
- Psychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Agata Zoia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
- Psychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Sara Uccella
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.U.); (L.N.); (P.S.)
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (D.T.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Mariasavina Severino
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (D.T.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (D.T.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Traggiai
- Neonatology Unit, International Evangelical Hospital, 16122 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Lino Nobili
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.U.); (L.N.); (P.S.)
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.U.); (L.N.); (P.S.)
- Paediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonio Ramenghi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (I.B.); (S.D.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (L.A.R.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.U.); (L.N.); (P.S.)
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He X, Jiang Z, Wu C, Zeng L, Qi M, Sun Y, Zhu Y. Development of a nutritional risk screening tool for preterm children in outpatient settings during a complementary feeding period: a pilot study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:702. [PMID: 36476589 PMCID: PMC9730637 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A complementary feeding (CF) period is necessary for nutritional and developmental reasons. Preterm children encounter more feeding problems than their term counterparts in the CF period. The goal of this study was to develop a nutritional risk screening tool specific to preterm children (the NRSP) in outpatient settings in the CF period, with the expectation of providing a standardised process to determine feeding problems and subsequently offering targeted nutritional advice. METHODS This study was a 2-phase study consisting of the development and evaluation phases. In the development phase, the items of the NRSP were initially developed based on references and the Delphi expert consultation method. Second, 329 preterm individuals with corrected ages from 5 to 36 months were enrolled. The participating preterm children were interviewed with the NRSP and anthropometric measurements, and underwent intellectual developmental tests and biochemistry detection (haemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, serum iron, vitamin D). Third, preterm children's anthropometric parameters were remeasured 1 month (for infants whose corrected age was 5-11 months) or 3 months (for children whose corrected age was 12-36 months) after the interview. Data in the development phase were analysed via univariate and binary logistic regression analysis sequentially to assign scores for items of the NRSP and to generate the models to predict underweight, stunting, and microcephaly of the NRSP. In the evaluation phase, another 605 preterm individuals were recruited to undergo the interview, anthropometric measurements, intellectual developmental tests, and biochemistry detection as in the development phase. Interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, the positive/negative predictive value (P/NPV), the positive/negative likelihood ratio (LR+/-), and the correlation coefficient by Spearman's correlation analysis (rs) were used to assess the reliability and validity of the NRSP. Finally, anthropometric parameters, biochemistry levels, and intellectual development quotients (DQs) from the development and evaluation phases between the high- and low-risk groups classified by the NRSP were compared using a t-test. RESULTS The κ coefficients of the interrater and test-retest reliability of the NRSP were all above 0.600, which meant that the reliability of the NRSP was moderate to substantial. The NRSP exhibited relatively higher efficiency in predicting underweight and stunting, with AUCs, accuracies, specificities, and NPVs near to or greater than 0.900, sensitivities above 0.600, PPVs above 0.400, LR + s near to or greater than 10, and rss above 0.400. On the other hand, the NRSP manifested a weaker ability in predicting microcephaly, with most of the values of validity indicators lower than those of underweight and stunting prediction. Z scores of body weight, body length and head circumference, as well as DQs, were all higher in the low-risk groups than in the high-risk groups. There were no significant differences with respect to biochemistry levels between the high- and low-risk groups. CONCLUSION The NRSP shows moderate to substantial reliability and validity in predicting underweight, stunting, and microcephaly. Health care staff should shed light on improving the feeding practices of preterm children with high nutritional risk classified by the NRSP to facilitate their physical growth and intellectual development. More research is expected to promote the NRSP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying He
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Child Healthcare, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, 528000 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Zhuobin Jiang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Information Centre, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, 528000 China
| | - Cuiling Wu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Child Healthcare, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, 528000 China
| | - Lingyan Zeng
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Child Healthcare, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, 528000 China
| | - Meijiao Qi
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Child Healthcare, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, 528000 China
| | - Yalian Sun
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Child Healthcare, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, 528000 China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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Baldassarre ME, Panza R, Cresi F, Salvatori G, Corvaglia L, Aceti A, Giannì ML, Liotto N, Ilardi L, Laforgia N, Maggio L, Lionetti P, Agostoni C, Orfeo L, Di Mauro A, Staiano A, Mosca F. Complementary feeding in preterm infants: a position paper by Italian neonatal, paediatric and paediatric gastroenterology joint societies. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:143. [PMID: 35932061 PMCID: PMC9354266 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition in the first 1000 days of life is essential to ensure appropriate growth rates, prevent adverse short- and long-term outcomes, and allow physiologic neurocognitive development. Appropriate management of early nutritional needs is particularly crucial for preterm infants. Although the impact of early nutrition on health outcomes in preterm infants is well established, evidence-based recommendations on complementary feeding for preterm neonates and especially extremely low birth weight and extremely low gestational age neonates are still lacking. In the present position paper we performed a narrative review to summarize current evidence regarding complementary feeding in preterm neonates and draw recommendation shared by joint societies (SIP, SIN and SIGENP) for paediatricians, healthcare providers and families with the final aim to reduce the variability of attitude and timing among professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Policlinico Hospital - Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Panza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Policlinico Hospital - Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy. .,Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "A. Perrino" Hospital, Brindisi, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cresi
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Human Milk Bank, Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - University of Bologna, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - University of Bologna, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Liotto
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ilardi
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine - Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Maggio
- UOC Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AO San Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Gastroenterology Unit, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Orfeo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli" Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Mauro
- Paediatric Primary Care, National Paediatric Health Care System, Via Conversa 12, Margherita di Savoia, BT, Italy
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
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Yang WC, Lauria ME, Fogel A, Ferguson K, Smith ER. Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding for Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188638. [PMID: 35921669 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cessation of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) with early introduction of complementary food provides additional calories for catch-up growth but may also increase the risk of adverse outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess effects of exclusive breastfeeding for less than 6 months compared with 6 months in preterm and low birth weight infants. METHODS Data sources include Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Index Medicus through June 30, 2021. Study selection includes randomized trials and observational studies. Primary outcomes were mortality, morbidity, growth, and neurodevelopment. Data were extracted and pooled using random-effects models. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias of included studies. RESULTS A total of 2 studies of 307 preterm or low birth weight infants were included. None of the study results could be pooled. Both studies compared EBF for 4 months to 6 months. Growth was similar between the 4-month and 6-month EBF groups for the following outcomes: weight-for-age z-score at corrected age 12 months (mean [standard deviation], 4-month group: -1.7 [1.1], 6-month group: -1.8 [1.2], 1 study, 188 participants, low certainty evidence), absolute weight gain (gram) from 16 to 26 weeks of age (4-month group: 1004 [366], 6-month group: 1017 [350], 1 study, 119 participants, very low certainty evidence), and linear growth gain (cm) from 16 to 26 weeks of age (4-month group: 4.3 [0.9], 6-month group: 4.5 [1.2], 1 study, 119 participants, very low certainty evidence). There were no apparent differences in reported morbidity symptoms. No difference in the timing to achieve motor development milestones between the 2 groups was found (1 study; 119 participants, very low certainty evidence). A limited number of studies prevented data pooling. CONCLUSIONS The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of exclusive breastfeeding for less than 6 months for preterm and low birth weight infants. Further studies are warranted to better answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Yang
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Molly E Lauria
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia.,ICF, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Kacey Ferguson
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Emily R Smith
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia
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Factors Affecting Complementary Feeding of Infants. A Pilot Study Conducted after the Introduction of New Infant Feeding Guidelines in Poland. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010061. [PMID: 33379149 PMCID: PMC7823849 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition in the first year of life is the key prerequisite for a child’s healthy growth and development. The success of complementary feeding is influenced by various factors, including the family’s socioeconomic status, maternal age, place of residence and educational level, older children and duration of breastfeeding. Modified infant feeding guidelines were introduced in Poland in 2016. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that exert the greatest influence on infant feeding practices in the Polish population. A thorough understanding of maternal factors that are responsible for undesirable feeding practices is required to improve the mothers’ knowledge and to promote healthy feeding practices. This study was carried out in March–June 2018 and between November 2018 and March 2019 in the Region of Lublin in southeastern Poland. The mothers of children aged 9–14 months, who had introduced complementary foods, were invited to the study. A total of 441 mothers agreed to participate, and 289 of them fully and correctly completed the questionnaires. Logistic regression models were developed to assess the association between maternal factors, such as age, educational level and the nutrition knowledge score, and introduction of solid foods. The infant’s sex and birth weight and the mother’s place of residence had no significant influence on the duration of breastfeeding. The mother’s age and educational level, the number of children in the family and maternal nutrition knowledge scores contributed to significant differences in breastfeeding duration. Older mothers (30–34 years vs. 25–29 years, p = 0.001), better educated mothers (university vs. secondary school education p = 0.002) and mothers with one or two children exclusively breastfed their children for longer (17 weeks vs. 11 weeks, p = 0.002) than younger mothers with secondary school education and more than three children. Exclusive formula feeding was significantly correlated with untimely introduction of solid foods compared to exclusive breastfeeding (13 weeks vs. 19.7 weeks, p = 0.001). Mothers with nutrition knowledge scores in the upper tertile were more likely to adapt food consistency to the skills manifested by the child (88%) (OR = 1.88; Cl: 1.53–2.26, p < 0.05) and were less likely to delay the introduction of new foods that required chewing and biting (84%) (OR = 0.22; Cl: 0.09–0.34, p < 0.05) than mothers with nutrition knowledge scores in the bottom tertile. Maternal age, educational level and nutrition knowledge significantly increased the age at which infants were introduced to solid foods and the correct identification of the signs indicative of the child’s readiness to explore new tastes and foods with a new consistency. The above factors contributed to delayed, but not untimely, introduction of complementary foods (6 months of age or later), including gluten.
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Preterm's Nutrition from Hospital to Solid Foods: Are We Still Navigating by Sight? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123646. [PMID: 33260838 PMCID: PMC7761406 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As preterm birth rates are globally increasing, together with research on preterms’ peculiar needs, neonatologists are still facing the challenge of how to properly feed them. The need to strike a balance between excessive catch-up growth and extrauterine growth retardation, both leading to adverse outcomes, is made even more difficult by the broad range of preterms’ needs. Although mother’s fresh milk is undoubtedly the best nourishment, its availability during hospital stay is often lower than recommended, and its fortification at discharge is still an open issue. Formula milks are available as an alternative to breast milk. However, choosing the right formula requires a thorough evaluation of the infant’s perinatal history and targets. Last but not least, adequate timing and initiation of weaning in premature babies are still a poorly explored matter. This narrative review aims at evaluating the multitude of issues to consider when feeding preterms in the three stages of their first life: in-hospital care, discharge, and, eventually, weaning. Given the current absence of internationally shared guidelines, understanding the potential pitfalls of preterms’ nutrition could help us trace the right path for the right preterm.
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8
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Liotto N, Cresi F, Beghetti I, Roggero P, Menis C, Corvaglia L, Mosca F, Aceti A. Complementary Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061843. [PMID: 32575713 PMCID: PMC7353356 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This systematic review summarizes available literature regarding complementary feeding (CF) in preterm infants, with or without comorbidities that may interfere with oral functions. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Studies relating to preterm infants (gestational age <37 weeks) were included in the analysis. Retrieved papers were categorized according to their main topic: CF timing and quality; clinical outcome; recommendations; strategies in infants with oral dysfunction. Results: The literature search in PubMed retrieved 6295 papers. Forty met inclusion criteria. The Cochrane search identified four additional study protocols, two related to studies included among PubMed search results, and two ongoing trials. Moreover, among 112 papers dealing with oral feeding, four aiming at managing CF in preterm infants with oral dysfunctions were identified. Conclusions: The available literature does not provide specific guidelines on the management of CF in preterm infants, who are generally weaned earlier than term infants. There is a paucity of data regarding the relationship between CF and growth/quality of growth and health outcomes in preterm infants. It could be suggested to start CF between five and eight months of chronological age if infants have reached three months corrected age and if they have acquired the necessary developmental skills. An individualized multidisciplinary intervention is advisable for preterm infants with oral dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Liotto
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.L.); (P.R.); (C.M.); (F.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cresi
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Isadora Beghetti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Paola Roggero
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.L.); (P.R.); (C.M.); (F.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Menis
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.L.); (P.R.); (C.M.); (F.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-051-342754
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.L.); (P.R.); (C.M.); (F.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (A.A.)
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9
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Complementary Feeding in Preterm Infants: Where Do We Stand? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051259. [PMID: 32365485 PMCID: PMC7281965 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ribas SA, de Rodrigues MCC, Mocellin MC, Marques ES, da Rosa GPC, Maganha CR. Quality of complementary feeding and its effect on nutritional status in preterm infants: a cross-sectional study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 34:3-12. [PMID: 32337779 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first 2 years of life represent a critical phase for growth and development, with the quality of the diet at this stage having repercussions throughout adulthood. The present study aimed to develop an Index for Measuring the Quality of Complementary Feeding (IMQCF) for infants, as well as to evaluate diet quality and its effects on the nutritional status of preterm infants. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Brazilian University Hospital. The data were extracted by care protocol of outpatient preterm infants at 2 years of corrected age (CA). Dietary data were collected from 24-h recalls. The diet quality was assessed by the IMQCF composed of nine items based on a Brazilian Food Guide for children aged <2 years. Response options were scored 0-100, with scores closer to 100 representing a better quality diet. Association with growth indicators (Z-scores for weight- and length-for-age (WAZ and LAZ) were evaluated via tests of mean difference and multiple linear regression. RESULTS The median complementary feeding (CF) score was 72.2 (61.1-77.8) A shorter breastfeeding duration or infant formula use and the early introduction of wheat-based foods, ultra-processed foods and cow's milk in the preterm's diet were the main factors interfering in the adequacy of diet. There was an association between the quality of the diet score and WAZ (0.44; 95% confidence interval = 0.03-0.85; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The introduction of poor quality food in the first 2 years of life interfered with the CF quality of preterm infants and can affect nutritional status at 2 years of CA, possibly in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ribas
- Department of Nutrition in Public Health, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M C C de Rodrigues
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M C Mocellin
- Fundamental Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E S Marques
- Institute of Social Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G P C da Rosa
- School of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C R Maganha
- School of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study compared the age of first solid foods in a cohort of preterm infants with term infants and identified factors influencing timing of solid food introduction. DESIGN Structured interviews on infant feeding practices, growth and medical status at term equivalence and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months corrected postnatal age. The age of solid food introduction was compared between term and preterm infants, and the influence of maternal, infant and milk feeding factors was assessed. SETTING This prospective longitudinal study recruited primary carers of preterm and term infants from a regional metropolitan referral hospital in eastern Australia. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and fifty infants (preterm, n 85; term, n 65). RESULTS When corrected for prematurity, preterm infants received solid foods before the recommended age for the introduction of solid foods for term infants. Median introduction of solid foods for preterm infants was 14 weeks corrected age (range 12-17 weeks). This was significantly less than 19 weeks (range 17-21 weeks) for term infants (P < 0·001). Lower maternal education and male gender were associated with earlier introduction of solid foods among preterm infants. CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants are introduced to solid foods earlier than recommended for term infants, taking account of their corrected age. Further research is needed to assess any risk or benefit associated with this pattern and thus to develop clear evidence-based feeding guidelines for preterm infants.
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Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Kearney J, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Bresson JL, Fewtrell M, Kersting M, Przyrembel H, Dumas C, Titz A, Turck D. Appropriate age range for introduction of complementary feeding into an infant's diet. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05780. [PMID: 32626427 PMCID: PMC7009265 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) revised its 2009 Opinion on the appropriate age for introduction of complementary feeding of infants. This age has been evaluated considering the effects on health outcomes, nutritional aspects and infant development, and depends on the individual's characteristics and development. As long as foods have an age-appropriate texture, are nutritionally appropriate and prepared following good hygiene practices, there is no convincing evidence that at any age investigated in the included studies (< 1 to < 6 months), the introduction of complementary foods (CFs) is associated with adverse health effects or benefits (except for infants at risk of iron depletion). For nutritional reasons, the majority of infants need CFs from around 6 months of age. Infants at risk of iron depletion (exclusively breastfed infants born to mothers with low iron status, or with early umbilical cord clamping (< 1 min after birth), or born preterm, or born small-for-gestational age or with high growth velocity) may benefit from earlier introduction of CFs that are a source of iron. The earliest developmental skills relevant for consuming pureed CFs can be observed between 3 and 4 months of age. Skills for consuming finger foods can be observed in some infants at 4 months, but more commonly at 5-7 months. The fact that an infant may be ready from a neurodevelopmental perspective to progress to a more diversified diet before 6 months of age does not imply that there is a need to introduce CFs. There is no reason to postpone the introduction of potentially allergenic foods (egg, cereals, fish and peanut) to a later age than that of other CFs as far as the risk of developing atopic diseases is concerned. Regarding the risk of coeliac disease, gluten can be introduced with other CFs.
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13
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Howe TH, Sheu CF, Wang TN. Feeding Patterns and Parental Perceptions of Feeding Issues of Preterm Infants in the First 2 Years of Life. Am J Occup Ther 2019; 73:7302205030p1-7302205030p10. [PMID: 30915964 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2019.029397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored parental feeding practices, feeding issues during the first 2 yr of life, and the relationship between feeding issues and levels of maternal distress in preterm infants. Four hundred twenty mothers (239 with preterm infants, 181 with full-term infants) participated in the study. The Behavior-Based Feeding Questionnaire for Infants With Premature History and the Parenting Stress Index-Chinese Version were used as the two outcome measures. The results indicated that preterm infants had different feeding experiences compared with their full-term counterparts. They tended to start solid food later in life and had limited experiences in food variation. Parenting stress was prevalent in parents with preterm infants and was associated with the frequency of feeding issues, especially at later ages when supplementary foods were being introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Hsin Howe
- Tsu-Hsin Howe, PhD, OTR, FAOTA, is Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University
| | - Ching-Fan Sheu
- Ching-Fan Sheu, PhD, is Professor, Institute of Education, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ni Wang
- Tien-Ni Wang, PhD, OT, is Associate Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei;
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Giannì ML, Bezze E, Colombo L, Rossetti C, Pesenti N, Roggero P, Sannino P, Muscolo S, Plevani L, Mosca F. Complementary Feeding Practices in a Cohort of Italian Late Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121861. [PMID: 30513799 PMCID: PMC6316424 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data are available on complementary feeding in preterm infants, who show increased nutritional needs and are at risk of altered postnatal growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the timing and content of complementary feeding in a cohort of late preterm infants. We conducted a prospective, observational study, including mothers who had given birth to infants admitted to level I or II of care with a gestational age between 34 and 36 weeks. Mothers were contacted at 3, 6 and 12 months after delivery by phone calls and were asked about their infant’s mode of feeding and the timing and schedule of the introduction of different solid foods types. A total of 49 mothers and 57 infants completed the study. The mean postnatal age of the introduction of complementary foods was 5.7 ± 0.7 months. Low energy and/or low protein-dense foods were first introduced in most infants. Fruit as the first type of complementary food in the infant’s diet was associated with a 1.6-month advance in initiating complementary feeding. The present findings provide further insight into complementary feeding practices in late preterm infants and underline the need for specific recommendations addressing this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Giannì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Bezze
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Camilla Rossetti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicola Pesenti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Roggero
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizio Sannino
- S.I.T.R.A. Basic Education Sector, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Muscolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Plevani
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Vissers KM, Feskens EJM, van Goudoever JB, Janse AJ. The Timing of Initiating Complementary Feeding in Preterm Infants and Its Effect on Overweight: A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018; 72:307-315. [PMID: 29705810 DOI: 10.1159/000488732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND What is the appropriate time to start complementary feeding for preterm infants? The answer to this question is yet under debate. The timing of initiating complementary feeding may be associated with overweight in term infants. This systematic review aimed to study the effect of the timing of initiating complementary feeding on overweight in preterm infants. Predefined search items included preterm infants, complementary feeding, overweight, and their synonyms. SUMMARY The search identified 15,749 articles, of which 5 articles were included. Three studies presented data of randomized controlled trials and 2 studies were cohort studies. Two randomized controlled trials found no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) Z-score between the intervention groups at 12 months of age. One randomized controlled trial presented a significant greater mean rate of growth in length per week until 12 months in the preterm weaning strategy-group compared with the current best practices. One observational study concluded that each month the infants received complementary food later, the Z-score for length and weight was reduced by 0.1. Key Messages: No clear conclusion could be drawn from the included studies. This review illustrates the need for further research to access the effect of the timing of initiating complementary feeding on overweight in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Vissers
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center and VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arieke J Janse
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands
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