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Xu H, Ge H, Shan X, Cai Z. Alteration of myoepithelial cells during botulinum toxin type A-inhibited salivary secretion. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1163-1172. [PMID: 36971615 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraglandular injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) effectively treats sialorrhea. Myoepithelial cells (MECs) are essential for salivary secretion. The role of MECs in BoNT/A-inhibited salivary secretion, and its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS BoNT/A was injected into rat submandibular glands (SMGs). At 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinjection, salivary flow rate of SMGs was measured. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis were used to detect morphological and functional changes in MECs and chemical denervation in SMGs. RESULTS BoNT/A temporarily decreased salivary secretion in rat SMGs and this inhibitory effect lasted 4 weeks. During the inhibitory period, MECs atrophied and expressed reduced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, and phosphorylated myosin light chain 2 (p-MLC2), suggesting that BoNT/A attenuated MEC contractility. Furthermore, BoNT/A cleaved synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and decreased the expression and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), indicating that BoNT/A-induced chemical parasympathetic denervation of SMGs by cleaving SNAP-25. CONCLUSIONS BoNT/A temporarily caused MEC atrophy and decreased MEC contractility in rat SMGs, which contributed to reversible inhibition of salivary secretion. The underlying mechanisms involved temporary parasympathetic denervation caused by SNAP-25 cleavage. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of BoNT/A-inhibited salivary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Wangfujing General Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huabing Ge
- Department of Wangfujing General Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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2
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Wang Z, Zhang L, Li B, Song J, Yu M, Zhang J, Chen C, Zhan J, Zhang H. Kindlin-2 in myoepithelium controls luminal progenitor commitment to alveoli in mouse mammary gland. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:675. [PMID: 37833248 PMCID: PMC10576046 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Myoepithelium plays an important role in mammary gland development, but less is known about the molecular mechanism underlying how myoepithelium controls acinus differentiation during gestation. Herein, we found that loss of Kindlin-2 in myoepithelial cells impaired mammary morphogenesis, alveologenesis, and lactation. Using five genetically modified mouse lines combined with single-cell RNA sequencing, we found a Kindlin-2-Stat3-Dll1 signaling cascade in myoepithelial cells that inactivates Notch signaling in luminal cells and consequently drives luminal progenitor commitment to alveolar cells identity. Single-cell profiling revealed that Kindlin-2 loss significantly reduces the proportion of matured alveolar cells. Mechanistically, Kindlin-2 depletion in myoepithelial cells promotes Stat3 activation and upregulates Dll1, which activates the Notch pathway in luminal cells and inhibits luminal progenitor differentiation and maturation during gestation. Inhibition of Notch1 with tangeretin allowed luminal progenitors to regain commitment ability in the pregnant mice with Kindlin-2 depletion in myoepithelium. Taken together, we demonstrated that Kindlin-2 is essential to myoepithelium-controlled luminal progenitors to alveoli transition during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Wang
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
| | - Jiagui Song
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
| | - Jun Zhan
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
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3
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Ferreira T, Gama A, Seixas F, Faustino-Rocha AI, Lopes C, Gaspar VM, Mano JF, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA. Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:379. [PMID: 37368765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a "One Health" approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Shams A. Re-evaluation of the myoepithelial cells roles in the breast cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:403. [PMID: 36510219 PMCID: PMC9746125 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, luminal epithelial cell lineage has gained considerable attraction as the functionally milk-secreting units and as the most fruitful acreage for breast cancer launching. Recognition of the effective involvement of the myoepithelial cells in mammary gland development and in hampering tumorigenesis has renewed the interest in investigating the biological roles of this second main mammary lineage. The human breast is made up of an extensively branching ductal system intervening by copious lobular units. The ductal system is coated by a chain of luminal epithelial cells (LECs) situated on a layer of myoepithelial cells (MECs) and encompassed by a distinguished basement membrane. Ductal contractility during lactation is a well-known function delivered by the MECs however this is not the only assignment mediated by these cellular populations. It has been well appreciated that the MECs exhibit a natural paracrine power in defeating cancer development and advancement. MECs were found to express numerous proteinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic factors, and tumour suppressors proteins. Additionally, MECs contributed effectively to maintaining the right luminal cells' polarization and further separating them from the adjacent stroma by making an integrated fence. Indeed, disruption of the MECs layer was reported to facilitate the invasion of the cancer cells to the surrounding stroma. Nonetheless, MECs were also found to exhibit cancer-promoting effects and provoke tumour invasion and dissemination by displaying distinct cancer chemokines. Herein in this review, we aimed to address the roles delivered by MECs in breast cancer progression and decipher the molecular mechanisms regulating proper MECs' physiology, integrity, and terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Shams
- grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. BOX 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
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5
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Thiemann RF, Varney S, Moskwa N, Lamar J, Larsen M, LaFlamme SE. Regulation of myoepithelial differentiation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268668. [PMID: 35617216 PMCID: PMC9135247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary gland can be permanently impaired by radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Efforts at tissue regeneration have focused on saliva-producing acinar cells. However, myoepithelial cells are also critical to gland function, but mechanisms that regulate their differentiation are poorly defined. To study myoepithelial differentiation, we employed mSG-PAC1 murine salivary gland epithelial cells. We demonstrate that mSG-PAC1 spheroids exhibit phenotypic plasticity between pro-acinar and myoepithelial cell fates. Increased expression of pro-acinar/acinar or myoepithelial RNAs was identified from spheroids cultured under different media conditions by microarray followed by gene-set enrichment analysis. Spheroids cultured with different medium components expressed proteins typical of either acinar or myoepithelial cells, as detected by immunocytochemistry. We demonstrate that the pattern of TAZ expression in the epithelial compartment of the differentiating murine salivary gland correlates with the expression of the myoepithelial marker alpha-SMA, as is the case for TAZ expression in mSG-PAC1 spheroids. Our analysis also indicates that YAP/TAZ target genes are upregulated together with myoepithelial markers. Importantly, siRNA targeting of TAZ expression in mSG-PAC1 spheroids diminished the expression of myoepithelial markers. Our results in this in vitro cell model implicate TAZ signaling in myoepithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee F. Thiemann
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott Varney
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Moskwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - John Lamar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan E. LaFlamme
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Gárriz A, Aubry S, Wattiaux Q, Bair J, Mariano M, Hatzipetrou G, Bowman M, Morokuma J, Ortiz G, Hamrah P, Dartt DA, Zoukhri D. Role of the Phospholipase C Pathway and Calcium Mobilization in Oxytocin-Induced Contraction of Lacrimal Gland Myoepithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:25. [PMID: 34812841 PMCID: PMC8626846 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We reported that oxytocin (OXT), added to freshly prepared lacrimal gland lobules, induced myoepithelial cell (MEC) contraction. In other systems, OXT activates phospholipase C (PLC) generating Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) which increases intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) causing contraction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of this pathway in OXT-induced contraction of MEC. Methods Tear volume was measured using the cotton thread method. Lacrimal gland MEC were isolated and propagated from α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice, in which MEC express GFP making them easily identifiable. RNA and protein samples were prepared for RT-PCR and Western blotting for G protein expression. Changes in [Ca2+]i were measured in Fura-2 loaded MEC using a ratio imaging system. MEC contraction was monitored in real time and changes in cell size were quantified using ImageJ software. Results OXT applied either topically to surgically exposed lacrimal glands or delivered subcutaneously resulted in increased tear volume. OXT stimulated lacrimal gland MEC contraction in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum response at 10-7 M. MEC express the PLC coupling G proteins, Gαq and Gα11, and their activation by OXT resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i with a maximum response at 10-6 M. Furthermore, the activation of the IP3 receptor to increase [Ca2+]i is crucial for OXT-induced MEC contraction since blocking the IP3 receptor with 2-APB completely abrogated this response. Conclusions We conclude that OXT uses the PLC/Ca2+ pathway to stimulate MEC contraction and increase lacrimal gland secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gárriz
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Salome Aubry
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Quentin Wattiaux
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jeffrey Bair
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael Mariano
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Georgios Hatzipetrou
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Maytal Bowman
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Junji Morokuma
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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7
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Gieniec KA, Davis FM. Mammary basal cells: Stars of the show. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119159. [PMID: 34653580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all mammals rely on lactation to support their young and to ensure the continued survival of their species. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about how milk is produced and how it is ejected from the lumen of mammary alveoli and ducts. This review focuses on the latter. We discuss how a relatively small number of basal cells, wrapping around each alveolar unit, contract to forcibly expel milk from the alveolar lumen. We consider how individual basal cells coordinate their activity, the fate of these cells at the end of lactation and avenues for future deliberation and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna A Gieniec
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Felicity M Davis
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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8
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Co-Stimulation of Oxytocin and Arginine-Vasopressin Receptors Affect Hypothalamic Neurospheroid Size. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168464. [PMID: 34445168 PMCID: PMC8395152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) is a neuropeptide involved in a plethora of behavioral and physiological processes. However, there is a prominent lack of 3D cell culture models that investigate the effects of OXT on a cellular/molecular level. In this study, we established a hypothalamic neuronal spheroid model to investigate the cellular response in a more realistic 3D setting. Our data indicate that the formation of spheroids itself does not alter the basic characteristics of the cell line and that markers of cellular morphology and connectivity are stably expressed. We found that both OXT and arginine vasopressin (AVP) treatment increase spheroid size (surface area and volume), as well as individual nucleus size, which serves as an indicator for cellular proliferation. The cellular response to both OXT and AVP seems mainly to be mediated by the AVP receptor 1a (V1aR); however, the OXT receptor (OXTR) contributes significantly to the observed proliferative effect. When we blocked the OXTR pharmacologically or knocked down the OXTR by siRNA, the OXT- or AVP-induced cellular proliferation decreased. In summary, we established a 3D cell culture model of the neuronal response to OXT and AVP and found that spheroids react to the treatment via their respective receptors but also via cross-talk between the two receptor types.
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9
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Mechanical plasticity of collagen directs branch elongation in human mammary gland organoids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2759. [PMID: 33980857 PMCID: PMC8115695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial branch elongation is a central developmental process during branching morphogenesis in diverse organs. This fundamental growth process into large arborized epithelial networks is accompanied by structural reorganization of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), well beyond its mechanical linear response regime. Here, we report that epithelial ductal elongation within human mammary organoid branches relies on the non-linear and plastic mechanical response of the surrounding collagen. Specifically, we demonstrate that collective back-and-forth motion of cells within the branches generates tension that is strong enough to induce a plastic reorganization of the surrounding collagen network which results in the formation of mechanically stable collagen cages. Such matrix encasing in turn directs further tension generation, branch outgrowth and plastic deformation of the matrix. The identified mechanical tension equilibrium sets a framework to understand how mechanical cues can direct ductal branch elongation. Mammary organoid growth from single primary human cells rely on distinct morphogenetic processes. Here, the authors observe by live cell imaging the importance of the plastic mechanical response of the extracellular matrix and cell migration for the underlying arborized structure formation process.
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10
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Stewart TA, Hughes K, Stevenson AJ, Marino N, Ju AL, Morehead M, Davis FM. Mammary mechanobiology - investigating roles for mechanically activated ion channels in lactation and involution. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs248849. [PMID: 33262312 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of a mother to produce a nutritionally complete neonatal food source has provided a powerful evolutionary advantage to mammals. Milk production by mammary epithelial cells is adaptive, its release is exquisitely timed, and its own glandular stagnation with the permanent cessation of suckling triggers the cell death and tissue remodeling that enables female mammals to nurse successive progeny. Chemical and mechanical signals both play a role in this process. However, despite this duality of input, much remains unknown about the nature and function of mechanical forces in this organ. Here, we characterize the force landscape in the functionally mature gland and the capacity of luminal and basal cells to experience and exert force. We explore molecular instruments for force-sensing, in particular channel-mediated mechanotransduction, revealing increased expression of Piezo1 in mammary tissue in lactation and confirming functional expression in luminal cells. We also reveal, however, that lactation and involution proceed normally in mice with luminal-specific Piezo1 deletion. These findings support a multifaceted system of chemical and mechanical sensing in the mammary gland, and a protective redundancy that ensures continued lactational competence and offspring survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneale A Stewart
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Alexander J Stevenson
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Natascia Marino
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
| | - Adler L Ju
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Michael Morehead
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA
| | - Felicity M Davis
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
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11
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Integrin-mediated adhesion and mechanosensing in the mammary gland. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:113-125. [PMID: 33187835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is dynamically remodelled during its postnatal development and the reproductive cycles. This inherent plasticity has been suggested to increase the susceptibility of the organ to carcinogenesis. Morphological changes in the mammary epithelium involve cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration which, in turn, are affected by cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrin adhesion receptors function in the sensing of the biochemical composition, patterning and mechanical properties of the ECM surrounding the cells, and strongly influence cell fate. This review aims to summarize the existing literature on how different aspects of integrin-mediated adhesion and mechanosensing, including ECM composition; stiffness and topography; integrin expression patterns; focal adhesion assembly; dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton; and nuclear mechanotransduction affect mammary gland development, function and homeostasis. As the mechanical properties of a complex tissue environment are challenging to replicate in vitro, emphasis has been placed on studies conducted in vivo or using organoid models. Outright, these studies indicate that mechanosensing also contributes to the regulation of mammary gland morphogenesis in multiple ways.
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12
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Multiscale imaging of basal cell dynamics in the functionally mature mammary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26822-26832. [PMID: 33033227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016905117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary epithelium is indispensable for the continued survival of more than 5,000 mammalian species. For some, the volume of milk ejected in a single day exceeds their entire blood volume. Here, we unveil the spatiotemporal properties of physiological signals that orchestrate the ejection of milk from alveolar units and its passage along the mammary ductal network. Using quantitative, multidimensional imaging of mammary cell ensembles from GCaMP6 transgenic mice, we reveal how stimulus evoked Ca2+ oscillations couple to contractions in basal epithelial cells. Moreover, we show that Ca2+-dependent contractions generate the requisite force to physically deform the innermost layer of luminal cells, compelling them to discharge the fluid that they produced and housed. Through the collective action of thousands of these biological positive-displacement pumps, each linked to a contractile ductal network, milk begins its passage toward the dependent neonate, seconds after the command.
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13
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Kamikawa A, Seko J. Physiological and pharmacological evaluation of oxytocin-induced milk ejection in mice. Exp Anim 2020; 69:345-353. [PMID: 32213759 PMCID: PMC7445052 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin, a posterior pituitary hormone, causes the contraction of the mammary myoepithelial cells that surround the acini. This ejects milk from the acini into the primary mammary ducts. The milk ejection responses by oxytocin have not yet been exactly evaluated in mice. Thus, we present a novel method for quantitatively evaluating oxytocin-induced milk ejection in anesthetized lactating mice. We cannulated the mammary duct, administered oxytocin intraperitoneally or intravenously, and collected and measured the ejected milk. Intraperitoneal oxytocin administration (150 mU) induced continuous but oscillatory milk ejection. Repeated intravenous administration of 1.5 mU of oxytocin elicited repeated transient milk ejection. The volume of the ejected milk as a proportion of the stored volume just before each ejection (rather than ejection volume itself) was an expedient and reliable parameter representing the potency of ejection. The oxytocin sensitivity of mice at day 18 of lactation was determined from a sigmoidal dose-response curve as ED50 ≈ 2.69 mU. Based on this dose-response relationship, the specific activity of the oxytocin receptor agonists (Thr4, Gly7)-oxytocin and WAY 267464 were estimated as 976 and 6.87 U/mg, respectively. The assay presented here could be useful for physiological and pharmacological investigations of oxytocin-induced milk ejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kamikawa
- Section of Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Seko
- Section of Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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14
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Sumbal J, Chiche A, Charifou E, Koledova Z, Li H. Primary Mammary Organoid Model of Lactation and Involution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:68. [PMID: 32266252 PMCID: PMC7098375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development occurs mainly after birth and is composed of three successive stages: puberty, pregnancy and lactation, and involution. These developmental stages are associated with major tissue remodeling, including extensive changes in mammary epithelium, as well as surrounding stroma. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoid culture has become an important tool in mammary gland biology and enabled invaluable discoveries on pubertal mammary branching morphogenesis and breast cancer. However, a suitable 3D organoid model recapitulating key aspects of lactation and involution has been missing. Here, we describe a robust and straightforward mouse mammary organoid system modeling lactation and involution-like process, which can be applied to study mechanisms of physiological mammary gland lactation and involution as well as pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Aurelie Chiche
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Charifou
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Han Li
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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15
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Romagnoli M, Bresson L, Di-Cicco A, Pérez-Lanzón M, Legoix P, Baulande S, de la Grange P, De Arcangelis A, Georges-Labouesse E, Sonnenberg A, Deugnier MA, Glukhova MA, Faraldo MM. Laminin-binding integrins are essential for the maintenance of functional mammary secretory epithelium in lactation. Development 2020; 147:dev.181552. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.181552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrin dimers α3/β1, α6/β1 and α6/β4 are the mammary epithelial cell receptors for laminins, which are major components of the mammary basement membrane. The roles of specific basement membrane components and their integrin receptors in the regulation of functional gland development have not been analyzed in detail. To investigate the functions of laminin-binding integrins, we obtained mutant mice with mammary luminal cell-specific deficiencies of the α3 and α6 integrin chains generated by the Cre-Lox approach. During pregnancy, mutant mice displayed decreased luminal progenitor activity and retarded lobulo-alveolar development. Mammary glands appeared functional at the onset of lactation in mutant mice, however myoepithelial cell morphology was markedly altered, suggesting cellular compensation mechanisms involving cytoskeleton reorganization. Notably, lactation was not sustained in mutant females, and the glands underwent precocious involution. Inactivation of the p53 gene rescued the growth defects but did not restore lactogenesis in mutant mice. These results suggest that the p53 pathway is involved in the control of mammary cell proliferation and survival downstream of laminin-binding integrins and underline an essential role of cell interactions with laminin for lactogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Romagnoli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Bresson
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Amandine Di-Cicco
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - María Pérez-Lanzón
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Legoix
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104/INSERM U964/ULP, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Elisabeth Georges-Labouesse
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104/INSERM U964/ULP, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
- Inserm, Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marina A. Glukhova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
- Inserm, Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marisa M. Faraldo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
- Inserm, Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
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16
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Gyurján I, Rosskopf S, Coronell JAL, Muhr D, Singer C, Weinhäusel A. IgG based immunome analyses of breast cancer patients reveal underlying signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3491-3505. [PMID: 31191821 PMCID: PMC6544406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent and one of the most fatal malignancies among women. Within the concept of personalized medicine, molecular characterization of tumors is usually performed by analyzing somatic mutations, RNA gene expression signatures or the proteome by mass-spectrometry. Alternatively, the immunological fingerprint of the patients can be analyzed by protein microarrays, which is able to provide another layer of molecular pathological information without invasive intervention. Results: We have investigated the immune signature of breast cancer patients and compared them with healthy controls, using protein microarray-based IgG profiling. The identified differentially reactive antigens (n=517) were further evaluated by means of various pathway analysis tools. Our results indicate that the immune signature of breast cancer patients shows a clear distinction from healthy individuals characterized by differentially reactive antigens involved in known disease relevant signaling pathways, such as VEGF, AKT/PI3K/mTOR or c-KIT, which is in close agreement with the findings from RNA-based expression profiles. Conclusion: Differential antigenic properties between breast cancer patients and healthy individual classes can be defined by serum-IgG profiling on protein microarrays. These immunome profiles provide an additional layer of molecular pathological information, which has the potential to refine and complete the systems biological map of neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Gyurján
- Austrian Institute of Technology AIT, Center for Health & Environment, Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Rosskopf
- Austrian Institute of Technology AIT, Center for Health & Environment, Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johana A Luna Coronell
- Austrian Institute of Technology AIT, Center for Health & Environment, Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Muhr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Singer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Weinhäusel
- Austrian Institute of Technology AIT, Center for Health & Environment, Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Romagnoli M, Cagnet S, Chiche A, Bresson L, Baulande S, de la Grange P, De Arcangelis A, Kreft M, Georges-Labouesse E, Sonnenberg A, Deugnier MA, Raymond K, Glukhova MA, Faraldo MM. Deciphering the Mammary Stem Cell Niche: A Role for Laminin-Binding Integrins. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:831-844. [PMID: 30905738 PMCID: PMC6450809 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins, which bind laminin, a major component of the mammary basement membrane, are strongly expressed in basal stem cell-enriched populations, but their role in controlling mammary stem cell function remains unclear. We found that stem cell activity, as evaluated in transplantation and mammosphere assays, was reduced in mammary basal cells depleted of laminin receptors containing α3- and α6-integrin subunits. This was accompanied by low MDM2 levels, p53 stabilization, and diminished proliferative capacity. Importantly, disruption of p53 function restored the clonogenicity of α3/α6-integrin-depleted mammary basal stem cells, while inhibition of RHO or myosin II, leading to decreased p53 activity, rescued the mammosphere formation. These data suggest that α3/α6-integrin-mediated adhesion plays an essential role in controlling the proliferative potential of mammary basal stem/progenitor cells through myosin II-mediated regulation of p53 and indicate that laminins might be important components of the mammary stem cell niche. α3- and α6-integrins are required for mammary basal stem cell function p53 is activated in mammary basal cells depleted of α3- and α6-integrins RHO and myosin II mediate p53 activation in α3- and α6-integrin-depleted cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Romagnoli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Cagnet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Chiche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Bresson
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Georges-Labouesse
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karine Raymond
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marina A Glukhova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France.
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18
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Connexin 43 Loss Triggers Cell Cycle Entry and Invasion in Non-Neoplastic Breast Epithelium: A Role for Noncanonical Wnt Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030339. [PMID: 30857262 PMCID: PMC6468895 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) is disrupted in breast cancer, and re-expression of this protein in human breast cancer cell lines leads to decreased proliferation and invasiveness, suggesting a tumor suppressive role. This study aims to investigate the role of Cx43 in proliferation and invasion starting from non-neoplastic breast epithelium. (2) Methods: Nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial HMT-3522 S1 cells and Cx43 shRNA-transfected counterparts were cultured under 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D conditions. (3) Results: Silencing Cx43 induced mislocalization of β-catenin and Scrib from apicolateral membrane domains in glandular structures or acini formed in 3-D culture, suggesting the loss of apical polarity. Cell cycle entry and proliferation were enhanced, concomitantly with c-Myc and cyclin D1 upregulation, while no detectable activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was observed. Motility and invasion were also triggered and were associated with altered acinar morphology and activation of ERK1/2 and Rho GTPase signaling, which acts downstream of the noncanonical Wnt pathway. The invasion of Cx43-shRNA S1 cells was observed only under permissive stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM). (4) Conclusion: Our results suggest that Cx43 controls proliferation and invasion in the normal mammary epithelium in part by regulating noncanonical Wnt signaling.
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19
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Fostok SF, El-Sibai M, El-Sabban M, Talhouk RS. Gap Junctions and Wnt Signaling in the Mammary Gland: a Cross-Talk? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:17-38. [PMID: 30194659 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs), the building blocks of gap junctions (GJs), exhibit spatiotemporal patterns of expression and regulate the development and differentiation of the mammary gland, acting via channel-dependent and channel-independent mechanisms. Impaired Cx expression and localization are reported in breast cancer, suggesting a tumor suppressive role for Cxs. The signaling events that mediate the role of GJs in the development and tumorigenesis of the mammary gland remain poorly identified. The Wnt pathways, encompassing the canonical or the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the noncanonical β-catenin-independent pathway, also play important roles in those processes. Indeed, aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with breast cancer. Despite the coincident roles of Cxs and Wnt pathways, the cross-talk in the breast tissue is poorly defined, although this is reported in a number of other tissues. Our previous studies revealed a channel-independent role for Cx43 in inducing differentiation or suppressing tumorigenesis of mammary epithelial cells by acting as a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we provide a brief overview of mammary gland development, with emphasis on the role of Cxs in development and tumorigenesis of this tissue. We also discuss the role of Wnt signaling in similar contexts, and review the literature illustrating interplay between Cxs and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreen F Fostok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih S Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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20
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Stretch-induced actomyosin contraction in epithelial tubes: Mechanotransduction pathways for tubular homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:146-152. [PMID: 28610943 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many tissues in our body have a tubular shape and are constantly exposed to various stresses. Luminal pressure imposes tension on the epithelial and myoepithelial or smooth muscle cells surrounding the lumen of the tubes. Contractile forces generated by actomyosin assemblies within these cells oppose the luminal pressure and must be calibrated to maintain tube diameter homeostasis and tissue integrity. In this review, we discuss mechanotransduction pathways that can lead from sensation of cell stretch to activation of actomyosin contractility, providing rapid mechanochemical feedback for proper tubular tissue function.
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21
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Cagnet S, Glukhova MA, Raymond K. Contractility Assay for Established Myoepithelial Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1501:189-198. [PMID: 27796953 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6475-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of mammary myoepithelial cells to contract in response to suckling stimuli is essential for lactation. We describe here a protocol for studying the contractile activity of myoepithelial cells in vitro. This protocol includes the establishment of stable myoepithelial cell lines from mouse mammary glands and quantitative evaluation of the contraction and subsequent relaxation of cultured myoepithelial cells in response to oxytocin. It can be used for analyses of mouse mutants with gene deletions or overexpression altering myoepithelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Cagnet
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, 75248, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75248, France
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV2.832 Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marina A Glukhova
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, 75248, France.
- CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75248, France.
| | - Karine Raymond
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, 75248, France.
- CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75248, France.
- Saint Antoine Research Center, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM U938, Paris, France.
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22
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Lloyd-Lewis B, Davis FM, Harris OB, Hitchcock JR, Lourenco FC, Pasche M, Watson CJ. Imaging the mammary gland and mammary tumours in 3D: optical tissue clearing and immunofluorescence methods. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:127. [PMID: 27964754 PMCID: PMC5155399 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-resolution 3D imaging of intact tissue facilitates cellular and subcellular analyses of complex structures within their native environment. However, difficulties associated with immunolabelling and imaging fluorescent proteins deep within whole organs have restricted their applications to thin sections or processed tissue preparations, precluding comprehensive and rapid 3D visualisation. Several tissue clearing methods have been established to circumvent issues associated with depth of imaging in opaque specimens. The application of these techniques to study the elaborate architecture of the mouse mammary gland has yet to be investigated. Methods Multiple tissue clearing methods were applied to intact virgin and lactating mammary glands, namely 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs, see deep brain (seeDB), clear unobstructed brain imaging cocktails (CUBIC) and passive clarity technique. Using confocal, two-photon and light sheet microscopy, their compatibility with whole-mount immunofluorescent labelling and 3D imaging of mammary tissue was examined. In addition, their suitability for the analysis of mouse mammary tumours was also assessed. Results Varying degrees of optical transparency, tissue preservation and fluorescent signal conservation were observed between the different clearing methods. SeeDB and CUBIC protocols were considered superior for volumetric fluorescence imaging and whole-mount histochemical staining, respectively. Techniques were compatible with 3D imaging on a variety of platforms, enabling visualisation of mammary ductal and lobulo-alveolar structures at vastly improved depths in cleared tissue. Conclusions The utility of whole-organ tissue clearing protocols was assessed in the mouse mammary gland. Most methods utilised affordable and widely available reagents, and were compatible with standard confocal microscopy. These techniques enable high-resolution, 3D imaging and phenotyping of mammary cells and tumours in situ, and will significantly enhance our understanding of both normal and pathological mammary gland development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0754-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Lloyd-Lewis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Felicity M Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK. .,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Olivia B Harris
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | | | - Filipe C Lourenco
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mathias Pasche
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK. .,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
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23
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Varzavand A, Hacker W, Ma D, Gibson-Corley K, Hawayek M, Tayh OJ, Brown JA, Henry MD, Stipp CS. α3β1 Integrin Suppresses Prostate Cancer Metastasis via Regulation of the Hippo Pathway. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6577-6587. [PMID: 27680681 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Existing anticancer strategies focused on disrupting integrin functions in tumor cells or tumor-involved endothelial cells have met limited success. An alternative strategy is to augment integrin-mediated pathways that suppress tumor progression, but how integrins can signal to restrain malignant behavior remains unclear. To address this issue, we generated an in vivo model of prostate cancer metastasis via depletion of α3β1 integrin, a correlation observed in a significant proportion of prostate cancers. Our data describe a mechanism whereby α3β1 signals through Abl family kinases to restrain Rho GTPase activity, support Hippo pathway suppressor functions, and restrain prostate cancer migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. This α3β1-Abl kinase-Hippo suppressor pathway identified α3 integrin-deficient prostate cancers as potential candidates for Hippo-targeted therapies currently under development, suggesting new strategies for targeting metastatic prostate cancer based on integrin expression. Our data also revealed paradoxical tumor suppressor functions for Abl kinases in prostate cancer that may help to explain the failure of Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib in prostate cancer clinical trials. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6577-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Varzavand
- Department of Biology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Will Hacker
- Department of Biochemistry, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Deqin Ma
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Katherine Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Maria Hawayek
- Department of Biology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Omar J Tayh
- Department of Biology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James A Brown
- Department of Urology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christopher S Stipp
- Department of Biology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Ultrastructural histometric evidence for expansion of the sustentacular cell envelope in response to hypersecretion of adrenal chromaffin cells in mice. Anat Sci Int 2016; 93:75-81. [PMID: 27631095 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In our previous immuno-light microscopic study with an antibody for fatty acid binding protein of type 7 or brain type (FABP-7, B-FABP), the adrenomedullary sustentacular cells were revealed to have secondary processes that present faint immunostaining and an ill-defined sheet-like appearance, in addition to the well-recognized primary processes that present distinct immunostaining and a fibrous appearance. The secondary processes were regarded as corresponding to known ultrastructural profiles of sustentacular cells with a thickness of less than 0.2 µm (the resolution limit of light microscopy), and the processes were considered to be largely responsible for enveloping chromaffin cells. Due to those findings, the present immuno-electron microscopic study was performed to determine whether the secondary processes change the extent of their envelope for chromaffin cells under the intense secretion induced by water immersion-restraint stress. To achieve this, we focused on immunopositive ultrastructural profiles with a thickness of less than 0.2 µm. The measured lengths of the immunopositive profiles in the specimens from stressed mice were found to be significantly larger than those in specimens from normal mice, indicating an increase in the extent of the envelope of the sheet-like processes for the chromaffin cells. Thus, confining our measurements to the secondary process profiles, not the entire cell profiles, proved to be a key factor in the detection-for the first time-of the change in size of the sustentacular cell envelope upon changes in the secretory activity of enveloped chromaffin cells. The possible functional significance of this change in size is discussed here.
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P21-Activated Kinase Inhibitors FRAX486 and IPA3: Inhibition of Prostate Stromal Cell Growth and Effects on Smooth Muscle Contraction in the Human Prostate. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153312. [PMID: 27071060 PMCID: PMC4829229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate smooth muscle tone and hyperplastic growth are involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Available drugs are characterized by limited efficacy. Patients' adherence is particularly low to combination therapies of 5α-reductase inhibitors and α1-adrenoceptor antagonists, which are supposed to target contraction and growth simultaneously. Consequently, molecular etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and new compounds interfering with smooth muscle contraction or growth in the prostate are of high interest. Here, we studied effects of p21-activated kinase (PAK) inhibitors (FRAX486, IPA3) in hyperplastic human prostate tissues, and in stromal cells (WPMY-1). In hyperplastic prostate tissues, PAK1, -2, -4, and -6 may be constitutively expressed in catecholaminergic neurons, while PAK1 was detected in smooth muscle and WPMY-1 cells. Neurogenic contractions of prostate strips by electric field stimulation were significantly inhibited by high concentrations of FRAX486 (30 μM) or IPA3 (300 μM), while noradrenaline- and phenylephrine-induced contractions were not affected. FRAX486 (30 μM) inhibited endothelin-1- and -2-induced contractions. In WPMY-1 cells, FRAX486 or IPA3 (24 h) induced concentration-dependent (1-10 μM) degeneration of actin filaments. This was paralleled by attenuation of proliferation rate, being observed from 1 to 10 μM FRAX486 or IPA3. Cytotoxicity of FRAX486 and IPA3 in WPMY-1 cells was time- and concentration-dependent. Stimulation of WPMY-1 cells with endothelin-1 or dihydrotestosterone, but not noradrenaline induced PAK phosphorylation, indicating PAK activation by endothelin-1. Thus, PAK inhibitors may inhibit neurogenic and endothelin-induced smooth muscle contractions in the hyperplastic human prostate, and growth of stromal cells. Targeting prostate smooth muscle contraction and stromal growth at once by a single compound is principally possible, at least under experimental conditions.
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Zuo Y, Oh W, Ulu A, Frost JA. Minireview: Mouse Models of Rho GTPase Function in Mammary Gland Development, Tumorigenesis, and Metastasis. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 30:278-89. [PMID: 26677753 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog (Rho) family small GTPases are critical regulators of actin cytoskeletal organization, cell motility, proliferation, and survival. Surprisingly, the large majority of the studies underlying our knowledge of Rho protein function have been carried out in cultured cells, and it is only recently that researchers have begun to assess Rho GTPase regulation and function in vivo. The purpose of this review is to evaluate our current knowledge of Rho GTPase function in mouse mammary gland development, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Although our knowledge is still incomplete, these studies are already uncovering important themes as to the physiological roles of Rho GTPase signaling in normal mammary gland development and function. Essential contributions of Rho proteins to breast cancer initiation, tumor progression, and metastatic dissemination have also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zuo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wonkyung Oh
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jeffrey A Frost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
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Li J, Sun H, Feltri ML, Mercurio AM. Integrin β4 regulation of PTHrP underlies its contribution to mammary gland development. Dev Biol 2015; 407:313-20. [PMID: 26432258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The integrin α6β4 (referred to as β4) is expressed in epithelial cells where it functions as a laminin receptor. Although in vitro studies have implicated β4 in the biology of mammary epithelial cells, its contribution to mammary gland development has not been settled. To address this problem, we generated and analyzed itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(-) and itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(+) mice. The salient features of embryonic mammary tissue from itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(+) mice were significantly smaller mammary buds and increased apoptosis in the surrounding mesenchyme. Also, compared to control glands, the itgb4-deleted mammary buds lacked expression of the progenitor cell marker CK14 and they were unable to generate mammary glands upon transplantation into cleared fat pads of recipient mice. Analysis of mammary glands at puberty and during pregnancy revealed that itgb4-diminished mammary tissue was unable to elongate and undergo branching morphogenesis. Micro-dissection of epithelial cells in the mammary bud and of the surrounding mesenchyme revealed that loss of β4 resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in epithelial cells and of target genes of the PTHrP receptor in mesenchymal cells. Given that the phenotype of the itgb4-deleted mammary tissue mimicked that of the PTHrP knockout, we hypothesized that β4 contributes to mammary gland development by sustaining PTHrP expression and enabling PTHrP signaling. Indeed, the inability of itgb4-deleted mammary buds to elongate was rescued by exogenous PTHrP. These data implicate a critical role for the β4 integrin in mammary gland development and provide a mechanism for this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Huayan Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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Fernando F, Keijser R, Henneman P, van der Kevie-Kersemaekers AMF, Mannens MM, van der Post JA, Afink GB, Ris-Stalpers C. The idiopathic preterm delivery methylation profile in umbilical cord blood DNA. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:736. [PMID: 26419829 PMCID: PMC4588235 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm delivery is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Two-thirds of preterm deliveries are idiopathic. The initiating molecular mechanisms behind spontaneous preterm delivery are unclear. Umbilical cord blood DNA samples are an easy source of material to study the neonatal state at birth. DNA methylation changes can be exploited as markers to identify spontaneous preterm delivery. To identify methylation differences specific to idiopathic preterm delivery, we assessed genome-wide DNA methylation changes in 24 umbilical cord blood samples (UCB) using the 450 K Illumina methylation array. After quality control, conclusions were based on 11 term and 11 idiopathic preterm born neonates. The differentially methylated positions (DMPs) specific for preterm/term delivery, neonatal sex, use of oxytocin and mode of initiation of labor were calculated by controlling the FDR p value at 0.05. RESULTS The analysis identifies 1855 statistically significant DMPs between preterm and term deliveries of which 508 DMPs are also attributable to clinical variables other than preterm versus term delivery. 1347 DMPs are unique to term vs preterm delivery, of which 196 DMPs do not relate to gestational age as such. Pathway analysis indicated enrichment of genes involved in calcium signalling, myometrial contraction and relaxation pathways. The 1151 DMPs that correlate with advancing gestational age (p < 0.05) include 161 DMPs that match with two previously reported studies on UCB methylation. Additionally, 123 neonatal sex specific DMPs, 97 DMPs specific to the induction of labour and 42 DMPs specific to the mode of initiation of labor were also identified. CONCLUSION This study identifies 196 DMPs in UCB DNA of neonates which do not relate to gestational age or any other clinical variable recorded and are specific to idiopathic preterm delivery. Furthermore, 161 DMPs from our study overlap with previously reported studies of which a subset is also reported to be differentially methylated at 18 years of age. A DMP on MYL4, encoding myosin light chain 4, is a robust candidate for the identification of idiopathic preterm labour as it is identified by all 3 independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febilla Fernando
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Remco Keijser
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Marcel Mam Mannens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris Am van der Post
- Women's and Children's Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijs B Afink
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Carrie Ris-Stalpers
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Women's and Children's Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zevian SC, Johnson JL, Winterwood NE, Walters KS, Herndon ME, Henry MD, Stipp CS. CD151 promotes α3β1 integrin-dependent organization of carcinoma cell junctions and restrains collective cell invasion. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1626-40. [PMID: 26418968 PMCID: PMC4846106 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1095396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins function in collective migration both as major receptors for extracellular matrix and by crosstalk to adherens junctions. Despite extensive research, important questions remain about how integrin signaling mechanisms are integrated into collective migration programs. Tetraspanins form cell surface complexes with a subset of integrins and thus are good candidates for regulating the balance of integrin functional inputs into cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. For example, tetraspanin CD151 directly associates with α3β1 integrin in carcinoma cells and promotes rapid α3β1-dependent single cell motility, but CD151 also promotes organized adherens junctions and restrains collective carcinoma cell migration on 2D substrates. However, the individual roles of CD151s integrin partners in CD151s pro-junction activity in carcinoma cells were not well understood. Here we find that CD151 promotes organized carcinoma cell junctions via α3β1 integrin, by a mechanism that requires the a3b1 ligand, laminin-332. Loss of CD151 promotes collective 3D invasion and growth in vitro and in vivo, and the enhanced invasion of CD151-silenced cells is α3 integrin dependent, suggesting that CD151 can regulate the balance between α3β1s pro-junction and pro-migratory activities in collective invasion. An analysis of human cancer cases revealed that changes in CD151 expression can be linked to either better or worse clinical outcomes depending on context, including potentially divergent roles for CD151 in different subsets of breast cancer cases. Thus, the role of the CD151-α3β1 complex in carcinoma progression is context dependent, and may depend on the mode of tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mary E Herndon
- Department of Biology; University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics; University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Christopher S Stipp
- Department of Biology; University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics; University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
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30
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Yan Q, Tang S, Tan Z, Han X, Zhou C, Kang J, Wang M. Proteomic Analysis of Isolated Plasma Membrane Fractions from the Mammary Gland in Lactating Cows. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7388-7398. [PMID: 26237224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland of dairy cows is a formidable lipid-synthesizing machine for lactation. This unique function depends on the activities of plasma membrane (PM) proteins in mammary cells. Little information is known about the expression profiles of PM proteins and their functions during the lactating process. This study investigated the proteome map of PM fractions of mammary gland in lactating cows using 1D-Gel-LC-MS/MS and identified 872 nonredundant proteins with 141 unknown proteins, wherein 215 were PM-associated proteins. Most of the PM-associated proteins were binding, transport, and catalytic proteins such as annexin proteins, heat shock proteins, integrins, RAS oncogene family members, and S100 calcium binding proteins. The PM-associated pathways such as caveolae-mediated endocytosis, leukocyte extravasation, aldosterone signaling in epithelial cells, and remodeling of epithelial adherens junctions were also significantly over-represented. Proteomic analysis revealed the characteristics and predicted functions of PM proteins isolated from the lactating bovine mammary gland. These results further provide experimental evidence for the presence of many proteins predicted in the annotated bovine genome. The data generated here also provide a reference for the PM-related functional research in the mammary gland of lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongxian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhe Kang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125, People's Republic of China
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Nisticò P, Di Modugno F, Spada S, Bissell MJ. β1 and β4 integrins: from breast development to clinical practice. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 16:459. [PMID: 25606594 PMCID: PMC4384274 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a highly dynamic and complex dialogue between the epithelium and the surrounding microenvironment, the mammary gland develops into a branching structure during puberty, buds during pregnancy, forms intricate polar acini during lactation and, once the babies are weaned, remodels and involutes. At every stage of menstrual and pregnancy cycles, interactions between the cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) and homotypic and heterotypic cell–cell interactions give rise to the architecture and function of the gland at that junction. These orchestrated programs would not be possible without the important role of the ECM receptors, integrins being the prime examples. The ECM–integrin axis regulates many crucial cellular functions including survival, migration and quiescence; the imbalance in any of these processes could contribute to oncogenesis. In this review we spotlight the involvement of two prominent integrin subunits, β1 and β4 integrins, in cross-talk with tyrosine kinase receptors, and we discuss the roles of these integrin subunits in the biology of normal breast differentiation and as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nisticò
- Laboratory of Immunology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy.
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Yin Y, Deng X, Liu Z, Baldwin LA, Lefringhouse J, Zhang J, Hoff JT, Erfani SF, Rucker EB, O'Connor K, Liu C, Wu Y, Zhou BP, Yang XH. CD151 represses mammary gland development by maintaining the niches of progenitor cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2707-22. [PMID: 25486358 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.945823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD151 interacts with laminin-binding integrins (i.e., α3β1, α6β1 and α6β4) and other cell surface molecules to control diverse cellular and physiological processes, ranging from cell adhesion, migration and survival to tissue architecture and homeostasis. Here, we report a novel role of CD151 in maintaining the branching morphogenesis and activity of progenitor cells during the pubertal development of mammary glands. In contrast to the disruption of laminin-binding integrins, CD151 removal in mice enhanced the tertiary branching in mammary glands by 2.4-fold and the number of terminal end buds (TEBs) by 30%, while having minimal influence on either primary or secondary ductal branching. Consistent with these morphological changes are the skewed distribution of basal/myoepithelial cells and a 3.2-fold increase in proliferating Ki67-positive cells. These novel observations suggest that CD151 impacts the branching morphogenesis of mammary glands by upregulating the activities of bipotent progenitor cells. Indeed, our subsequent analyses indicate that upon CD151 removal the proportion of CD24(Hi)CD49f(Low) progenitor cells in the mammary gland increased by 34%, and their proliferating and differentiating activities were significantly upregulated. Importantly, fibronectin, a pro-branching extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposited underlying mammary epithelial or progenitor cells, increased by >7.2-fold. Moreover, there was a concomitant increase in the expression and nuclear distribution of Slug, a transcription factor implicated in the maintenance of mammary progenitor cell activities. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that integrin-associated CD151 represses mammary branching morphogenesis by controlling progenitor cell activities, ECM integrity and transcription program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqin Yin
- a Cancer Institute; First Affiliated Hospital ; China Medical University ; Shenyang , China
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Abstract
The nourishment of neonates by nursing is the defining characteristic of mammals. However, despite considerable research into the neural control of lactation, an understanding of the signaling mechanisms underlying the production and expulsion of milk by mammary epithelial cells during lactation remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that a store-operated Ca(2+) channel subunit, Orai1, is required for both optimal Ca(2+) transport into milk and for milk ejection. Using a novel, 3D imaging strategy, we visualized live oxytocin-induced alveolar unit contractions in the mammary gland, and we demonstrated that in this model milk is ejected by way of pulsatile contractions of these alveolar units. In mammary glands of Orai1 knockout mice, these contractions are infrequent and poorly coordinated. We reveal that oxytocin also induces a large transient release of stored Ca(2+) in mammary myoepithelial cells followed by slow, irregular Ca(2+) oscillations. These oscillations, and not the initial Ca(2+) transient, are mediated exclusively by Orai1 and are absolutely required for milk ejection and pup survival, an observation that redefines the signaling processes responsible for milk ejection. These findings clearly demonstrate that Ca(2+) is not just a substrate for nutritional enrichment in mammals but is also a master regulator of the spatiotemporal signaling events underpinning mammary alveolar unit contraction. Orai1-dependent Ca(2+) oscillations may represent a conserved language in myoepithelial cells of other secretory epithelia, such as sweat glands, potentially shedding light on other Orai1 channelopathies, including anhidrosis (an inability to sweat).
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Kakinoki S, Seo JH, Inoue Y, Ishihara K, Yui N, Yamaoka T. Mobility of the Arg-Gly-Asp ligand on the outermost surface of biomaterials suppresses integrin-mediated mechanotransduction and subsequent cell functions. Acta Biomater 2015; 13:42-51. [PMID: 25463493 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction in the regulation of cellular responses has been previously studied using elastic hydrogels. Because cells interact only with the surface of biomaterials, we are focusing on the molecular mobility at the outermost surface of biomaterials. In this study, surfaces with the mobile Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) peptide have been constructed. Cell culture substrates were coated with ABA-type block copolymers composed of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) segments (A) and a polyrotaxane (PRX) unit with RGDS bound to α-cyclodextrin (B). Adhesion, morphological changes and actin filament formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were reduced on the surfaces containing mobile PRX-RGDS in comparison to the immobile RGDS surfaces constructed from random copolymers with RGDS side groups (Prop-andom-RGDS). In the neurite outgrowth assay using rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), only ∼20% of adherent PC12 cells had neurites on PRX-RGDS surfaces, but more than 50% did on the Random-RGDS surface. The beating colony of dimethyl-sulfoxide-treated mouse embryonic carcinoma cells (P19CL6) were found 10 and 14 days after induction on PRX-RGDS and Random-RGDS surfaces, respectively. After 22 days, the beating colony disappeared on PRX-RGDS surfaces, but many colonies remained on Random-RGDS surfaces. These data suggest that the molecular mobility of the cell-binding ligand on the outermost surface of materials effectively suppresses the actin filament formation and differentiation of these functional cell lines, and may be used as a culture substrate for immature stem cells or progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiro Kakinoki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan; JST-CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Ji-Hun Seo
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; JST-CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yuuki Inoue
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; JST-CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; JST-CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yui
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; JST-CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamaoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan; JST-CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.
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Mroue R, Inman J, Mott J, Budunova I, Bissell MJ. Asymmetric expression of connexins between luminal epithelial- and myoepithelial- cells is essential for contractile function of the mammary gland. Dev Biol 2014; 399:15-26. [PMID: 25500615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is essential for glandular functions and tissue homeostasis. Gap junctions couple cells homotypically and heterotypically and co-ordinate reciprocal responses between the different cell types. Connexins (Cxs) are the main mammalian gap junction proteins, and the distribution of some Cx subtypes in the heterotypic gap junctions is not symmetrical; in the murine mammary gland, Cx26, Cx30 and Cx32 are expressed only in the luminal epithelial cells and Cx43 is expressed only in myoepithelial cells. Expression of all four Cxs peaks during late pregnancy and throughout lactation suggesting essential roles for these proteins in the functional secretory activity of the gland. Transgenic (Tg) mice over-expressing Cx26 driven by keratin 5 promoter had an unexpected mammary phenotype: the mothers were unable to feed their pups to weaning age leading to litter starvation and demise in early to mid-lactation. The mammary gland of K5-Cx26 female mice developed normally and produced normal levels of milk protein, suggesting a defect in delivery rather than milk production. Because the mammary gland of K5-Cx26 mothers contained excessive milk, we hypothesized that the defect may be in an inability to eject the milk. Using ex vivo three-dimensional mammary organoid cultures, we showed that tissues isolated from wild-type FVB females contracted upon treatment with oxytocin, whereas, organoids from Tg mice failed to do so. Unexpectedly, we found that ectopic expression of Cx26 in myoepithelial cells altered the expression of endogenous Cx43 resulting in impaired gap junction communication, demonstrated by defective dye coupling in mammary epithelial cells of Tg mice. Inhibition of gap junction communication or knock-down of Cx43 in organoids from wild-type mice impaired contraction in response to oxytocin, recapitulating the observations from the mammary glands of Tg mice. We conclude that Cx26 acts as a trans-dominant negative for Cx43 function in myoepithelial cells, highlighting the importance of cell type-specific expression of Cxs for optimal contractile function of the mammary myoepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Mroue
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, UCSF, 1450 3rd street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jamie Inman
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joni Mott
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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36
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Aggarwal A, Al-Rohil RN, Batra A, Feustel PJ, Jones DM, DiPersio CM. Expression of integrin α3β1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) are positively correlated in human breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:459. [PMID: 24950714 PMCID: PMC4069347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of integrin α3β1 is associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis in several cancers, including breast cancer. Moreover, preclinical studies have revealed important pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic functions for this integrin, including tumor growth, survival, invasion, and paracrine induction of angiogenesis. Our previously published work in a preclinical breast cancer model showed that integrin α3β1 promotes expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2/PTGS2), a known driver of breast cancer progression. However, the clinical significance of this regulation was unknown. The objective of the current study was to assess the clinical relevance of the relationship between integrin α3β1 and COX2 by testing for their correlated expression among various forms of human breast cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess co-expression of α3 and COX2 in specimens of human invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), either on a commercial tissue microarray (n = 59 samples) or obtained from Albany Medical Center archives (n = 68 samples). Immunostaining intensity for the integrin α3 subunit or COX2 was scored, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis was performed to assess their co-expression across and within different tumor subtypes or clinicopathologic criteria. RESULTS Although expression of integrin α3 or COX2 varied among clinical IDC samples, a statistically significant, positive correlation was detected between α3 and COX2 in both tissue microarrays (r(s) = 0.49, p < 0.001, n = 59) and archived samples (r(s) = 0.59, p < 0.0001, n = 68). In both sample sets, this correlation was independent of hormone receptor status, histological grade, or disease stage. CONCLUSIONS COX2 and α3 are correlated in IDC independently of hormone receptor status or other clinicopathologic features, supporting the hypothesis that integrin α3β1 is a determinant of COX2 expression in human breast cancer. These results support the clinical relevance of α3β1-dependent COX2 gene expression that we reported previously in breast cancer cells. The findings also suggest that COX2-positive breast carcinomas of various subtypes might be vulnerable to therapeutic strategies that target α3β1, and that α3 expression might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Aggarwal
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Mail Code 165, Room MS-420, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3479, USA
| | - Rami N Al-Rohil
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Anupam Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neurosciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David M Jones
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Mail Code 165, Room MS-420, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3479, USA
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Forster N, Saladi SV, van Bragt M, Sfondouris ME, Jones FE, Li Z, Ellisen LW. Basal cell signaling by p63 controls luminal progenitor function and lactation via NRG1. Dev Cell 2014; 28:147-60. [PMID: 24412575 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mammary epithelium is organized as a bilayer of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cells. During pregnancy, the luminal compartment expands for milk production, while basal cells are thought to provide structural and contractile support. Here, we reveal a pregnancy-specific role of basal epithelia as a central coordinator of lactogenesis. We demonstrate that genetic deletion of the transcription factor p63 (Trp63) gene exclusively within basal cells of the adult gland during pregnancy leads to dramatic defects in luminal cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in lactation failure. This phenotype is explained by direct transcriptional activation of the epidermal growth factor family ligand gene Nrg1 by p63 selectively in basal cells, which is required for luminal ERBB4/STAT5A activation and consequent luminal progenitor cell maturation. Thus, paracrine basal-to-luminal cell signaling, controlled by p63 via NRG1, orchestrates the entire lactation program. Collectively, these findings redefine the paradigm for cellular interactions specifying the functional maturation of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Forster
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maaike van Bragt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary E Sfondouris
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Frank E Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Rozycki M, Lodyga M, Lam J, Miranda MZ, Fátyol K, Speight P, Kapus A. The fate of the primary cilium during myofibroblast transition. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:643-57. [PMID: 24403605 PMCID: PMC3937090 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-07-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts, the culprit of organ fibrosis, can originate from mesenchymal and epithelial precursors through fibroblast-myofibroblast and epithelial-myofibroblast transition (EMyT). Because certain ciliopathies are associated with fibrogenesis, we sought to explore the fate and potential role of the primary cilium during myofibroblast formation. Here we show that myofibroblast transition from either precursor results in the loss of the primary cilium. During EMyT, initial cilium growth is followed by complete deciliation. Both EMyT and cilium loss require two-hit conditions: disassembly/absence of intercellular contacts and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ) exposure. Loss of E-cadherin-dependent junctions induces cilium elongation, whereas both stimuli are needed for deciliation. Accordingly, in a scratch-wounded epithelium, TGFβ provokes cilium loss exclusively along the wound edge. Increased contractility, a key myofibroblast feature, is necessary and sufficient for deciliation, since constitutively active RhoA, Rac1, or myosin triggers, and down-regulation of myosin or myocardin-related transcription factor prevents, this process. Sustained myosin phosphorylation and consequent deciliation are mediated by a Smad3-, Rac1-, and reactive oxygen species-dependent process. Transitioned myofibroblasts exhibit impaired responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor-AA and sonic hedgehog, two cilium-associated stimuli. Although the cilium is lost during EMyT, its initial presence contributes to the transition. Thus myofibroblasts represent a unique cilium-less entity with profoundly reprogrammed cilium-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rozycki
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
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Yang W, He M, Zhao J, Wang Z. Association of ITGA3 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility and clinicopathological characteristics of osteosarcoma. Med Oncol 2014; 31:826. [PMID: 24381140 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Integrin controls cell adhesion to extracellular matrix and plays an important role in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of cells. In order to explore the role of ITGA3 gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis and clinicopathological characteristics of osteosarcoma, we embarked on a study including a group of 118 patients and a group of 126 healthy controls. TaqMan PCR genotyping technology was used to detect the genotypes of ITGA3 gene SNPs (rs2230392, rs2285524 and rs16948627) in the peripheral blood. Then, associations of the SNP (rs2230392, rs2285524 and rs16948627) genotypes with the incidence risk and tumor characteristics of osteosarcoma were evaluated. A significant difference (P = 0.02) in the genotype frequency distribution of rs2230392 was observed between case and control groups. The analysis showed that patients carrying AA genotype had a higher risk of osteosarcoma (OR 2.34, 95 % CI 1.18-4.64) than those with GG genotype. Regarding rs2230392, men carrying AA genotype had a higher risk of osteosarcoma (OR 3.37, 95 % CI 1.25-9.11). Compared with those with GG genotype, patients carrying AA genotype had a twofold increased risk of osteosarcoma metastasis (OR 2.46, 95 % CI 1.09-5.57). Survival analysis showed that for rs2230392, survival time of osteosarcoma patients with three different genotypes was significantly different. Polymorphisms of ITGA3 gene rs2230392 may affect the incidence, metastasis and survival of osteosarcoma, which may clinically become a new target for predicting the risk of osteosarcoma, and have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yang
- Division of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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40
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Cagnet S, Faraldo MM, Kreft M, Sonnenberg A, Raymond K, Glukhova MA. Signaling events mediated by α3β1 integrin are essential for mammary tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2013; 33:4286-95. [PMID: 24077284 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive activation of β-catenin signaling in the mammary basal epithelial cell layer in transgenic K5ΔNβcat mice leads to basal-type tumor development. Integrins of the β1 family and integrin-mediated signaling events have an important role in breast tumor growth and progression. We show here that the deletion of α3β1 integrin, a major laminin receptor, from the basal layer of the mammary epithelium of K5ΔNβcat mice completely prevented the tumorigenesis induced by β-catenin signaling. Moreover, the depletion of α3β1 integrin from a spontaneously transformed mouse mammary basal epithelial cell line (MEC) prevented the cells from forming colonies in soft agar and greatly reduced tumor development in orthotopic grafts. Inhibition of the integrin signaling intermediates Rac1 or PAK1 (P21-activated Kinase 1) in MEC affected tumor cell growth in soft agar, whereas the expression of activated forms of these effectors in α3-depleted cells rescued the capacity of these cells to grow in non-adherent conditions. Similarly, the tumorigenic potential of α3-depleted cells was restored by the expression of activated PAK1, as assessed by orthotopic transplantation assay. In three-dimensional Matrigel culture, MEC survival and proliferation were affected by the depletion of α3β1 integrin, which also significantly decreased the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Our data suggest that the activation of signaling cascades downstream from α3β1 and involving the Rac1/PAK1 pathway, MAPK and JNK, promotes prosurvival and proproliferative signals required for the malignant growth of basal mammary epithelial cells, providing further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cagnet
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France [2] Section de Recherche, UMR144 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - M M Faraldo
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France [2] Section de Recherche, UMR144 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - M Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Raymond
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France [2] Section de Recherche, UMR144 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - M A Glukhova
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France [2] Section de Recherche, UMR144 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Curie, Paris, France
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41
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Zhou B, Gibson-Corley KN, Herndon ME, Sun Y, Gustafson-Wagner E, Teoh-Fitzgerald M, Domann FE, Henry MD, Stipp CS. Integrin α3β1 can function to promote spontaneous metastasis and lung colonization of invasive breast carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:143-154. [PMID: 24002891 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Significant evidence implicates α3β1 integrin in promoting breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis-associated cell behaviors in vitro and in vivo. However, the extent to which α3β1 is actually required for breast cancer metastasis remains to be determined. We used RNA interference to silence α3 integrin expression by approximately 70% in 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells, a model of aggressive, metastatic breast cancer. Loss of α3 integrin reduced adhesion, spreading, and proliferation on laminin isoforms, and modestly reduced the growth of orthotopically implanted cells. However, spontaneous metastasis to lung was strikingly curtailed. Experimental lung colonization after tail vein injection revealed a similar loss of metastatic capacity for the α3-silenced (α3si) cells, suggesting that critical, α3-dependent events at the metastatic site could account for much of α3β1's contribution to metastasis in this model. Reexpressing α3 in the α3si cells reversed the loss of metastatic capacity, and silencing another target, the small GTPase RhoC, had no effect, supporting the specificity of the effect of silencing α3. Parental, α3si, and α3-rescued cells, all secreted abundant laminin α5 (LAMA5), an α3β1 integrin ligand, suggesting that loss of α3 integrin might disrupt an autocrine loop that could function to sustain metastatic growth. Analysis of human breast cancer cases revealed reduced survival in cases where α3 integrin and LAMA5 are both overexpressed. IMPLICATIONS α3 integrin or downstream effectors may be potential therapeutic targets in disseminated breast cancers, especially when laminin α5 or other α3 integrin ligands are also over-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | | | - Mary E Herndon
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | - Yihan Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | | | - Melissa Teoh-Fitzgerald
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | - Frederick E Domann
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA.,Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | - Christopher S Stipp
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
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42
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Histological analysis of mammary gland remodeling caused by lipopolysaccharide in lactating mice. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:495-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Glukhova MA, Streuli CH. How integrins control breast biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:633-41. [PMID: 23886475 PMCID: PMC3807876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article explores new ideas about how the ECM-integrin axis controls normal and malignant breast biology. We discuss the role of integrins in mammary stem cells, and how cell-matrix interactions regulate ductal and alveolar development and function. We also examine the contribution of integrins to tissue disorganisation and metastasis, and how an altered stromal and ECM tumour microenvironment affects the cancer cell niche both within primary tumours and at distant sites. Finally, we mention novel strategies for integrin-directed breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Glukhova
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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44
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Ying Z, do Carmo JM, Xiang L, da Silva AA, Chen M, Ryan MJ, Ostrowski M, Rajagopalan S, Hall JE. Inhibitor κB kinase 2 is a myosin light chain kinase in vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res 2013; 113:562-70. [PMID: 23817200 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation determines vascular contractile status. In addition to the classic Ca²⁺-dependent MLC kinase (MLCK), another unidentified kinase(s) also contributes to MLC phosphorylation in living cells. Inhibitor κB kinase 2 (IKK2)-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts demonstrate abnormal morphology and migration, suggesting that IKK2 may be involved in MLC phosphorylation. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we tested whether IKK2 is an MLCK in living cells and the role of IKK2 in mediating vasoconstriction and blood pressure regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, we showed that recombinant IKK2-phosphorylated MLC and intact myosin in vitro, and the kinetic parameters were comparable with those of the classic MLCK. Overexpression of IKK2 increased cellular MLC phosphorylation level, and pharmacological inhibition of IKK2 markedly decreased vascular smooth muscle cell MLC phosphorylation, suggesting that IKK2 is an MLCK in living cells. IKK2 inhibitors dose- and time-dependently attenuated vasoconstriction elicited by diverse agonists, suggesting the physiological importance of IKK2 as an MLCK. Vascular smooth muscle cell-specific IKK2-deficient mice had decreased aortic contractile responses, and reduced hypertensive responses to several vasoconstrictors, compared with wild-type mice, confirming the physiological importance of IKK2 as an MLCK. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a novel mechanism whereby IKK2 regulates MLC phosphorylation as an MLCK and, thus, vascular function and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhekang Ying
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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45
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El Sheikh Saad H, Toullec A, Vacher S, Pocard M, Bieche I, Perrot-Applanat M. In utero and lactational exposure to vinclozolin and genistein induces genomic changes in the rat mammary gland. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:245-63. [PMID: 23160963 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to low doses of environmental estrogens such as bisphenol A and genistein (G) alters mammary gland development. The effects of environmental anti-androgens, such as the fungicide vinclozolin (V), on mammary gland morphogenesis are unknown. We previously reported that perinatal exposure to G, V, and the GV combination causes histological changes in the mammary gland during the peripubertal period, suggesting alterations to the peripubertal hormone response. We now investigate whether perinatal exposure to these compounds alters the gene expression profiles of the developing glands to identify the dysregulated signaling pathways and the underlying mechanisms. G, V, or GV (1 mg/kg body weight per day) was added to diet of Wistar rats, from conception to weaning; female offspring mammary glands were collected at postnatal days (PNDs) 35 and 50. Genes displaying differential expression and belonging to different functional categories were validated by quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. At PND35, G had little effect; the slight changes noted were in genes related to morphogenesis. The changes following exposure to V concerned the functional categories associated with development (Cldn1, Krt17, and Sprr1a), carbohydrate metabolism, and steroidogenesis. The GV mixture upregulated genes (Krt17, Pvalb, and Tnni2) involved in muscle development, indicating effects on myoepithelial cells during mammary gland morphogenesis. Importantly, at PND50, cycling females exposed to GV showed an increase in the expression of genes (Csn2, Wap, and Elf5) related to differentiation, consistent with the previously reported abnormal lobuloalveolar development previously described. Thus, perinatal exposure to GV alters the mammary gland hormone response differently at PND35 (puberty) and in animals with established cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H El Sheikh Saad
- INSERM U965, UFR Médecine, Hôpital Lariboisière; Université Paris 7, 41 Bd de la chapelle, F-75475 Paris Cedex 10, France Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut Curie Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud F-92210, France
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46
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Raymond K, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Glukhova MA. Integrins in mammary development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:599-605. [PMID: 22430758 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are ubiquitously expressed major cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix. Integrin interaction with their extracellular ligands triggers activation of the intracellular signaling pathways that control cell shape, motility, proliferation, survival, cell-type-specific gene expression. In this review, we summarize recent studies analyzing contribution of integrins to the control of the mammary morphogenesis and differentiation, function and maintenance of mammary stem and progenitor cells and resume the data from mouse models revealing the contribution of the integrin-mediated signaling to mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Raymond
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France
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47
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Rizzo A, Mutinati M, Minoia G, Spedicato M, Pantaleo M, Sciorsci RL. The impact of oxytocin on the hemodynamic features of the milk vein in dairy cows: a Color Doppler investigation. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:983-8. [PMID: 22370294 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript investigates, by Color Doppler ultrasonography, the basal hemodynamic features of the left cranial epigastric vein (milk vein) of 210 Holstein-Friesian cows, throughout lactation. Blood velocity, diameter, blood flow of the milk vein (before and after milking) and milk production detected in cows administered oxytocin were compared with the same parameters found in untreated cows. Blood velocity tended to decrease throughout lactation as did milk production, whereas both diameters and blood flows tended to increase towards the end of the study. All the four parameters showed higher values in the treated cows than in the untreated ones. This study provides a detailed picture of the hemodynamic features of the milk vein of the dairy cows throughout lactation and suggest that oxytocin may exert a vasodilatory effect, in vivo, at least on the cranial epigastric vein of the dairy cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada p.le per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
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48
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Pozzi A, Zent R. Extracellular matrix receptors in branched organs. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:547-53. [PMID: 21561755 PMCID: PMC3181278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Organ branching morphogenesis is a complex process that requires many coordinated cell functions, including cell migration, proliferation, and polarization. This process is regulated at numerous levels, including spatial and temporal expression of transcription factors and their regulators; growth factors and their receptors; as well as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Integrins and dystroglycan are transmembrane receptors that control both the adhesion of cells to matrix components as well as transduction of signaling coming from and directed to the matrix. In this article we review current advances defining the roles of these receptors in branching morphogenesis focusing on the major epithelial cell derived structures in mammals, namely salivary gland, mammary gland, lung, pancreas, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integrin receptors for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix have important roles in all stages of cancer progression and metastasis. Since the integrin family was discovered in the early 1980's, many studies have identified critical adhesion and signaling functions for integrins expressed on tumor cells, endothelial cells and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment, in controlling proliferation, survival, migration and angiogenesis. In recent years, the laminin-binding integrin α3β1 has emerged as a potentially promising anti-cancer target on breast cancer cells. AREAS COVERED Studies from the past decade that implicate integrins as promising anti-cancer targets and the development of integrin antagonists as anti-cancer therapeutics. Recent preclinical studies that have identified the laminin-binding integrin α3β1 as an appealing anti-cancer target and the knowledge gaps that must be closed to fully exploit this integrin as a therapeutic target for breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION Although the tumor-promoting functions of α3β1 implicate this integrin as a promising therapeutic target on breast cancer cells, successful exploitation of this integrin as an anti-cancer target will require a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby it regulates specific tumor cell behaviors and the identification of the most appropriate α3β1 functions to antagonize on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Subbaram
- Albany Medical College, Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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