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Dwivedi GR, Kant R, Mishra A, Kumar M, Singhal AK, Pathak S. Health status of tribes of Uttar Pradesh with special reference to health-seeking behaviour of uncharted Tharu tribe: A mapping review. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:186-190. [PMID: 36629178 PMCID: PMC10057369 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3271_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives The tribal population in India is considered as one of the vulnerable groups with respect to their achievements in health and other developmental issues. In this context, this mapping review attempted to understand the health profile of the Tharu tribal community residing in the northern State of Uttar Pradesh, India through literature mining. Tharu tribe is one of the indigenous groups living in the Terai plain on the Indo-Nepal border. In 1967, this tribe was documented as a Scheduled Tribe by the Government of India. The present review aimed to map the health-seeking behaviour of the Tharu population and review other factors pertaining to their health such as socioeconomic, developmental, employment, education, etc. Methods Online data search was carried out on PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms 'Tharu' AND 'India'. In addition, official reports avaibale in public domain and grey literature was also searched. Results Twenty seven studies including reviews, articles, books/book chapters were evaluated along with 13 reports (including reports from government organizations and grey literature) were retrieved and analyzed. Of the 27 published reports, 16 were found relevant to Tharu tribe in India. A total of 29 (16 articles + 13 reports ) were included in this review. Interpretation & Conclusions This mapping review highights the health seeking behaviour of the Tharu tribe in India that can help inform future interventions to improve the health status of the Tharu tribe as well as other aspects of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Raj Dwivedi
- Tribal Study Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- Tribal Study Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayush Mishra
- Tribal Study Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Tribal Study Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bose A, Platt DE, Parida L, Drineas P, Paschou P. Integrating Linguistics, Social Structure, and Geography to Model Genetic Diversity within India. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1809-1819. [PMID: 33481022 PMCID: PMC8097304 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
India represents an intricate tapestry of population substructure shaped by geography, language, culture, and social stratification. Although geography closely correlates with genetic structure in other parts of the world, the strict endogamy imposed by the Indian caste system and the large number of spoken languages add further levels of complexity to understand Indian population structure. To date, no study has attempted to model and evaluate how these factors have interacted to shape the patterns of genetic diversity within India. We merged all publicly available data from the Indian subcontinent into a data set of 891 individuals from 90 well-defined groups. Bringing together geography, genetics, and demographic factors, we developed Correlation Optimization of Genetics and Geodemographics to build a model that explains the observed population genetic substructure. We show that shared language along with social structure have been the most powerful forces in creating paths of gene flow in the subcontinent. Furthermore, we discover the ethnic groups that best capture the diverse genetic substructure using a ridge leverage score statistic. Integrating data from India with a data set of additional 1,323 individuals from 50 Eurasian populations, we find that Indo-European and Dravidian speakers of India show shared genetic drift with Europeans, whereas the Tibeto-Burman speaking tribal groups have maximum shared genetic drift with East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bose
- Computational Genomics, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Daniel E Platt
- Computational Genomics, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Laxmi Parida
- Computational Genomics, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Petros Drineas
- Computer Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Shrivastava P, Kushwaha K, Kumawat R, Chauhan T, Saiz M, Lorente JA, Batham MS, Singh SS, Chaubey G. Untangled the genetic structure of Kahar and Tharu, using 23 Y chromosomal paternal lineage markers. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Marasini B, Lal BK, Thapa S, Awasthi KR, Bajracharya B, Khanal P, Neupane S, Jha SN, Acharya S, Iama S, Koirala M, Koirala D, Bhandari S, Mahato RK, Chaudhary A, Ghimire P, Magar RG, Bhattarai RK, Gornsawun G, Penpitchaporn P, Bancone G, Acharya BP. G6PD deficiency in malaria endemic areas of Nepal. Malar J 2020; 19:287. [PMID: 32787970 PMCID: PMC7425560 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is currently a threat to malaria elimination due to risk of primaquine-induced haemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends G6PD screening before providing primaquine as a radical treatment against vivax malaria. However, evidence regarding the prevalence and causing mutations of G6PD deficiency in Nepal is scarce. Methods A cross-sectional, population-based, prevalence study was carried out from May to October 2016 in 12 malaria-endemic districts of Nepal. The screening survey included 4067 participants whose G6PD status was determined by G6PD Care Start™ rapid diagnostic test and genotyping. Results The prevalence of G6PD deficiency at the national level was 3.5% (4.1% among males and 2.1% among females). When analysed according to ethnic groups, G6PD deficiency was highest among the Janajati (6.2% overall, 17.6% in Mahatto, 7.7% in Chaudhary and 7.5% in Tharu) and low among Brahman and Chhetri (1.3%). District-wise, prevalence was highest in Banke (7.6%) and Chitwan (6.6%). Coimbra mutation (592 C>T) was found among 75.5% of the G6PD-deficient samples analysed and Mahidol (487 G>A) and Mediterranean (563 C>T) mutations were found in equal proportions in the remaining 24.5%. There was no specific geographic or ethnic distribution for the three mutations. Conclusions This study has identified populations with moderate to high prevalence of G6PD deficiency which provides strong evidence supporting the WHO recommendations to screen G6PD deficiency at health facility level before the use of primaquine-based radical curative regimen for Plasmodium vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baburam Marasini
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services Government of Nepal, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bibek Kumar Lal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services Government of Nepal, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suman Thapa
- Save The Children, Global Fund, Airport, Shambhu Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kiran Raj Awasthi
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijay Bajracharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Pratik Khanal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Neupane
- Save The Children, Global Fund, Airport, Shambhu Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shambhu Nath Jha
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjaya Acharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Smriti Iama
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Madan Koirala
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dinesh Koirala
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suresh Bhandari
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram Kumar Mahato
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Arun Chaudhary
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pramin Ghimire
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rahachan Gharti Magar
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Program Management Unit (Global Fund/SCI), Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Gornpan Gornsawun
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Pimsupah Penpitchaporn
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Germana Bancone
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Bhim Prasad Acharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services Government of Nepal, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Ethnogenetic analysis reveals that Kohistanis of Pakistan were genetically linked to west Eurasians by a probable ancestral genepool from Eurasian steppe in the bronze age. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:82-93. [PMID: 31103559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the unique geographic, ethnic, social and cultural features of Kohistan in Pakistan, the origin and descent of Kohistanis remain still obscure. In an effort to address questions concerning the genetic structure, origin and genetic affinities of Kohistanis, we herein applied an ethnogenetic approach consisting on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis and dental morphology analysis. We sequenced HVS1 of mtDNA, observed 14 haplotypes and assigned a total of 9 haplogroups belonging to macrolineages M (17%) and N (83%). Genetic diversity estimates in Kohistanis (Hd = 0.910 ± 0.014; Pi = 0.019 ± 0.001; θw = 0.019 ± 0.006) were similar to that of previous studies in other Pakistani populations. Overall, the analyses of dental morphology and mtDNA profile of Kohistanis resulted in similar findings. All the analyses indicate that Kohistanis share affinities to populations from Europe, Near East, Central Asia and South Asia. The Kohistani HVS1 haplotype 2 shares 100% identity to HVS1 haplotypes across the Europe. These results in light of recent insights into ancient genomics lead us to conclude that ancestry from Eurasian Steppe genetically linked Kohistanis to all these populations in the Bronze Age. This is consistent with linguistic evidence and also with the Indo-Aryan migration model for the peopling of South Asia.
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Jha AR, Davenport ER, Gautam Y, Bhandari D, Tandukar S, Ng KM, Fragiadakis GK, Holmes S, Gautam GP, Leach J, Sherchand JB, Bustamante CD, Sonnenburg JL. Gut microbiome transition across a lifestyle gradient in Himalaya. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005396. [PMID: 30439937 PMCID: PMC6237292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiome in industrialized populations differs from those living traditional lifestyles. However, it has been difficult to separate the contributions of human genetic and geographic factors from lifestyle. Whether shifts away from the foraging lifestyle that characterize much of humanity's past influence the gut microbiome, and to what degree, remains unclear. Here, we characterize the stool bacterial composition of four Himalayan populations to investigate how the gut community changes in response to shifts in traditional human lifestyles. These groups led seminomadic hunting-gathering lifestyles until transitioning to varying levels of agricultural dependence upon farming. The Tharu began farming 250-300 years ago, the Raute and Raji transitioned 30-40 years ago, and the Chepang retain many aspects of a foraging lifestyle. We assess the contributions of dietary and environmental factors on their gut-associated microbes and find that differences in the lifestyles of Himalayan foragers and farmers are strongly correlated with microbial community variation. Furthermore, the gut microbiomes of all four traditional Himalayan populations are distinct from that of the Americans, indicating that industrialization may further exacerbate differences in the gut community. The Chepang foragers harbor an elevated abundance of taxa associated with foragers around the world. Conversely, the gut microbiomes of the populations that have transitioned to farming are more similar to those of Americans, with agricultural dependence and several associated lifestyle and environmental factors correlating with the extent of microbiome divergence from the foraging population. The gut microbiomes of Raute and Raji reveal an intermediate state between the Chepang and Tharu, indicating that divergence from a stereotypical foraging microbiome can occur within a single generation. Our results also show that environmental factors such as drinking water source and solid cooking fuel are significantly associated with the gut microbiome. Despite the pronounced differences in gut bacterial composition across populations, we found little differences in alpha diversity across lifestyles. These findings in genetically similar populations living in the same geographical region establish the key role of lifestyle in determining human gut microbiome composition and point to the next challenging steps of determining how large-scale gut microbiome reconfiguration impacts human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish R. Jha
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational, Evolutionary, and Human Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Davenport
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoshina Gautam
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dinesh Bhandari
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarmila Tandukar
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Katharine M. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela K. Fragiadakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jeff Leach
- Human Food Project, Terlingua, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational, Evolutionary, and Human Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Metspalu M, Mondal M, Chaubey G. The genetic makings of South Asia. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 53:128-133. [PMID: 30286387 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
South Asia is home for more than a billion people culturally structured into innumerable groups practicing different levels of endogamy. Linguistically South Asia is broadly characterized by four major language families which has served as access way for disentangling the genetic makings of South Asia. In this review we shall give brief account on the recent developments in the field. Advances are made in two fronts simultaneously. Whole genome characterisation of many extant South Asians paint the picture of the genetic diversity and its implications to health-care. On the other hand ancient DNA studies, which are finally reaching South Asia, provide new incites to the demographic history of the subcontinent. Before the spread of agriculture, South Asia was likely inhabited by hunter-gatherer groups deriving much of their ancestry from a population that split from the rest of humanity soon after expanding from Africa. Early Iranian agriculturalists mixing with these local hunter-gatherers probably formed the population that flourished during the blossoming of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Further admixture with the still persisting HG groups and population(s) from the Eurasian Steppe, formed the two ancestral populations (ANI and ASI), the north-south mixing pattern of whom is known today as the 'Indian Cline'. Studies on natural selection in South Asia have so far revealed strong signals of sweeps that are shared with West Eurasians. Future studies will have to fully unlock the aDNA promise for South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mayukh Mondal
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Reconstructing the population history of the largest tribe of India: the Dravidian speaking Gond. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:493-498. [PMID: 28145430 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gond comprise the largest tribal group of India with a population exceeding 12 million. Linguistically, the Gond belong to the Gondi-Manda subgroup of the South Central branch of the Dravidian language family. Ethnographers, anthropologists and linguists entertain mutually incompatible hypotheses on their origin. Genetic studies of these people have thus far suffered from the low resolution of the genetic data or the limited number of samples. Therefore, to gain a more comprehensive view on ancient ancestry and genetic affinities of the Gond with the neighbouring populations speaking Indo-European, Dravidian and Austroasiatic languages, we have studied four geographically distinct groups of Gond using high-resolution data. All the Gond groups share a common ancestry with a certain degree of isolation and differentiation. Our allele frequency and haplotype-based analyses reveal that the Gond share substantial genetic ancestry with the Indian Austroasiatic (ie, Munda) groups, rather than with the other Dravidian groups to whom they are most closely related linguistically.
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Negi N, Tamang R, Pande V, Sharma A, Shah A, Reddy AG, Vishnupriya S, Singh L, Chaubey G, Thangaraj K. The paternal ancestry of Uttarakhand does not imitate the classical caste system of India. J Hum Genet 2015; 61:167-72. [PMID: 26511066 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although, there have been rigorous research on the Indian caste system by several disciplines, it is still one of the most controversial socioscientific topic. Previous genetic studies on the subcontinent have supported a classical hierarchal sharing of genetic component by various castes of India. In the present study, we have used high-resolution mtDNA and Y chromosomal markers to characterize the genetic structuring of the Uttarakhand populations in the context of neighboring regions. Furthermore, we have tested whether the genetic structuring of caste populations at different social levels of this region, follow the classical chaturvarna system. Interestingly, we found that this region showed a high level of variation for East Eurasian ancestry in both maternal and paternal lines of descent. Moreover, the intrapopulation comparison showed a high level of heterogeneity, likely because of different caste hierarchy, interpolated on asymmetric admixture of populations inhabiting on both sides of the Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Negi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rakesh Tamang
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.,Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amrita Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anish Shah
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alla G Reddy
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Lalji Singh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Genome Foundation, Hyderabad, India
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Chaubey G, Kadian A, Bala S, Rao VR. Genetic Affinity of the Bhil, Kol and Gond Mentioned in Epic Ramayana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127655. [PMID: 26061398 PMCID: PMC4465503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kol, Bhil and Gond are some of the ancient tribal populations known from the Ramayana, one of the Great epics of India. Though there have been studies about their affinity based on classical and haploid genetic markers, the molecular insights of their relationship with other tribal and caste populations of extant India is expected to give more clarity about the the question of continuity vs. discontinuity. In this study, we scanned >97,000 of single nucleotide polymorphisms among three major ancient tribes mentioned in Ramayana, namely Bhil, Kol and Gond. The results obtained were then compared at inter and intra population levels with neighboring and other world populations. Using various statistical methods, our analysis suggested that the genetic architecture of these tribes (Kol and Gond) was largely similar to their surrounding tribal and caste populations, while Bhil showed closer affinity with Dravidian and Austroasiatic (Munda) speaking tribes. The haplotype based analysis revealed a massive amount of genome sharing among Bhil, Kol, Gond and with other ethnic groups of South Asian descent. On the basis of genetic component sharing among different populations, we anticipate their primary founding over the indigenous Ancestral South Indian (ASI) component has prevailed in the genepool over the last several thousand years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anurag Kadian
- 5 Ror Colony, Behind Sector 7, Karnal, Haryana132001, India
| | - Saroj Bala
- Institute of Scientific Research on Vedas, I-SERVE Delhi Chapter, C-6 / 302, Clarion the Legend, Gurgaon 122011, India
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Fregel R, Cabrera V, Larruga JM, Abu-Amero KK, González AM. Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N Lineages Reached Australia around 50,000 Years Ago following a Northern Asian Route. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129839. [PMID: 26053380 PMCID: PMC4460043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The modern human colonization of Eurasia and Australia is mostly explained by a single-out-of-Africa exit following a southern coastal route throughout Arabia and India. However, dispersal across the Levant would better explain the introgression with Neanderthals, and more than one exit would fit better with the different ancient genomic components discovered in indigenous Australians and in ancient Europeans. The existence of an additional Northern route used by modern humans to reach Australia was previously deduced from the phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup N. Here, we present new mtDNA data and new multidisciplinary information that add more support to this northern route. Methods MtDNA hypervariable segments and haplogroup diagnostic coding positions were analyzed in 2,278 Saudi Arabs, from which 1,725 are new samples. Besides, we used 623 published mtDNA genomes belonging to macrohaplogroup N, but not R, to build updated phylogenetic trees to calculate their coalescence ages, and more than 70,000 partial mtDNA sequences were screened to establish their respective geographic ranges. Results The Saudi mtDNA profile confirms the absence of autochthonous mtDNA lineages in Arabia with coalescence ages deep enough to support population continuity in the region since the out-of-Africa episode. In contrast to Australia, where N(xR) haplogroups are found in high frequency and with deep coalescence ages, there are not autochthonous N(xR) lineages in India nor N(xR) branches with coalescence ages as deep as those found in Australia. These patterns are at odds with the supposition that Australian colonizers harboring N(xR) lineages used a route involving India as a stage. The most ancient N(xR) lineages in Eurasia are found in China, and inconsistently with the coastal route, N(xR) haplogroups with the southernmost geographical range have all more recent radiations than the Australians. Conclusions Apart from a single migration event via a southern route, phylogeny and phylogeography of N(xR) lineages support that people carrying mtDNA N lineages could have reach Australia following a northern route through Asia. Data from other disciplines also support this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fregel
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Vicente Cabrera
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jose M. Larruga
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Khaled K. Abu-Amero
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana M. González
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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