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Zaka A, Yousaf M, Shahzad S, Rao HZ, Foo JN, Siddiqi S. Structural and functional insights into a novel homozygous missense pathogenic variant in CUL7 identified in consanguineous Pakistani family. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5092-5103. [PMID: 37345548 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2224889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
3M syndrome is a rare genetic familial disorder characterized by short stature, growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, skeletal abnormalities, fleshy protruding heels, and normal intelligence, caused by mutations in the CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8 genes. In the present study, a novel homozygous missense variant of CUL7 (NP_001161842.1, c.4493T > C, p.L1498P) has been identified in a consanguineous Pakistani family by whole exome sequencing. In silico structural evaluation, molecular docking and simulation studies of mutant CUL7 provides substantial evidence about its crucial role in the progression of discussed ailment. The newly discovered variant significantly altered the protein's three dimensional structure, leading to abnormal interaction with binding proteins. This computational and experimental investigation provides useful information to drug developers for the synthesis of novel therapeutics against the discussed ailment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zaka
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maha Yousaf
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Shahzad
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hadi Zahid Rao
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Bahria University Medical and Dental College Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saima Siddiqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Zhang Y, Hu F, Li H, Duan Q, Pi Y, Li Y, Zhang H. Longitudinal skeletal growth and growth plate morphological characteristics of chondro-tissue specific CUL7 knockout mice. Ann Anat 2024; 253:152224. [PMID: 38367951 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3 M syndrome is first reported in 1975,which characterized by severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation, skeletal malformation and facial dysmorphism. These three genes (CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8) have been identified to be respond for 3 M syndrome, of which CUL7 is accounting for approximately 70%. To date, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of 3 M syndrome remains poorly understood. Previous studies showed that no Cul7-/- mice could survive after birth, because of growth retardation at late gestational stage and respiratory distress after birth. The establishment of the animal model of cartilage specific Cul7 knockout mice (Cul7fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice) has confirmed that Cul7fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice can be selective in a time- and tissue-dependent manner, which can provide an experimental basis for further research on severe genetic diseases related to growth plates. OBJECTIVE To establish a model of Cul7fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice based on Cre/LoxP system, and to further observe its phenotype and morphological changes in growth plate. METHODS The Cul7fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice were taken as the experimental group, while the genotype of Cul7fl/+;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice were used as the control group. The gross morphological features and X-ray films of limbs in the two groups were observed every week for 3-6 consecutive weeks, and the length of the mice from nose to the tail, the length of femur and tibia were recorded. In the meantime, The histological morphology of tibial growth plates was compared between the two groups. RESULTS A preliminary model of Cul7fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice was established. The Cul7fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice had abnormally short and deformed limbs (P<0.05), increased thickness of growth plate, the disorderly arranged chondrocyte columns, decreased number of cells in the proliferation zone, changes in the shape from flat to round, obviously expanded extracellular matrix, and disordered arrangement, thickening and loosening of bone trabecula at the proximal metaphysis of the femur. CONCLUSIONS The knockout of Cul7 gene may affect both the proliferation of chondrocytes and the endochondral osteogenesis, confirming that Cul7 is essential for the normal development of bone in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Department of pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Fangrui Hu
- Department of pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Qinli Duan
- Department of pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yalei Pi
- Department of pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Department of pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 of Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Wang X, He Y, Wang X, Kong X, Lin Y, Yao Y, Huang Y. Prenatal diagnosis and preimplantation genetics testing of 3M syndrome in a Chinese family with novel biallelic variants of CUL7. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2284. [PMID: 37877343 PMCID: PMC10767403 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by pre and postnatal growth deficiency, dysmorphic facial features, and normal intelligence. 3M syndrome should be suspected in a proband with a combination of characteristic or recognizable dysmorphic features. The diagnosis of 3M syndrome could be confirmed by identifying biallelic variants in CUL7, OBSL1, or CCDC8. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify genetic causes. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect aberrant splicing events. Haplotypes were constructed using multiplex PCR and sequencing. Variants of the parental haplotype and target likely pathogenic variants were detected by PCR and Sanger sequencing from the embryos. Copy number variant (CNV) detection was performed by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS We present the case of a nonconsanguineous Chinese couple with one abnormal pregnancy, where the fetus showed 3M phenotypes of shortened long bones. WES identified two novel heterozygous mutations in CUL7: NM_014780.5:c.354del (p.Gln119ArgfsTer52) and NM_014780.5:c.1373-15G>A. RT-PCR from RNA of the mother's peripheral blood leucocytes showed that c.1373-15G>A caused the insertion of a 13-bp extra intron sequence and encoded the mutant p.Leu459ProfsTer25. Both variants were classified as likely pathogenic according to ACMG/AMP guidelines and Clinical Genome Resource specifications. During genetic counseling, the options of prenatal diagnosis through chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, adoption, sperm donation, and electing not to reproduce, as well as preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M), were discussed. The couple hopes to conceive a child of their own and refused to accept the 25% risk during the next pregnancy and opted for PGT-M. They finally successfully delivered a healthy baby through PGT-M. CONCLUSION This study expanded the mutation spectrum of CUL7, detected the aberrant splicing event of CUL7 via RT-PCR, constructed the haplotype for PGT-M, and demonstrated the successful delivery of a healthy baby using PGT-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Wang
- Department of Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis CenterAffiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
- Nantong Institute of Genetics and Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Yaqiong He
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Center for Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Xiangtian Kong
- Department of Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis CenterAffiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Yunying Lin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghaiChina
| | - Yejie Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghaiChina
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Xu N, Liu K, Yang Y, Li X, Zhong Y. Chinese patients with 3M syndrome: clinical manifestations and two novel pathogenic variants. Front Genet 2023; 14:1164936. [PMID: 37719700 PMCID: PMC10501862 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1164936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: 3M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, large head circumference, and skeletal changes, has rarely been reported in the Chinese population. Methods: We describe the clinical manifestations and gene variants in four sporadic cases of 3M syndrome in Chinese individuals from different families. Results: All cases had significant growth retardation, relative macrocephaly, and typical facial features. Exome sequencing revealed that two patients with 3M syndrome had homozygous variants of the CUL7 gene: one novel pathogenic variant and one previously reported pathogenic variant; the other two patients were heterozygous for variants in OBSL1, one of which had not been reported previously. Clinical evaluation indicated that these Chinese patients with 3M syndrome shared similar recognizable features with those reported in patients of other ethnic backgrounds, but not all patients with 3M syndrome in this study had normal development milestones. Two patients underwent recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy and showed accelerated growth in the first 2 years; however, the growth rate slowed in the third year in one case. There were no obvious adverse reactions during rhGH treatment. Conclusion: We report one novel CUL7 and one novel OBSL1 mutation in patients with 3M syndrome. Children with short stature, specific facial features, and physical symptoms should be referred for genetic testing to obtain precise diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The effects of rhGH treatment on adult height requires long-term observation and study in a large sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningan Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hunan Children’s Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Laboratory of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Hunan Children’s Hospital Changsha, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kangxiang Liu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hunan Children’s Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongjia Yang
- The Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Hunan Children’s Research Institute (HCRI), Hunan Children’s Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Radiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hunan Children’s Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Laboratory of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Hunan Children’s Hospital Changsha, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Khachnaoui-Zaafrane K, Ouertani I, Zanati A, Kandara H, Maazoul F, Mrad R. 3M syndrome: A Tunisian seven-cases series. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104448. [PMID: 35150935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3M syndrome (3MS) is a rare autosomal recessive primordial growth disorder characterized by a severe pre- and post-natal growth deficiency, minor dysmorphisms and skeletal abnormalities, contrasting with normal intellect and endocrine function. Three different genes have been so far involved in the disease, with mutations in CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8. The CUL7 gene mutations are accountable for 77,5% of the genetically confirmed patients, with a founder mutation identified in exon 24 for the Maghreb families. The follow up is mainly orthopedic with possible GH-based treatment. The objective of this report was to carry out a clinical analysis of a series of Tunisian patients with features evoking 3MS and to perform a molecular analysis of the CLU7 exon 24. We carried out a descriptive retrospective study including Tunisian patients who consulted at the congenital disorders and hereditary diseases department of Charles Nicolle's hospital, Tunis, Tunisia, for intra-uterine onset growth retardation with normal intellect. We selected the patients having characteristic 3MS facial dysmorphia. The molecular analysis of the CUL7 exon 24 was performed using PCR and Sanger sequencing searching the founder mutation c.4451_4452delTG. Seven patients were included in this study. Consanguinity was noted for four families. The mean age at the first consult was 2.5 years. All the patients had an intra-uterine onset growth retardation with a preserved head circumference. All patients presented facial dysmorphia of 3MS, with a prominent forehead (7/7), a triangular face (6/7), an underdeveloped midface (7/7), a fleshy tipped nose (5/7), anteverted nares (6/7), a long philtrum (7/7) and full lips (4/7). All the patients presented skeletal abnormalities with various severities such as lumbar lordosis, hyperextensible joints, short thorax, square shoulders, hip dislocation, and prominent heels. Less frequent features were noted such as spina bifida occulta in one case, and single transverse palmar crease in 4 cases. One GH treatment response was reported. The molecular genetic analysis of the CUL7 gene (exon 24) revealed the founder mutation for all the patients which reinforces the hypothesis of founder effect for 3MS in the Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Khachnaoui-Zaafrane
- Department of Hereditary and Congenital Disorders, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Medical Genetics, Nice Teaching Hospital, France.
| | - Ines Ouertani
- Department of Hereditary and Congenital Disorders, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zanati
- Department of Hereditary and Congenital Disorders, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Kandara
- National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Department of Endocrinology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Maazoul
- Department of Hereditary and Congenital Disorders, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Mrad
- Department of Hereditary and Congenital Disorders, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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Iyer GR, Kumar R, Poornima S, Kamireddy AP, Juturu KK, Bhatnagar L, Arora S, Suresh V, Utage PR, Bailur S, Pujar AN, Hasan Q. Utility of next-generation sequencing in genetic testing and counseling of disorders involving the musculoskeletal system—trends observed from a single genetic unit. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:76. [PMID: 35123515 PMCID: PMC8818190 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-02969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Disorders involving the musculoskeletal system are often identified with short stature and a range of orthopedic problems. The clinical and genetic heterogeneity of these diseases along with several characteristic overlaps makes definitive diagnosis difficult for clinicians. Hence, using molecular testing in addition to conventional tests becomes essential for appropriate diagnosis and management.
Methods
Comprehensive clinical examination, detailed pretest and posttest counseling, molecular diagnosis with next-generation sequencing (NGS), genotype–phenotype correlation and Sanger sequencing for targeted variant analysis.
Results
This manuscript reports a molecular spectrum of variants in 34 orthopedic cases referred to a single genetic unit attached to a tertiary care hospital. The diagnostic yield of NGS-based tests coupled with genetic counseling and segregation analysis was 79% which included 7 novel variants. In about 53% (i.e. 18/34 cases), molecular testing outcome was actionable since 8 of the 18 underwent prenatal diagnosis, as they were either in their early gestation or had planned a pregnancy subsequent to molecular testing, while ten cases were premaritally/prenatally counseled for the families to take informed decisions as they were in the reproductive age.
Conclusions
The report highlights the importance of NGS-based tests even in a low resource setting as it helps patients, families and healthcare providers in reducing the economic, social and emotional burden of these disorders.
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7
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Cruz Walma DA, Chen Z, Bullock AN, Yamada KM. Ubiquitin ligases: guardians of mammalian development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:350-367. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Natural history of facial and skeletal features from neonatal period to adulthood in a 3M syndrome cohort with biallelic CUL7 or OBSL1 variants. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104346. [PMID: 34597859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
3M syndrome is characterized by severe pre- and post-natal growth restriction, typical face, slender tubular bones, tall vertebral bodies, prominent heels and normal intelligence. It is caused by biallelic variants of CUL7, OBSL1 and, more rarely, CCDC8. The aim of this study is to evaluate facial and skeletal findings in 3M patients from neonatal period to adulthood. A total of 19 patients with a median age of diagnosis of 9.2 months were included in this study and were followed for two to 20 years. CUL7 and OBSL1 variants were found in 57.9% and 42.1% of patients, respectively, five of which are novel. Most of patients had triangular face, frontal bossing, short fleshy nose, full fleshy lower lip, transverse groove of rib cage, hyperlordosis and prominent heels. Three new early-diagnostic signs were observed in infants; two were infraorbital swelling of the lower lid and facial infantile hemangioma, both of which became less pronounced with aging. The third was the central tubercle of the upper lip that became more prominent with in time. While slender long bones did not change with aging, the tall vertebral bodies became more prominent radiologically. The mean birth length in patients was -4.3 SDS. Eight patients reached a mean final height of -4.9 SDS. Despite described growth hormone (GH) insensitivity in 3M syndrome, 12 patients either with GH deficiency or with normal GH levels were treated with GH; seven patients responded with an increase in height SDS. This study not only provided early diagnostic signs of the syndrome, but also presented important follow-up findings.
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El-Sibai M, El Hajj J, Al Haddad M, El Baba N, Al Saneh M, Daoud Khatoun W, Helaers R, Vikkula M, El Atat O, Sabbagh J, Abou Chebel N, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M. Dysregulation of Rho GTPases in orofacial cleft patients-derived primary cells leads to impaired cell migration, a potential cause of cleft/lip palate development. Cells Dev 2021; 165:203656. [PMID: 34024335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and/or palate are a split in the lip, the palate or both. This results from the inability of lip buds and palatal shelves to properly migrate and assemble during embryogenesis. By extracting primary cells from a cleft patient, we aimed at offering a better understanding of the signaling mechanisms and interacting molecules involved in the lip and palate formation and fusion. With Rho GTPases being indirectly associated with cleft occurrence, we investigated the role of the latter in both. First, whole exome sequencing was conducted in a patient with cleft lip and palate. Primary fibroblastic cells originating from the upper right gingiva region were extracted and distinct cellular populations from two individuals were obtained: a control with no cleft phenotype and a patient with a cleft lip and palate. The genetic data showed three candidate variables in ARHGEF18, EPDR1, and CUL7. Next, the molecular data showed no significant change in proliferation rates between healthy patient cells and CL/P patient cells. However, CL/P patient cells showed decreased migration, increased adhesion and presented with a more elongated phenotype. Additionally, RhoA activity was upregulated in these cells, whereas Cdc42 activity was downregulated, resulting in loss of polarity. Our results are suggestive of a possible correlation between a dysregulation of Rho GTPases and the observed phenotype of cleft lip and palate patient cells. This insight into the intramolecular aspect of this disorder helps link the genetic defect with the observed phenotype and offers a possible mechanism by which CL/P occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joelle El Hajj
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Maria Al Haddad
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nada El Baba
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mounir Al Saneh
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Wassim Daoud Khatoun
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Raphaël Helaers
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Oula El Atat
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph Sabbagh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Naji Abou Chebel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Michella Ghassibe-Sabbagh
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Lee IK, Lim HH, Kim YM. The Effect of Combined Growth Hormone and a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy on Height in Korean 3-M Syndrome Siblings. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:981-985. [PMID: 33107243 PMCID: PMC7593105 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.11.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
3-M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive growth disorder characterized by severe growth retardation, low birth weight, characteristic facial features, and skeletal anomalies, for which three causative genes (CUL7, OBSL1, and CCDC8) have been identified. We herein report two Korean siblings with 3-M syndrome caused by two novel OBSL1 mutations, and describe the effect of a combined treatment with growth hormone (GH) and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. A 7-year-old girl with short stature (-3.37 standard deviation score, SDS) and breast budding presented with subtle dysmorphic features, including macrocephaly, frontal bossing, a triangular face, prominent philtrum, full lips, a short neck, and fifth-finger clinodactyly. GnRH stimulation test revealed a pubertal pattern and advanced bone age of 8 years and 10 months. Her older sister, aged 10 years and 9 months, had experienced an early menarche, and had an advanced bone age (13.5 years) and predicted adult height of 142 cm (-4.04 SDS). Targeted exome sequencing identified that the siblings had two heteroallelic mutations in OBSL1. Both siblings underwent a combination therapy with GH and a GnRH agonist. A height gain was noted in both siblings even after short-term treatment. To fully elucidate the effects of the combined therapy, a larger cohort should be analyzed following a longer treatment period. However, such an analysis would be challenging due to the rarity of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Han Hyuk Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoo Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea.
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The functional analysis of Cullin 7 E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:98. [PMID: 33130829 PMCID: PMC7603503 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin (CUL) proteins have critical roles in development and cancer, however few studies on CUL7 have been reported due to its characteristic molecular structure. CUL7 forms a complex with the ROC1 ring finger protein, and only two F-box proteins Fbxw8 and Fbxw11 have been shown to bind to CUL7. Interestingly, CUL7 can interact with its substrates by forming a novel complex that is independent of these two F-box proteins. The biological implications of CUL-ring ligase 7 (CRL7) suggest that the CRL7 may not only perform a proteolytic function but may also play a non-proteolytic role. Among the existing studied CRL7-based E3 ligases, CUL7 exerts both tumor promotion and suppression in a context-dependent manner. Currently, the mechanism of CUL7 in cancer remains unclear, and no studies have addressed potential therapies targeting CUL7. Consistent with the roles of the various CRL7 adaptors exhibit, targeting CRL7 might be an effective strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. We systematically describe the recent major advances in understanding the role of the CUL7 E3 ligase in cancer and further summarize its potential use in clinical therapy.
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Guo L, Feng Z, Jin X, Yin S, Zhang M, Gao Y, Zhang B, Wang H, Liu L. A novel mutation within intron 17 of the CUL7 gene results in appearance of premature termination codon. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:23-30. [PMID: 32278698 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A couple with five adverse pregnancy history required prenatal diagnosis. The fetus of this study was their fifth pregnancy. The fetus was found NT thickening at 12 weeks and 4 days gestation and the average long bone of limbs retardation 4SD at 27 weeks and 4 days gestation. Karyotype was normal. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing were conducted of this fetus. The compound heterozygous mutations c.3722_3749dup[p.V1252fs*23] and c.3355 + 5 G > A at CUL7 gene were detected. The mutation c.3355 + 5 G > A was a novel mutation within intron 17 of the CUL7 gene. Minigene array was used to verify whether the novel mutation c.3355 + 5 G > A really affected the splicing of CUL7gene. The results showed that the mutation could result in the appearance of premature termination codon. The fetus could be diagnosed as 3 M syndrome. We suggested that close attention needed to be paid to fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction only by ultrasonic and avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of 3 M syndrome. In addition, our study enriched gene mutations of 3 M syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Guo
- Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhanqi Feng
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450004, China
| | - Xiaoye Jin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China; Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China; College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Henan Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hongdan Wang
- Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China; Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China; College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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13
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Wang P, Yan F, Li Z, Yu Y, Parnell SE, Xiong Y. Impaired plasma membrane localization of ubiquitin ligase complex underlies 3-M syndrome development. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4393-4407. [PMID: 31343991 DOI: 10.1172/jci129107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
3-M primordial dwarfism is an inherited disease characterized by severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation and by mutually exclusive mutations in three genes, CUL7, OBSL1, and CCDC8. The mechanism underlying 3-M dwarfism is not clear. We showed here that CCDC8, derived from a retrotransposon Gag protein in placental mammals, exclusively localized on the plasma membrane and was phosphorylated by CK2 and GSK3. Phosphorylation of CCDC8 resulted in its binding first with OBSL1, and then CUL7, leading to the membrane assembly of the 3-M E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. We identified LL5β, a plasma membrane protein that regulates cell migration, as a substrate of 3-M ligase. Wnt inhibition of CCDC8 phosphorylation or patient-derived mutations in 3-M genes disrupted membrane localization of the 3-M complex and accumulated LL5β. Deletion of Ccdc8 in mice impaired trophoblast migration and placental development, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction and perinatal lethality. These results identified a mechanism regulating cell migration and placental development that underlies the development of 3-M dwarfism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Feng Yan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhijun Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott E Parnell
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and.,Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Blondelle J, Marrocco V, Clark M, Desmond P, Myers S, Nguyen J, Wright M, Bremner S, Pierantozzi E, Ward S, Estève E, Sorrentino V, Ghassemian M, Lange S. Murine obscurin and Obsl1 have functionally redundant roles in sarcolemmal integrity, sarcoplasmic reticulum organization, and muscle metabolism. Commun Biol 2019; 2:178. [PMID: 31098411 PMCID: PMC6509138 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological roles of obscurin and its close homolog Obsl1 (obscurin-like 1) have been enigmatic. While obscurin is highly expressed in striated muscles, Obsl1 is found ubiquitously. Accordingly, obscurin mutations have been linked to myopathies, whereas mutations in Obsl1 result in 3M-growth syndrome. To further study unique and redundant functions of these closely related proteins, we generated and characterized Obsl1 knockouts. Global Obsl1 knockouts are embryonically lethal. In contrast, skeletal muscle-specific Obsl1 knockouts show a benign phenotype similar to obscurin knockouts. Only deletion of both proteins and removal of their functional redundancy revealed their roles for sarcolemmal stability and sarcoplasmic reticulum organization. To gain unbiased insights into changes to the muscle proteome, we analyzed tibialis anterior and soleus muscles by mass spectrometry, uncovering additional changes to the muscle metabolism. Our analyses suggest that all obscurin protein family members play functions for muscle membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blondelle
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Valeria Marrocco
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Madison Clark
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Patrick Desmond
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Stephanie Myers
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Jim Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Matthew Wright
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Shannon Bremner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Samuel Ward
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Eric Estève
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
- Université Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Grenoble, 38706 France
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45 Sweden
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15
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Simsek-Kiper PO, Taskiran E, Kosukcu C, Arslan UE, Cormier-Daire V, Gonc N, Ozon A, Alikasifoglu A, Kandemir N, Utine GE, Alanay Y, Alikasifoglu M, Boduroglu K. Further expanding the mutational spectrum and investigation of genotype-phenotype correlation in 3M syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1157-1172. [PMID: 30980518 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
3M syndrome is characterized by severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation, typical facial features, and normal intelligence. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in either CUL7, OBSL1, or CCDC8 have been identified in the etiology so far. Clinical and molecular features of 24 patients (23 patients and a fetus) from 19 unrelated families with a clinical diagnosis of 3M syndrome were evaluated and genotype-phenotype correlations were investigated with the use of DNA sequencing, chromosomal microarray, and whole exome sequencing accordingly. A genetic etiology could be established in 20 patients (n = 20/24, 83%). Eleven distinct CUL7 or OBSL1 mutations, among which eight was novel, were identified in 18 patients (n = 18/24, 75%). Ten patients had CUL7 (n = 10/18, 56%) while eight had OBSL1 (n = 8/18, 44%) mutations. Birth weight and height standard deviation scores at admission were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in patients with CUL7 mutation compared to that of patients with OBSL1 mutation. Two patients with a similar phenotype had a de novo 20p13p deletion involving BMP2. No genetic etiology could be established in four patients (n = 4/28, 17%). This study yet represents the largest cohort of 3M syndrome patients from a single center in Turkey. Microdeletions involving BMP2 may cause a phenotype similar to 3M syndrome with some distinctive features. Larger cohort of patients are required to establish genotype-phenotype correlations in 3M syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekim Taskiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Kosukcu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Bioinformatics, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Ece Arslan
- Department of Health Research, Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nazlı Gonc
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alev Ozon
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Alikasifoglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurgun Kandemir
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulen Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pediatric Genetics, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alikasifoglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Boduroglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-M syndrome is an uncommon disease characterized by severe growth retardation, dysmorphic features, and skeletal abnormalities. Radiographic images may show delayed bone maturation long slender tubular bones, and tall vertebral bodies. Due to the inheritance mode of 3-M syndrome disease, early diagnosis is vital for genetic counseling. CASE REPORT In this case report, we present the case of a 3-year-old male patient who was referred to our clinic for development assessment due to delayed development, particularly speech, who had clinical outcomes of 3-M syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The aim of the case report is to add this new patient to the literature on 3-M syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz HabibUllah
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raidah Al-Baradie
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Department of Neurolphysiology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Grosse G, Hilger A, Ludwig M, Reutter H, Lorenzen F, Even G, Holterhus PM, Woelfle J. Targeted Resequencing of Putative Growth-Related Genes Using Whole Exome Sequencing in Patients with Severe Primary IGF-I Deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:408-417. [PMID: 29073591 DOI: 10.1159/000480505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To elucidate the genetic causes of severe primary insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency (SPIGFD) by systematic, targeted, next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based resequencing of growth-related genes. METHODS Clinical phenotyping followed by NGS in 17 families including 6 affected sib pairs. RESULTS We identified disease-causing, heterozygous, de novo variants in HRAS (p.Gly13Cys) and FAM111A (p.Arg569His) in 2 male patients with syndromic SPIGFD. A previously described homozygous GHR nonsense variant was detected in 2 siblings of a consanguineous family (p.Glu198*). Furthermore, we identified an inherited novel variant in the IGF2 gene (p.Arg156Cys) of a maternally imprinted gene in a less severely affected father and his affected daughter. We detected 2 other novel missense variants in SH2B1 and SOCS2, both were inherited from an unaffected parent. CONCLUSIONS Screening of growth-related genes using NGS-based, large-scale, targeted resequencing identified disease-causing variants in HRAS, FAM111A, and GHR. Considering the increased risk of subjects with HRAS mutations for neoplasms, close clinical monitoring and a thorough discussion of the risk/benefit ratio of the treatment with recombinant IGF-I is mandatory. Segregation analysis proved to be critical in the interpretation of potential SPIGFD-associated gene variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Grosse
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Hilger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud Even
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Division, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Division, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Woelfle
- Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,
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18
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Cusimano MC, Chitayat D, Injeyan M, Geary M. Pregnancy in 3M syndrome. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 38:421-422. [PMID: 29046114 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1360849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Cusimano
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Marie Injeyan
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Michael Geary
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Maternal Fetal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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19
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Liao L, Gan HW, Hwa V, Dattani M, Dauber A. Two Siblings with a Mutation in CCDC8 Presenting with Mild Short Stature: A Case of 3-M Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 88:364-370. [PMID: 28675896 PMCID: PMC7261367 DOI: 10.1159/000477907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short stature can be caused by mutations in a multitude of different genes. 3-M syndrome is a rare growth disorder marked by severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation along with subtle dysmorphic features. There have only been 2 prior reports of mutations in CCDC8 causing 3-M syndrome. METHODS Two patients presenting with mild short stature underwent whole exome sequencing. The mutation was confirmed via Sanger sequencing. We compare the clinical characteristics of our 2 patients to patients previously reported with mutations in the same gene. RESULTS Exome sequencing identified a homozygous frameshift mutation in CCDC8 in both patients. They presented with a much milder phenotype than previously described patients with the same mutation. CONCLUSION In this study, we report a case of 2 sisters with relatively mild short stature who were found via exome sequencing to carry a previously reported homozygous mutation in CCDC8. These patients expand the anthropometric phenotype of 3-M syndrome and demonstrate the power of exome sequencing in the diagnosis of children with short stature. 3-M syndrome should be considered in children with mild skeletal abnormalities, normal/high growth hormone-IGF axis parameters, and normal intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liao
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hoong-Wei Gan
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mehul Dattani
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Pangeni RP, Channathodiyil P, Huen DS, Eagles LW, Johal BK, Pasha D, Hadjistephanou N, Nevell O, Davies CL, Adewumi AI, Khanom H, Samra IS, Buzatto VC, Chandrasekaran P, Shinawi T, Dawson TP, Ashton KM, Davis C, Brodbelt AR, Jenkinson MD, Bièche I, Latif F, Darling JL, Warr TJ, Morris MR. The GALNT9, BNC1 and CCDC8 genes are frequently epigenetically dysregulated in breast tumours that metastasise to the brain. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:57. [PMID: 26052355 PMCID: PMC4457099 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour metastasis to the brain is a common and deadly development in certain cancers; 18–30 % of breast tumours metastasise to the brain. The contribution that gene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms plays in these metastatic tumours is not well understood. Results We have carried out a bioinformatic screen of genome-wide breast tumour methylation data available at The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and a broad literature review to identify candidate genes that may contribute to breast to brain metastasis (BBM). This analysis identified 82 candidates. We investigated the methylation status of these genes using Combined Bisulfite and Restriction Analysis (CoBRA) and identified 21 genes frequently methylated in BBM. We have identified three genes, GALNT9, CCDC8 and BNC1, that were frequently methylated (55, 73 and 71 %, respectively) and silenced in BBM and infrequently methylated in primary breast tumours. CCDC8 was commonly methylated in brain metastases and their associated primary tumours whereas GALNT9 and BNC1 were methylated and silenced only in brain metastases, but not in the associated primary breast tumours from individual patients. This suggests differing roles for these genes in the evolution of metastatic tumours; CCDC8 methylation occurs at an early stage of metastatic evolution whereas methylation of GANLT9 and BNC1 occurs at a later stage of tumour evolution. Knockdown of these genes by RNAi resulted in a significant increase in the migratory and invasive potential of breast cancer cell lines. Conclusions These findings indicate that GALNT9 (an initiator of O-glycosylation), CCDC8 (a regulator of microtubule dynamics) and BNC1 (a transcription factor with a broad range of targets) may play a role in the progression of primary breast tumours to brain metastases. These genes may be useful as prognostic markers and their products may provide novel therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0089-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Pangeni
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - David S Huen
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Lawrence W Eagles
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Balraj K Johal
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Dawar Pasha
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Natasa Hadjistephanou
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Oliver Nevell
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Claire L Davies
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ayobami I Adewumi
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Hamida Khanom
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ikroop S Samra
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Vanessa C Buzatto
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Preethi Chandrasekaran
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Thoraia Shinawi
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy P Dawson
- Department of Neurosciences, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston, UK
| | - Katherine M Ashton
- Department of Neurosciences, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston, UK
| | - Charles Davis
- Department of Neurosciences, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston, UK
| | | | | | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - Farida Latif
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John L Darling
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Tracy J Warr
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Mark R Morris
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK ; School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK ; Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Deeb A, Afandi O, Attia S, Fatih AE. 3-M syndrome: a novel CUL7 mutation associated with respiratory distress and a good response to GH therapy. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2015; 2015:150012. [PMID: 25945256 PMCID: PMC4418346 DOI: 10.1530/edm-15-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
3-M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8 genes. It is characterised by growth failure, dysmorphic features and skeletal abnormalities. Data in the literature show variable efficacy of GH in the treatment of short stature. We report four Emirati siblings with the condition. The index case is a 10-year-old boy with characteristic features, including prenatal and postnatal growth failure, a triangular face, a long philtrum, full lips and prominent heels. Genetic testing confirmed a novel mutation (p.val88Ala) in the CUL7 gene. The parents are healthy, first-degree cousins with nine children, of whom two died in the first year of life with respiratory failure. Both had low birth weight and growth retardation. The boy's older sibling reached an adult height of 117 cm (−6.71 SDS). She was never treated with GH. He was started on GH treatment at 7 years of age, when his height was 94 cm (−5.3 SDS). 3-M syndrome should be considered in children with short stature who have associated dysmorphism and skeletal abnormalities. The diagnosis is more likely to occur in families that have a history of consanguinity and more than one affected sibling. Death in early infancy due to respiratory failure is another clue to the diagnosis, which might have a variable phenotype within a family. Genetic testing is important for confirming the diagnosis and for genetic counselling. GH treatment might be beneficial in improving stature in affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deeb
- Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital , PO Box 2951, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - O Afandi
- Medical School, Gulf University , Ajman , United Arab Emirates
| | - S Attia
- Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital , PO Box 2951, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - A El Fatih
- Biochemistry Laboratory Department, Shaikh Khalifa Medical Center, Mafraq Hospital , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
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22
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Abstract
Testing linkage heterogeneity between two loci is an important issue in genetics. Currently, there are four methods (K-test, A-test, B-test and D-test) for testing linkage heterogeneity in linkage analysis, which are based on the likelihood-ratio test. Among them, the commonly used methods are the K-test and A-test. In this paper, we present a novel test method which is different from the above four tests, called G-test. The new test statistic is based on estimating function, possessing a theoretic asymptotic distribution, and therefore demonstrates its own advantages. The proposed test is applied to analyse a real pedigree dataset. Our simulation results also indicate that the G-test performs well in terms of power of testing linkage heterogeneity and outperforms the current methods to some degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gao
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China.
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Yan J, Yan F, Li Z, Sinnott B, Cappell KM, Yu Y, Mo J, Duncan JA, Chen X, Cormier-Daire V, Whitehurst AW, Xiong Y. The 3M complex maintains microtubule and genome integrity. Mol Cell 2014; 54:791-804. [PMID: 24793695 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CUL7, OBSL1, and CCDC8 genes are mutated in a mutually exclusive manner in 3M and other growth retardation syndromes. The mechanism underlying the function of the three 3M genes in development is not known. We found that OBSL1 and CCDC8 form a complex with CUL7 and regulate the level and centrosomal localization of CUL7, respectively. CUL7 depletion results in altered microtubule dynamics, prometaphase arrest, tetraploidy, and mitotic cell death. These defects are recaptured in CUL7 mutated 3M cells and can be rescued by wild-type, but not by 3M patient-derived CUL7 mutants. Depletion of either OBSL1 or CCDC8 results in defects and sensitizes cells to microtubule damage similarly to loss of CUL7 function. Microtubule damage reduces the level of CCDC8 that is required for the centrosomal localization of CUL7. We propose that CUL7, OBSL1, and CCDC8 proteins form a 3M complex that functions in maintaining microtubule and genome integrity and normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Feng Yan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Zhijun Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Becky Sinnott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Kathryn M Cappell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Yanbao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Jinyao Mo
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Joseph A Duncan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Valerie Cormier-Daire
- University Paris Descartes, Department of Genetics and INSERM U781, Hospital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Angelique W Whitehurst
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA; Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.
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24
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Inhibition of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 7 by simian virus 40 large T antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3371-6. [PMID: 24550499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401556111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (LT) triggers oncogenic transformation by inhibition of key tumor suppressor proteins, including p53 and members of the retinoblastoma family. In addition, SV40 transformation requires binding of LT to Cullin 7 (CUL7), a core component of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 7 (CRL7). However, the pathomechanistic effects of LT-CUL7 interaction are mostly unknown. Here we report both in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence that SV40 LT suppresses the ubiquitin ligase function of CRL7. We show that SV40 LT, but not a CUL7 binding-deficient mutant (LT(Δ69-83)), impaired 26S proteasome-dependent proteolysis of the CRL7 target protein insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), a component of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling pathway. SV40 LT expression resulted in the accumulation and prolonged half-life of IRS1. In vitro, purified SV40 LT reduced CRL7-dependent IRS1 ubiquitination in a concentration-dependent manner. Expression of SV40 LT, or depletion of CUL7 by RNA interference, resulted in the enhanced activation of IRS1 downstream signaling pathways phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT and Erk mitogen-activated pathway kinase, as well as up-regulation of the downstream target gene c-fos. Finally, SV40 LT-positive carcinoma of carcinoembryonic antigen 424/SV40 LT transgenic mice displayed elevated IRS1 protein levels and activation of downstream signaling. Taken together, these data suggest that SV40 LT protects IRS1 from CRL7-mediated degradation, thereby sustaining high levels of promitogenic IRS1 downstream signaling pathways.
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Meazza C, Lausch E, Pagani S, Bozzola E, Calcaterra V, Superti-Furga A, Silengo M, Bozzola M. 3-M syndrome associated with growth hormone deficiency: 18 year follow-up of a patient. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:21. [PMID: 23517720 PMCID: PMC3608257 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
3-M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that causes short stature, unusual facial features and skeletal abnormalities. Mutations in the CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8 genes could be responsible for 3-M syndrome.Here we describe the growth and evolution of dismorphic features of an Italian boy with 3-M syndrome and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) from birth until adulthood. He was born full term with a very low birth weight (2400 g=-3.36 standard deviation score, SDS) and length (40.0 cm =-6.53 SDS). At birth he presented with a broad, fleshy nose with anteverted nostrils, thick and patulous lips, a square chin, curvilinear shaped eyebrows without synophrys, short thorax and long slender bones. Then, during childhood tall vertebral bodies, hip dislocation, transverse chest groove, winged scapulae and hyperextensible joints became more evident and the diagnosis of 3-M syndrome was made; this was also confirmed by the finding of a homozygous deletion in exon 18 of the CUL7 gene, which has not been previously described.The patient also exhibited severe GHD (GH <5 ng/ml) and from the age of 18 months was treated with rhGH. Notwithstanding the early start of therapy and good compliance, his growth rate was always very low, except for the first two years of treatment and he achieved a final height of 132 cm (-6.42 SDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Meazza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale C, Golgi 2, Pavia 27100, Italy
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27
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Kemper KE, Visscher PM, Goddard ME. Genetic architecture of body size in mammals. Genome Biol 2013; 13:244. [PMID: 22546202 DOI: 10.1186/gb4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the heritability for human stature is caused by mutations of small-to-medium effect. This is because detrimental pleiotropy restricts large-effect mutations to very low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Kemper
- Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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28
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Abstract
Much of the heritability for human stature is caused by mutations of small-to-medium effect. This is because detrimental pleiotropy restricts large-effect mutations to very low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Kemper
- Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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29
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Hanson D, Murray PG, Coulson T, Sud A, Omokanye A, Stratta E, Sakhinia F, Bonshek C, Wilson LC, Wakeling E, Temtamy SA, Aglan M, Rosser EM, Mansour S, Carcavilla A, Nampoothiri S, Khan WI, Banerjee I, Chandler KE, Black GCM, Clayton PE. Mutations in CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8 in 3-M syndrome lead to disordered growth factor signalling. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:267-75. [PMID: 23018678 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3-M syndrome is a primordial growth disorder caused by mutations in CUL7, OBSL1 or CCDC8. 3-M patients typically have a modest response to GH treatment, but the mechanism is unknown. Our aim was to screen 13 clinically identified 3-M families for mutations, define the status of the GH-IGF axis in 3-M children and using fibroblast cell lines assess signalling responses to GH or IGF1. Eleven CUL7, three OBSL1 and one CCDC8 mutations in nine, three and one families respectively were identified, those with CUL7 mutations being significantly shorter than those with OBSL1 or CCDC8 mutations. The majority of 3-M patients tested had normal peak serum GH and normal/low IGF1. While the generation of IGF binding proteins by 3-M cells was dysregulated, activation of STAT5b and MAPK in response to GH was normal in CUL7(-/-) cells but reduced in OBSL1(-/-) and CCDC8(-/-) cells compared with controls. Activation of AKT to IGF1 was reduced in CUL7(-/-) and OBSL1(-/-) cells at 5 min post-stimulation but normal in CCDC8(-/-) cells. The prevalence of 3-M mutations was 69% CUL7, 23% OBSL1 and 8% CCDC8. The GH-IGF axis evaluation could reflect a degree of GH resistance and/or IGF1 resistance. This is consistent with the signalling data in which the CUL7(-/-) cells showed impaired IGF1 signalling, CCDC8(-/-) cells showed impaired GH signalling and the OBSL1(-/-) cells showed impairment in both pathways. Dysregulation of the GH-IGF-IGF binding protein axis is a feature of 3-M syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hanson
- Paediatric Endocrinology, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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Xu X, Keshwani M, Meyer K, Sarikas A, Taylor S, Pan ZQ. Identification of the degradation determinants of insulin receptor substrate 1 for signaling cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 7-mediated ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40758-66. [PMID: 23045529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative feedback regulation of insulin signaling involves ubiquitin-dependent degradation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). RESULTS Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 7 (CRL7) mediates the ubiquitination of IRS1 in hyperphosphorylated form. CONCLUSION Multisite IRS1 phosphorylation triggers interactions with CRL7 for ubiquitin modification. SIGNIFICANCE Insulin signaling is self-restrained when its downstream effector kinases are hyperactivated to trigger the negative feedback inhibition. Hyperactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its effector kinase S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is known to trigger multisite seryl phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), leading to its ubiquitination and degradation. This negative feedback inhibition functions to restrain PI3K activity and plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of cancer and type II diabetes. Recent work has implicated a role for cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 7 (CRL7) in targeting IRS1 for mTORC1/S6K1-dependent degradation. In the present study we have employed both cell-based degradation and reconstituted ubiquitination approaches to define molecular features associated with IRS1 critical for CRL7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. We have mapped IRS1 degradation signal sequence to its N-terminal 574 amino acid residues, of which the integrity of Ser-307/Ser-312 and Ser-527, each constituting a S6K1 phosphorylation consensus site, was indispensible for supporting CRL7-forced degradation. In vitro, S6K1 was able to support the ubiquitination of bacterially expressed IRS1 N-terminal fragment by CRL7 but at low levels. In contrast, CRL7 supported efficient ubiquitination of IRS1 N-terminal fragment in hyperphosphorylated form, which was isolated from infected insect cells, suggesting requirement of additional phosphorylation by kinases yet to be identified. Finally, removal of IRS1 amino acids 1-260 led to substantial reduction of ubiquitination efficiency, suggesting a role for this region in mediating productive interactions with CRL7. The requirement of multisite phosphorylation and the N terminus of IRS1 for its turnover may ensure that complete IRS1 degradation occurs only when mTORC1 and S6K1 reach exceedingly high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsong Xu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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31
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Clayton PE, Hanson D, Magee L, Murray PG, Saunders E, Abu-Amero SN, Moore GE, Black GCM. Exploring the spectrum of 3-M syndrome, a primordial short stature disorder of disrupted ubiquitination. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:335-42. [PMID: 22624670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
3-M syndrome is an autosomal recessive primordial growth disorder characterized by small birth size and post-natal growth restriction associated with a spectrum of minor anomalies (including a triangular-shaped face, flat cheeks, full lips, short chest and prominent fleshy heels). Unlike many other primordial short stature syndromes, intelligence is normal and there is no other major system involvement, indicating that 3-M is predominantly a growth-related condition. From an endocrine perspective, serum GH levels are usually normal and IGF-I normal or low, while growth response to rhGH therapy is variable but typically poor. All these features suggest a degree of resistance in the GH-IGF axis. To date, mutations in three genes CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8 have been shown to cause 3-M. CUL7 acts an ubiquitin ligase and is known to interact with p53, cyclin D-1 and the growth factor signalling molecule IRS-1, the link with the latter may contribute to the GH-IGF resistance. OBSL1 is a putative cytoskeletal adaptor that interacts with and stabilizes CUL7. CCDC8 is the newest member of the pathway and interacts with OBSL1 and, like CUL7, associates with p53, acting as a co-factor in p53-medicated apoptosis. 3-M patients without a mutation have also been identified, indicating the involvement of additional genes in the pathway. Potentially damaging sequence variants in CUL7 and OBSL1 have been identified in idiopathic short stature (ISS), including those born small with failure of catch-up growth, signifying that the 3-M pathway could play a wider role in disordered growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clayton
- Developmental Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, UK.
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Al-Dosari MS, Al-Shammari M, Shaheen R, Faqeih E, Alghofely MA, Boukai A, Alkuraya FS. 3M syndrome: an easily recognizable yet underdiagnosed cause of proportionate short stature. J Pediatr 2012; 161:139-45.e1. [PMID: 22325252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize, via clinical and molecul criteria, a cohort of patients with 3M syndrome and thereby increase awareness of this syndrome as a recognizable cause of proportionate short stature. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a case series of patients referred to clinical genetics for proportionate short stature. CUL7, OBSL1, and CCDC8 genes were clinically phenotyped and sequenced. RESULTS In 6 Saudi families with 3M syndrome, we identified three CUL7, one OBSL1, and one CCDC8 novel mutations, which we show result in a remarkably similar clinical phenotype. Despite their typical and easily discernible clinical phenotype, all these patients have been extensively investigated for alternative causes of their short stature and received erroneous diagnoses. CONCLUSION Increased awareness about this syndrome among pediatricians and endocrinologists is needed to avoid a costly and unnecessary diagnostic odyssey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Al-Dosari
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Fahlbusch FB, Dawood Y, Hartner A, Menendez-Castro C, Nögel SC, Tzschoppe A, Schneider H, Strissel P, Beckmann MW, Schleussner E, Ruebner M, Dörr HG, Schild RL, Rascher W, Dötsch J. Cullin 7 and Fbxw 8 expression in trophoblastic cells is regulated via oxygen tension: implications for intrauterine growth restriction? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2209-15. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.684166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
3M syndrome is a rare entity characterized by severe growth retardation, dysmorphic features and skeletal changes as its major components. It is differentiated from other types of dwarfism by its clinical features and by the typical slender long bones and foreshortened vertebral bodies that can be visualized radiographically. 3M syndrome has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. An early diagnosis is important for genetic counseling. In this report, we present four children (3 males, 1 female) from two families who were aged between 4(11/12) and 10(11/12) years and had clinical findings of 3M syndrome. One of these patients had received growth hormone (GH) treatment which was discontinued due to an inadequate height gain. Physicians should be aware of this entity in the differential diagnosis of children with severe short stature and mild skeletal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Güven
- Göztepe Educational and Research Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Nurcan Cebeci
- Göztepe Educational and Research Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
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Exome sequencing identifies CCDC8 mutations in 3-M syndrome, suggesting that CCDC8 contributes in a pathway with CUL7 and OBSL1 to control human growth. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:148-53. [PMID: 21737058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
3-M syndrome, a primordial growth disorder, is associated with mutations in CUL7 and OBSL1. Exome sequencing now identifies mutations in CCDC8 as a cause of 3-M syndrome. CCDC8 is a widely expressed gene that is transcriptionally associated to CUL7 and OBSL1, and coimmunoprecipitation indicates a physical interaction between CCDC8 and OBSL1 but not CUL7. We propose that CUL7, OBSL1, and CCDC8 are members of a pathway controlling mammalian growth.
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Akawi NA, Ali BR, Hamamy H, Al-Hadidy A, Al-Gazali L. Is autosomal recessive Silver-Russel syndrome a separate entity or is it part of the 3-M syndrome spectrum? Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1236-45. [PMID: 21548126 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a nonspecific finding that occurs in approximately 0.17% of all live-births. However, IUGR can also be a significant feature of many recognized genetic syndromes including Silver-Russel syndrome (SRS), Three M syndrome (3-M), Dubowitz syndrome, and Mulibrey nanism. Differentiation of 3-M syndrome from autosomal recessive SRS has been difficult because of the phenotypic variability of the latter. Limb length asymmetry is seen in over half of those with autosomal recessive SRS, but not in individuals with 3-M syndrome. Characteristic radiologic findings of 3-M syndrome are not present in SRS. We used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays to investigate the cause of phenotypic features of SRS that shows autosomal recessive inheritance in three consanguineous families, two from United Arab Emirates (UAE), and one from Jordan. The mapped regions contained CUL7 and OBSL1, the genes that have recently been shown to cause 3-M syndrome. Subsequently, direct DNA sequencing of CUL7 and OBSL1 genes revealed novel mutations in both genes including two mutations in OBSL1 [c.1119G>C (p.W373C) and c.681_682delinsTT (p.Q228X)], and a nonsense mutation in CUL7 [c.203G>A (p.W68X)]. In addition, a six nucleotide deletion in CUL7 [c.649_654delAGCCGC (p.217_218delSR)] was found in a consanguineous family from UAE that had the typical features of 3-M. As a result of these findings, we question the identity of the autosomal recessive SRS and suggest that all apparently recessive SRS families should be tested for mutations in CUL7 and OBSL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Akawi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
Cullin proteins are molecular scaffolds that have crucial roles in the post-translational modification of cellular proteins involving ubiquitin. The mammalian cullin protein family comprises eight members (CUL1 to CUL7 and PARC), which are characterized by a cullin homology domain. CUL1 to CUL7 assemble multi-subunit Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes, the largest family of E3 ligases with more than 200 members. Although CUL7 and PARC are present only in chordates, other members of the cullin protein family are found in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana and yeast. A cullin protein tethers both a substrate-targeting unit, often through an adaptor protein, and the RING finger component in a CRL. The cullin-organized CRL thus positions a substrate close to the RING-bound E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, which catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrate. In addition, conjugation of cullins with the ubiquitin-like molecule Nedd8 modulates activation of the corresponding CRL complex, probably through conformational regulation of the interactions between cullin's carboxy-terminal tail and CRL's RING subunit. Genetic studies in several model organisms have helped to unravel a multitude of physiological functions associated with cullin proteins and their respective CRLs. CRLs target numerous substrates and thus have an impact on a range of biological processes, including cell growth, development, signal transduction, transcriptional control, genomic integrity and tumor suppression. Moreover, mutations in CUL7 and CUL4B genes have been linked to hereditary human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sarikas
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
3M syndrome (MIM 273750) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by pre- and post-natal growth retardation (<-4 SD), facial dysmorphism, large head circumference, normal intelligence and endocrine function. Skeletal changes include long slender tubular bones and tall vertebral bodies. There is no specific treatment. Up till now, mutations in either CUL7 or OBSL1 genes have been identified in this rare disorder. There are no clinical or radiological differences between patients with CUL7 or OBSL1 mutations. CUL7 appears to be the major gene responsible for 3M syndrome accounting for 77.5% of cases while OBSL1 mutations accounts for 16.3%. A few patients have no mutations in these genes suggesting the involvement of a third gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Huber
- Department of Genetics, Paris Descartes University, INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris, France.
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Sasaki K, Okamoto N, Kosaki K, Yorifuji T, Shimokawa O, Mishima H, Yoshiura KI, Harada N. Maternal uniparental isodisomy and heterodisomy on chromosome 6 encompassing a CUL7 gene mutation causing 3M syndrome. Clin Genet 2010; 80:478-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Fbxw8 is involved in the proliferation of human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1741-7. [PMID: 20878477 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fbxw8 is the F-box component of a SCF-like E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Mice lacking Fbxw8 exhibit pathological defects in placenta and embryo similar to fetal growth retardation, suggesting a role of Fbxw8 in placentation. Proliferative capacity of trophoblast cells is very important in placental development. In this context, we revealed that Fbxw8 was expressed in four different human trophoblast cell lines. Silencing of Fbxw8 expression by siRNA inhibited the growth of choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. By Western blotting, cell cycle analysis, we showed that down-regulation of Fbxw8 by RNAi induced cell-growth arrest at G2/M phase through decreasing the levels of CDK1, CDK2, cyclin A and cyclin B1 and up-regulation of p27 at protein level. Conversely, over-expression of Fbxw8 led to the opposite effect. These results suggest that Fbxw8 plays an essential role in the proliferation of human trophoblast cells, especially JEG-3 cells, via G2/M phase transition in association with regulation of CDK1, CDK2, cyclin A, cyclin B1 and p27 expression.
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Hall JG. Review and hypothesis: syndromes with severe intrauterine growth restriction and very short stature--are they related to the epigenetic mechanism(s) of fetal survival involved in the developmental origins of adult health and disease? Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:512-27. [PMID: 20101705 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosing the specific type of severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) that also has post-birth growth restriction is often difficult. Eight relatively common syndromes are discussed identifying their unique distinguishing features, overlapping features, and those features common to all eight syndromes. Many of these signs take a few years to develop and the lifetime natural history of the disorders has not yet been completely clarified. The theory behind developmental origins of adult health and disease suggests that there are mammalian epigenetic fetal survival mechanisms that downregulate fetal growth, both in order for the fetus to survive until birth and to prepare it for a restricted extra-uterine environment, and that these mechanisms have long lasting effects on the adult health of the individual. Silver-Russell syndrome phenotype has recently been recognized to be related to imprinting/methylation defects. Perhaps all eight syndromes, including those with single gene mutation origin, involve the mammalian mechanism(s) of fetal survival downsizing. Insights into those mechanisms should provide avenues to understanding the natural history, the heterogeneity and possible therapy not only for these eight syndromes, but for the common adult diseases with which IUGR is associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, UBC and Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Huber C, Fradin MÃ, Edouard T, Le Merrer M, Alanay Y, Da Silva DB, David A, Hamamy H, van Hest L, Lund AM, Michaud J, Oley C, Patel C, Rajab A, Skidmore DL, Stewart H, Tauber M, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V. OBSL1mutations in 3-M syndrome are associated with a modulation ofIGFBP2andIGFBP5expression levels. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:20-6. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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