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Skeard J. "Unnatural resources?": parallels and distinctions between the Newfoundland Genome and traditional resource sectors. J Community Genet 2024:10.1007/s12687-024-00715-w. [PMID: 38896389 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-024-00715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) has a long history of resource development, exploitation, and frequent mismanagement. Even before joining the Canadian confederation in 1949, industries such as mining, fishing, and forestry had significantly shaped the province. Recently, a new "resource" has been recognized: NL's genetic data, often described as a "genetic gold mine" and "the new oil." These analogies reflect the perception of genetic data as a valuable resource, resonating in a province historically reliant on resource extraction. Since the early 2000s, NL's genetic data has been recognized as a unique asset, prompting provincial reports on its management. Renewed interest has emerged with a local biotechnology company aiming to leverage NL's unique genetic architecture. This paper examines the implications of conceptualizing genetic information as a resource, exploring how this fits within existing resource development frameworks and policies, and considering its potential to shape policies for managing the benefits and burdens of genetic data exploitation. I conclude that while the NL genome is not a natural resource in the traditional sense, the province nevertheless needs to take more direct responsibility for its development and to ensure that any potential benefits from exploiting it are shared with the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Skeard
- Interdisciplinary Studies, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
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Janes WI, Fagan MG, Andrews JM, Harvey DR, Warden GM, Johnston PH, Organ MK. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma and disease stage at presentation. Can Urol Assoc J 2024; 18:E113-E119. [PMID: 38381938 PMCID: PMC11034969 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.8519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with overall survival contingent on multiple factors - most importantly, disease stage at diagnosis. Disruptions in healthcare delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in various reported diagnostic and treatment delays, which have had detrimental impacts on malignancies such as RCC. METHODS Surgically managed cases of RCC at our center were identified using a retrospective chart review of all nephrectomies conducted from March 1, 2018, to February 28, 2023. Examination of disease characteristics in three time period cohorts (before, during, and following the COVID-19 pandemic) was undertaken. Timeframes were consistent with implementation and abolition of public health restrictions in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. RESULTS A total of 483 surgically managed RCC cases were identified during the study period. The median age was 65 years (interquartile range [IQR] 56-71), and 62.3% of patients were male. Demographics did not vary across timeframes. Before and during the pandemic, pathologic stage 3 (pT3) disease was reported in 38.9% and 35.4% of cases, respectively, whereas the post-pandemic period saw this presentation in 50.0% of patients. Surgical wait times increased significantly across study timeframes (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS The first year following the COVID-19 pandemic saw an 11.1% increase in patients presenting with pT3 RCC. These findings are suggestive of a clinically significant stage migration, which paired with prolonged wait times for surgery, provide critical consideration in the urgency of diagnostic and treatment decisions for RCC in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.C. Ian Janes
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | | | - David R. Harvey
- Division of Urology, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Geoff M. Warden
- Division of Anesthesia, Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Paul H. Johnston
- Division of Urology, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Michael K. Organ
- Division of Urology, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Gill R, Liu M, Sun G, Furey A, Spector T, Rahman P, Zhai G. Genomic heterozygosity is associated with a lower risk of osteoarthritis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:85. [PMID: 38245676 PMCID: PMC10800035 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic heterozygosity has been shown to confer a health advantage in humans and play a protective role in complex diseases. Given osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly polygenic disease, we set out to determine if an association exists between OA and genomic heterozygosity. RESULTS End-stage knee and hip OA patients and healthy controls were recruited from the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) population. The Arthritis Research UK Osteoarthritis Genetics (arcOGEN) consortium database was utilized as a replication cohort. DNA was extracted from blood samples and genotyped. Individual rates of observed heterozygosity (HetRate) and heterozygosity excess (HetExcess) relative to the expected were mathematically derived, and standardized to a z-score. Logistic regression modeling was used to examine the association between OA and HetRate or HetExcess. A total of 559 knee and hip OA patients (mean age 66.5 years, body mass index (BMI) 33.7 kg/m2, and 55% females) and 118 healthy controls (mean age 56.4 years, BMI 29.5 kg/m2, and 59% female) were included in the NL cohort analysis. We found that OA had an inverse relationship with HetRate and HetExcess with odds ratios of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.45-0.91) and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.45-0.93) per standard deviation (SD), respectively. The arcOGEN data included 2,019 end-stage knee and hip OA patients and 2,029 healthy controls, validating our findings with HetRate and HetExcess odds ratios of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.56-0.64) and 0.44 (95% CI: 0.40-0.47) per SD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first to clearly show evidence, from two separate cohorts, that reduced genomic heterozygosity confers a risk for the future development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gill
- Human Genetics and Genomics, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Ming Liu
- Human Genetics and Genomics, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Guang Sun
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Andrew Furey
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland; Office of the Premier, Government of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Tim Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Proton Rahman
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Human Genetics and Genomics, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Janes WI, Johnston PH. A population-based analysis of the epidemiology of penile cancer in Newfoundland and Labrador. Can Urol Assoc J 2024; 18:E12-E18. [PMID: 37812793 PMCID: PMC10766332 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.8451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile cancers are a rare subset of carcinomas accounting for <1% of all diagnosed malignancies. There have been recent reports of increasing incidence globally; however, there is limited Canadian literature pertaining to these neoplasms. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL ) represents an important entity to study, possessing the highest national incidence of cancer, along with a plethora of relevant risk factors for penile cancer. METHODS A retrospective chart analysis of all patients with a diagnosis of penile cancer in NL between the years of 2006 and 2018 was conducted. The main outcomes included overall incidence, proportion with metastatic disease, tumor demographics, and overall survival (OS ). Incidence among the male population was calculated using Statistics Canada annual reports. RESULTS An identified 81 cases satisfied the inclusion criteria, with a median age at diagnosis of 65 (interquartile range 20) years. Crude incidence of penile cancer ranged from 1.20-4.27/100 000 males in 2007 and 2010, respectively, while the average age-standardized incidence was 2.34/100 000 males across the study timeframe. Metastatic disease was noted in 17 (21.0%) patients, with a five-year OS of 74% for all penile malignancies, decreasing to 66% in those with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of penile cancer in our population was higher than reported Western jurisdictions and showed frequent rates of metastatic spread. These observations are likely multifactorial, resultant of chronic inflammation paired with high rates of modifiable risk factors and diagnostic delays. An evident need for greater examination and improved reporting of these malignancies in the province was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.C. Ian Janes
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Paul H. Johnston
- Division of Urology, Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Roebothan A, Smith KN, Seal M, Etchegary H, Dawson L. Specialty Care and Counselling about Hereditary Cancer Risk Improves Adherence to Cancer Screening and Prevention in Newfoundland and Labrador Patients with BRCA1/2 Pathogenic Variants: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:9367-9381. [PMID: 37887578 PMCID: PMC10605144 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the lifetime risks of breast and ovarian cancer. Guidelines recommend breast screening (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammogram) or risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) and salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). We sought to (1) characterize the population of BRCA1/2 PV carriers in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), (2) evaluate risk-reducing interventions, and (3) identify factors influencing screening and prevention adherence. We conducted a retrospective study from a population-based provincial cohort of BRCA1/2 PV carriers. The eligibility criteria for risk-reducing interventions were defined for each case and patients were categorized based on their level of adherence with recommendations. Chi-squared and regression analyses were used to determine which factors influenced uptake and level of adherence. A total of 276 BRCA1/2 PV carriers were identified; 156 living NL biological females composed the study population. Unaffected females were younger at testing than those with a cancer diagnosis (44.4 years versus 51.7 years; p = 0.002). Categorized by eligibility, 61.0%, 61.6%, 39.0%, and 75.7% of patients underwent MRI, mammogram, RRM, and RRSO, respectively. Individuals with breast cancer were more likely to have RRM (64.7% versus 35.3%; p < 0.001), and those who attended a specialty hereditary cancer clinic were more likely to be adherent to recommendations (73.2% versus 13.4%; p < 0.001) and to undergo RRSO (84.1% versus 15.9%; p < 0.001). Nearly 40% of the female BRCA1/2 PV carriers were not receiving breast surveillance according to evidence-based recommendations. Cancer risk reduction and uptake of breast imaging and prophylactic surgeries are significantly higher in patients who receive dedicated specialty care. Organized hereditary cancer prevention programs will be a valuable component of Canadian healthcare systems and have the potential to reduce the burden of disease countrywide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Roebothan
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL 1AB 3V6, Canada;
| | - Kerri N. Smith
- Centre for Translational Genomics, NL Health Services, St. John’s, NL 1AB 3V6, Canada
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL 1AB 3V6, Canada
| | - Melanie Seal
- Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL 1AB 3V6, Canada;
| | - Holly Etchegary
- Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL 1AB 3V6, Canada;
| | - Lesa Dawson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL 1AB 3V6, Canada
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Gilbert E, Zurel H, MacMillan ME, Demiriz S, Mirhendi S, Merrigan M, O'Reilly S, Molloy AM, Brody LC, Bodmer W, Leach RA, Scott REM, Mugford G, Randhawa R, Stephens JC, Symington AL, Cavalleri GL, Phillips MS. The Newfoundland and Labrador mosaic founder population descends from an Irish and British diaspora from 300 years ago. Commun Biol 2023; 6:469. [PMID: 37117635 PMCID: PMC10147672 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The founder population of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) is a unique genetic resource, in part due to its geographic and cultural isolation, where historical records describe a migration of European settlers, primarily from Ireland and England, to NL in the 18th and 19th centuries. Whilst its historical isolation, and increased prevalence of certain monogenic disorders are well appreciated, details of the fine-scale genetic structure and ancestry of the population are lacking. Understanding the genetic origins and background of functional, disease causing, genetic variants would aid genetic mapping efforts in the Province. Here, we leverage dense genome-wide SNP data on 1,807 NL individuals to reveal fine-scale genetic structure in NL that is clustered around coastal communities and correlated with Christian denomination. We show that the majority of NL European ancestry can be traced back to the south-east and south-west of Ireland and England, respectively. We date a substantial population size bottleneck approximately 10-15 generations ago in NL, associated with increased haplotype sharing and autozygosity. Our results reveal insights into the population history of NL and demonstrate evidence of a population conducive to further genetic studies and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Gilbert
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Heather Zurel
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Sedat Demiriz
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Sadra Mirhendi
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | | | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lawrence C Brody
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Walter Bodmer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard A Leach
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Roderick E M Scott
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gerald Mugford
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ranjit Randhawa
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Alison L Symington
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gianpiero L Cavalleri
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael S Phillips
- Sequence Bioinformatics, Inc., St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Genetic Analyses of Discrete Geographic Samples of a Golden Chanterelle in Canada Reveal Evidence for Recent Regional Differentiation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071110. [PMID: 35885893 PMCID: PMC9319088 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild edible mushroom Cantharellus enelensis is a recently described species of the golden chanterelles found in eastern North America. At present, the genetic diversity and population structure of C. enelensis are not known. In this study, we analyzed a total of 230 fruiting bodies of C. enelensis that were collected from three regions of Canada: near the east and west coasts of Newfoundland (NFLD), with 110 fruiting bodies each, and around Hamilton, Ontario (10 fruiting bodies). Among the 110 fruiting bodies from each coast in NFLD, 10 from 2009 were without specific site information, while 100 sampled in 2010 were from each of five patches separated by at least 100 m from each other. Each fruiting body was genotyped at three microsatellite loci. Among the total 28 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) identified, 2 were shared among all three regions, 4 were shared between 2 of the t3hree regions, and the remaining 22 were each found in only 1 region. Minimal spanning network analyses revealed several region-specific MLG clusters, consistent with geographic specific mutation and expansion. Though the most frequently observed MLGs were shared among local (patch) and regional populations, population genetic analyses revealed that both local and regional geographic separations contributed significantly to the observed genetic variation in the total sample. All three regional populations showed excess heterozygosity; for the eastern NFLD population, we reject the null hypothesis of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) at all three loci. However, the analyses of clone-corrected samples revealed that most loci were in HWE. Together, our results suggest that the three discrete regional populations of C. enelensis were likely colonized from a common refugium since the last ice age. However, the local and regional populations are diverging from each other through mutation, drift, and selection at least partly due to heterozygous advantage.
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Salomashkina VV, Pshenichnikova OS, Perina FG, Surin VL. A founder effect in hemophilia A patients from Russian Ural region with a new p.(His634Arg) variant in F8 gene. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2022; 33:124-129. [PMID: 34393174 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemophilia A is a clotting disease caused by defects in the F8 gene. A lot of them are described and most are unique or have polyphyletic origin. We here study the origin of a pathogenic variant found in a few patients. We sequenced F8 gene for seven hemophilia A patients from the Ural region, Sverdlovskaya oblast, Russia. We constructed haplotypes for them and for 21 hemophilia A patients with other defects from the same area as a control group using four previously described X-chromosome loci associated with F8 gene. We identified a new missense variant p.(His634Arg) in seven apparently unrelated patients with mild hemophilia A from Sverdlovskaya oblast. The haplotype analysis showed that all patients share the same haplotype, absent in the other patients, suggesting a founder effect. The most recent common ancestor for the p.(His634Arg) patients is estimated to exist around the end of XVII century; however, the 95% confidence interval spans from XII to early XX century. The Ural region did not suffer from the recent bottlenecks or isolation. Therefore, the founder effect could be a natural consequence of population structuring in a relatively stable population. We identified a founder effect mutation in hemophilia A, which is a quite rare event for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V Salomashkina
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center of Hematology, Ministry of Health, Moscow
| | - Olesya S Pshenichnikova
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center of Hematology, Ministry of Health, Moscow
| | - Farida G Perina
- Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology of State Autonomous Healthcare Institution 'Sverdlovsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital', Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vadim L Surin
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center of Hematology, Ministry of Health, Moscow
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Youssef S, Nelder M, Sun G. The Association of Upper Body Obesity with Insulin Resistance in the Newfoundland Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115858. [PMID: 34072554 PMCID: PMC8198591 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Body-fat distribution is a primary risk factor for insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Visceral fat explains only a portion of this risk. The link between upper-body fat and insulin resistance is uncertain. Furthermore, upper-body fat is not clearly defined. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can accurately quantify body fat. In this study, we explored the relationship between non-visceral upper-body adiposity and insulin resistance and other markers of metabolic syndrome. Fat proportions in the upper body, leg, and visceral regions were quantified by using DXA in 2547 adult Newfoundlanders aged 19 and older. Adjusting for remaining fat regions, we performed partial correlation analysis for each body region and insulin resistance defined by the Homeostatic Model of Assessment (HOMA). Similarly, partial correlation analysis was also performed between each fat region and other markers of metabolic syndrome, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. Major confounding factors, including age, caloric intake, and physical activity, were statistically controlled by using partial correlation analysis. Interactions between sex, menopausal status, and medication status were also tested. Arm adiposity was correlated with HOMA-IR (R = 0.132, p < 0.001) and HOMA-β (R = 0.134, p < 0.001). Visceral adiposity was correlated with HOMA-IR (R = 0.230, p < 0.001) and HOMA-β (R = 0.160, p < 0.001). No significant correlation between non-visceral trunk adiposity and insulin resistance was found. Non-visceral trunk adiposity was negatively correlated with HDL in men (R = −0.110, p < 0.001) and women (R = −0.117, p < 0.001). Non-visceral trunk adiposity was correlated with TG (total: R = 0.079, p < 0.001; men: R = 0.105, p = 0.012; women: R = 0.078, p = 0.001). In menopausal women, leg adiposity was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (R = −0.196, p < 0.001) and HOMA-β (R = −0.101, p = 0.012). Upper-body adiposity in the arms is an independent contributor to insulin resistance. Upper-body adiposity in the non-visceral trunk region is an independent contributor to metabolic syndrome. Leg adiposity is protective against metabolic syndrome in women.
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Liu M, Xie Z, Sun G, Chen L, Qi D, Zhang H, Xiong J, Furey A, Rahman P, Lei G, Zhai G. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor may play a protective role in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:59. [PMID: 33610191 PMCID: PMC7896408 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and the major cause of disability and overall diminution of quality of life in the elderly population. Currently there is no cure for OA, partly due to the large gaps in our understanding of its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a procytokine that mediates pleiotropic inflammatory effects in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, data on the role of MIF in OA is limited with conflicting results. We undertook this study to investigate the role of MIF in OA by examining MIF genotype, mRNA expression, and protein levels in the Newfoundland Osteoarthritis Study. METHODS One hundred nineteen end-stage knee/hip OA patients, 16 RA patients, and 113 healthy controls were included in the study. Two polymorphisms in the MIF gene, rs755622, and -794 CATT5-8, were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR followed by automated capillary electrophoresis, respectively. MIF mRNA levels in articular cartilage and subchondral bone were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Plasma concentrations of MIF, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS rs755622 and -794 CATT5-8 genotypes were not associated with MIF mRNA or protein levels or OA (all p ≥ 0.19). MIF mRNA level in cartilage was lower in OA patients than in controls (p = 0.028) and RA patients (p = 0.004), while the levels in bone were comparable between OA patients and controls (p = 0.165). MIF protein level in plasma was lower in OA patients than in controls (p = 3.01 × 10-10), while the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in plasma were all significantly higher in OA patients than in controls (all p ≤ 0.0007). Multivariable logistic regression showed lower MIF and higher IL-1β protein levels in plasma were independently associated with OA (OR per SD increase = 0.10 and 8.08; 95% CI = 0.04-0.19 and 4.42-16.82, respectively), but TNF-α and IL-6 became non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Reduced MIF mRNA and protein expression in OA patients suggested MIF might have a protective role in OA and could serve as a biomarker to differentiate OA from other joint disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Genetics), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Zikun Xie
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Genetics), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Sun
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Liujun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dake Qi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Jieying Xiong
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Genetics), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Andrew Furey
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Proton Rahman
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Guanghua Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Genetics), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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11
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The genetic architecture of Stargardt macular dystrophy (STGD1): a longitudinal 40-year study in a genetic isolate. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:925-937. [PMID: 32467599 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stargardt disease (STGD1) is a form of inherited retinal dystrophy attributed to variants affecting function of the large ABCA4 gene and is arguably the most complex monogenic disease. Therapeutic trials in patients depend on identifying causal ABCA4 variants in trans, which is complicated by extreme allelic and clinical heterogeneity. We report the genetic architecture of STGD1 in the young genetically isolated population of Newfoundland, Canada. Population-based clinical recruitment over several decades yielded 29 STGD1 and STGD1-like families (15 multiplex, 14 singleton). Family interviews and public archival records reveal the vast majority of pedigree founders to be of English extraction. Full gene sequencing and haplotype analysis yielded a high solve rate (38/41 cases; 92.7%) for STGD1 and identified 16 causative STGD1 alleles, including a novel deletion (NM_000350.3: ABCA4 c.67-1delG). Several STGD1 alleles of European origin (including NM_000350.3: ABCA4 c.5714 + 5G>A and NM_000350.3: ABCA4 c.5461-10T>C) have drifted to a relatively high population frequency due to founder effect. We report on retinal disease progression in homozygous patients, providing valuable allele-specific insights. The least involved retinal disease is seen in patients homozygous for c.5714 + 5G>A variant, a so-called "mild" variant which is sufficient to precipitate a STGD1 phenotype in the absence of other pathogenic variants in the coding region and intron/exon boundaries of ABCA4. The most severe retinal disease is observed in cases with ABCA4 c.[5461-10T>C;5603A>T] complex allele. We discuss the advantages of determining genetic architecture in genetic isolates in order to begin to meet the grand challenge of human genetics.
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Dawson LM, Smith KN, Werdyani S, Ndikumana R, Penney C, Wiede LL, Smith KL, Pater JA, MacMillan A, Green J, Drover S, Young T, O’Rielly DD. A dominant RAD51C pathogenic splicing variant predisposes to breast and ovarian cancer in the Newfoundland population due to founder effect. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1070. [PMID: 31782267 PMCID: PMC7005661 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAD51C is important in DNA repair and individuals with pathogenic RAD51C variants have increased risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), an autosomal dominant genetic predisposition to early onset breast and/or ovarian cancer. METHODS Five female HBOC probands sequenced negative for moderate- and high-risk genes but shared a recurrent variant of uncertain significance in RAD51C (NM_058216.3: c.571 + 4A > G). Participant recruitment was followed by haplotype and case/control analyses, RNA splicing analysis, gene and protein expression assays, and Sanger sequencing of tumors. RESULTS The RAD51C c.571 + 4A > G variant segregates with HBOC, with heterozygotes sharing a 5.07 Mbp haplotype. RAD51C c.571 + 4A > G is increased ~52-fold in the Newfoundland population compared with the general Caucasian population and positive population controls share disease-associated alleles, providing evidence of a founder effect. Splicing analysis confirmed in silico predictions that RAD51C c.571 + 4A > G causes exon 3 skipping, creating an immediate premature termination codon. Gene and protein expression were significantly reduced in a RAD51C c.571 + 4G > A heterozygote compared with a wild-type relative. Sanger sequencing of tumors from two probands indicates loss-of-heterozygosity, suggesting loss of function. CONCLUSION The RAD51C c.571 + 4A > G variant affects mRNA splicing and should be re-classified as pathogenic according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa M. Dawson
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
- Eastern Health AuthoritySt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Kerri N. Smith
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Salem Werdyani
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Robyn Ndikumana
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Cindy Penney
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Louisa L. Wiede
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Kendra L. Smith
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Justin A. Pater
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | | | - Jane Green
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Sheila Drover
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Terry‐Lynn Young
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
- Eastern Health AuthoritySt. John’sNLCanada
- Centre for Translational GenomicsSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Darren D. O’Rielly
- Faculty of MedicineMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
- Eastern Health AuthoritySt. John’sNLCanada
- Centre for Translational GenomicsSt. John’sNLCanada
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Aref-Eshghi E, Hurley O, Sun G, Simms A, Godwin M, Duke P, Araee M, Mahdavian M, Asghari S. Genetic associations in community context: a mixed model approach identifies a functional variant in the RBP4 gene associated with HDL-C dyslipidemia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:205. [PMID: 30497399 PMCID: PMC6267790 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to examine individual and community factors that influence high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) dyslipidemia in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), a genetically isolated population in Canada with a high prevalence of HDL-C dyslipidemia. Methods First, a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms from 10 metabolic trait candidate genes was tested using a multivariate logistic regression model. The significant SNPs were entered into the second phase, where a mixed logistic model incorporated the community disease risk factors together with the individual factors as the fixed part of the model and the geographic region as a random effect. Results Analysis of 1489 subjects (26.9% HDL-C dyslipidemia) identified rs3758539, a non-coding variant in the 5’UTR of RBP4, to be associated with HDL-C dyslipidemia (odds ratio = 1.45, 95% confidence interval = 1.08–1.97, p = 0.01). The association remained significant, and the effect size did not change after the incorporation of individual and community risk factors from 17 geographic regions (odds ratio: 1.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.03–1.93, p = 0.03) in NL. Besides this variant, sex, BMI, and smoking also showed significant associations with HDL-C dyslipidemia, whereas no role was identified for the community factors. Conclusions This study demonstrates the use of community-level data in a genetic association testing. It reports a functional variant in the promoter of RBP4, a gene directly involved in lipoprotein metabolism, to be associated with HDL-C dyslipidemia. These findings indicate that individual factors are the main reason for a higher prevalence of HDL-C dyslipidemia in the NL population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Aref-Eshghi
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Oliver Hurley
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Guang Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Alvin Simms
- Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Marshall Godwin
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Pauline Duke
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Mehdee Araee
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Masoud Mahdavian
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Shabnam Asghari
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, M5M107 Medical Education Building, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Fung M, Xue X, Szilagyi A. Estimating Lactase Nonpersistence Distributions in the Multi-Ethnic Canadian Demographic: A Population-Based Study. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018; 3:103-110. [PMID: 32395684 PMCID: PMC7204802 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The lactase persistence/nonpersistence (LP/LNP) phenotypes follow a geographic pattern that is rooted in the gene-culture coevolution observed throughout the history of human migrations. The immense size and relatively open immigration policy have drawn migrants of diverse ethnicities to Canada. Among the multicultural demographic, two-thirds of the population are derived from the British Isles and northwestern France. A recent assessment of worldwide lactase distributions found Canada to have an LNP rate of 59% (confidence interval [CI] 44%-74%). This estimate is rather high compared with earlier reports that listed Canada as a country with a 10% LNP rate; the authors had also noted that biases were likely because their calculations were based largely on Aboriginal studies. We hereby present an alternate LNP prevalence estimate at the national, provincial and territorial level. Methods We applied the referenced LNP frequency distribution data to the 2016 population census to account for the current multi-ethnic distributions in Canada. Prevalence rates for Canada, the provinces and territories were calculated. Results The national LNP rate is estimated at 44% (CI 41%-47%) after accounting for the 254 ethnic groups, with the lowest rates found in the eastern provinces and the highest rates in the Northwest Territories (57%) and Nunavut (66%), respectively. Conclusion Despite the heterogeneous nature of the referenced data and the inference measures taken, evidently, the validity of our LNP estimate is anchored on the inclusion of multi-ethnic groups representing the current Canadian demographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyan Fung
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Division of Gastroenterology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xiaoqing Xue
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew Szilagyi
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Division of Gastroenterology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Evans DR, Venkitachalam S, Revoredo L, Dohey AT, Clarke E, Pennell JJ, Powell AE, Quinn E, Ravi L, Gerken TA, Green JS, Woods MO, Guda K. Evidence for GALNT12 as a moderate penetrance gene for colorectal cancer. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1092-1101. [PMID: 29749045 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing moderate penetrance susceptibility genes is an emerging frontier in colorectal cancer (CRC) research. GALNT12 is a strong candidate CRC-susceptibility gene given previous linkage and association studies, and inactivating somatic and germline alleles in CRC patients. Previously, we found rare segregating germline GALNT12 variants in a clinic-based cohort (N = 118) with predisposition for CRC. Here, we screened a new population-based cohort of incident CRC cases (N = 479) for rare (MAF ≤1%) deleterious germline GALNT12 variants. GALNT12 screening revealed eight rare variants. Two variants were previously described (p.Asp303Asn, p.Arg297Trp), and additionally, we found six other rare variants: five missense (p.His101Gln, p.Ile142Thr, p.Glu239Gln, p.Thr286Met, p.Val290Phe) and one putative splice-altering variant (c.732-8 G>T). Sequencing of population-matched controls (N = 400) revealed higher burden of these variants in CRC cases compared with healthy controls (P = 0.0381). We then functionally characterized the impact of substitutions on GALNT12 enzyme activity using in vitro-derived peptide substrates. Three of the newly identified GALNT12 missense variants (p.His101Gln, p.Ile142Thr, p.Val290Phe) demonstrated a marked loss (>2-fold reduction) of enzymatic activity compared with wild-type (P ≤ 0.05), whereas p.Glu239Gln exhibited a ∼2-fold reduction in activity (P = 0.077). These findings provide strong, independent evidence for the association of GALNT12 defects with CRC-susceptibility; underscoring implications for glycosylation pathway defects in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Evans
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Srividya Venkitachalam
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leslie Revoredo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amanda T Dohey
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Erica Clarke
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Julia J Pennell
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Amy E Powell
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Erina Quinn
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lakshmeswari Ravi
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jane S Green
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Michael O Woods
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Kishore Guda
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Wilson RD, De Bie I, Armour CM, Brown RN, Campagnolo C, Carroll JC, Okun N, Nelson T, Zwingerman R, Audibert F, Brock JA, Brown RN, Campagnolo C, Carroll JC, De Bie I, Johnson JA, Okun N, Pastruck M, Vallée-Pouliot K, Wilson RD, Zwingerman R, Armour C, Chitayat D, De Bie I, Fernandez S, Kim R, Lavoie J, Leonard N, Nelson T, Taylor S, Van Allen M, Van Karnebeek C. Joint SOGC-CCMG Opinion for Reproductive Genetic Carrier Screening: An Update for All Canadian Providers of Maternity and Reproductive Healthcare in the Era of Direct-to-Consumer Testing. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2018; 38:742-762.e3. [PMID: 27638987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This guideline was written to update Canadian maternity care and reproductive healthcare providers on pre- and postconceptional reproductive carrier screening for women or couples who may be at risk of being carriers for autosomal recessive (AR), autosomal dominant (AD), or X-linked (XL) conditions, with risk of transmission to the fetus. Four previous SOGC- Canadian College of Medical Geneticists (CCMG) guidelines are updated and merged into the current document. INTENDED USERS All maternity care (most responsible health provider [MRHP]) and paediatric providers; maternity nursing; nurse practitioner; provincial maternity care administrator; medical student; and postgraduate resident year 1-7. TARGET POPULATION Fertile, sexually active females and their fertile, sexually active male partners who are either planning a pregnancy or are pregnant (preferably in the first trimester of pregnancy, but any gestational age is acceptable). OPTIONS Women and their partners will be able to obtain appropriate genetic carrier screening information and possible diagnosis of AR, AD, or XL disorders (preferably pre-conception), thereby allowing an informed choice regarding genetic carrier screening and reproductive options (e.g., prenatal diagnosis, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, egg or sperm donation, or adoption). OUTCOMES Informed reproductive decisions related to genetic carrier screening and reproductive outcomes based on family history, ethnic background, past obstetrical history, known carrier status, or genetic diagnosis. SOGC REPRODUCTIVE CARRIER SCREENING SUMMARY STATEMENT (2016): Pre-conception or prenatal education and counselling for reproductive carrier screening requires a discussion about testing within the three perinatal genetic carrier screening/diagnosis time periods, which include pre-conception, prenatal, and neonatal for conditions currently being screened for and diagnosed. This new information should be added to the standard reproductive carrier screening protocols that are already being utilized by the most responsible maternity provider through the informed consent process with the patient. (III-A; GRADE low/moderate) SOGC OVERVIEW OF RECOMMENDATIONS QUALITY AND GRADE: There was a strong observational/expert opinion (quality and grade) for the genetic carrier literature with randomized controlled trial evidence being available only for the invasive testing. Both the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care quality and classification and the GRADE evidence quality and grade are provided. EVIDENCE MEDLINE; PubMed; government neonatal screening websites; key words/common reproductive genetic carrier screened diseases/previous SOGC Guidelines/medical academic societies (Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine [SMFM]; American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG]; CCMG; Royal College Obstetrics and Gynaecology [RCOG] [UK]; American Society of Human Genetics [ASHG]; International Society of Prenatal Diagnosis [ISPD])/provincial neonatal screening policies and programs; search terms (carrier screening, prenatal screening, neonatal genetic/metabolic screening, cystic fibrosis (CF), thalassemia, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, Fragile X syndrome (FXS), spinal muscular atrophy, Ashkenazi Jewish carrier screening, genetic carrier screening protocols, AR, AD, XL). SEARCH PERIOD 10 years (June 2005-September 2015); initial search dates June 30, 2015 and September 15, 2015; completed final search January 4, 2016. Validation of articles was completed by primary authors RD Wilson and I De Bie. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COST Benefits are to provide an evidenced based reproductive genetic carrier screening update consensus based on international opinions and publications for the use of Canadian women, who are planning a pregnancy or who are pregnant and have been identified to be at risk (personal or male partner family or reproductive history) for the transmission of a clinically significant genetic condition to their offspring with associated morbidity and/or mortality. Harm may arise from having counselling and informed testing of the carrier status of the mother, their partner, or their fetus, as well as from declining to have this counselling and informed testing or from not having the opportunity for counselling and informed testing. Costs will ensue both from the provision of opportunities for counselling and testing, as well as when no such opportunities are offered or are declined and the birth of a child with a significant inherited condition and resulting morbidity/mortality occurs; these comprise not only the health care costs to the system but also the social/financial/psychological/emotional costs to the family. These recommendations are based on expert opinion and have not been subjected to a health economics assessment and local or provincial implementation will be required. GUIDELINE UPDATE This guideline is an update of four previous joint SOGC-CCMG Genetic Screening Guidelines dated 2002, 2006, 2008, and 2008 developed by the SOGC Genetic Committee in collaboration with the CCMG Prenatal Diagnosis Committee (now Clinical Practice Committee). 2016 CARRIER SCREENING RECOMMENDATIONS.
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Parker HG, Dreger DL, Rimbault M, Davis BW, Mullen AB, Carpintero-Ramirez G, Ostrander EA. Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development. Cell Rep 2018; 19:697-708. [PMID: 28445722 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are nearly 400 modern domestic dog breeds with a unique histories and genetic profiles. To track the genetic signatures of breed development, we have assembled the most diverse dataset of dog breeds, reflecting their extensive phenotypic variation and heritage. Combining genetic distance, migration, and genome-wide haplotype sharing analyses, we uncover geographic patterns of development and independent origins of common traits. Our analyses reveal the hybrid history of breeds and elucidate the effects of immigration, revealing for the first time a suggestion of New World dog within some modern breeds. Finally, we used cladistics and haplotype sharing to show that some common traits have arisen more than once in the history of the dog. These analyses characterize the complexities of breed development, resolving longstanding questions regarding individual breed origination, the effect of migration on geographically distinct breeds, and, by inference, transfer of trait and disease alleles among dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dayna L Dreger
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maud Rimbault
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra B Mullen
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gretchen Carpintero-Ramirez
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Blant A, Kwong M, Szpiech ZA, Pemberton TJ. Weighted likelihood inference of genomic autozygosity patterns in dense genotype data. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:928. [PMID: 29191164 PMCID: PMC5709839 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic regions of autozygosity (ROA) arise when an individual is homozygous for haplotypes inherited identical-by-descent from ancestors shared by both parents. Over the past decade, they have gained importance for understanding evolutionary history and the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits. However, methods to infer ROA in dense genotype data have not evolved in step with advances in genome technology that now enable us to rapidly create large high-resolution genotype datasets, limiting our ability to investigate their constituent ROA patterns. Methods We report a weighted likelihood approach for inferring ROA in dense genotype data that accounts for autocorrelation among genotyped positions and the possibilities of unobserved mutation and recombination events, and variability in the confidence of individual genotype calls in whole genome sequence (WGS) data. Results Forward-time genetic simulations under two demographic scenarios that reflect situations where inbreeding and its effect on fitness are of interest suggest this approach is better powered than existing state-of-the-art methods to infer ROA at marker densities consistent with WGS and popular microarray genotyping platforms used in human and non-human studies. Moreover, we present evidence that suggests this approach is able to distinguish ROA arising via consanguinity from ROA arising via endogamy. Using subsets of The 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 data we show that, relative to WGS, intermediate and long ROA are captured robustly with popular microarray platforms, while detection of short ROA is more variable and improves with marker density. Worldwide ROA patterns inferred from WGS data are found to accord well with those previously reported on the basis of microarray genotype data. Finally, we highlight the potential of this approach to detect genomic regions enriched for autozygosity signals in one group relative to another based upon comparisons of per-individual autozygosity likelihoods instead of inferred ROA frequencies. Conclusions This weighted likelihood ROA inference approach can assist population- and disease-geneticists working with a wide variety of data types and species to explore ROA patterns and to identify genomic regions with differential ROA signals among groups, thereby advancing our understanding of evolutionary history and the role of recessive variation in phenotypic variation and disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4312-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Blant
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michelle Kwong
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zachary A Szpiech
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trevor J Pemberton
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Endogamous marriage and the prevalence of hemoglobin E in ethnic groups of northern Thailand. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:414-417. [PMID: 28552112 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of the endogamous marriage culture on the prevalence of the hemoglobin E (HbE) recessive variant. METHODS The prevalence of the hemoglobin E (HbE) recessive variant was determined by dot-blot hybridization in 4 endogamous villages (1 Mlabri and 3 Htin ethnic groups) in comparison with 9 other nearby non-endogamous populations. RESULTS Although the overall HbE prevalence in the population studied (8.44%, 33/391) was not significantly different from that of the general southeast Asian population, a high prevalence and individuals with homozygous HbE were observed in two villages, the Mlabri from Wiang Sa district and the Htin from Thung Chang district of Nan province (26.3% and 26.9%, respectively). The low HbE allelic frequency noticed in some endogamous populations suggests that not only endogamy but also other evolutionary forces, such as founder effect and HbE/β-thalassemia negative selection may have an effect on the distribution of the HbE trait. CONCLUSION Our study strongly documents that cultural impact has to be considered in the extensive prevalence studies for genetic disorders in the ethnic groups of northern Thailand.
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Pater JA, Benteau T, Griffin A, Penney C, Stanton SG, Predham S, Kielley B, Squires J, Zhou J, Li Q, Abdelfatah N, O'Rielly DD, Young TL. A common variant in CLDN14 causes precipitous, prelingual sensorineural hearing loss in multiple families due to founder effect. Hum Genet 2016; 136:107-118. [PMID: 27838790 PMCID: PMC5215284 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic isolates provide unprecedented opportunities to identify pathogenic mutations and explore the full natural history of clinically heterogeneous phenotypes such as hearing loss. We noticed a unique audioprofile, characterized by prelingual and rapid deterioration of hearing thresholds at frequencies >0.5 kHz in several adults from unrelated families from the island population of Newfoundland. Targeted serial Sanger sequencing of probands for deafness alleles (n = 23) that we previously identified in this founder population was negative. Whole exome sequencing in four members of the largest family (R2010) identified a CLDN14 (DFNB29) variant [c.488C>T; p. (Ala163Val)], likely pathogenic, sensorineural hearing loss, autosomal recessive. Although not associated with deafness or disease, CLDN14 p.(Ala163Val) has been previously reported as a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Targeted sequencing of 169 deafness probands identified one homozygote and one heterozygous carrier. Genealogical studies, cascade sequencing and haplotype analysis across four unrelated families showed all subjects with the unique audioprofile (n = 12) were also homozygous for p.(Ala163Val) and shared a 1.4 Mb DFNB29-associated haplotype on chromosome 21. Most significantly, sequencing 175 population controls revealed 1% of the population are heterozygous for CLDN14 p.(Ala163Val), consistent with a major founder effect in Newfoundland. The youngest CLDN14 [c.488C>T; p.(Ala163Val)] homozygote passed newborn screening and had normal hearing thresholds up to 3 years of age, which then deteriorated to a precipitous loss >1 kHz during the first decade. Our study suggests that genetic testing may be necessary to identify at-risk children in time to prevent speech, language and developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Pater
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Tammy Benteau
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Anne Griffin
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Cindy Penney
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Susan G Stanton
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, Elborn College, 1201 Western Road, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Sarah Predham
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Bernadine Kielley
- Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1B 4J6, Canada
| | - Jessica Squires
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Quan Li
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Nelly Abdelfatah
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Darren D O'Rielly
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Eastern Health, Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Terry-Lynn Young
- Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada. .,Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, Elborn College, 1201 Western Road, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada. .,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Eastern Health, Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Commonalities in Development of Pure Breeds and Population Isolates Revealed in the Genome of the Sardinian Fonni's Dog. Genetics 2016; 204:737-755. [PMID: 27519604 PMCID: PMC5068859 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The island inhabitants of Sardinia have long been a focus for studies of complex human traits due to their unique ancestral background and population isolation reflecting geographic and cultural restriction. Population isolates share decreased genomic diversity, increased linkage disequilibrium, and increased inbreeding coefficients. In many regions, dogs and humans have been exposed to the same natural and artificial forces of environment, growth, and migration. Distinct dog breeds have arisen through human-driven selection of characteristics to meet an ideal standard of appearance and function. The Fonni's Dog, an endemic dog population on Sardinia, has not been subjected to an intensive system of artificial selection, but rather has developed alongside the human population of Sardinia, influenced by geographic isolation and unregulated selection based on its environmental adaptation and aptitude for owner-desired behaviors. Through analysis of 28 dog breeds, represented with whole-genome sequences from 13 dogs and ∼170,000 genome-wide single nucleotide variants from 155 dogs, we have produced a genomic illustration of the Fonni's Dog. Genomic patterns confirm within-breed similarity, while population and demographic analyses provide spatial identity of Fonni's Dog to other Mediterranean breeds. Investigation of admixture and fixation indices reveals insights into the involvement of Fonni's Dogs in breed development throughout the Mediterranean. We describe how characteristics of population isolates are reflected in dog breeds that have undergone artificial selection, and are mirrored in the Fonni's Dog through traditional isolating factors that affect human populations. Lastly, we show that the genetic history of Fonni's Dog parallels demographic events in local human populations.
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Opinion commune de la SOGC et du CCGM sur le dépistage génétique en contexte de procréation : Mise à jour à l'intention de l'ensemble des prestataires canadiens de soins de santé maternelle et de services en procréation, à l'ère des tests offerts directement aux consommateurs. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2016; 38:763-787.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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