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Sugimoto T, Inagaki H, Mariya T, Kawamura R, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, Mizuno S, Muramatsu Y, Tsuge I, Ohashi H, Saito N, Hasegawa Y, Ochi N, Yamaguchi M, Murotsuki J, Kurahashi H. Breakpoints in complex chromosomal rearrangements correspond to transposase-accessible regions of DNA from mature sperm. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1451-1460. [PMID: 37615740 PMCID: PMC10511381 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Constitutional complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRs) are rare cytogenetic aberrations arising in the germline via an unknown mechanism. Here we analyzed the breakpoint junctions of microscopically three-way or more complex translocations using comprehensive genomic and epigenomic analyses. All of these translocation junctions showed submicroscopic genomic complexity reminiscent of chromothripsis. The breakpoints were clustered within small genomic domains with junctions showing microhomology or microinsertions. Notably, all of the de novo cases were of paternal origin. The breakpoint distributions corresponded specifically to the ATAC-seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing) read data peak of mature sperm and not to other chromatin markers or tissues. We propose that DNA breaks in CCRs may develop in an accessible region of densely packaged chromatin during post-meiotic spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sugimoto
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Kobe Motomachi Yume Clinic, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidehito Inagaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mariya
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Rie Kawamura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mariko Taniguchi-Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Seiji Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Central Hospital, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukako Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuya Tsuge
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yuiko Hasegawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ochi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Prefectural Mikawa Aoitori Medical and Rehabilitation Center for Developmental Disabilities, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Jun Murotsuki
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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2
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Abbassi M, Sayel H, El Mouhi H, Jelte M, Ahakoud M. A Case of Severe Teratozoospermia and Infertility Due to Homozygous Mutation c.144delC in the AURKC Gene. Cureus 2023; 15:e43376. [PMID: 37700958 PMCID: PMC10494959 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This case report focuses on a 33-year-old male patient with a history of infertility, characterized by severe micro-oligo-asthenospermia. Subsequent analysis revealed the presence of multi-headed and multi-flagellated spermatozoa, indicating a potential case of macrocephalic spermatozoa syndrome linked to a mutation in the AURKC gene. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of a pathogenic mutation, c.144delC, in a homozygous state in the AURKC gene. The AURKC gene is known to play a vital role in meiosis during sperm production, and its mutation can lead to abnormalities in sperm morphology and function, resulting in conditions like macrozoospermia and male infertility. Additionally, the patient was diagnosed with a grade III varicocele on the left testicle, which further contributed to his infertility. Varicoceles are associated with decreased sperm production and quality, making them one of the common reversible causes of male infertility. This case highlights the significance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches, including spermogram, ultrasonography, and genetic testing, in managing male infertility cases. It also emphasizes the intricate interplay between genetic mutations and physical conditions in the manifestation of male infertility. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying AURKC-related sperm abnormalities and to develop effective therapeutic interventions. Moreover, a deeper understanding of such genetic factors may aid in the development of genetic counseling strategies for couples experiencing infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriame Abbassi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Hanane Sayel
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Central Laboratory of Medical Analysis, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, MAR
| | - Hinde El Mouhi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
- Center for Doctoral Studies Engineering Sciences and Techniques, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Central Laboratory of Medical Analysis, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, MAR
| | - Meryem Jelte
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Central Laboratory of Medical Analysis, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, MAR
| | - Mohamed Ahakoud
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Central Laboratory of Medical Analysis, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, MAR
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3
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Wang Y, Su M, Chen Y, Huang X, Ruan L, Lv Q, Li L. Research progress on the role and mechanism of DNA damage repair in germ cell development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1234280. [PMID: 37529603 PMCID: PMC10390305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1234280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the complex and dynamic processes of replication, transcription, and translation of DNA molecules, a large number of replication errors or damage can occur which lead to obstacles in the development process of germ cells and result in a decreased reproductive rate. DNA damage repair has attracted widespread attention due to its important role in the maintenance and regulation of germ cells. This study reports on a systematic review of the role and mechanism of DNA damage repair in germline development. First, the causes, detection methods, and repair methods of DNA damage, and the mechanism of DNA damage repair are summarized. Second, a summary of the causes of abnormal DNA damage repair in germ cells is introduced along with common examples, and the relevant effects of germ cell damage. Third, we introduce the application of drugs related to DNA damage repair in the treatment of reproductive diseases and related surgical treatment of abnormal DNA damage, and summarize various applications of DNA damage repair in germ cells. Finally, a summary and discussion is given of the current deficiencies in DNA damage repair during germ cell development and future research development. The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers engaged in relevant fields with a further systematic understanding of the relevant applications of DNA damage repair in germ cells and to gain inspiration from it to provide new research ideas for related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Mengrong Su
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Lian Ruan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
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4
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Samura O, Nakaoka Y, Miharu N. Sperm and Oocyte Chromosomal Abnormalities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1010. [PMID: 37371589 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametogenesis, the process of producing gametes, differs significantly between oocytes and sperm. Most oocytes have chromosomal aneuploidies, indicating that chromosomal aberrations in miscarried and newborn infants are of oocyte origin. Conversely, most structural anomalies are of sperm origin. A prolonged meiotic period caused by increasing female age is responsible for an increased number of chromosomal aberrations. Sperm chromosomes are difficult to analyze because they cannot be evaluated using somatic cell chromosome analysis methods. Nevertheless, researchers have developed methods for chromosome analysis of sperm using the fluorescence in situ hybridization method, hamster eggs, and mouse eggs, allowing for the cytogenetic evaluation of individual sperm. Reproductive medicine has allowed men with severe spermatogenic defects or chromosomal abnormalities to have children. However, using these techniques to achieve successful pregnancies results in higher rates of miscarriages and embryos with chromosomal abnormalities. This raises questions regarding which cases should undergo sperm chromosome analysis and how the results should be interpreted. Here, we reviewed clinical trials that have been reported on oocyte and sperm chromosome analyses. Examination of chromosomal abnormalities in gametes is critical in assisted reproductive technology. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to study the mechanism underlying gametic chromosomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Samura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nakaoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Namba Clinic, Osaka 550-0015, Japan
| | - Norio Miharu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima 730-0052, Japan
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5
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Kaltsas A, Moustakli E, Zikopoulos A, Georgiou I, Dimitriadis F, Symeonidis EN, Markou E, Michaelidis TM, Tien DMB, Giannakis I, Ioannidou EM, Papatsoris A, Tsounapi P, Takenaka A, Sofikitis N, Zachariou A. Impact of Advanced Paternal Age on Fertility and Risks of Genetic Disorders in Offspring. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:486. [PMID: 36833413 PMCID: PMC9957550 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The average age of fathers at first pregnancy has risen significantly over the last decade owing to various variables, including a longer life expectancy, more access to contraception, later marriage, and other factors. As has been proven in several studies, women over 35 years of age have an increased risk of infertility, pregnancy problems, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, and postnatal issues. There are varying opinions on whether a father's age affects the quality of his sperm or his ability to father a child. First, there is no single accepted definition of old age in a father. Second, much research has reported contradictory findings in the literature, particularly concerning the most frequently examined criteria. Increasing evidence suggests that the father's age contributes to his offspring's higher vulnerability to inheritable diseases. Our comprehensive literature evaluation shows a direct correlation between paternal age and decreased sperm quality and testicular function. Genetic abnormalities, such as DNA mutations and chromosomal aneuploidies, and epigenetic modifications, such as the silencing of essential genes, have all been linked to the father's advancing years. Paternal age has been shown to affect reproductive and fertility outcomes, such as the success rate of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and premature birth rate. Several diseases, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and paediatric leukaemia, have been linked to the father's advanced years. Therefore, informing infertile couples of the alarming correlations between older fathers and a rise in their offspring's diseases is crucial, so that they can be effectively guided through their reproductive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Kaltsas
- Laboratory of Spermatology, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Efthalia Moustakli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics in Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zikopoulos
- Laboratory of Spermatology, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Georgiou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics in Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Fotios Dimitriadis
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos N. Symeonidis
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Markou
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theologos M. Michaelidis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dung Mai Ba Tien
- Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Ioannis Giannakis
- Laboratory of Spermatology, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Papatsoris
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian Univesity of Athens, 15126 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsounapi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takenaka
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Nikolaos Sofikitis
- Laboratory of Spermatology, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zachariou
- Laboratory of Spermatology, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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6
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Abstract
Many human embryos die in utero owing to an excess or deficit of chromosomes, a phenomenon known as aneuploidy; this is largely a consequence of nondisjunction during maternal meiosis I. Asymmetries of this division render it vulnerable to selfish centromeres that promote their own transmission, these being thought to somehow underpin aneuploidy. In this essay, I suggest that these vulnerabilities provide only half the solution to the enigma. In mammals, as in utero and postnatal provisioning is continuous, the costs of early death are mitigated. With such reproductive compensation, selection can favour a centromere because it induces lethal aneuploidy: if, when taken towards the polar body, it instead kills the embryo via aneuploidy, it gains. The model is consistent with the observation that reduced dosage of a murine drive suppressor induces aneuploidy and with the fact that high aneuploidy rates in vertebrates are seen exclusively in mammals. I propose further tests of this idea. The wastefulness of human reproduction may be a price we pay for nurturing our offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence D. Hurst
- Wissenshaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
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7
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Abstract
Paternal age at conception has been increasing. In this review, we first present the results from the major mammalian animal models used to establish that increasing paternal age does affect progeny outcome. These models provide several major advantages including the possibility to assess multi- transgenerational effects of paternal age on progeny in a relatively short time window. We then present the clinical observations relating advanced paternal age to fertility and effects on offspring with respect to perinatal health, cancer risk, genetic diseases, and neurodevelopmental effects. An overview of the potential mechanism operating in altering germ cells in advanced age is presented. This is followed by an analysis of the current state of management of reproductive risks associated with advanced paternal age. The numerous challenges associated with developing effective, practical strategies to mitigate the impact of advanced paternal age are outlined along with an approach on how to move forward with this important clinical quandary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. K. Chan
- Department of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Svetec Miklenić M, Svetec IK. Palindromes in DNA-A Risk for Genome Stability and Implications in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2840. [PMID: 33799581 PMCID: PMC7999016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A palindrome in DNA consists of two closely spaced or adjacent inverted repeats. Certain palindromes have important biological functions as parts of various cis-acting elements and protein binding sites. However, many palindromes are known as fragile sites in the genome, sites prone to chromosome breakage which can lead to various genetic rearrangements or even cell death. The ability of certain palindromes to initiate genetic recombination lies in their ability to form secondary structures in DNA which can cause replication stalling and double-strand breaks. Given their recombinogenic nature, it is not surprising that palindromes in the human genome are involved in genetic rearrangements in cancer cells as well as other known recurrent translocations and deletions associated with certain syndromes in humans. Here, we bring an overview of current understanding and knowledge on molecular mechanisms of palindrome recombinogenicity and discuss possible implications of DNA palindromes in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we overview the data on known palindromic sequences in the human genome and efforts to estimate their number and distribution, as well as underlying mechanisms of genetic rearrangements specific palindromic sequences cause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Krešimir Svetec
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Feiveson A, George K, Shavers M, Moreno-Villanueva M, Zhang Y, Babiak-Vazquez A, Crucian B, Semones E, Wu H. Predicting chromosome damage in astronauts participating in international space station missions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5293. [PMID: 33674665 PMCID: PMC7935859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Space radiation consists of energetic protons and other heavier ions. During the International Space Station program, chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of astronauts have been analyzed to estimate received biological doses of space radiation. More specifically, pre-flight blood samples were exposed ex vivo to varying doses of gamma rays, while post-flight blood samples were collected shortly and several months after landing. Here, in a study of 43 crew-missions, we investigated whether individual radiosensitivity, as determined by the ex vivo dose-response of the pre-flight chromosome aberration rate (CAR), contributes to the prediction of the post-flight CAR incurred from the radiation exposure during missions. Random-effects Poisson regression was used to estimate subject-specific radiosensitivities from the preflight dose-response data, which were in turn used to predict post-flight CAR and subject-specific relative biological effectiveness (RBEs) between space radiation and gamma radiation. Covariates age, gender were also considered. Results indicate that there is predictive value in background CAR as well as radiosensitivity determined preflight for explaining individual differences in post-flight CAR over and above that which could be explained by BFO dose alone. The in vivo RBE for space radiation was estimated to be approximately 3 relative to the ex vivo dose response to gamma irradiation. In addition, pre-flight radiosensitivity tended to be higher for individuals having a higher background CAR, suggesting that individuals with greater radiosensitivity can be more sensitive to other environmental stressors encountered in daily life. We also noted that both background CAR and radiosensitivity tend to increase with age, although both are highly variable. Finally, we observed no significant difference between the observed CAR shortly after mission and at > 6 months post-mission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.,Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Box 30, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ye Zhang
- Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.
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10
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Feng X, Xie FY, Ou XH, Ma JY. Cruciform DNA in mouse growing oocytes: Its dynamics and its relationship with DNA transcription. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240844. [PMID: 33079963 PMCID: PMC7575099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciform DNA is a causing factor of genome instability and chromosomal translocation, however, most studies about cruciform DNA in mammalian cells were based on palindromic sequences containing plasmids and reports about endogenous cruciform DNA are rare. In this study we observed the dynamics of endogenous cruciform DNA in mouse growing oocytes using immunofluorescence labeling method. We found cruciform DNA foci exist in transcription active growing oocytes but not in transcription inactive fully grown oocytes and colocalized with Parp1 but not with DNA damage marker γH2A.X. By analyzing the Genotype-Tissue Expression data, we found cruciform DNA-mediated chromosomal translocation in human spermatocytes is associated with the specific DNA transcription in testis. When inhibiting the transcription with α-amanitin in mouse oocytes, we found oocyte cruciform DNA foci decreased significantly. In summary, we observed the endogenous cruciform DNA in growing oocytes and our results showed that the cruciform DNA formation is transcription-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Feng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Yun Xie
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Ou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (J-YM); (X-HO)
| | - Jun-Yu Ma
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (J-YM); (X-HO)
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11
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Sperm chromosome abnormalities in patients with normal karyotype and in translocation carriers: clinical relevance for assisted reproductive technology. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:1055-1069. [PMID: 33032906 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the proportion of chromosomally abnormal spermatozoa in men with a history of reproductive failure, including patients with normal karyotype and carriers of translocations? Should this analysis be included in a clinical setting to define the best treatment options for infertile couples? DESIGN Aneuploidy for chromosomes XY, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22 was tested by fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) in 1665 samples from couples with normal karyotype having had at least three previous IVF failures, miscarriages, or both (group-A). A FISH test was also carried out in 76 samples from carriers of translocations (group B) to detect the proportion of spermatozoa with unbalanced rearrangement. RESULTS In group A, the lowest incidence of aneuploid sperm cells was found in men with normozoospermia (1.3%, range 0.09-6.31%) compared with men with moderate oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (2.1%, range 0.41-16.6%, P < 0.001), severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (4.7%, range 0.53-30.77, P < 0.001), microepididymal sperm aspiration (3.1%, range 1.19-24.24, P < 0.001) and testicular sperm extraction samples (5.8%, range 1.54-33.3, P < 0.001). In group B, the proportion of spermatozoa with unbalanced rearrangement was significantly higher in reciprocal (63%, range 10.0-87.6%) than in Robertsonian translocations (16%, range 4.3-51.0%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with poor prognosis of term pregnancy tend to generate high proportions of chromosomally abnormal spermatozoa, especially in severe male factor cases. Corresponding frequencies occur at wide ranges; therefore, the FISH test is needed to assess the proportion of spermatozoa with altered chromosome condition. A flowchart, which included the FISH test, was designed to assist clinicians guide couples with poor prognosis of pregnancy, on the most indicated treatment options.
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12
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Durga Rao G, Laheri S, Krishna Chaitanya M. Paternal Age Does Not Influence the Outcomes of Assisted Reproduction in Donor Oocyte Cycles. FERTILITY & REPRODUCTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s2661318220500073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To study effect of paternal age on pregnancy outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSI). Methods: The present study is a retrospective analysis of 153 ICSI cycles on donor oocytes. The effect of paternal age on fertilization rates, implantation rates, total pregnancy rates, number of miscarriages and live births were analyzed. Results: 1422 donor oocytes were injected with sperm from 153 men. Linear regression analysis revealed no association between paternal age (28-54 years) and fertilization rate. No association was found between the embryo quality and paternal age. Of the 359 embryos transferred, linear regression analysis revealed no association between paternal age and implantation rate. After correcting for maternal age, binary logistic regression analysis revealed no association between total pregnancy rates (B = 0.943, CI 0.861-1.033, P = 0.205), live birth rates (B = 1.018, CI 0.896-1.158, P = 0.562) and miscarriage rates (B = 0.944, CI 0.866-1.029, P = 0.193) and paternal age. Conclusion: Paternal age does not seem to influence outcomes in assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Durga Rao
- Oasis Center for Reproductive Medicine, Near NATCO Pharma, Banjara Hills Road No. 2, Hyderabad 500034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Saniya Laheri
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Krishna Chaitanya
- Oasis Center for Reproductive Medicine, Near NATCO Pharma, Banjara Hills Road No. 2, Hyderabad 500034, Andhra Pradesh, India
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13
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Bourcigaux N, Rubino C, Berthaud I, Toubert ME, Donadille B, Leenhardt L, Petrot-Keller I, Brailly-Tabard S, Fromigué J, de Vathaire F, Simon T, Siffroi JP, Schlumberger M, Bouchard P, Christin-Maitre S. Impact on testicular function of a single ablative activity of 3.7 GBq radioactive iodine for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Hum Reprod 2020; 33:1408-1416. [PMID: 29912343 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the consequences of radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for testicular function? SUMMARY ANSWER A single activity of 3.7 GBq RAI for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) treatment in young men transiently altered Sertoli cell function and induced sperm chromosomal abnormalities. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Few studies, mainly retrospective, have reported the potential impacts of RAI on endocrine and exocrine testicular function. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A longitudinal prospective multi-center study on testicular function performed in DTC patients before a single 131I ablative activity of 3.7 GBq (V0) and at 3 months (V3) and 13 months (V13) after treatment. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Forty male patients, aged 18-55 years, with DTC participated. Hormonal analysis included FSH, LH, testosterone and inhibin B serum levels at V0, V3 and V13. Furthermore, sperm parameters, DNA fragmentation and sperm chromosomal abnormalities were evaluated at each time points. The differences in all parameters, between V0-V3, V0-V13 and V3-V13, were analyzed, using a Wilcoxon test. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Prior to RAI administration, all patients had normal gonadal function. At V3, a statistically significant increase in FSH levels and a decrease in inhibin B levels were observed and sperm concentration, as well as the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa, were significantly decreased (P < 0.0001). These modifications were transient as both sperm concentration and normal morphology rate returned to baseline values at V13. However, at this later time point, FSH and inhibin B levels were still impacted by RAI administration but remained in the normal range. Although no DNA fragmentation was observed at V3 nor V13, our study revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of sperm chromosomal abnormalities both at V3 (P < 0.001) and V13 (P = 0.01). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Among the 40 patients included in the study, only 24 had all the parameters available at all visits. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Prospective studies with longer term follow up would be helpful to determine whether the chromosome abnormalities persist. These studies would be required before sperm banking should be suggested for all patients. However, sperm preservation for DTC patients who require cumulative radioiodine activities higher than 3.7 GBq should be proposed. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, AP-HP (No. P040419). The authors report no conflict of interest in this work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01150318.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bourcigaux
- Department of Endocrinology, St Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Rubino
- Radiation Epidemiology Group and Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Inserm, U1018, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - I Berthaud
- Department of Reproduction Biology CECOS, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M E Toubert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - B Donadille
- Department of Endocrinology, St Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - L Leenhardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - I Petrot-Keller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, St Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - S Brailly-Tabard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormonology, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J Fromigué
- Department of Endocrinology, St Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - F de Vathaire
- Radiation Epidemiology Group and Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Inserm, U1018, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - T Simon
- Clinical Research Unit (GH HUEP), St Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - J P Siffroi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Pediatrics Hospital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR-S933, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - M Schlumberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Institute Gustave Roussy, University of Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - P Bouchard
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - S Christin-Maitre
- Department of Endocrinology, St Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR-S933, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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14
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Wadhawan I, Hai Y, Foyouzi Yousefi N, Guo X, Graham JM, Rosenfeld JA. De novo copy number variants and parental age: Is there an association? Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103829. [PMID: 31883480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether increased parental age is associated with an increased risk for de novo copy number variant (CNV) formation in offspring. METHODS CNV calls from 2323 individuals referred to Signature Genomic Laboratories for clinical microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization were investigated; 17% of the samples were prenatal and 83% were postnatal. The de novo CNV data were further split into de novo CNVs bound by low copy repeats (LCRs) and those not bound by LCRs. RESULTS No association was found between CNV occurrence and paternal age in both the prenatal (p = 0.6795) and postnatal (p = 0.1741) cohorts. Maternal age was significantly higher with de novo CNV occurrence in our postnatal cohort (p = 0.0126), an effect which may be driven by formation of de novo CNVs that are bound by LCRs (p = 0.0026). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between maternal age and de novo CNVs (Point-Biserial R2 = 0.0503, p = 0.0152). CONCLUSIONS This large-scale study did not find any evidence for the influence of increased paternal age on de novo CNV formation, while increased maternal age appeared to increase risk for de novo, non-complex CNV occurrence in offspring with intellectual disability/developmental delay. Further studies and continued technological advances will help yield more information on the risk factors for de novo CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Wadhawan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sant Parmanand Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Yang Hai
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - John M Graham
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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DNA damage in aging, the stem cell perspective. Hum Genet 2019; 139:309-331. [PMID: 31324975 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is one of the most consistent cellular process proposed to contribute to aging. The maintenance of genomic and epigenomic integrity is critical for proper function of cells and tissues throughout life, and this homeostasis is under constant strain from both extrinsic and intrinsic insults. Considering the relationship between lifespan and genotoxic burden, it is plausible that the longest-lived cellular populations would face an accumulation of DNA damage over time. Tissue-specific stem cells are multipotent populations residing in localized niches and are responsible for maintaining all lineages of their resident tissue/system throughout life. However, many of these stem cells are impacted by genotoxic stress. Several factors may dictate the specific stem cell population response to DNA damage, including the niche location, life history, and fate decisions after damage accrual. This leads to differential handling of DNA damage in different stem cell compartments. Given the importance of adult stem cells in preserving normal tissue function during an individual's lifetime, DNA damage sensitivity and accumulation in these compartments could have crucial implications for aging. Despite this, more support for direct functional effects driven by accumulated DNA damage in adult stem cell compartments is needed. This review will present current evidence for the accumulation and potential influence of DNA damage in adult tissue-specific stem cells and propose inquiry directions that could benefit individual healthspan.
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16
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Simard M, Laprise C, Girard SL. Impact of Paternal Age at Conception on Human Health. Clin Chem 2019; 65:146-152. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.294421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The effect of maternal age at conception on various aspects of offspring health is well documented and often discussed. We seldom hear about the paternal age effect on offspring health, although the link is now almost as solid as with maternal age. The causes behind this, however, are drastically different between males and females.
CONTENT
In this review article, we will first examine documented physiological changes linked to paternal age effect. We will start with all morphological aspects of the testis that have been shown to be altered with aging. We will then move on to all the parameters of spermatogenesis that are linked with paternal age at conception. The biggest part of this review will focus on genetic changes associated with paternal age effects. Several studies that have established a strong link between paternal age at conception and the rate of de novo mutations will be reviewed. We will next discuss paternal age effects associated with telomere length and try to better understand the seemingly contradictory results. Finally, severe diseases that affect brain functions and normal development have been associated with older paternal age at conception. In this context, we will discuss the cases of autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, as well as several childhood cancers.
SUMMARY
In many Western civilizations, the age at which parents have their first child has increased substantially in recent decades. It is important to summarize major health issues associated with an increased paternal age at conception to better model public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Simard
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Simon L Girard
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
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17
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Cioppi F, Casamonti E, Krausz C. Age-Dependent De Novo Mutations During Spermatogenesis and Their Consequences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1166:29-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Lafuente R, Bosch-Rue E, Ribas-Maynou J, Alvarez J, Brassesco C, Amengual MJ, Benet J, Garcia-Peiró A, Brassesco M. Sperm telomere length in motile sperm selection techniques: A qFISH approach. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28699197 DOI: 10.1111/and.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have associated telomere shortening with alterations in reproductive function. The objective of the present study was to determine telomere length (TL) in spermatozoa selected by either density-gradient centrifugation (DGC) or swim-up. The analysis of TL was performed using quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridisation (qFISH) using PNA probes in combination with a chromatin decompaction protocol in sperm cells. Results of TL were 24.64 ± 5.00 Kb and 24.95 ± 4.60 Kb before and after DGC, respectively, and 19.59 ± 8.02 Kb and 20.22 ± 5.18 Kb before and after swim-up respectively. Sperm selected by DGC or swim-up did not show any significant differences in TL as compared to nonselected sperm (p > .05). Negative correlations between TL and sperm motility (r = -.308; p = .049) and concentration (r = -.353; p = .028) were found. Furthermore, exposure of sperm to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide during incubation resulted in a reduction in TL. These data indicate that oxidative stress may be one of the main factors involved in the reduction of TL in sperm. Preliminary clinical results from patients included in this study indicate that TL was shorter in spermatozoa from couples who never achieved a pregnancy compared to couples who did achieve at least one natural pregnancy (p < .05); however, the clinical utility of this biomarker still needs to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lafuente
- Centro de Infertilidad y Reproducción Humana (CIRH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Bosch-Rue
- CIMAB, Centro de Infertilidad Masculina y Análisis de Barcelona, Edificio Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Ribas-Maynou
- CIMAB, Centro de Infertilidad Masculina y Análisis de Barcelona, Edificio Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Alvarez
- Centro Androgen, La Coruña, Spain.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Brassesco
- Centro de Infertilidad y Reproducción Humana (CIRH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Amengual
- UDIAT, Centre Diagnòstic, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí-UAB, Sabadell, Spain
| | - J Benet
- Facultat de Medicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular i Genètica Mèdica, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Peiró
- CIMAB, Centro de Infertilidad Masculina y Análisis de Barcelona, Edificio Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Brassesco
- Centro de Infertilidad y Reproducción Humana (CIRH), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Donate A, Estop AM, Giraldo J, Templado C. Paternal Age and Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities in Human Spermatozoa. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:241-8. [PMID: 27322585 DOI: 10.1159/000446724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between numerical chromosome abnormalities in sperm and age in healthy men. We performed FISH in the spermatozoa of 10 donors from the general population: 5 men younger than 40 years of age and 5 fertile men older than 60 years of age. For each chromosome, 1,000 sperm nuclei were analyzed, with a total of 15,000 sperm nuclei for each donor. We used a single sperm sample per donor, thus minimizing intra-donor variability and optimizing consistent analysis. FISH with a TelVysion assay, which provides data on aneuploidy of 19 chromosomes, was used in order to gain a more genome-wide perspective of the level of aneuploidy. Aneuploidy and diploidy rates observed in the younger and older groups were compared. There were no significant differences in the incidence of autosomal disomy, sex chromosome disomy, total chromosome disomy, diploidy, nor total numerical abnormalities between younger and older men. This work confirms that aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes is more common than that of autosomes and that this does not change with age. Our results suggest that some probe combinations have a tendency to indicate higher levels of diploidy, thus potentially affecting FISH results and highlighting the limitations of FISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Donate
- Unitat de Biologia Celx00B7;lular i Genx00E8;tica Mx00E8;dica, Departament de Biologia Celx00B7;lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Kjöllerström HJ, do Mar Oom M, Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T. Fertility Assessment in Sorraia Stallions by Sperm-Fish and Fkbp6 Genotyping. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:351-9. [PMID: 27020485 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Sorraia, a critically endangered indigenous Iberian horse breed, is characterized by low genetic variability, high rate of inbreeding, bad sperm quality and subfertility. Here, we studied 11 phenotypically normal but subfertile Sorraia stallions by karyotyping, sex chromosome sperm-FISH and molecular analysis of FKBP6 - a susceptibility locus for impaired acrosome reaction (IAR). The stallions had normal sperm concentration (>300 million cells/ml), but the numbers of progressively motile sperm (21%) and morphologically normal sperm (28%) were invariably low. All stallions had a normal 64,XY karyotype. The majority of sperm (89%) had normal haploid sex chromosome content, although 11% of sperm carried various sex chromosome aneuploidies. No correlation was found between the percentage of sperm sex chromosome abnormalities and inbreeding, sperm morphology or stallion age. Direct sequencing of FKBP6 exon 4 for SNPs g.11040315G>A and g.11040379C>A revealed that none of the stallions had the susceptibility genotype (A/A-A/A) for IAR. Instead, all animals had a G/G-A/A genotype - a testimony of low genetic variability. The findings ruled out chromosomal abnormalities and genetic predisposition for IAR as contributing factors for subfertility. However, low fertility of the Sorraia stallions could be partly attributed to relatively higher rate of sex chromosome aneuploidies in the sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kjöllerström
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - M do Mar Oom
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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21
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Sharma R, Agarwal A, Rohra VK, Assidi M, Abu-Elmagd M, Turki RF. Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:35. [PMID: 25928123 PMCID: PMC4455614 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in average paternal age when the first child is conceived, either due to increased life expectancy, widespread use of contraception, late marriages and other factors. While the effect of maternal ageing on fertilization and reproduction is well known and several studies have shown that women over 35 years have a higher risk of infertility, pregnancy complications, spontaneous abortion, congenital anomalies, and perinatal complications. The effect of paternal age on semen quality and reproductive function is controversial for several reasons. First, there is no universal definition for advanced paternal ageing. Secondly, the literature is full of studies with conflicting results, especially for the most common parameters tested. Advancing paternal age also has been associated with increased risk of genetic disease. Our exhaustive literature review has demonstrated negative effects on sperm quality and testicular functions with increasing paternal age. Epigenetics changes, DNA mutations along with chromosomal aneuploidies have been associated with increasing paternal age. In addition to increased risk of male infertility, paternal age has also been demonstrated to impact reproductive and fertility outcomes including a decrease in IVF/ICSI success rate and increasing rate of preterm birth. Increasing paternal age has shown to increase the incidence of different types of disorders like autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and childhood leukemia in the progeny. It is thereby essential to educate the infertile couples on the disturbing links between increased paternal age and rising disorders in their offspring, to better counsel them during their reproductive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sharma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Vikram K Rohra
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Mourad Assidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine at King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine at King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rola F Turki
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine at King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Ramasamy R, Besada S, Lamb DJ. Fluorescent in situ hybridization of human sperm: diagnostics, indications, and therapeutic implications. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1534-9. [PMID: 25439797 PMCID: PMC4288955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Male factor infertility is a relatively common condition, affecting at least 6% of men of reproductive age. Typically, men with unknown genetic abnormalities resort to using assisted reproductive techniques (ART) to achieve their reproductive goals. Infertile men who father biological children using ART could have a higher incidence of aneuploidy, which is a deviation from the normal haploid or diploid chromosomal state. Aneuploidy can be evaluated using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), a cytogenetic assay that gives an estimate of the frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities. The chromosomes that are generally analyzed in FISH (13, 18, 21, X, and Y) are associated with aneuploidies that are compatible with life. The technique is indicated for various reasons but primarily in [1] men who despite normal semen parameters suffer recurrent pregnancy loss, and [2] men with normal semen parameters, who are undergoing in vitro fertilization but still experiencing recurrent implantation failure. As a screening tool, the technique can help in reproductive and genetic counseling of affected couples, or those who have previously experienced failure of ART. A qualitative analysis of FISH study results allows couples to make informed reproductive choices. Given the increasing clinical use of FISH in various infertility diagnoses, and the development of novel adjunct technologies, one can expect much progress in the areas of preimplantation genetic screening, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aneuploidy
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- Chromosomes, Human, Y
- Female
- Fertilization in Vitro
- Genetic Counseling
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Infertility, Male/diagnosis
- Infertility, Male/genetics
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Rate
- Spermatozoa/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ramasamy
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stefan Besada
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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23
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Chatziparasidou A, Christoforidis N, Samolada G, Nijs M. Sperm aneuploidy in infertile male patients: a systematic review of the literature. Andrologia 2014; 47:847-60. [PMID: 25352353 DOI: 10.1111/and.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Males with abnormal karyotypes and subgroups of fertile and infertile males with normal karyotypes may be at risk of producing unbalanced or aneuploid spermatozoa. Biological, clinical, environmental and other factors may also cause additional sperm aneuploidy. However, increased risk of sperm aneuploidy is directly related to chromosomally abnormal embryo production and hence to poor reproductive potential. This systemic literature review focuses on the identification of these males because this is an essential step in the context of assisted reproduction. This research may allow for a more personalised and, hence, more accurate estimation of the risk involved in each case, which in turn will aid genetic counselling for affected couples and help with informed decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatziparasidou
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Embryolab Academy, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Christoforidis
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Embryolab Academy, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Samolada
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Nijs
- Embryolab SA, IVF Unit, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Embryolab Academy, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece
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24
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Martorell M, Martínez-Pasarell O, Lopez O, Polo A, Sandalinas M, Garcia-Guixé E, Bassas L. Chromosome 16 Abnormalities in Embryos and in Sperm from a Male with a Fragile Site at 16q22.1. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:134-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000357411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Chianese C, Brilli S, Krausz C. Genomic Changes in Spermatozoa of the Aging Male. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 791:13-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Piomboni P, Stendardi A, Gambera L. Chromosomal Aberrations and Aneuploidies of Spermatozoa. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 791:27-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are particularly error prone in segregating their chromosomes during their two meiotic divisions. This results in the creation of an embryo that has inherited the wrong number of chromosomes: it is aneuploid. The incidence of aneuploidy rises significantly with maternal age and so there is much interest in understanding this association and the underlying causes of aneuploidy. The spindle assembly checkpoint, a surveillance mechanism that operates in all cells to prevent chromosome mis-segregation, and the cohesive ties that hold those chromosomes together, have thus both been the subject of intensive investigation in oocytes. It is possible that a lowered sensitivity of the spindle assembly checkpoint to certain types of chromosome attachment error may endow oocytes with an innate susceptibility to aneuploidy, which is made worse by an age-related loss in the factors that hold the chromosomes together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Jones
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Chatterjee I, Ibanez-Ventoso C, Vijay P, Singaravelu G, Baldi C, Bair J, Ng S, Smolyanskaya A, Driscoll M, Singson A. Dramatic fertility decline in aging C. elegans males is associated with mating execution deficits rather than diminished sperm quality. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1156-66. [PMID: 23916839 PMCID: PMC4169024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about female reproductive aging, fairly little is known about the causes of male reproductive senescence. We developed a method that facilitates culture maintenance of Caenorhabditis elegans adult males, which enabled us to measure male fertility as populations age, without profound loss of males from the growth plate. We find that the ability of males to sire progeny declines rapidly in the first half of adult lifespan and we examined potential factors that contribute towards reproductive success, including physical vigor, sperm quality, mating apparatus morphology, and mating ability. Of these, we find little evidence of general physical decline in males or changes in sperm number, morphology, or capacity for activation, at time points when reproductive senescence is markedly evident. Rather, it is the loss of efficient mating ability that correlates most strongly with reproductive senescence. Low insulin signaling can extend male ability to sire progeny later in life, although insulin impact on individual facets of mating behavior is complex. Overall, we suggest that combined modest deficits, predominantly affecting the complex mating behavior rather than sperm quality, sum up to block effective C. elegans male reproduction in middle adult life.
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Patassini C, Garolla A, Bottacin A, Menegazzo M, Speltra E, Foresta C, Ferlin A. Molecular karyotyping of human single sperm by array- comparative genomic hybridization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60922. [PMID: 23565289 PMCID: PMC3614952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
No valid method is currently available to analyze the entire genome of sperm, including aneuploidies and structural chromosomal alterations. Here we describe the optimization and application of array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) on single human sperm. The aCGH procedure involves screening of the entire chromosome complement by DNA microarray allowing having a molecular karyotype, and it is currently used in research and in diagnostic clinical practice (prenatal diagnosis, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis), but it has never been applied on sperm. DNA from single human sperm isolated by micromanipulator was extracted, decondensed and amplified by whole-genome amplification (WGA) and then labeled, hybridized to BAC array, and scanned by microarray scanner. Application of this protocol to 129 single sperm from normozoospermic donors identified 7.8% of sperm with different genetic anomalies, including aneuploidies and gains and losses in different chromosomes (unbalanced sperm). On the contrary, of 130 single sperm from men affected by Hodgkin lymphoma at the end of three months of chemotherapy cycles 23.8% were unbalanced. Validation of the method also included analysis of 43 sperm from a man with a balanced translocation [46,XY,t(2;12)(p11.2;q24.31)], which showed gains and losses corresponding to the regions involved in the translocation in 18.6% of sperm and alterations in other chromosomes in 16.3% of sperm. Future application of this method might give important information on the biology and pathophysiology of spermatogenesis and sperm chromosome aberrations in normal subjects and in patients at higher risk of producing unbalanced sperm, such as infertile men, carriers of karyotype anomalies, men with advanced age, subjects treated with chemotherapy, and partners of couples with repeated miscarriage and repeated failure during assisted reproduction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Patassini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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30
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dos Santos AP, Vieira TP, Simioni M, Monteiro FP, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL. Partial monosomy 21 (q11.2→q21.3) combined with 3p25.3→pter monosomy due to an unbalanced translocation in a patient presenting dysmorphic features and developmental delay. Gene 2012; 513:301-4. [PMID: 23031812 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe a female patient of 1 year and 5 months-old, referred for genetic evaluation due to neuropsychomotor delay, hearing impairment and dysmorphic features. The patient presents a partial chromosome 21 monosomy (q11.2→q21.3) in combination with a chromosome 3p terminal monosomy (p25.3→pter) due to an unbalanced de novo translocation. The translocation was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the breakpoints were mapped with high resolution array. After the combined analyses with these techniques the final karyotype was defined as 45,XX,der(3)t(3;21)(p25.3;q21.3)dn,-21.ish der(3)t(3;21)(RP11-329A2-,RP11-439F4-,RP11-95E11-,CTB-63H24+).arr 3p26.3p25.3(35,333-10,888,738))×1,21q11.2q21.3(13,354,643-27,357,765)×1. Analysis of microsatellite DNA markers pointed to a paternal origin for the chromosome rearrangement. This is the first case described with a partial proximal monosomy 21 combined with a 3p terminal monosomy due to a de novo unbalanced translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula dos Santos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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31
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Xanthopoulou L, Ghevaria H, Mantzouratou A, Serhal P, Doshi A, Delhanty JDA. Chromosome breakage in human preimplantation embryos from carriers of structural chromosomal abnormalities in relation to fragile sites, maternal age, and poor sperm factors. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 136:21-9. [PMID: 22179562 DOI: 10.1159/000334836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome breakage is a fairly widespread phenomenon in preimplantation embryos affecting at least 10% of day 3 cleavage stage embryos. It may be detected during preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). For carriers of structural chromosomal abnormalities, PGD involves the removal and testing of single blastomeres from cleavage stage embryos, aiming towards an unaffected pregnancy. Twenty-two such couples were referred for PGD, and biopsied blastomeres on day 3 and untransferred embryos (day 5/6) were tested using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with appropriate probes. This study investigated whether chromosome breakage (a) was detected more frequently in cases where the breakpoint of the aberration was in the same chromosomal band as a fragile site and (b) was influenced by maternal age, sperm parameters, reproductive history, or the sex of the carrier parent. The frequency of breakage seemed to be independent of fragile sites, maternal age, reproductive history, and sex of the carrier parent. However, chromosome breakage was very significantly higher in embryos from male carriers with poor sperm parameters versus embryos from male carriers with normal sperm parameters. Consequently, embryos from certain couples were more prone to chromosome breakage, fragment loss, and hence chromosomally unbalanced embryos, independently of meiotic segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xanthopoulou
- UCL Centre for PGD, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
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De novo deletions and duplications detected by array CGH: a study of parental origin in relation to mechanisms of formation and size of imbalance. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 20:155-60. [PMID: 21952720 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a large series of 173 patients with physical and/or neurological abnormalities and a de novo imbalance identified by array CGH. Breakpoint intervals were screened for the presence of low copy repeats (LCRs) to distinguish between rearrangements formed by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) and rearrangements formed by other mechanisms. We identified significant differences in size and parental origin between the LCR-mediated and non-LCR groups. Non-LCR imbalances were evenly distributed among the four size intervals we defined, whereas LCR-mediated rearrangements had a narrow size distribution, predominantly between 1 and 5 Mb (P = 0.001). Among the LCR-mediated rearrangements there were equal numbers of maternally and paternally derived cases. In contrast, for the non-LCR rearrangements there was a significant excess of paternal cases (P = 0.024) over a wide size range including below 1 Mb. Our results provide novel evidence that unbalanced chromosome rearrangements are not only more frequent in males, but may also arise through different mechanisms than those seen in females. Although the paternal imbalances identified in our study are evenly distributed throughout the four size groups, there are very few maternal imbalances either <1 Mb or >10 Mb. Furthermore, a lower proportion of paternal imbalances are LCR mediated (13/71) compared with the maternal imbalances (12/30). We hypothesise that imbalances of maternal origin arise predominantly through NAHR during meiosis, while the majority of imbalances of paternal origin arise through male-specific mechanisms other than NAHR. Our data suggest that mitotic mechanisms could be important for the formation of chromosome imbalances; however, we found no association with increased paternal age.
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DNA secondary structure is influenced by genetic variation and alters susceptibility to de novo translocation. Mol Cytogenet 2011; 4:18. [PMID: 21899780 PMCID: PMC3197554 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cumulative evidence suggests that DNA secondary structures impact DNA replication, transcription and genomic rearrangements. One of the best studied examples is the recurrent constitutional t(11;22) in humans that is mediated by potentially cruciform-forming sequences at the breakpoints, palindromic AT-rich repeats (PATRRs). We previously demonstrated that polymorphisms of PATRR sequences affect the frequency of de novo t(11;22)s in sperm samples from normal healthy males. These studies were designed to determine whether PATRR polymorphisms affect DNA secondary structure, thus leading to variation in translocation frequency. Methods We studied the potential for DNA cruciform formation for several PATRR11 polymorphic alleles using mobility shift analysis in gel electrophoresis as well as by direct visualization of the DNA by atomic force microscopy. The structural data for various alleles were compared with the frequency of de novo t(11;22)s the allele produced. Results The data indicate that the propensity for DNA cruciform structure of each polymorphic allele correlates with the frequency of de novo t(11;22)s produced (r = 0.77, P = 0.01). Conclusions Although indirect, our results strongly suggest that the PATRR adopts unstable cruciform structures during spermatogenesis that act as translocation hotspots in humans.
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Kusakabe H. Chromosomal integrity and DNA damage in freeze-dried spermatozoa. Reprod Med Biol 2011; 10:199-210. [PMID: 29699095 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-011-0092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeze-drying technology may one day be used to preserve mammalian spermatozoa indefinitely without cryopreservation. Freeze-dried mouse spermatozoa stored below 4°C for up to 1 year have maintained the ability to fertilize oocytes and support normal development. The maximum storage period for spermatozoa increases at lower storage temperatures. Freeze-drying, per se, may reduce the integrity of chromosomes in freeze-dried mouse spermatozoa, but induction of chromosomal damage is suppressed if spermatozoa are incubated with divalent cation chelating agents prior to freeze-drying. Nevertheless, chromosomal damage does accumulate in spermatozoa stored at temperatures above 4°C. Currently, no established methods or strategies can prevent or reduce damage accumulation, and damage accumulation during storage is a serious obstacle to advances in freeze-drying technology. Chromosomal integrity of freeze-dried human spermatozoa have roughly background levels of chromosomal damage after storage at 4°C for 1 month, but whether these spermatozoa can produce healthy newborns is unknown. The safety of using freeze-dried human spermatozoa must be evaluated based on the risks of heritable chromosome and DNA damage that accumulates during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kusakabe
- Department of Biological Sciences Asahikawa Medical University 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi 078-8510 Asahikawa Japan
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