1
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Devitt G, Johnson PB, Hanrahan N, Lane SIR, Vidale MC, Sheth B, Allen JD, Humbert MV, Spalluto CM, Hervé RC, Staples K, West JJ, Forster R, Divecha N, McCormick CJ, Crispin M, Hempler N, Malcolm GPA, Mahajan S. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation Using UVC Laser Radiation. ACS Photonics 2024; 11:42-52. [PMID: 38249683 PMCID: PMC10797618 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has had a tremendous impact on humanity. Prevention of transmission by disinfection of surfaces and aerosols through a chemical-free method is highly desirable. Ultraviolet C (UVC) light is uniquely positioned to achieve inactivation of pathogens. We report the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virus by UVC radiation and explore its mechanisms. A dose of 50 mJ/cm2 using a UVC laser at 266 nm achieved an inactivation efficiency of 99.89%, while infectious virions were undetectable at 75 mJ/cm2 indicating >99.99% inactivation. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 involves viral entry mediated by the spike glycoprotein (S), and viral reproduction, reliant on translation of its genome. We demonstrate that UVC radiation damages ribonucleic acid (RNA) and provide in-depth characterization of UVC-induced damage of the S protein. We find that UVC severely impacts SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein's ability to bind human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and this correlates with loss of native protein conformation and aromatic amino acid integrity. This report has important implications for the design and development of rapid and effective disinfection systems against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Devitt
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Johnson
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Hanrahan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I. R. Lane
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena C. Vidale
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria V. Humbert
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- University
of Cambridge, MRC Toxicology Unit, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Cosma M. Spalluto
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Rodolphe C. Hervé
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Staples
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational
Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. West
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert Forster
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Nullin Divecha
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. McCormick
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Hempler
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Graeme P. A. Malcolm
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University
of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 22, N-2317 Hamar, Norway
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2
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Harrington J, Esteban LB, Butement J, Vallejo AF, Lane SIR, Sheth B, Jongen MSA, Parker R, Stumpf PS, Smith RCG, MacArthur BD, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Polak ME, Underwood T, West J. Dual dean entrainment with volume ratio modulation for efficient droplet co-encapsulation: extreme single-cell indexing. Lab Chip 2021; 21:3378-3386. [PMID: 34240097 PMCID: PMC8383763 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The future of single cell diversity screens involves ever-larger sample sizes, dictating the need for higher throughput methods with low analytical noise to accurately describe the nature of the cellular system. Current approaches are limited by the Poisson statistic, requiring dilute cell suspensions and associated losses in throughput. In this contribution, we apply Dean entrainment to both cell and bead inputs, defining different volume packets to effect efficient co-encapsulation. Volume ratio scaling was explored to identify optimal conditions. This enabled the co-encapsulation of single cells with reporter beads at rates of ∼1 million cells per hour, while increasing assay signal-to-noise with cell multiplet rates of ∼2.5% and capturing ∼70% of cells. The method, called Pirouette coupling, extends our capacity to investigate biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Harrington
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Luis Blay Esteban
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan Butement
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Simon I R Lane
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- School for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Maaike S A Jongen
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Patrick S Stumpf
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Rosanna C G Smith
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Ben D MacArthur
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Tim Underwood
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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3
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Wu T, Lane SIR, Morgan SL, Tang F, Jones KT. Loss of centromeric RNA activates the spindle assembly checkpoint in mammalian female meiosis I. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212548. [PMID: 34379093 PMCID: PMC8360762 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The repetitive sequences of DNA centromeric regions form the structural basis for kinetochore assembly. Recently they were found to be transcriptionally active in mitosis, with their RNAs providing noncoding functions. Here we explore the role, in mouse oocytes, of transcripts generated from within the minor satellite repeats. Depletion of minor satellite transcripts delayed progression through meiosis I by activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. Arrested oocytes had poorly congressed chromosomes, and centromeres were frequently split by microtubules. Thus, we have demonstrated that the centromeric RNA plays a specific role in female meiosis I compared with mitosis and is required for maintaining the structural integrity of centromeres. This may contribute to the high aneuploidy rates observed in female meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Clinical Laboratory, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon I R Lane
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephanie L Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Feng Tang
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Keith T Jones
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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4
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Lane SIR, Butement J, Harrington J, Underwood T, Shrimpton J, West J. Perpetual sedimentation for the continuous delivery of particulate suspensions. Lab Chip 2019; 19:3771-3775. [PMID: 31608915 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particle sedimentation is deleterious to a tremendous variety of microfluidic applications. Using an open instrumentation approach we show that syringe rotation retains particles in a suspended state, providing a universal solution for the continuous delivery of particulate samples to microfluidic processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I R Lane
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Jonathan Butement
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK. and Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jack Harrington
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Tim Underwood
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK. and Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - John Shrimpton
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK. and Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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5
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Holloway PM, Hallinan GI, Hegde M, Lane SIR, Deinhardt K, West J. Asymmetric confinement for defining outgrowth directionality. Lab Chip 2019; 19:1484-1489. [PMID: 30899932 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Directional connectivity is required to develop accurate in vitro models of the nervous system. This research investigated the interaction of murine neuronal outgrowths with asymmetric microstructured geometries to provide insights into the mechanisms governing unidirectional outgrowth bias. The structures were designed using edge-guidance and critical turning angle principles to study different prohibitive to permissive edge-guidance ratios. The different structures enable outgrowth in the permissive direction, while reducing outgrowth in the prohibitive direction. Outgrowth bias was probabilistic in nature, requiring multiple structures for effective unidirectional bias in primary hippocampal cultures at 14 days in vitro. Arrowhead structures with acute posterior corners were optimal, enabling 100% unidirectional outgrowth bias by virtue of re-routing and delay effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Holloway
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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6
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Manil-Ségalen M, Łuksza M, Kanaan J, Marthiens V, Lane SIR, Jones KT, Terret ME, Basto R, Verlhac MH. Chromosome structural anomalies due to aberrant spindle forces exerted at gene editing sites in meiosis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3416-3430. [PMID: 30082296 PMCID: PMC6168266 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acentrosomal spindle assembly in mouse oocytes depends on chromosomes and acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs). Manil-Ségalen et al. observe that Plk4-induced perturbation of aMTOCs coupled to Cre-mediated gene editing generates fragile chromosomes that break when subjected to forces exerted by altered meiosis I spindles. Mouse female meiotic spindles assemble from acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs) that fragment into discrete foci. These are further sorted and clustered to form spindle poles, thus providing balanced forces for faithful chromosome segregation. To assess the impact of aMTOC biogenesis on spindle assembly, we genetically induced their precocious fragmentation in mouse oocytes using conditional overexpression of Plk4, a master microtubule-organizing center regulator. Excessive microtubule nucleation from these fragmented aMTOCs accelerated spindle assembly dynamics. Prematurely formed spindles promoted the breakage of three different fragilized bivalents, generated by the presence of recombined Lox P sites. Reducing the density of microtubules significantly diminished the extent of chromosome breakage. Thus, improper spindle forces can lead to widely described yet unexplained chromosomal structural anomalies with disruptive consequences on the ability of the gamete to transmit an uncorrupted genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Manil-Ségalen
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Małgorzata Łuksza
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Joanne Kanaan
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Marthiens
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Simon I R Lane
- Biological Science, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Keith T Jones
- Biological Science, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marie-Emilie Terret
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Verlhac
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
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7
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Lane SIR, Jones KT. Chromosome biorientation and APC activity remain uncoupled in oocytes with reduced volume. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3949-3957. [PMID: 28978643 PMCID: PMC5716262 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lane and Jones use serial bisection of mouse oocytes to analyze the influence of cytoplasmic volume on spindle assembly checkpoint function. Volume reduction promotes inhibition of APC but cannot prevent chromosome segregation errors at anaphase. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents chromosome missegregation by coupling anaphase onset with correct chromosome attachment and tension to microtubules. It does this by generating a diffusible signal from free kinetochores into the cytoplasm, inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). The volume in which this signal remains effective is unknown. This raises the possibility that cell volume may be the reason the SAC is weak, and chromosome segregation error-prone, in mammalian oocytes. Here, by a process of serial bisection, we analyzed the influence of oocyte volume on the ability of the SAC to inhibit bivalent segregation in meiosis I. We were able to generate oocytes with cytoplasmic volumes reduced by 86% and observed changes in APC activity consistent with increased SAC control. However, bivalent biorientation remained uncoupled from APC activity, leading to error-prone chromosome segregation. We conclude that volume is one factor contributing to SAC weakness in oocytes. However, additional factors likely uncouple chromosome biorientation with APC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I R Lane
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith T Jones
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Lane SIR, Morgan SL, Wu T, Collins JK, Merriman JA, ElInati E, Turner JM, Jones KT. DNA damage induces a kinetochore-based ATM/ATR-independent SAC arrest unique to the first meiotic division in mouse oocytes. Development 2017; 144:3475-3486. [PMID: 28851706 PMCID: PMC5665484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mouse oocytes carrying DNA damage arrest in meiosis I, thereby preventing creation of embryos with deleterious mutations. The arrest is dependent on activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, which results in anaphase-promoting complex (APC) inhibition. However, little is understood about how this checkpoint is engaged following DNA damage. Here, we find that within minutes of DNA damage checkpoint proteins are assembled at the kinetochore, not at damage sites along chromosome arms, such that the APC is fully inhibited within 30 min. Despite this robust response, there is no measurable loss in k-fibres, or tension across the bivalent. Through pharmacological inhibition we observed that the response is dependent on Mps1 kinase, aurora kinase and Haspin. Using oocyte-specific knockouts we find the response does not require the DNA damage response kinases ATM or ATR. Furthermore, checkpoint activation does not occur in response to DNA damage in fully mature eggs during meiosis II, despite the divisions being separated by just a few hours. Therefore, mouse oocytes have a unique ability to sense DNA damage rapidly by activating the checkpoint at their kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I R Lane
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephanie L Morgan
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Josie K Collins
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Julie A Merriman
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Elias ElInati
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James M Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Keith T Jones
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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9
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Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is necessary so that genetic material is equally shared among daughter cells. However, maturing mammalian oocytes are particularly prone to chromosome segregation errors, making them a valuable tool for identifying the causes of mis-segregation. Factors such as aging, cohesion loss, DNA damage, and the roles of a plethora of kinetochore and cell cycle-related proteins are involved. To study chromosome segregation in oocytes in a live setting is an imaging challenge that requires advanced techniques. Here we describe a method for examining chromosomes in live oocytes in detail as they undergo maturation. Our method is based on tracking the "center of brightness" of fluorescently labeled chromosomes. Here we describe how to set up our software and run experiments on a Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope, but the method would be transferable to other microscopes with computer-aided microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I R Lane
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty and Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Stephen Crouch
- Research Software Group, Software Sustainability Institute, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keith T Jones
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty and Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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10
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Collins JK, Lane SIR, Merriman JA, Jones KT. DNA damage induces a meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes mediated by the spindle assembly checkpoint. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8553. [PMID: 26522232 PMCID: PMC4659839 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive damage to maternal DNA during meiosis causes infertility, birth defects and abortions. However, it is unknown if fully grown oocytes have a mechanism to prevent the creation of DNA-damaged embryos. Here we show that DNA damage activates a pathway involving the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) in response to chemically induced double strand breaks, UVB and ionizing radiation. DNA damage can occur either before or after nuclear envelope breakdown, and provides an effective block to anaphase-promoting complex activity, and consequently the formation of mature eggs. This contrasts with somatic cells, where DNA damage fails to affect mitotic progression. However, it uncovers a second function for the meiotic SAC, which in the context of detecting microtubule–kinetochore errors has hitherto been labelled as weak or ineffectual in mammalian oocytes. We propose that its essential role in the detection of DNA damage sheds new light on its biological purpose in mammalian female meiosis. Damage to maternal DNA during meosis can lead to birth defects, abortion or infertility. Here, the authors show that the spindle assembly checkpoint can respond to DNA damage in oocytes by blocking anaphase promoting complex activity and arresting oocytes in meiosis I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie K Collins
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon I R Lane
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Julie A Merriman
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keith T Jones
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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11
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Yun Y, Holt JE, Lane SIR, McLaughlin EA, Merriman JA, Jones KT. Reduced ability to recover from spindle disruption and loss of kinetochore spindle assembly checkpoint proteins in oocytes from aged mice. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1938-47. [PMID: 24758999 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, maternal aging in women, based on mouse models, is thought to raise oocyte aneuploidy rates, because chromosome cohesion deteriorates during prophase arrest, and Sgo2, a protector of centromeric cohesion, is lost. Here we show that the most common mouse strain, C57Bl6/J, is resistant to maternal aging, showing little increase in aneuploidy or Sgo2 loss. Instead it demonstrates significant kinetochore-associated loss in the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Mad2 and phosphorylated Aurora C, which is involved in microtubule-kinetochore error correction. Their loss affects the fidelity of bivalent segregation but only when spindle organization is impaired during oocyte maturation. These findings have an impact clinically regarding the handling of human oocytes ex vivo during assisted reproductive techniques and suggest there is a genetic basis to aneuploidy susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yun
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy; University of Newcastle; Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Janet E Holt
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy; University of Newcastle; Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon I R Lane
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy; University of Newcastle; Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Biological Sciences; Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton, UK
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie A Merriman
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy; University of Newcastle; Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Biological Sciences; Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton, UK
| | - Keith T Jones
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy; University of Newcastle; Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Biological Sciences; Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton, UK
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12
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Abstract
As women get older their oocytes become susceptible to chromosome mis-segregation. This generates aneuploid embryos, leading to increased infertility and birth defects. Here we examined the provenance of aneuploidy by tracking chromosomes and their kinetochores in oocytes from young and aged mice. Changes consistent with chromosome cohesion deterioration were found with age, including increased interkinetochore distance and loss of the centromeric protector of cohesion SGO2 in metaphase II arrested (metII) eggs, as well as a rise in the number of weakly attached bivalents in meiosis I (MI) and lagging chromosomes at anaphase I. However, there were no MI errors in congression or biorientation. Instead, premature separation of dyads in meiosis II was the major segregation defect in aged eggs and these were associated with very low levels of SGO2. These data show that although considerable cohesion loss occurs during MI, its consequences are observed during meiosis II, when centromeric cohesion is needed to maintain dyad integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yun
- Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are particularly error prone in segregating their chromosomes during their two meiotic divisions. This results in the creation of an embryo that has inherited the wrong number of chromosomes: it is aneuploid. The incidence of aneuploidy rises significantly with maternal age and so there is much interest in understanding this association and the underlying causes of aneuploidy. The spindle assembly checkpoint, a surveillance mechanism that operates in all cells to prevent chromosome mis-segregation, and the cohesive ties that hold those chromosomes together, have thus both been the subject of intensive investigation in oocytes. It is possible that a lowered sensitivity of the spindle assembly checkpoint to certain types of chromosome attachment error may endow oocytes with an innate susceptibility to aneuploidy, which is made worse by an age-related loss in the factors that hold the chromosomes together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Jones
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Merriman JA, Lane SIR, Holt JE, Jennings PC, García-Higuera I, Moreno S, McLaughlin EA, Jones KT. Reduced chromosome cohesion measured by interkinetochore distance is associated with aneuploidy even in oocytes from young mice. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:31. [PMID: 23255336 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming clear that reduced chromosome cohesion is an important factor in the rise of maternal age-related aneuploidy. This reduction in cohesion has been observed both in human and mouse oocytes, and it can be measured directly by an increase with respect to maternal age in interkinetochore (iKT) distance between a sister chromatid pair. We have observed variations in iKT distance even in oocytes from young mice and wondered if such differences may predispose those oocytes displaying the greatest iKT distances to be becoming aneuploid. Therefore, we used two methods, one pharmacological (Aurora kinase inhibitor) and one genetic (Fzr1 knockout), to raise aneuploidy rates in oocytes from young mice (age, 1-3 mo) and to examine if those oocytes that were aneuploid had greater iKT distances. We observed that for both Aurora kinase inhibition and Fzr1 knockout, iKT distances were significantly greater in those oocytes that became aneuploid compared to those that remained euploid. Based on these results, we propose that individual oocytes undergo loss in chromosomal cohesion at different rates and that the greater this loss, the greater the risk for becoming aneuploid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Merriman
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Mammalian oocytes spend the majority of their lives in a dormant state, residing in primordial follicles. This arrest, most analogous to the G2 stage of the mitotic cell cycle division, is only broken in the hours preceding ovulation, when a hormonal rise induces meiotic resumption and entry into the first meiotic division. At a molecular level, this event is triggered by CDK1 activity, and here, we examine how CDK1 is suppressed during meiotic arrest and raised for oocyte maturation. We focus on signaling: intercellular signaling between the oocyte and the somatic cells of the follicle, and spatial signaling involving the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) within the oocyte. Meiotic arrest is achieved through APC(FZR1)-mediated cyclin B1 degradation. Once meiotic resumption resumes, CDK1 levels rise, but its activity eventually needs to be suppressed for completion of the first meiotic division. This is achieved by APC(CDC20), whose activity is critically regulated by the spindle assembly checkpoint, and which induces both a loss in CDK1 activity as well as the cohesive ties holding chromosomes together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Holt
- Center for Reproductive Sciences & School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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Holt JE, Lane SIR, Jones KT. Time-lapse epifluorescence imaging of expressed cRNA to cyclin B1 for studying meiosis I in mouse oocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 957:91-106. [PMID: 23138946 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-191-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The first meiotic division of mammalian oocytes physiologically occurs in the ovary in the hours preceding ovulation. Fortunately, oocytes removed from their follicular environment will readily undergo this process in culture. Their large size, optical transparency, and efficiency in translating exogenous cRNA make mouse oocytes very amenable to study this process in detail using fluorescence imaging-based techniques. Here we describe the process of microinjecting cRNA to proteins of interest that have been coupled to a fluorescent protein using cyclin B1 as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Holt
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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17
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Holt JE, Lane SIR, Jennings P, García-Higuera I, Moreno S, Jones KT. APC(FZR1) prevents nondisjunction in mouse oocytes by controlling meiotic spindle assembly timing. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3970-81. [PMID: 22918942 PMCID: PMC3469513 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-05-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The APC activator FZR1 has a role in controlling the timing of meiosis I spindle assembly. Oocytes lacking FZR1 undergo accelerated meiosis I, associated with earlier spindle assembly checkpoint satisfaction and APCCDC20 activity, resulting in high rates of aneuploidy. FZR1 is an anaphase-promoting complex (APC) activator best known for its role in the mitotic cell cycle at M-phase exit, in G1, and in maintaining genome integrity. Previous studies also established that it prevents meiotic resumption, equivalent to the G2/M transition. Here we report that mouse oocytes lacking FZR1 undergo passage through meiosis I that is accelerated by ∼1 h, and this is due to an earlier onset of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) satisfaction and APCCDC20 activity. However, loss of FZR1 did not compromise SAC functionality; instead, earlier SAC satisfaction was achieved because the bipolar meiotic spindle was assembled more quickly in the absence of FZR1. This novel regulation of spindle assembly by FZR1 led to premature bivalent attachment to microtubules and loss of kinetochore-bound MAD2. Bivalents, however, were observed to congress poorly, leading to nondisjunction rates of 25%. We conclude that in mouse oocytes FZR1 controls the timing of assembly of the bipolar spindle and in so doing the timing of SAC satisfaction and APCCDC20 activity. This study implicates FZR1 as a major regulator of prometaphase whose activity helps to prevent chromosome nondisjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Holt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Lane SIR, Yun Y, Jones KT. Timing of anaphase-promoting complex activation in mouse oocytes is predicted by microtubule-kinetochore attachment but not by bivalent alignment or tension. J Cell Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lane SIR, Yun Y, Jones KT. Timing of anaphase-promoting complex activation in mouse oocytes is predicted by microtubule-kinetochore attachment but not by bivalent alignment or tension. Development 2012; 139:1947-55. [PMID: 22513370 DOI: 10.1242/dev.077040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homologous chromosome segregation errors during meiosis I are common and generate aneuploid embryos. Here, we provide a reason for this susceptibility to mis-segregation by live cell imaging of mouse oocytes. Our results show that stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments form in mid-prometaphase, 3-4 hours before anaphase. This coincided with the loss of Mad2 from kinetochores and with the start of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-mediated cyclin B1 destruction. Therefore, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ceased to inhibit the APC/C from mid-prometaphase. This timing did not coincide with bivalent congression in one-third of all oocytes examined. Non-aligned bivalents were weakly positive for Mad2, under less tension than congressed bivalents and, by live-cell imaging, appeared to be in the process of establishing correct bi-orientation. The time from when the APC/C became active until anaphase onset was affected by the rate of loss of CDK1 activity, rather than by these non-aligned bivalents, which occasionally persisted until anaphase, resulting in homolog non-disjunction. We conclude that, in oocytes, a few erroneous attachments of bivalent kinetochores to microtubules do not generate a sufficient SAC 'wait anaphase' signal to inhibit the APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I R Lane
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Jones KT, Lane SIR. Chromosomal, metabolic, environmental, and hormonal origins of aneuploidy in mammalian oocytes. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1394-9. [PMID: 22394508 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a leading cause of early embryo loss, miscarriage and birth defects in humans. It is predominantly brought about by the mis-segregation of homologous chromosomes (bivalents) in the first meiotic division (MI) of the oocyte, with advanced maternal age being a risk factor. Although its etiology is likely to be multifactorial the predominating factors remain amenable for study in models such as mice. Homologous chromosome separation in MI is achieved by the mono-orientation of functionally paired sister kinetochores but despite this unique division the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), which prevents sister chromatid mis-segregation in mitosis, is functional in mouse oocytes. However, it remains to be fully established what types of error the SAC respond to, for example the presence of univalents, and how sensitive it is to attachment or tension defects in bivalent alignment. Such errors may increase with advanced maternal age as chromosomes lose their cohesive ties and the oocyte has less capacity to service the metabolic needs associated with meiotic division. Environmental insults and hormonal changes could also affect the fidelity of this process. Here we review how all these factors converge on the meiotic spindle during MI to cause mis-segregation errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Jones
- Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Lane SIR, Jones KT. Phosphorylation of histone H3 in 1- and 2-cell embryos. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:17-18. [PMID: 21200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
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Lane SIR, Chang HY, Jennings PC, Jones KT. The Aurora kinase inhibitor ZM447439 accelerates first meiosis in mouse oocytes by overriding the spindle assembly checkpoint. Reproduction 2010; 140:521-30. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that when maturing mouse oocytes are continuously incubated with the Aurora inhibitor ZM447439, meiotic maturation is blocked. In this study, we observe that by altering the time of addition of the inhibitor, oocyte maturation can actually be accelerated by 1 h as measured by the timing of polar body extrusion. ZM447439 also had the ability to overcome a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) arrest caused by nocodazole and so rescue polar body extrusion. Consistent with the ability of the SAC to inhibit cyclin B1 degradation by blocking activation of the anaphase-promoting complex, we could also observe a rescue in cyclin B1 degradation when ZM447439 was added to nocodazole-treated oocytes. The acceleration of the first meiotic division by ZM447439, which has not been achieved previously, and its effects on the SAC are all consistent with the proposed mitotic role of Aurora B in activating the SAC. We hypothesize that Aurora kinase activity controls the SAC in meiosis I, despite differences to the mitotic cell cycle division in spindle architecture brought about by the meiotic mono-orientation of sister kinetochores.
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