2
|
Scalia B, Venti V, Ciccia LM, Criscione R, Lo Bianco M, Sciuto L, Falsaperla R, Zanghì A, Praticò AD. Aristaless-Related Homeobox (ARX): Epilepsy Phenotypes beyond Lissencephaly and Brain Malformations. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) transcription factor is involved in the development of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. ARX mutations have been associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and are responsible for both malformation (in particular lissencephaly) and nonmalformation complex phenotypes. The epilepsy phenotypes related to ARX mutations are West syndrome and X-linked infantile spasms, X-linked myoclonic epilepsy with spasticity and intellectual development and Ohtahara and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy syndrome, which are related in most of the cases to intellectual disability and are often drug resistant. In this article, we shortly reviewed current knowledge of the function of ARX with a particular attention on its consequences in the development of epilepsy during early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Scalia
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Venti
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lina M. Ciccia
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Criscione
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Lo Bianco
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Sciuto
- Pediatrics Postgraduate Residency Program, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco,” Catania, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care unit and Neonatology, University Hospital “Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco,” Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Zanghì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology “G.F. Ingrassia,” University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea D. Praticò
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trost B, Engchuan W, Nguyen CM, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Dolzhenko E, Backstrom I, Mirceta M, Mojarad BA, Yin Y, Dov A, Chandrakumar I, Prasolava T, Shum N, Hamdan O, Pellecchia G, Howe JL, Whitney J, Klee EW, Baheti S, Amaral DG, Anagnostou E, Elsabbagh M, Fernandez BA, Hoang N, Lewis MES, Liu X, Sjaarda C, Smith IM, Szatmari P, Zwaigenbaum L, Glazer D, Hartley D, Stewart AK, Eberle MA, Sato N, Pearson CE, Scherer SW, Yuen RKC. Genome-wide detection of tandem DNA repeats that are expanded in autism. Nature 2020; 586:80-86. [PMID: 32717741 PMCID: PMC9348607 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tandem DNA repeats vary in the size and sequence of each unit (motif). When expanded, these tandem DNA repeats have been associated with more than 40 monogenic disorders1. Their involvement in disorders with complex genetics is largely unknown, as is the extent of their heterogeneity. Here we investigated the genome-wide characteristics of tandem repeats that had motifs with a length of 2-20 base pairs in 17,231 genomes of families containing individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)2,3 and population control individuals4. We found extensive polymorphism in the size and sequence of motifs. Many of the tandem repeat loci that we detected correlated with cytogenetic fragile sites. At 2,588 loci, gene-associated expansions of tandem repeats that were rare among population control individuals were significantly more prevalent among individuals with ASD than their siblings without ASD, particularly in exons and near splice junctions, and in genes related to the development of the nervous system and cardiovascular system or muscle. Rare tandem repeat expansions had a prevalence of 23.3% in children with ASD compared with 20.7% in children without ASD, which suggests that tandem repeat expansions make a collective contribution to the risk of ASD of 2.6%. These rare tandem repeat expansions included previously undescribed ASD-linked expansions in DMPK and FXN, which are associated with neuromuscular conditions, and in previously unknown loci such as FGF14 and CACNB1. Rare tandem repeat expansions were associated with lower IQ and adaptive ability. Our results show that tandem DNA repeat expansions contribute strongly to the genetic aetiology and phenotypic complexity of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Trost
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte M Nguyen
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ian Backstrom
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mila Mirceta
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bahareh A Mojarad
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yue Yin
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alona Dov
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Induja Chandrakumar
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Prasolava
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Shum
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omar Hamdan
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Howe
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Whitney
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Saurabh Baheti
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayada Elsabbagh
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bridget A Fernandez
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ny Hoang
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M E Suzanne Lewis
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calvin Sjaarda
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabel M Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Glazer
- Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - A Keith Stewart
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Nozomu Sato
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher E Pearson
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan K C Yuen
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Snanoudj S, Molin A, Colson C, Coudray N, Paulien S, Mittre H, Gérard M, Schaefer E, Goldenberg A, Bacchetta J, Odent S, Naudion S, Demeer B, Faivre L, Gruchy N, Kottler ML, Richard N. Maternal Transmission Ratio Distortion of GNAS Loss-of-Function Mutations. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:913-919. [PMID: 31886927 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) are two rare autosomal dominant disorders caused by loss-of-function mutations in the imprinted Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein, Alpha Stimulating Activity (GNAS) gene, coding Gs α. PHP1A is caused by mutations in the maternal allele and results in Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) and hormonal resistance, mainly to the parathormone (PTH), whereas PPHP, with AHO features and no hormonal resistance, is linked to mutations in the paternal allele. This study sought to investigate parental transmission of GNAS mutations. We conducted a retrospective study in a population of 204 families with 361 patients harboring GNAS mutations. To prevent ascertainment bias toward a higher proportion of affected children due to the way in which data were collected, we excluded from transmission analysis all probands in the ascertained sibships. After bias correction, the distribution ratio of the mutated alleles was calculated from the observed genotypes of the offspring of nuclear families and was compared to the expected ratio of 50% according to Mendelian inheritance (one-sample Z-test). Sex ratio, phenotype of the transmitting parent, and transmission depending on the severity of the mutation were also analyzed. Transmission analysis was performed in 114 nuclear families and included 250 descendants. The fertility rates were similar between male and female patients. We showed an excess of transmission from mother to offspring of mutated alleles (59%, p = .022), which was greater when the mutations were severe (61.7%, p = .023). Similarly, an excess of transmission was found when the mother had a PHP1A phenotype (64.7%, p = .036). By contrast, a Mendelian distribution was observed when the mutations were paternally inherited. Higher numbers of females within the carriers, but not in noncarriers, were also observed. The mother-specific transmission ratio distortion (TRD) and the sex-ratio imbalance associated to PHP1A point to a role of Gs α in oocyte biology or embryogenesis, with implications for genetic counseling. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Snanoudj
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Molin
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Cindy Colson
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Nadia Coudray
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Sylvie Paulien
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Hervé Mittre
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Department of Genetics, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Justine Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology and Dermatology, CHU de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Department of Genetics, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Naudion
- Department of Genetics, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Gruchy
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Kottler
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Richard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|