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Tutkus M, Lundgaard CV, Veshaguri S, Tønnesen A, Hatzakis N, Rasmussen SGF, Stamou D. Probing Activation and Conformational Dynamics of the Vesicle-Reconstituted β 2 Adrenergic Receptor at the Single-Molecule Level. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2124-2133. [PMID: 38391238 PMCID: PMC10926102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are structurally flexible membrane proteins that mediate a host of physiological responses to extracellular ligands like hormones and neurotransmitters. Fine features of their dynamic structural behavior are hypothesized to encode the functional plasticity seen in GPCR activity, where ligands with different efficacies can direct the same receptor toward different signaling phenotypes. Although the number of GPCR crystal structures is increasing, the receptors are characterized by complex and poorly understood conformational landscapes. Therefore, we employed a fluorescence microscopy assay to monitor conformational dynamics of single β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs). To increase the biological relevance of our findings, we decided not to reconstitute the receptor in detergent micelles but rather lipid membranes as proteoliposomes. The conformational dynamics were monitored by changes in the intensity of an environmentally sensitive boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY 493/503) fluorophore conjugated to an endogenous cysteine (located at the cytoplasmic end of the sixth transmembrane helix of the receptor). Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and a single small unilamellar liposome assay that we previously developed, we followed the real-time dynamic properties of hundreds of single β2ARs reconstituted in a native-like environment─lipid membranes. Our results showed that β2AR-BODIPY fluctuates between several states of different intensity on a time scale of seconds, compared to BODIPY-lipid conjugates that show almost entirely stable fluorescence emission in the absence and presence of the full agonist BI-167107. Agonist stimulation changes the β2AR dynamics, increasing the population of states with higher intensities and prolonging their durations, consistent with bulk experiments. The transition density plot demonstrates that β2AR-BODIPY, in the absence of the full agonist, interconverts between states of low and moderate intensity, while the full agonist renders transitions between moderate and high-intensity states more probable. This redistribution is consistent with a mechanism of conformational selection and is a promising first step toward characterizing the conformational dynamics of GPCRs embedded in a lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijonas Tutkus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Christian V Lundgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Salome Veshaguri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asger Tønnesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren G F Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Systems, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Paradis JS, Feng X, Murat B, Jefferson RE, Sokrat B, Szpakowska M, Hogue M, Bergkamp ND, Heydenreich FM, Smit MJ, Chevigné A, Bouvier M, Barth P. Computationally designed GPCR quaternary structures bias signaling pathway activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6826. [PMID: 36369272 PMCID: PMC9652377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication across membranes controls critical cellular processes and is achieved by receptors translating extracellular signals into selective cytoplasmic responses. While receptor tertiary structures can be readily characterized, receptor associations into quaternary structures are challenging to study and their implications in signal transduction remain poorly understood. Here, we report a computational approach for predicting receptor self-associations, and designing receptor oligomers with various quaternary structures and signaling properties. Using this approach, we designed chemokine receptor CXCR4 dimers with reprogrammed binding interactions, conformations, and abilities to activate distinct intracellular signaling proteins. In agreement with our predictions, the designed CXCR4s dimerized through distinct conformations and displayed different quaternary structural changes upon activation. Consistent with the active state models, all engineered CXCR4 oligomers activated the G protein Gi, but only specific dimer structures also recruited β-arrestins. Overall, we demonstrate that quaternary structures represent an important unforeseen mechanism of receptor biased signaling and reveal the existence of a bias switch at the dimer interface of several G protein-coupled receptors including CXCR4, mu-Opioid and type-2 Vasopressin receptors that selectively control the activation of G proteins vs β-arrestin-mediated pathways. The approach should prove useful for predicting and designing receptor associations to uncover and reprogram selective cellular signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine S Paradis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Xiang Feng
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Brigitte Murat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Robert E Jefferson
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Badr Sokrat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mireille Hogue
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nick D Bergkamp
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska M Heydenreich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Patrick Barth
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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3
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Dimerization of β 2-adrenergic receptor is responsible for the constitutive activity subjected to inverse agonism. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1532-1540.e5. [PMID: 36167077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization of beta 2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) has been observed across various physiologies. However, the function of dimeric β2-AR is still elusive. Here, we revealed that dimerization of β2-AR is responsible for the constitutive activity of β2-AR generating inverse agonism. Using a co-immunoimmobilization assay, we found that transient β2-AR dimers exist in a resting state, and the dimer was disrupted by the inverse agonists. A Gαs preferentially interacts with dimeric β2-AR, but not monomeric β2-AR, in a resting state, resulting in the production of a resting cAMP level. The formation of β2-AR dimers requires cholesterol on the plasma membrane. The cholesterol did not interfere with the agonist-induced activation of monomeric β2-AR, unlike the inverse agonists, implying that the cholesterol is a specific factor regulating the dimerization of β2-AR. Our model not only shows the function of dimeric β2-AR but also provides a molecular insight into the mechanism of the inverse agonism of β2-AR.
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4
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Serdiuk T, Manna M, Zhang C, Mari SA, Kulig W, Pluhackova K, Kobilka BK, Vattulainen I, Müller DJ. A cholesterol analog stabilizes the human β 2-adrenergic receptor nonlinearly with temperature. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabi7031. [PMID: 35671340 PMCID: PMC10754352 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abi7031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In cell membranes, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with cholesterol, which modulates their assembly, stability, and conformation. Previous studies have shown how cholesterol modulates the structural properties of GPCRs at ambient temperature. Here, we characterized the mechanical, kinetic, and energetic properties of the human β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in the presence and absence of the cholesterol analog cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) at room temperature (25°C), at physiological temperature (37°C), and at high temperature (42°C). We found that CHS stabilized various structural regions of β2AR differentially, which changed nonlinearly with temperature. Thereby, the strongest effects were observed for structural regions that are important for receptor signaling. Moreover, at 37°C, but not at 25° or 42°C, CHS caused β2AR to increase and stabilize conformational substates to adopt to basal activity. These findings indicate that the nonlinear, temperature-dependent action of CHS in modulating the structural and functional properties of this GPCR is optimized for 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Serdiuk
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moutusi Manna
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR–Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, gujarat, india
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Stefania A. Mari
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristyna Pluhackova
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Cluster of Excellence SimTech, Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Brian K. Kobilka
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P. O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Cevheroğlu O, Murat M, Mingu-Akmete S, Son ÇD. Ste2p Under the Microscope: the Investigation of Oligomeric States of a Yeast G Protein-Coupled Receptor. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9526-9536. [PMID: 34433281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) may play important roles in maturation, internalization, signaling, and pharmacology of these receptors. However, the nature and extent of their oligomerization is still under debate. In our study, Ste2p, a yeast mating pheromone GPCR, was tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), mCherry, and with split florescent protein fragments at the receptor C-terminus. The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique was used to detect receptors' oligomerization by calculating the energy transfer from EGFP to mCherry. Stimulation of Ste2p oligomers with the receptor ligand did not result in any significant change on observed FRET values. The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay was combined with FRET to further investigate the tetrameric complexes of Ste2p. Our results suggest that in its quiescent (nonligand-activated) state, Ste2p is found at least as a tetrameric complex on the plasma membrane. Intriguingly, receptor tetramers in their active form showed a significant increase in FRET. This study provides a direct in vivo visualization of Ste2p tetramers and the pheromone effect on the extent of the receptor oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Cevheroğlu
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Cankaya, 06520 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Murat
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Cankaya, 06520 Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sara Mingu-Akmete
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Cankaya, 06520 Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş D Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Lemel L, Nieścierowicz K, García-Fernández MD, Darré L, Durroux T, Busnelli M, Pezet M, Rébeillé F, Jouhet J, Mouillac B, Domene C, Chini B, Cherezov V, Moreau CJ. The ligand-bound state of a G protein-coupled receptor stabilizes the interaction of functional cholesterol molecules. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100059. [PMID: 33647276 PMCID: PMC8050779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major component of mammalian plasma membranes that not only affects the physical properties of the lipid bilayer but also is the function of many membrane proteins including G protein-coupled receptors. The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) is involved in parturition and lactation of mammals and in their emotional and social behaviors. Cholesterol acts on OXTR as an allosteric modulator inducing a high-affinity state for orthosteric ligands through a molecular mechanism that has yet to be determined. Using the ion channel-coupled receptor technology, we developed a functional assay of cholesterol modulation of G protein-coupled receptors that is independent of intracellular signaling pathways and operational in living cells. Using this assay, we discovered a stable binding of cholesterol molecules to the receptor when it adopts an orthosteric ligand-bound state. This stable interaction preserves the cholesterol-dependent activity of the receptor in cholesterol-depleted membranes. This mechanism was confirmed using time-resolved FRET experiments on WT OXTR expressed in CHO cells. Consequently, a positive cross-regulation sequentially occurs in OXTR between cholesterol and orthosteric ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lemel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Leonardo Darré
- Functional Genomics Laboratory and Biomolecular Simulations Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Busnelli
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, U28 and NeuroMI Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Mylène Pezet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | - Bernard Mouillac
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Carmen Domene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bice Chini
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, U28 and NeuroMI Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Poc P, Gutzeit VA, Ast J, Lee J, Jones BJ, D'Este E, Mathes B, Lehmann M, Hodson DJ, Levitz J, Broichhagen J. Interrogating surface versus intracellular transmembrane receptor populations using cell-impermeable SNAP-tag substrates. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7871-7883. [PMID: 34123074 PMCID: PMC8163392 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02794d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing self-labelling protein tags for the attachment of fluorescent dyes has become a routine and powerful technique in optical microscopy to visualize and track fused proteins. However, membrane permeability of the dyes and the associated background signals can interfere with the analysis of extracellular labelling sites. Here we describe a novel approach to improve extracellular labelling by functionalizing the SNAP-tag substrate benzyl guanine ("BG") with a charged sulfonate ("SBG"). This chemical manipulation can be applied to any SNAP-tag substrate, improves solubility, reduces non-specific staining and renders the bioconjugation handle impermeable while leaving its cargo untouched. We report SBG-conjugated fluorophores across the visible spectrum, which cleanly label SNAP-fused proteins in the plasma membrane of living cells. We demonstrate the utility of SBG-conjugated fluorophores to interrogate class A, B and C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) using a range of imaging approaches including nanoscopic superresolution imaging, analysis of GPCR trafficking from intra- and extracellular pools, in vivo labelling in mouse brain and analysis of receptor stoichiometry using single molecule pull down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Poc
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Chemical Biology Jahnstr. 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Vanessa A Gutzeit
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Julia Ast
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners Birmingham UK
| | - Joon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Ben J Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London London W12 0NN UK
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Heidelberg Germany
| | - Bettina Mathes
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Chemical Biology Jahnstr. 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biology Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners Birmingham UK
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Chemical Biology Jahnstr. 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
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8
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Structural equilibrium underlying ligand-dependent activation of β2-adrenoreceptor. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:430-439. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Botta J, Appelhans J, McCormick PJ. Continuing challenges in targeting oligomeric GPCR-based drugs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 169:213-245. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Single Proteoliposome High-Content Analysis Reveals Differences in the Homo-Oligomerization of GPCRs. Biophys J 2019; 115:300-312. [PMID: 30021106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control vital cellular signaling pathways. GPCR oligomerization is proposed to increase signaling diversity. However, many reports have arrived at disparate conclusions regarding the existence, stability, and stoichiometry of GPCR oligomers, partly because of cellular complexity and ensemble averaging of intrareconstitution heterogeneities that complicate the interpretation of oligomerization data. To overcome these limitations, we exploited fluorescence-microscopy-based high-content analysis of single proteoliposomes. This allowed multidimensional quantification of intrinsic monomer-monomer interactions of three class A GPCRs (β2-adrenergic receptor, cannabinoid receptor type 1, and opsin). Using a billion-fold less protein than conventional assays, we quantified oligomer stoichiometries, association constants, and the influence of two ligands and membrane curvature on oligomerization, revealing key similarities and differences for three GPCRs with decidedly different physiological functions. The assays introduced here will assist with the quantitative experimental observation of oligomerization for transmembrane proteins in general.
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11
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Gutzeit VA, Thibado J, Stor DS, Zhou Z, Blanchard SC, Andersen OS, Levitz J. Conformational dynamics between transmembrane domains and allosteric modulation of a metabotropic glutamate receptor. eLife 2019; 8:45116. [PMID: 31172948 PMCID: PMC6588349 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are class C, synaptic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that contain large extracellular ligand binding domains (LBDs) and form constitutive dimers. Despite the existence of a detailed picture of inter-LBD conformational dynamics and structural snapshots of both isolated domains and full-length receptors, it remains unclear how mGluR activation proceeds at the level of the transmembrane domains (TMDs) and how TMD-targeting allosteric drugs exert their effects. Here, we use time-resolved functional and conformational assays to dissect the mechanisms by which allosteric drugs activate and modulate mGluR2. Single-molecule subunit counting and inter-TMD fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements in living cells reveal LBD-independent conformational rearrangements between TMD dimers during receptor modulation. Using these assays along with functional readouts, we uncover heterogeneity in the magnitude, direction, and the timing of the action of both positive and negative allosteric drugs. Together our experiments lead to a three-state model of TMD activation, which provides a framework for understanding how inter-subunit rearrangements drive class C GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Gutzeit
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States
| | - Jordana Thibado
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States
| | - Daniel Starer Stor
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, United States
| | - Olaf S Andersen
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
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12
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Pin JP, Kniazeff J, Prézeau L, Liu JF, Rondard P. GPCR interaction as a possible way for allosteric control between receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 486:89-95. [PMID: 30849406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than twenty years now, GPCR dimers and larger oligomers have been the subject of intense debates. Evidence for a role of such complexes in receptor trafficking to and from the plasma membrane have been provided. However, one main issue is of course to determine whether or not such a phenomenon can be responsible for an allosteric and reciprocal control (allosteric control) of the subunits. Such a possibility would indeed add to the possible ways a cell integrates various signals targeting GPCRs. Among the large GPCR family, the class C receptors that include mGlu and GABAB receptors, represent excellent models to examine such a possibility as they are mandatory dimers. In the present review, we will report on the observed allosteric interaction between the subunits of class C GPCRs, both mGluRs and GABABRs, and on the structural bases of these interactions. We will then discuss these findings for other GPCR types such as the rhodopsin-like class A receptors. We will show that many of the observations made with class C receptors have also been reported with class A receptors, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in the allosteric control between subunits in GPCR dimers may not be unique to class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julie Kniazeff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Prézeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jiang-Feng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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13
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Moreno E, Cavic M, Krivokuca A, Casadó V, Canela E. The Endocannabinoid System as a Target in Cancer Diseases: Are We There Yet? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 31024307 PMCID: PMC6459931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been placed in the anti-cancer spotlight in the last decade. The immense data load published on its dual role in both tumorigenesis and inhibition of tumor growth and metastatic spread has transformed the cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R), and other members of the endocannabinoid-like system, into attractive new targets for the treatment of various cancer subtypes. Although the clinical use of cannabinoids has been extensively documented in the palliative setting, clinical trials on their application as anti-cancer drugs are still ongoing. As drug repurposing is significantly faster and more economical than de novo introduction of a new drug into the clinic, there is hope that the existing pharmacokinetic and safety data on the ECS ligands will contribute to their successful translation into oncological healthcare. CB1R and CB2R are members of a large family of membrane proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). GPCRs can form homodimers, heterodimers and higher order oligomers with other GPCRs or non-GPCRs. Currently, several CB1R and CB2R-containing heteromers have been reported and, in cancer cells, CB2R form heteromers with the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the tyrosine kinase receptor (TKR) human V-Erb-B2 Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2 (HER2). These protein complexes possess unique pharmacological and signaling properties, and their modulation might affect the antitumoral activity of the ECS. This review will explore the potential of the endocannabinoid network in the anti-cancer setting as well as the clinical and ethical pitfalls behind it, and will develop on the value of cannabinoid receptor heteromers as potential new targets for anti-cancer therapies and as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Milena Cavic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Krivokuca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Sleno R, Hébert TE. Shaky ground - The nature of metastable GPCR signalling complexes. Neuropharmacology 2019; 152:4-14. [PMID: 30659839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
How G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) interact with one another remains an area of active investigation. Obligate dimers of class C GPCRs such as metabotropic GABA and glutamate receptors are well accepted, although whether this is a general feature of other GPCRs is still strongly debated. In this review, we focus on the idea that GPCR dimers and oligomers are better imagined as parts of larger metastable signalling complexes. We discuss the nature of functional oligomeric entities, their stabilities and kinetic features and how structural and functional asymmetries of such metastable entities might have implications for drug discovery. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Receptor heteromers and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Sleno
- Marketed Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Bureau, Marketed Health Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Canada.
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15
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-Receptor Interactions as a Widespread Phenomenon: Novel Targets for Drug Development? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 30833931 PMCID: PMC6387912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor-receptor interactions (RRI) has expanded our understanding of the role that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in intercellular communication. The finding that GPCRs can operate as receptor complexes, and not only as monomers, suggests that several different incoming signals could already be integrated at the plasma membrane level via direct allosteric interactions between the protomers that form the complex. Most research in this field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of a large number of RRI. However, RRI have been seen to occur not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and, outside the central nervous system, in cells of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems and in cancer cells. Furthermore, RRI involving the formation of macromolecular complexes are not limited to GPCRs, being also observed in other families of receptors. Thus, RRI appear as a widespread phenomenon and oligomerization as a common mechanism for receptor function and regulation. The discovery of these macromolecular assemblies may well have a major impact on pharmacology. Indeed, the formation of receptor complexes significantly broadens the spectrum of mechanisms available to receptors for recognition and signaling, which may be implemented through modulation of the binding sites of the adjacent protomers and of their signal transduction features. In this context, the possible appearance of novel allosteric sites in the receptor complex structure may be of particular relevance. Thus, the existence of RRI offers the possibility of new therapeutic approaches, and novel pharmacological strategies for disease treatment have already been proposed. Several challenges, however, remain. These include the accurate characterization of the role that the receptor complexes identified so far play in pathological conditions and the development of ligands specific to given receptor complexes, in order to efficiently exploit the pharmacological properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Diego Guidolin
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Wild-type p53 oligomerizes more efficiently than p53 hot-spot mutants and overcomes mutant p53 gain-of-function via a "dominant-positive" mechanism. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32063-32080. [PMID: 30174797 PMCID: PMC6112834 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human p53 protein acts as a transcription factor predominantly in a tetrameric form. Single residue changes, caused by hot-spot mutations of the TP53 gene in human cancer, transform wild-type (wt) p53 tumor suppressor proteins into potent oncoproteins - with gain-of-function, tumor-promoting activity. Oligomerization of p53 allows for a direct interplay between wt and mutant p53 proteins if both are present in the same cells - where a mutant p53's dominant-negative effect known to inactivate wt p53, co-exists with an opposite mechanism - a "dominant-positive" suppression of the mutant p53's gain-of-function activity by wt p53. In this study we determine the oligomerization efficiency of wt and mutant p53 in living cells using FRET-based assays and describe wt p53 to be more efficient than mutant p53 in entering p53 oligomers. The biased p53 oligomerization helps to interpret earlier reports of a low efficiency of the wt p53 inactivation via the dominant-negative effect, while it also implies that the "dominant-positive" effect may be more pronounced. Indeed, we show that at similar wt:mutant p53 concentrations in cells - the mutant p53 gain-of-function stimulation of gene transcription and cell migration is more efficiently inhibited than the wt p53's tumor-suppressive transactivation and suppression of cell migration. These results suggest that the frequent mutant p53 accumulation in human tumor cells does not only directly strengthen its gain-of-function activity, but also protects the oncogenic p53 mutants from the functional dominance of wt p53.
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17
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Xue Q, Bai B, Ji B, Chen X, Wang C, Wang P, Yang C, Zhang R, Jiang Y, Pan Y, Cheng B, Chen J. Ghrelin Through GHSR1a and OX1R Heterodimers Reveals a Gαs-cAMP-cAMP Response Element Binding Protein Signaling Pathway in Vitro. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:245. [PMID: 30065627 PMCID: PMC6056640 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1α (GHSR1a) and Orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) are involved in various important physiological processes, and have many similar characteristics in function and distribution in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. We explored the possibility of heterodimerization between GHSR1a and OX1R and revealed a signal transduction pathway mechanism. In this study, bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analyses were performed to demonstrate the formation of functional GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers. This showed that a peptide corresponding to the 5-transmembrane domain of OX1R impaired heterodimer construction. We found that ghrelin stimulated GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimer cells to increase the activation of Gαs protein, compared to the cells that express GHSR1a. Stimulation of GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers with orexin-A did not alter GPCR interactions with Gα protein subunits. GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers induced Gαs and downstream signaling pathway activity, including increase of cAMP-response element luciferase reporter activity and cAMP levels. In addition, ghrelin induced a higher proliferation rate in SH-SY5Y cells than in controls. This suggests that ghrelin GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers promotes an upregulation of a Gαs-cAMP-cAMP-responsive element signaling pathway in vitro and an increase in neuroblastoma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Xue
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yanyou Pan
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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18
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Oligomerization of a G protein-coupled receptor in neurons controlled by its structural dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10414. [PMID: 29991736 PMCID: PMC6039492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play essential roles in intercellular communication. Although reported two decades ago, the assembly of GPCRs into dimer and larger oligomers in their native environment is still a matter of intense debate. Here, using number and brightness analysis of fluorescently labeled receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons, we confirm that the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2 (mGlu2) is a homodimer at expression levels in the physiological range, while heterodimeric GABAB receptors form larger complexes. Surprisingly, we observed the formation of larger mGlu2 oligomers upon both activation and inhibition of the receptor. Stabilizing the receptor in its inactive conformation using biochemical constraints also led to the observation of oligomers. Following our recent observation that mGlu receptors are in constant and rapid equilibrium between several states under basal conditions, we propose that this structural heterogeneity limits receptor oligomerization. Such assemblies are expected to stabilize either the active or the inactive state of the receptor.
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19
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Gorzkiewicz A, Szemraj J. Brain endocannabinoid signaling exhibits remarkable complexity. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:33-46. [PMID: 29953913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system is one of the most extensive of the mammalian brain. Despite the involvement of only few specific ligands and receptors, the system encompasses a vast diversity of triggered mechanisms and driven effects. It mediates a wide range of phenomena, including the regulation of transmitter release, neural excitability, synaptic plasticity, impulse spread, long-term neuronal potentiation, neurogenesis, cell death, lineage segregation, cell migration, inflammation, oxidative stress, nociception and the sleep cycle. It is also known to be involved in the processes of learning and memory formation. This extensive scope of action is attained by combining numerous variables. In a properly functioning brain, the correlations of these variables are kept in a strictly controlled balance; however, this balance is disrupted in many pathological conditions. However, while this balance is known to be disrupted by drugs in the case of addicts, the stimuli and mechanisms influencing the neurodegenerating brain remain elusive. This review examines the multiple factors and phenomena affecting the eCB signaling system in the brain. It evaluates techniques of controlling the eCB system to identify the obstacles in their applications and highlights the crucial interdependent variables that may influence biomedical research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorzkiewicz
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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20
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Spoerri PM, Kato HE, Pfreundschuh M, Mari SA, Serdiuk T, Thoma J, Sapra KT, Zhang C, Kobilka BK, Müller DJ. Structural Properties of the Human Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Changing by a Strong Antagonist. Structure 2018; 26:829-838.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Sleno R, Hébert TE. The Dynamics of GPCR Oligomerization and Their Functional Consequences. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:141-171. [PMID: 29699691 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The functional importance of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomerization remains controversial. Although obligate dimers of class C GPCRs are well accepted, the generalizability of this phenomenon is still strongly debated with respect to other classes of GPCRs. In this review, we focus on understanding the organization and dynamics between receptor equivalents and their signaling partners in oligomeric receptor complexes, with a view toward integrating disparate viewpoints into a unified understanding. We discuss the nature of functional oligomeric entities, and how asymmetries in receptor structure and function created by oligomers might have implications for receptor function as allosteric machines and for future drug discovery.
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22
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce pleiotropic intracellular signals in a broad range of physiological responses and disease states. Activated GPCRs can undergo agonist-induced phosphorylation by G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and second messenger-dependent protein kinases such as protein kinase A (PKA). Here, we characterize spatially segregated subpopulations of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) undergoing selective phosphorylation by GRKs or PKA in a single cell. GRKs primarily label monomeric β2ARs that undergo endocytosis, whereas PKA modifies dimeric β2ARs that remain at the cell surface. In hippocampal neurons, PKA-phosphorylated β2ARs are enriched in dendrites, whereas GRK-phosphorylated β2ARs accumulate in soma, being excluded from dendrites in a neuron maturation-dependent manner. Moreover, we show that PKA-phosphorylated β2ARs are necessary to augment the activity of L-type calcium channel. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that functionally distinct subpopulations of this prototypical GPCR exist in a single cell. β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) can be phosphorylated by G protein receptor kinases and second messenger-dependent kinases. Here, the authors demonstrate that these phosphorylation events are specific to functionally distinct and spatially segregated subpopulations of β2AR that co-exist in a single cell.
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23
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. G protein-coupled receptor-receptor interactions give integrative dynamics to intercellular communication. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:703-726. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The proposal of receptor-receptor interactions (RRIs) in the early 1980s broadened the view on the role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in the dynamics of the intercellular communication. RRIs, indeed, allow GPCR to operate not only as monomers but also as receptor complexes, in which the integration of the incoming signals depends on the number, spatial arrangement, and order of activation of the protomers forming the complex. The main biochemical mechanisms controlling the functional interplay of GPCR in the receptor complexes are direct allosteric interactions between protomer domains. The formation of these macromolecular assemblies has several physiologic implications in terms of the modulation of the signaling pathways and interaction with other membrane proteins. It also impacts on the emerging field of connectomics, as it contributes to set and tune the synaptic strength. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that the transfer of GPCR and GPCR complexes between cells via the exosome pathway could enable the target cells to recognize/decode transmitters and/or modulators for which they did not express the pertinent receptors. Thus, this process may also open the possibility of a new type of redeployment of neural circuits. The fundamental aspects of GPCR complex formation and function are the focus of the present review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova, via Gabelli 65 , I-35121 Padova , Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research , University of Genova , I-16126 Genova , Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova, via Gabelli 65 , I-35121 Padova , Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research , University of Genova , I-16126 Genova , Italy
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , I-41121 Modena , Italy
- Department of Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , S-17177 Stockholm , Sweden
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24
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Zeng K, Li Q, Wang J, Yin G, Zhang Y, Xiao C, Fan T, Zhao X, Zheng X. One-step methodology for the direct covalent capture of GPCRs from complex matrices onto solid surfaces based on the bioorthogonal reaction between haloalkane dehalogenase and chloroalkanes. Chem Sci 2017; 9:446-456. [PMID: 29629116 PMCID: PMC5868316 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach is established for the specific immobilization of GPCRs from cell lysates that circumvents labor intensive purification procedures and minimize loss of activity.
Protein immobilization techniques play an important role in the development of assays for disease diagnosis and drug discovery. However, many of these approaches are not applicable to transmembrane proteins. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest protein superfamily encoded by the human genome and are targeted by a quarter of all prescription drugs. GPCRs are highly dynamic and sensitive to changes in the ambient environment, and current immobilization methodologies are not suitable for GPCRs. We used haloalkane dehalogenase (Halo) as an immobilization tag fused to the β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptors. The engineered Halo-tag covalently binds to a specific substrate chloroalkane through Asp 106 in the catalytic pocket. The Halo-tagged GPCRs were expressed in Escherichia coli at a suitable yield. Accordingly, we loaded cell lysate containing Halo-tagged GPCRs onto a macroporous silica gel coated with chloroalkane. Morphological characterization indicated a homogeneous monolayer of immobilized Halo-tagged GPCRs on the silica gel surface. The immobilized receptors proved to be surrounded by specific bound phospholipids including PG C18:1/C18:1. We observed a radio-ligand binding ability and ligand-induced conformational changes in the immobilized GPCRs, suggesting the preservation of bioactivity. This method is a one-step approach for the specific immobilization of GPCRs from cell lysates and validates that immobilized receptors retain canonical ligand binding capacity. Our immobilization strategy circumvents labor-intensive purification procedures and minimizes loss of activity. The immobilized receptors can be applied to high-throughput drug and interaction partner screening for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686
| | - Guowei Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686
| | - Chaoni Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686
| | - Taiping Fan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686.,Department of Pharmacology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1PD , UK
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Ministry of Education , College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 029 88302686
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25
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Signalling assemblies: the odds of symmetry. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:599-611. [PMID: 28620024 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of proteins into complexes is fundamental to nearly all biological signalling processes. Symmetry is a dominant feature of the structures of experimentally determined protein complexes, observed in the vast majority of homomers and many heteromers. However, some asymmetric structures exist, and asymmetry also often forms transiently, intractable to traditional structure determination methods. Here, we explore the role of protein complex symmetry and asymmetry in cellular signalling, focusing on receptors, transcription factors and transmembrane channels, among other signalling assemblies. We highlight a recurrent tendency for asymmetry to be crucial for signalling function, often being associated with activated states. We conclude with a discussion of how consideration of protein complex symmetry and asymmetry has significant potential implications and applications for pharmacology and human disease.
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26
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Farran B. An update on the physiological and therapeutic relevance of GPCR oligomers. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:303-327. [PMID: 28087443 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view on GPCRs held that they function as single monomeric units composed of identical subunits. This notion was overturned by the discovery that GPCRs can form homo- and hetero-oligomers, some of which are obligatory, and can further assemble into receptor mosaics consisting of three or more protomers. Oligomerisation exerts significant impacts on receptor function and physiology, offering a platform for the diversification of receptor signalling, pharmacology, regulation, crosstalk, internalization and trafficking. Given their involvement in the modulation of crucial physiological processes, heteromers could constitute important therapeutic targets for a wide range of diseases, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, substance abuse or obesity. This review aims at depicting the current developments in GPCR oligomerisation research, documenting various class A, B and C GPCR heteromers detected in vitro and in vivo using biochemical and biophysical approaches, as well as recently identified higher-order oligomeric complexes. It explores the current understanding of dimerization dynamics and the possible interaction interfaces that drive oligomerisation. Most importantly, it provides an inventory of the wide range of physiological processes and pathophysiological conditions to which GPCR oligomers contribute, surveying some of the oligomers that constitute potential drug targets. Finally, it delineates the efforts to develop novel classes of ligands that specifically target and tether to receptor oligomers instead of a single monomeric entity, thus ameliorating their ability to modulate GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Farran
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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27
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Cevheroğlu O, Kumaş G, Hauser M, Becker JM, Son ÇD. The yeast Ste2p G protein-coupled receptor dimerizes on the cell plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:698-711. [PMID: 28073700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) may play an important role in maturation, internalization, signaling and/or pharmacology of these receptors. However, the location where dimerization occurs is still under debate. In our study, variants of Ste2p, a yeast mating pheromone GPCR, were tagged with split EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fragments inserted between transmembrane domain seven and the C-terminus or appended to the C-terminus. Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) assay was used to determine where receptor dimerization occurred during protein trafficking by monitoring generation of EGFP fluorescence, which occurred upon GPCR dimerization. Our results suggest that these tagged receptors traffic to the membrane as monomers, undergo dimerization or higher ordered oligomerization predominantly on the plasma membrane, and are internalized as dimers/oligomers. This study is the first to provide direct in vivo visualization of GPCR dimerization/oligomerization, during trafficking to and from the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Cevheroğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Universiteler Mah. Dumlupinar Blv. No: 1, 06800 Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Gözde Kumaş
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Universiteler Mah. Dumlupinar Blv. No: 1, 06800 Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melinda Hauser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Becker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Çağdaş D Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Universiteler Mah. Dumlupinar Blv. No: 1, 06800 Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Beta 2-adrenergic receptor homodimers: Role of transmembrane domain 1 and helix 8 in dimerization and cell surface expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:1445-1455. [PMID: 27993566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Even though there are hundreds of reports in the published literature supporting the hypothesis that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) form and function as dimers this remains a highly controversial area of research and mechanisms governing homodimer formation are poorly understood. Crystal structures revealing homodimers have been reported for many different GPCR. For adrenergic receptors, a potential dimer interface involving transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1) and helix 8 (H8) was identified in crystal structures of the beta1-adrenergic (β1-AR) and β2-AR. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential role for TMD1 and H8 in dimerization and plasma membrane expression of functional β2-AR. Charged residues at the base of TMD1 and in the distal portion of H8 were replaced, singly and in combination, with non-polar residues or residues of opposite charge. Wild type and mutant β2-AR, tagged with YFP and expressed in HEK293 cells, were evaluated for plasma membrane expression and function. Homodimer formation was evaluated using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Amino acid substitutions at the base of TMD1 and in the distal portion of H8 disrupted homodimer formation and caused receptors to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in the proximal region of H8 did not disrupt dimerization but did interfere with plasma membrane expression. This study provides biophysical evidence linking a potential TMD1/H8 interface with ER export and the expression of functional β2-AR on the plasma membrane. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interactions between membrane receptors in cellular membranes edited by Kalina Hristova.
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29
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Gaitonde SA, González-Maeso J. Contribution of heteromerization to G protein-coupled receptor function. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 32:23-31. [PMID: 27835800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a remarkably multifaceted family of transmembrane proteins that exert a variety of physiological effects. Although family A GPCRs are able to operate as monomers, there is increasing evidence that heteromerization represents a fundamental aspect of receptor function, trafficking and pharmacology. Most recently, it has been suggested that GPCR heteromers may play a crucial role as new molecular targets of heteromer-selective and bivalent ligands. The current review summarizes key recent developments in these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya A Gaitonde
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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30
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Shivnaraine RV, Fernandes DD, Ji H, Li Y, Kelly B, Zhang Z, Han YR, Huang F, Sankar KS, Dubins DN, Rocheleau JV, Wells JW, Gradinaru CC. Single-Molecule Analysis of the Supramolecular Organization of the M2 Muscarinic Receptor and the Gαi1 Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11583-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra V. Shivnaraine
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Dennis D. Fernandes
- Department
of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Huiqiao Ji
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Yuchong Li
- Department
of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Brendan Kelly
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Krembil Research
Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Zhenfu Zhang
- Department
of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Yi Rang Han
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Fei Huang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Krishana S. Sankar
- Department
of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David N. Dubins
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jonathan V. Rocheleau
- Department
of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute
of Biomedical and Biomaterial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - James W. Wells
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Claudiu C. Gradinaru
- Department
of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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31
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Chadda R, Krishnamani V, Mersch K, Wong J, Brimberry M, Chadda A, Kolmakova-Partensky L, Friedman LJ, Gelles J, Robertson JL. The dimerization equilibrium of a ClC Cl(-)/H(+) antiporter in lipid bilayers. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27484630 PMCID: PMC5010387 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between membrane protein interfaces in lipid bilayers play an important role in membrane protein folding but quantification of the strength of these interactions has been challenging. Studying dimerization of ClC-type transporters offers a new approach to the problem, as individual subunits adopt a stable and functionally verifiable fold that constrains the system to two states - monomer or dimer. Here, we use single-molecule photobleaching analysis to measure the probability of ClC-ec1 subunit capture into liposomes during extrusion of large, multilamellar membranes. The capture statistics describe a monomer to dimer transition that is dependent on the subunit/lipid mole fraction density and follows an equilibrium dimerization isotherm. This allows for the measurement of the free energy of ClC-ec1 dimerization in lipid bilayers, revealing that it is one of the strongest membrane protein complexes measured so far, and introduces it as new type of dimerization model to investigate the physical forces that drive membrane protein association in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chadda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | | | - Kacey Mersch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Jason Wong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Marley Brimberry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Ankita Chadda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | | | - Larry J Friedman
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Jeff Gelles
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Janice L Robertson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
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32
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Tian H, Fürstenberg A, Huber T. Labeling and Single-Molecule Methods To Monitor G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dynamics. Chem Rev 2016; 117:186-245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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33
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Application of advanced X-ray methods in life sciences. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3671-3685. [PMID: 27156488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synchrotron radiation (SR) sources provide diverse X-ray methods for the investigation of structure-function relationships in biological macromolecules. SCOPE OF REVIEW Recent developments in SR sources and in the X-ray tools they offer for life sciences are reviewed. Specifically, advances in macromolecular crystallography, small angle X-ray solution scattering, X-ray absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and imaging are discussed with examples. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS SR sources offer a range of X-ray techniques that can be used in a complementary fashion in studies of biological systems at a wide range of resolutions from atomic to cellular scale. Emerging applications of X-ray techniques include the characterization of disordered proteins, noncrystalline and nonequilibrium systems, elemental imaging of tissues, cells and organs, and detection of time-resolved changes in molecular structures. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE X-ray techniques are in the center of hybrid approaches that are used to gain insight into complex problems relating to biomolecular mechanisms, disease and possible therapeutic solutions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life". Guest Editors: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo.
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34
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Quaternary structure of a G-protein-coupled receptor heterotetramer in complex with Gi and Gs. BMC Biol 2016; 14:26. [PMID: 27048449 PMCID: PMC4822319 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in the form of monomers or homodimers that bind heterotrimeric G proteins, are fundamental in the transfer of extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling pathways. Different GPCRs may also interact to form heteromers that are novel signaling units. Despite the exponential growth in the number of solved GPCR crystal structures, the structural properties of heteromers remain unknown. Results We used single-particle tracking experiments in cells expressing functional adenosine A1-A2A receptors fused to fluorescent proteins to show the loss of Brownian movement of the A1 receptor in the presence of the A2A receptor, and a preponderance of cell surface 2:2 receptor heteromers (dimer of dimers). Using computer modeling, aided by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays to monitor receptor homomerization and heteromerization and G-protein coupling, we predict the interacting interfaces and propose a quaternary structure of the GPCR tetramer in complex with two G proteins. Conclusions The combination of results points to a molecular architecture formed by a rhombus-shaped heterotetramer, which is bound to two different interacting heterotrimeric G proteins (Gi and Gs). These novel results constitute an important advance in understanding the molecular intricacies involved in GPCR function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0247-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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35
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Sun Y, Li N, Zhang M, Zhou W, Yuan J, Zhao R, Wu J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Fang X. Single-molecule imaging reveals the stoichiometry change of β2-adrenergic receptors by a pharmacological biased ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7086-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00628k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The stoichiometry of β2AR is determined in living cells and the association of β2AR dimerization with biased signalling is revealed.
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36
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Yue T, Sun M, Zhang S, Ren H, Ge B, Huang F. How transmembrane peptides insert and orientate in biomembranes: a combined experimental and simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17483-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After the synthesis of transmembrane peptides/proteins (TMPs), their insertion into a lipid bilayer is a fundamental biophysical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Mingbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- China
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37
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Functional stability of rhodopsin in a bicelle system: evaluating G protein activation by rhodopsin in bicelles. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1271:67-76. [PMID: 25697517 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2330-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhodopsin is a prototypical member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This photoreceptor is responsible for initiating the visual signaling transduction cascade upon interaction with its heterotrimeric G protein, transducin (Gt), after light activation. Like all transmembrane proteins, rhodopsin is embedded within a phospholipid bilayer. Many studies have proposed that the membrane composition of this bilayer is an important factor for receptor function during the activation process. Here we describe the methods and assays used to evaluate the function of purified and reconstituted rhodopsin in bicelles.
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38
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Wu Y, Stauffer SR, Stanfield RL, Tapia PH, Ursu O, Fisher GW, Szent-Gyorgyi C, Evangelisti A, Waller A, Strouse JJ, Carter MB, Bologa C, Gouveia K, Poslusney M, Waggoner AS, Lindsley CW, Jarvik JW, Sklar LA. Discovery of Small-Molecule Nonfluorescent Inhibitors of Fluorogen-Fluorogen Activating Protein Binding Pair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:74-87. [PMID: 26442911 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115609145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new class of biosensors, fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs), has been successfully used to track receptor trafficking in live cells. Unlike the traditional fluorescent proteins (FPs), FAPs do not fluoresce unless bound to their specific small-molecule fluorogens, and thus FAP-based assays are highly sensitive. Application of the FAP-based assay for protein trafficking in high-throughput flow cytometry resulted in the discovery of a new class of compounds that interferes with the binding between fluorogens and FAP, thus blocking the fluorescence signal. These compounds are high-affinity, nonfluorescent analogs of fluorogens with little or no toxicity to the tested cells and no apparent interference with the normal function of FAP-tagged receptors. The most potent compound among these, N,4-dimethyl-N-(2-oxo-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)benzenesulfonamide (ML342), has been investigated in detail. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that ML342 competes with the fluorogen, sulfonated thiazole orange coupled to diethylene glycol diamine (TO1-2p), for the same binding site on a FAP, AM2.2. Kinetic analysis shows that the FAP-fluorogen interaction is more complex than a homogeneous one-site binding process, with multiple conformational states of the fluorogen and/or the FAP, and possible dimerization of the FAP moiety involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phillip H Tapia
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Oleg Ursu
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gregory W Fisher
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Annette Evangelisti
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anna Waller
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J Jacob Strouse
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mark B Carter
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cristian Bologa
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kristine Gouveia
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mike Poslusney
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alan S Waggoner
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan W Jarvik
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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39
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Maciejko J, Mehler M, Kaur J, Lieblein T, Morgner N, Ouari O, Tordo P, Becker-Baldus J, Glaubitz C. Visualizing Specific Cross-Protomer Interactions in the Homo-Oligomeric Membrane Protein Proteorhodopsin by Dynamic-Nuclear-Polarization-Enhanced Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9032-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
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40
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Vischer HF, Castro M, Pin JP. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Multimers: A Question Still Open Despite the Use of Novel Approaches. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:561-71. [PMID: 26138074 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteromerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can significantly change the functional properties of involved receptors. Various biochemical and biophysical methodologies have been developed in the last two decades to identify and functionally evaluate GPCR heteromers in heterologous cells, with recent approaches focusing on GPCR complex stoichiometry and stability. Yet validation of these observations in native tissues is still lagging behind for the majority of GPCR heteromers. Remarkably, recent studies, particularly some involving advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, are contributing to our current knowledge of aspects that were not well known until now, such as GPCR complex stoichiometry and stability. In parallel, a growing effort is being applied to move the field forward into native systems. This short review will highlight recent developments to study the stoichiometry and stability of GPCR complexes and methodologies to detect native GPCR dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (H.F.V.); Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Biofarma Research Group (GI-1685), University of Santiago de Compostela, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.C.); and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.)
| | - Marián Castro
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (H.F.V.); Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Biofarma Research Group (GI-1685), University of Santiago de Compostela, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.C.); and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (H.F.V.); Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Biofarma Research Group (GI-1685), University of Santiago de Compostela, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.C.); and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.)
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41
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Marsango S, Caltabiano G, Pou C, Varela Liste MJ, Milligan G. Analysis of Human Dopamine D3 Receptor Quaternary Structure. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15146-62. [PMID: 25931118 PMCID: PMC4463457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor is a class A, rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor that can form dimers and/or higher order oligomers. However, the molecular basis for production of these complexes is not well defined. Using combinations of molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and homogenous time-resolved FRET, the interfaces that allow dopamine D3 receptor monomers to interact were defined and used to describe likely quaternary arrangements of the receptor. These were then compared with published crystal structures of dimeric β1-adrenoreceptor, μ-opioid, and CXCR4 receptors. The data indicate important contributions of residues from within each of transmembrane domains I, II, IV, V, VI, and VII as well as the intracellular helix VIII in the formation of D3-D3 receptor interfaces within homo-oligomers and are consistent with the D3 receptor adopting a β1-adrenoreceptor-like quaternary arrangement. Specifically, results suggest that D3 protomers can interact with each other via at least two distinct interfaces: the first one comprising residues from transmembrane domains I and II along with those from helix VIII and a second one involving transmembrane domains IV and V. Moreover, rather than existing only as distinct dimeric species, the results are consistent with the D3 receptor also assuming a quaternary structure in which two transmembrane domain I-II-helix VIII dimers interact to form a "rhombic" tetramer via an interface involving residues from transmembrane domains VI and VII. In addition, the results also provide insights into the potential contribution of molecules of cholesterol to the overall organization and potential stability of the D3 receptor and possibly other GPCR quaternary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Gianluigi Caltabiano
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Chantevy Pou
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - María José Varela Liste
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Graeme Milligan
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
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42
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Root-Bernstein R, Dillon PF. A common molecular motif characterizes extracellular allosteric enhancers of GPCR aminergic receptors and suggests enhancer mechanism of action. Curr Med Chem 2015; 21:3673-86. [PMID: 25174918 PMCID: PMC4266041 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666140826120604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of compounds that have no intrinsic activity on aminergic systems nonetheless enhance the potency of aminergic receptor ligands three-fold or more while significantly increasing their duration of activity, preventing tachyphylaxis and reversing fade. Enhancer compounds include ascorbic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, cortico-steroids, opioid peptides, opiates and opiate antagonists. This paper provides the first review of aminergic enhancement, demonstrating that all enhancers have a common, inobvious molecular motif and work through a common mechanism that is manifested by three common characteristics. First, aminergic enhancers bind directly to the amines they enhance, suggesting that the common structural motif is reflected in common binding targets. Second, one common target is the first extracellular loop of aminergic receptors. Third, at least some enhancers are antiphosphodiesterases. These observations suggest that aminergic enhancers act on the extracellular surface of aminergic receptors to keep the receptor in its high affinity state, trapping the ligand inside the receptor. Enhancer binding produces allosteric modifications of the receptor structure that interfere with phosphorylation of the receptor, thereby inhibiting down-regulation of the receptor. The mechanism explains how enhancers potentiate aminergic activity and increase duration of activity and makes testable predictions about additional compounds that should act as aminergic enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick F Dillon
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
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43
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Duc NM, Du Y, Zhang C, Lee SY, Thorsen TS, Kobilka BK, Chung KY. Effective application of bicelles for conformational analysis of G protein-coupled receptors by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:808-817. [PMID: 25740347 PMCID: PMC4727453 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have important roles in physiology and pathology, and 40% of drugs currently on the market target GPCRs for the treatment of various diseases. Because of their therapeutic importance, the structural mechanism of GPCR signaling is of great interest in the field of drug discovery. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a useful tool for analyzing ligand binding sites, the protein-protein interaction interface, and conformational changes of proteins. However, its application to GPCRs has been limited for various reasons, including the hydrophobic nature of GPCRs and the use of detergents in their preparation. In the present study, we tested the application of bicelles as a means of solubilizing GPCRs for HDX-MS studies. GPCRs (e.g., β2-adrenergic receptor [β2AR], μ-opioid receptor, and protease-activated receptor 1) solubilized in bicelles produced better sequence coverage (greater than 90%) than GPCRs solubilized in n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DDM), suggesting that bicelles are a more effective method of solubilization for HDX-MS studies. The HDX-MS profile of β2AR in bicelles showed that transmembrane domains (TMs) undergo lower deuterium uptake than intracellular or extracellular regions, which is consistent with the fact that the TMs are highly ordered and embedded in bicelles. The overall HDX-MS profiles of β2AR solubilized in bicelles and in DDM were similar except for intracellular loop 3. Interestingly, we detected EX1 kinetics, an important phenomenon in protein dynamics, at the C-terminus of TM6 in β2AR. In conclusion, we suggest the application of bicelles as a useful method for solubilizing GPCRs for conformational analysis by HDX-MS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Detergents/chemistry
- Deuterium Exchange Measurement
- Feasibility Studies
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lipid Bilayers/chemistry
- Lipid Bilayers/metabolism
- Maltose/analogs & derivatives
- Maltose/chemistry
- Micelles
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, PAR-1/chemistry
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Solubility
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Duc
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Su Youn Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Thor S. Thorsen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
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44
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Ward RJ, Pediani JD, Godin AG, Milligan G. Regulation of oligomeric organization of the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor observed by spatial intensity distribution analysis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12844-57. [PMID: 25825490 PMCID: PMC4432300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The questions of whether G protein-coupled receptors exist as monomers, dimers, and/or oligomers and if these species interconvert in a ligand-dependent manner are among the most contentious current issues in biology. When employing spatial intensity distribution analysis to laser scanning confocal microscope images of cells stably expressing either a plasma membrane-associated form of monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or a tandem version of this fluorophore, the eGFP tandem was identified as a dimer. Similar studies on cells stably expressing an eGFP-tagged form of the epidermal growth factor receptor demonstrated that, although largely a monomer in the basal state, this receptor rapidly became predominantly dimeric upon the addition of its ligand epidermal growth factor. In cells induced to express an eGFP-tagged form of the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor, global analysis of construct quantal brightness was consistent with the predominant form of the receptor being dimeric. However, detailed spatial intensity distribution analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple forms ranging from monomers to higher-order oligomers. Furthermore, treatment with chemically distinct 5-HT2C receptor antagonists resulted in a time-dependent change in the quaternary organization to one in which there was a preponderance of receptor monomers. This antagonist-mediated effect was reversible, because washout of the ligand resulted in the regeneration of many of the oligomeric forms of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ward
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John D Pediani
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine G Godin
- the University of Bordeaux, LP2N, UMR 5298, F-33405 Talence, France, and the Institut d'Optique Graduate School and CNRS, LP2N, UMR 5298, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Graeme Milligan
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom,
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45
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Liste MJV, Caltabiano G, Ward RJ, Alvarez-Curto E, Marsango S, Milligan G. The molecular basis of oligomeric organization of the human M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:936-53. [PMID: 25769304 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors, including the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, can form homo-oligomers. However, the basis of these interactions and the overall organizational structure of such oligomers are poorly understood. Combinations of site-directed mutagenesis and homogenous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies that assessed interactions between receptor protomers at the surface of transfected cells indicated important contributions of regions of transmembrane domains I, IV, V, VI, and VII as well as intracellular helix VIII to the overall organization. Molecular modeling studies based on both these results and an X-ray structure of the inactive state of the M3 receptor bound by the antagonist/inverse agonist tiotropium were then employed. The results could be accommodated fully by models in which a proportion of the cell surface M3 receptor population is a tetramer with rhombic, but not linear, orientation. This is consistent with previous studies based on spectrally resolved, multiphoton fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Modeling studies furthermore suggest an important role for molecules of cholesterol at the dimer + dimer interface of the tetramer, which is consistent with the presence of cholesterol at key locations in many G protein-coupled receptor crystal structures. Mutants that displayed disrupted quaternary organization were often poorly expressed and showed immature N-glycosylation. Sustained treatment of cells expressing such mutants with the muscarinic receptor inverse agonist atropine increased cellular levels and restored both cell surface delivery and quaternary organization to many of the mutants. These observations suggest that organization as a tetramer may occur before plasma membrane delivery and may be a key step in cellular quality control assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Varela Liste
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (M.J.V.L., G.C., R.J.W., E.A.-C., S.M., G.M.), and Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (G.C.)
| | - Gianluigi Caltabiano
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (M.J.V.L., G.C., R.J.W., E.A.-C., S.M., G.M.), and Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (G.C.)
| | - Richard J Ward
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (M.J.V.L., G.C., R.J.W., E.A.-C., S.M., G.M.), and Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (G.C.)
| | - Elisa Alvarez-Curto
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (M.J.V.L., G.C., R.J.W., E.A.-C., S.M., G.M.), and Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (G.C.)
| | - Sara Marsango
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (M.J.V.L., G.C., R.J.W., E.A.-C., S.M., G.M.), and Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (G.C.)
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (M.J.V.L., G.C., R.J.W., E.A.-C., S.M., G.M.), and Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (G.C.)
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46
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Bouvier M, Hébert TE. CrossTalk proposal: Weighing the evidence for Class A GPCR dimers, the evidence favours dimers. J Physiol 2015; 592:2439-41. [PMID: 24931944 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bouvier
- Département de Biochimie, Institut de Recherch en Immunologie and Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1J4
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
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47
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Effect of Lipid Bilayer Composition on Membrane Protein Association. ADVANCES IN PLANAR LIPID BILAYERS AND LIPOSOMES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adplan.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Schonenbach NS, Hussain S, O'Malley MA. Structure and function of G protein‐coupled receptor oligomers: implications for drug discovery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:408-27. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Schonenbach
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Sunyia Hussain
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Michelle A. O'Malley
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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49
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Jonas KC, Fanelli F, Huhtaniemi IT, Hanyaloglu AC. Single molecule analysis of functionally asymmetric G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomers reveals diverse spatial and structural assemblies. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3875-92. [PMID: 25516594 PMCID: PMC4326798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) into dimers and higher order oligomers represents a key mechanism in pleiotropic signaling, yet how individual protomers function within oligomers remains poorly understood. We present a super-resolution imaging approach, resolving single GPCR molecules to ∼8 nm resolution in functional asymmetric dimers and oligomers using dual-color photoactivatable dyes and localization microscopy (PD-PALM). PD-PALM of two functionally defined mutant luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs), a ligand-binding deficient receptor (LHRB−) and a signaling-deficient (LHRS−) receptor, which only function via intermolecular cooperation, favored oligomeric over dimeric formation. PD-PALM imaging of trimers and tetramers revealed specific spatial organizations of individual protomers in complexes where the ratiometric composition of LHRB− to LHRS− modulated ligand-induced signal sensitivity. Structural modeling of asymmetric LHR oligomers strongly aligned with PD-PALM-imaged spatial arrangements, identifying multiple possible helix interfaces mediating inter-protomer associations. Our findings reveal that diverse spatial and structural assemblies mediating GPCR oligomerization may acutely fine-tune the cellular signaling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C Jonas
- From the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- the Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183-41100 Modena, Italy, and
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- From the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom, the Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- From the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom,
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50
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Goupil E, Fillion D, Clément S, Luo X, Devost D, Sleno R, Pétrin D, Saragovi HU, Thorin É, Laporte SA, Hébert TE. Angiotensin II type I and prostaglandin F2α receptors cooperatively modulate signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3137-48. [PMID: 25512374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.631119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin II type I (AT1R) and the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) F prostanoid (FP) receptors are both potent regulators of blood pressure. Physiological interplay between AT1R and FP has been described. Abdominal aortic ring contraction experiments revealed that PGF2α-dependent activation of FP potentiated angiotensin II-induced contraction, whereas FP antagonists had the opposite effect. Similarly, PGF2α-mediated vasoconstriction was symmetrically regulated by co-treatment with AT1R agonist and antagonist. The underlying canonical Gαq signaling via production of inositol phosphates mediated by each receptor was also regulated by antagonists for the other receptor. However, binding to their respective agonists, regulation of receptor-mediated MAPK activation and vascular smooth muscle cell growth were differentially or asymmetrically regulated depending on how each of the two receptors were occupied by either agonist or antagonist. Physical interactions between these receptors have never been reported, and here we show that AT1R and FP form heterodimeric complexes in both HEK 293 and vascular smooth muscle cells. These findings imply that formation of the AT1R/FP dimer creates a novel allosteric signaling unit that shows symmetrical and asymmetrical signaling behavior, depending on the outcome measured. AT1R/FP dimers may thus be important in the regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Goupil
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6
| | - Dany Fillion
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6
| | - Stéphanie Clément
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- the Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Dominic Devost
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6
| | - Rory Sleno
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6
| | - Darlaine Pétrin
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, the Lady Davis Institute, Montréal Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, and
| | - Éric Thorin
- the Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Stéphane A Laporte
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, the Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B2, the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0CT,
| | - Terence E Hébert
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6,
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