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Liang W, Li K, Gao H, Li K, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Jiao X, Yang J, Wei X. Full T-cell activation and function in teleosts require collaboration of first and co-stimulatory signals. Zool Res 2024; 45:13-24. [PMID: 38114429 PMCID: PMC10839663 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian T-cell responses require synergism between the first signal and co-stimulatory signal. However, whether and how dual signaling regulates the T-cell response in early vertebrates remains unknown. In the present study, we discovered that the Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) encodes key components of the LAT signalosome, namely, LAT, ITK, GRB2, VAV1, SLP-76, GADS, and PLC-γ1. These components are evolutionarily conserved, and CD3ε mAb-induced T-cell activation markedly increased their expression. Additionally, at least ITK, GRB2, and VAV1 were found to interact with LAT for signalosome formation. Downstream of the first signal, the NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K-AKT pathways were activated upon CD3ε mAb stimulation. Furthermore, treatment of lymphocytes with CD28 mAbs triggered the AKT-mTORC1 pathway downstream of the co-stimulatory signal. Combined CD3ε and CD28 mAb stimulation enhanced ERK1/2 and S6 phosphorylation and elevated NFAT1, c-Fos, IL-2, CD122, and CD44 expression, thereby signifying T-cell activation. Moreover, rather than relying on the first or co-stimulatory signal alone, both signals were required for T-cell proliferation. Full T-cell activation was accompanied by marked apoptosis and cytotoxic responses. These findings suggest that tilapia relies on dual signaling to maintain an optimal T-cell response, providing a novel perspective for understanding the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haiyou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China. E-mail:
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China. E-mail:
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2
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Ruminski K, Celis-Gutierrez J, Jarmuzynski N, Maturin E, Audebert S, Malissen M, Camoin L, Voisinne G, Malissen B, Roncagalli R. Mapping the SLP76 interactome in T cells lacking each of the GRB2-family adaptors reveals molecular plasticity of the TCR signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139123. [PMID: 37006259 PMCID: PMC10057548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The propagation and diversification of signals downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) involve several adaptor proteins that control the assembly of multimolecular signaling complexes (signalosomes). The global characterization of changes in protein-protein interactions (PPI) following genetic perturbations is critical to understand the resulting phenotypes. Here, by combining genome editing techniques in T cells and interactomics studies based on affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis, we determined and quantified the molecular reorganization of the SLP76 interactome resulting from the ablation of each of the three GRB2-family adaptors. Our data showed that the absence of GADS or GRB2 induces a major remodeling of the PPI network associated with SLP76 following TCR engagement. Unexpectedly, this PPI network rewiring minimally affects proximal molecular events of the TCR signaling pathway. Nevertheless, during prolonged TCR stimulation, GRB2- and GADS-deficient cells displayed a reduced level of activation and cytokine secretion capacity. Using the canonical SLP76 signalosome, this analysis highlights the plasticity of PPI networks and their reorganization following specific genetic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Ruminski
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Celis-Gutierrez
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Jarmuzynski
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Maturin
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Audebert
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille Protóomique, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille Protóomique, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Romain Roncagalli, ; Bernard Malissen,
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Romain Roncagalli, ; Bernard Malissen,
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3
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Liang W, Li K, Zhang Q, Li K, Ai K, Zhang J, Jiao X, Li J, Wei X, Yang J. Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) may participate in the anti-bacterial immune response of Nile tilapia via regulating T-cell activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:419-426. [PMID: 35779809 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) plays a predominant role in the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade to ensure valid T-cell activation and function. Nevertheless, whether it regulates T-cell response of early vertebrates remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the involvement of ITK in the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response, and its regulation to T-cell activation in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Both sequence and structure of O. niloticus ITK (OnITK) were remarkably conserved with its homologues from other vertebrates, implying its potential conserved function. OnITK mRNA was extensively expressed in lymphoid-related tissues, and with the relative highest level in peripheral blood. Once Nile tilapia was infected by Edwardsiella piscicida, OnITK in splenic lymphocytes was significantly up-regulated on 7-day post infection at both transcription and translation levels, suggesting that OnITK might involve in the primary adaptive immune response of teleost. Furthermore, upon splenic lymphocytes were stimulated by T-cell specific mitogen PHA, OnITK mRNA and protein levels were dramatically elevated. More importantly, treatment of splenic lymphocytes with specific inhibitor significantly crippled OnITK expression, which in turn impaired the inducible expression of T-cell activation markers IFN-γ, IL-2 and CD122, indicating the critical roles of ITK in regulating T-cell activation of Nile tilapia. Taken together, our results suggest that ITK takes part in the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity of tilapia, and is indispensable for T-cell activation of teleost. Our findings thus provide novel evidences for understanding the mechanism regulating T-cell immunity of early vertebrates, as well as the evolution of adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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4
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Lowe J, Joseph RE, Andreotti AH. Conformational switches that control the TEC kinase – PLCγ signaling axis. J Struct Biol X 2022; 6:100061. [PMID: 35128378 PMCID: PMC8803661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2022.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TEC kinases and PLCγ transition between autoinhibited state and active conformation. PLCγ structures reveal both autoinhibited form and active form of gamma specific array (γSA); the four regulatory domains unique to the PLCγ isozymes. Domain dynamics likely control activation mechanism. PLCγ phosphorylation triggers conformational switch.
Cell surface receptors such as the T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) engage with external stimuli to transmit information into the cell and initiate a cascade of signaling events that lead to gene expression that drives the immune response. At the heart of controlling T- and B-cell cell signaling, phospholipase Cγ hydrolyzes membrane associated PIP2, leading to generation of the second messengers IP3 and DAG. These small molecules trigger mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and promote transcription factor transport into the nucleus launching the adaptive immune response. The TEC family kinases are responsible for phosphorylating and activating PLCγ, and our group aims to understand mechanisms that regulate immune cell signal transduction by focusing on this kinase/phospholipase axis in T-cells and B-cells. Here, we review the current molecular level understanding of how the TEC kinases (ITK and BTK) and PLCγ1/2 are autoinhibited prior to activation of cell surface receptors, how TEC kinases are activated to specifically recognize the PLCγ substrate, and how conformational changes induced by phosphorylation trigger PLCγ activation.
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5
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T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:412. [PMID: 34897277 PMCID: PMC8666445 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are translated into various signal transduction pathways within the cell, which mediate the activation of various genes with the help of specific transcription factors. These signaling networks propagate with the help of various effector enzymes, such as kinases, phosphatases, and phospholipases. Integration of these disparate signal transduction pathways is done with the help of adaptor proteins that are non-enzymatic in function and that serve as a scaffold for various protein-protein interactions. This process aids in connecting the proximal to distal signaling pathways, thereby contributing to the full activation of T cells. This review provides a comprehensive snapshot of the various molecules involved in regulating T cell receptor signaling, covering both enzymes and adaptors, and will discuss their role in human disease.
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6
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Hallumi E, Shalah R, Lo WL, Corso J, Oz I, Beach D, Wittman S, Isenberg A, Sela M, Urlaub H, Weiss A, Yablonski D. Itk Promotes the Integration of TCR and CD28 Costimulation through Its Direct Substrates SLP-76 and Gads. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2322-2337. [PMID: 33931484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor CD28 synergizes with the TCR to promote IL-2 production, cell survival, and proliferation; yet the obligatory interdependence of TCR and CD28 signaling is not well understood. Upon TCR stimulation, Gads, a Grb2-family adaptor, bridges the interaction of two additional adaptors, LAT and SLP-76, to form a TCR-induced effector signaling complex. SLP-76 binds the Tec-family tyrosine kinase, Itk, which phosphorylates SLP-76 Y173 and PLC-γ1 Y783. In this study, we identified TCR-inducible, Itk-mediated phosphorylation of Gads Y45 in a human T cell line and in mouse primary T cells. Y45 is found within the N-terminal SH3 domain of Gads, an evolutionarily conserved domain with no known signaling function. Gads Y45 phosphorylation depended on the interaction of Gads with SLP-76 and on the dimerization-dependent binding of Gads to phospho-LAT. We provide evidence that Itk acts through SLP-76 and Gads to promote the TCR/CD28-induced activation of the RE/AP transcriptional element from the IL-2 promoter. Two Itk-related features of SLP-76, Y173 and a proline-rich Itk SH3 binding motif on SLP-76, were dispensable for activation of NFAT but selectively required for the TCR/CD28-induced increase in cytoplasmic and nuclear c-Rel and consequent RE/AP activation. We provide evidence that unphosphorylated, monomeric Gads mediates an RE/AP-directed inhibitory activity that is mitigated upon Gads dimerization and Y45 phosphorylation. This study illuminates a new, to our knowledge, regulatory module, in which TCR-induced, Itk-mediated phosphorylation sites on SLP-76 and Gads control the transcriptional response to TCR/CD28 costimulation, thus enforcing the obligatory interdependence of the TCR and CD28 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Hallumi
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rose Shalah
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jasmin Corso
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ilana Oz
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dvora Beach
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samuel Wittman
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amy Isenberg
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meirav Sela
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics Research Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Deborah Yablonski
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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7
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Lev A, Lee YN, Sun G, Hallumi E, Simon AJ, Zrihen KS, Levy S, Beit Halevi T, Papazian M, Shwartz N, Somekh I, Levy-Mendelovich S, Wolach B, Gavrieli R, Vernitsky H, Barel O, Javasky E, Stauber T, Ma CA, Zhang Y, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Hendel A, Yablonski D, Milner JD, Somech R. Inherited SLP76 deficiency in humans causes severe combined immunodeficiency, neutrophil and platelet defects. J Exp Med 2020; 218:211562. [PMID: 33231617 PMCID: PMC7690938 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway is an ensemble of numerous proteins that are crucial for an adequate immune response. Disruption of any protein involved in this pathway leads to severe immunodeficiency and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Here, we describe an infant with severe immunodeficiency who was found to have novel biallelic mutations in SLP76. SLP76 is a key protein involved in TCR signaling and in other hematopoietic pathways. Previous studies of this protein were performed using Jurkat-derived human leukemic T cell lines and SLP76-deficient mice. Our current study links this gene, for the first time, to a human immunodeficiency characterized by early-onset life-threatening infections, combined T and B cell immunodeficiency, severe neutrophil defects, and impaired platelet aggregation. Hereby, we characterized aspects of the patient's immune phenotype, modeled them with an SLP76-deficient Jurkat-derived T cell line, and rescued some consequences using ectopic expression of wild-type SLP76. Understanding human diseases due to SLP76 deficiency is helpful in explaining the mixed T cell and neutrophil defects, providing a guide for exploring human SLP76 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atar Lev
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yu Nee Lee
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Guangping Sun
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Enas Hallumi
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amos J Simon
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Division of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren S Zrihen
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shiran Levy
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tal Beit Halevi
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Maria Papazian
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Neta Shwartz
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ido Somekh
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- The Israeli National Hemophilia Center and Thrombosis Unit, The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Baruch Wolach
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Ronit Gavrieli
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Helly Vernitsky
- Division of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Elisheva Javasky
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tali Stauber
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Chi A Ma
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ninette Amariglio
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayal Hendel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Deborah Yablonski
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Weiss LE, Shalev Ezra Y, Goldberg S, Ferdman B, Adir O, Schroeder A, Alalouf O, Shechtman Y. Three-dimensional localization microscopy in live flowing cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:500-506. [PMID: 32313220 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Capturing the dynamics of live cell populations with nanoscale resolution poses a significant challenge, primarily owing to the speed-resolution trade-off of existing microscopy techniques. Flow cytometry would offer sufficient throughput, but lacks subsample detail. Here we show that imaging flow cytometry, in which the point detectors of flow cytometry are replaced with a camera to record 2D images, is compatible with 3D localization microscopy through point-spread-function engineering, which encodes the depth of the emitter into the emission pattern captured by the camera. The extraction of 3D positions from sub-cellular objects of interest is achieved by calibrating the depth-dependent response of the imaging system using fluorescent beads mixed with the sample buffer. This approach enables 4D imaging of up to tens of thousands of objects per minute and can be applied to characterize chromatin dynamics and the uptake and spatial distribution of nanoparticles in live cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien E Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Lorry I, Lokey Interdisciplinary Centre for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yael Shalev Ezra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Lorry I, Lokey Interdisciplinary Centre for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sarah Goldberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Lorry I, Lokey Interdisciplinary Centre for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boris Ferdman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Lorry I, Lokey Interdisciplinary Centre for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Omer Adir
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Onit Alalouf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Lorry I, Lokey Interdisciplinary Centre for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoav Shechtman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Lorry I, Lokey Interdisciplinary Centre for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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9
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Rohrs JA, Siegler EL, Wang P, Finley SD. ERK Activation in CAR T Cells Is Amplified by CD28-Mediated Increase in CD3ζ Phosphorylation. iScience 2020; 23:101023. [PMID: 32325413 PMCID: PMC7178546 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered receptors that mediate T cell activation. CARs are comprised of activating and co-stimulatory intracellular signaling domains derived from endogenous T cells that initiate signaling required for T cell activation, including ERK activation through the MAPK pathway. Understanding the mechanisms by which co-stimulatory domains influence signaling can help guide the design of next-generation CARs. Therefore, we constructed an experimentally validated computational model of anti-CD19 CARs in T cells bearing the CD3ζ domain alone or in combination with CD28. We performed a systematic analysis to explore the different mechanisms of CD28 co-stimulation on the ERK response time. Comparing these model simulations with experimental data indicates that CD28 primarily influences ERK activation by enhancing the phosphorylation kinetics of CD3ζ. Overall, we present a mechanistic mathematical modeling framework that can be used to gain insights into the mechanism of CAR T cell activation and produce new testable hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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10
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Andreotti AH, Joseph RE, Conley JM, Iwasa J, Berg LJ. Multidomain Control Over TEC Kinase Activation State Tunes the T Cell Response. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 36:549-578. [PMID: 29677469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activates a series of tyrosine kinases. Directly associated with the TCR, the SRC family kinase LCK and the SYK family kinase ZAP-70 are essential for all downstream responses to TCR stimulation. In contrast, the TEC family kinase ITK is not an obligate component of the TCR cascade. Instead, ITK functions as a tuning dial, to translate variations in TCR signal strength into differential programs of gene expression. Recent insights into TEC kinase structure have provided a view into the molecular mechanisms that generate different states of kinase activation. In resting lymphocytes, TEC kinases are autoinhibited, and multiple interactions between the regulatory and kinase domains maintain low activity. Following TCR stimulation, newly generated signaling modules compete with the autoinhibited core and shift the conformational ensemble to the fully active kinase. This multidomain control over kinase activation state provides a structural mechanism to account for ITK's ability to tune the TCR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; ,
| | - Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; ,
| | - James M Conley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA; ,
| | - Janet Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA;
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA; ,
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11
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Yablonski D. Bridging the Gap: Modulatory Roles of the Grb2-Family Adaptor, Gads, in Cellular and Allergic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 31402911 PMCID: PMC6669380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor signaling pathways are organized by adaptor proteins. Three adaptors, LAT, Gads, and SLP-76, form a heterotrimeric complex that mediates signaling by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and by the mast cell high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). In both pathways, antigen recognition triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and SLP-76. The recruitment of SLP-76 to phospho-LAT is bridged by Gads, a Grb2 family adaptor composed of two SH3 domains flanking a central SH2 domain and an unstructured linker region. The LAT-Gads-SLP-76 complex is further incorporated into larger microclusters that mediate antigen receptor signaling. Gads is positively regulated by dimerization, which promotes its cooperative binding to LAT. Negative regulation occurs via phosphorylation or caspase-mediated cleavage of the linker region of Gads. FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation is profoundly impaired in LAT- Gads- or SLP-76-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the thymic developmental phenotype of Gads-deficient mice is much milder than the phenotype of LAT- or SLP-76-deficient mice. This distinction suggests that Gads is not absolutely required for TCR signaling, but may modulate its sensitivity, or regulate a particular branch of the TCR signaling pathway; indeed, the phenotypic similarity of Gads- and Itk-deficient mice suggests a functional connection between Gads and Itk. Additional Gads binding partners include costimulatory proteins such as CD28 and CD6, adaptors such as Shc, ubiquitin regulatory proteins such as USP8 and AMSH, and kinases such as HPK1 and BCR-ABL, but the functional implications of these interactions are not yet fully understood. No interacting proteins or function have been ascribed to the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal SH3 of Gads. Here we explore the biochemical and functional properties of Gads, and its role in regulating allergy, T cell development and T-cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Yablonski
- The Immune Cell Signaling Lab, Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Kanellopoulou C, George AB, Masutani E, Cannons JL, Ravell JC, Yamamoto TN, Smelkinson MG, Jiang PD, Matsuda-Lennikov M, Reilley J, Handon R, Lee PH, Miller JR, Restifo NP, Zheng L, Schwartzberg PL, Young M, Lenardo MJ. Mg 2+ regulation of kinase signaling and immune function. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1828-1842. [PMID: 31196981 PMCID: PMC6683994 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A Mg2+-dependent mechanism regulates proximal T cell receptor signaling by modulating ITK activity through a low-affinity Mg2+ binding pocket in the catalytic domain. Dietary Mg2+ deprivation in mice impairs T cell activation and T cell–mediated immunity against influenza. Mg2+ is required at micromolar concentrations as a cofactor for ATP, enzymatic reactions, and other biological processes. We show that decreased extracellular Mg2+ reduced intracellular Mg2+ levels and impaired the Ca2+ flux, activation marker up-regulation, and proliferation after T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Reduced Mg2+ specifically impairs TCR signal transduction by IL-2–inducible T cell kinase (ITK) due to a requirement for a regulatory Mg2+ in the catalytic pocket of ITK. We also show that altered catalytic efficiency by millimolar changes in free basal Mg2+ is an unrecognized but conserved feature of other serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases, suggesting a Mg2+ regulatory paradigm of kinase function. Finally, a reduced serum Mg2+ concentration in mice causes an impaired CD8+ T cell response to influenza A virus infection, reduces T cell activation, and exacerbates morbidity. Thus, Mg2+ directly regulates the active site of specific kinases during T cell responses, and maintaining a high serum Mg2+ concentration is important for antiviral immunity in otherwise healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Kanellopoulou
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alex B George
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Evan Masutani
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juan C Ravell
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tori N Yamamoto
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Margery G Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ping Du Jiang
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mami Matsuda-Lennikov
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Julie Reilley
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robin Handon
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ping-Hsien Lee
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD .,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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13
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Yablonski D. Bridging the Gap: Modulatory Roles of the Grb2-Family Adaptor, Gads, in Cellular and Allergic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 31402911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01704/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor signaling pathways are organized by adaptor proteins. Three adaptors, LAT, Gads, and SLP-76, form a heterotrimeric complex that mediates signaling by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and by the mast cell high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). In both pathways, antigen recognition triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and SLP-76. The recruitment of SLP-76 to phospho-LAT is bridged by Gads, a Grb2 family adaptor composed of two SH3 domains flanking a central SH2 domain and an unstructured linker region. The LAT-Gads-SLP-76 complex is further incorporated into larger microclusters that mediate antigen receptor signaling. Gads is positively regulated by dimerization, which promotes its cooperative binding to LAT. Negative regulation occurs via phosphorylation or caspase-mediated cleavage of the linker region of Gads. FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation is profoundly impaired in LAT- Gads- or SLP-76-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the thymic developmental phenotype of Gads-deficient mice is much milder than the phenotype of LAT- or SLP-76-deficient mice. This distinction suggests that Gads is not absolutely required for TCR signaling, but may modulate its sensitivity, or regulate a particular branch of the TCR signaling pathway; indeed, the phenotypic similarity of Gads- and Itk-deficient mice suggests a functional connection between Gads and Itk. Additional Gads binding partners include costimulatory proteins such as CD28 and CD6, adaptors such as Shc, ubiquitin regulatory proteins such as USP8 and AMSH, and kinases such as HPK1 and BCR-ABL, but the functional implications of these interactions are not yet fully understood. No interacting proteins or function have been ascribed to the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal SH3 of Gads. Here we explore the biochemical and functional properties of Gads, and its role in regulating allergy, T cell development and T-cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Yablonski
- The Immune Cell Signaling Lab, Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Sukenik S, Frushicheva MP, Waknin-Lellouche C, Hallumi E, Ifrach T, Shalah R, Beach D, Avidan R, Oz I, Libman E, Aronheim A, Lewinson O, Yablonski D. Dimerization of the adaptor Gads facilitates antigen receptor signaling by promoting the cooperative binding of Gads to the adaptor LAT. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/498/eaal1482. [PMID: 28951535 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The accurate assembly of signalosomes centered on the adaptor protein LAT (linker of activated T cells) is required for antigen receptor signaling in T cells and mast cells. During signalosome assembly, members of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) family of cytosolic adaptor proteins bind cooperatively to LAT through interactions with its phosphorylated tyrosine (pTyr) residues. We demonstrated the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-mediated dimerization of the Grb2 family member, Grb2-related adaptor downstream of Shc (Gads). Gads dimerization was mediated by an SH2 domain interface, which is distinct from the pTyr binding pocket and which promoted cooperative, preferential binding of paired Gads to LAT. This SH2 domain-intrinsic mechanism of cooperativity, which we quantified by mathematical modeling, enabled Gads to discriminate between dually and singly phosphorylated LAT molecules. Mutational inactivation of the dimerization interface reduced cooperativity and abrogated Gads signaling in T cells and mast cells. The dimerization-dependent, cooperative binding of Gads to LAT may increase antigen receptor sensitivity by reducing signalosome formation at incompletely phosphorylated LAT molecules, thereby prioritizing the formation of complete signalosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigalit Sukenik
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Maria P Frushicheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cecilia Waknin-Lellouche
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Enas Hallumi
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Talia Ifrach
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Rose Shalah
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Dvora Beach
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Reuven Avidan
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Ilana Oz
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Evgeny Libman
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Ami Aronheim
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Oded Lewinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Deborah Yablonski
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel.
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15
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Molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of the slp76 signalosome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1509. [PMID: 28473706 PMCID: PMC5431462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-defined mammalian slp76-signalosome is crucial for T-cell immune response, yet whether slp76-signalosome exists in invertebrates and how it evolved remain unknown. Here we investigated slp76-signalosome from an evolutionary perspective in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri (bb). We proved slp76-signalosome components bbslp76, bbGADS and bbItk are present in amphioxus and bbslp76 interacts with bbGADS and bbItk, but differences exist between the interaction manners within slp76-signalosome components of amphioxus and human (h). Specifically, bbslp76 has a unique WW-domain that blocked its association with hItk and decreased TCR-induced tyrosine-phosphorylation and NFAT-activation. Deletion of WW-domain shifted the constitutive association between bbslp76 and hPLCγ1 to a TCR-enhanced association. Among slp76-signalosome, the interaction between slp76 and PLCγ1 is the most conserved and the binding between Itk and slp76 evolved from constitutive to stimulation-regulated. Sequence alignment and 3D structural analysis of slp76-signalosome molecules from keystone species indicated slp76 evolved into a more unfolded and flexible adaptor due to lack of WW-domain and several low-complexity-regions (LCRs) while GADS turned into a larger protein by a LCR gain, thus preparing more space for nucleating the coevolving slp76-signalosome. Altogether, through deletion of WW-domain and manipulation of LCRs, slp76-signalosome evolves from a rigid and stimulation-insensitive to a more flexible and stimulation-responding complex.
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16
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Devkota S, Joseph RE, Min L, Bruce Fulton D, Andreotti AH. Scaffold Protein SLP-76 Primes PLCγ1 for Activation by ITK-Mediated Phosphorylation. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2734-47. [PMID: 25916191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the phospholipase, PLCγ1, is critical for proper T cell signaling following antigen receptor engagement. In T cells, the Tec family kinase, interleukin-2-induced tyrosine kinase (ITK), phosphorylates PLCγ1 at tyrosine 783 (Y783) leading to activation of phospholipase function and subsequent production of the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. In this work, we demonstrate that PLCγ1 can be primed for ITK-mediated phosphorylation on Y783 by a specific region of the adaptor protein, SLP-76. The SLP-76 phosphotyrosine-containing sequence, pY(173)IDR, does not conform to the canonical recognition motif for an SH2 domain yet binds with significant affinity to the C-terminal SH2 domain of PLCγ1 (SH2C). The SLP-76 pY(173) motif competes with the autoinhibited conformation surrounding the SH2C domain of PLCγ1 leading to exposure of the ITK recognition element on the PLCγ1 SH2 domain and release of the target tyrosine, Y783. These data contribute to the evolving model for the molecular events occurring early in the T cell activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Devkota
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lie Min
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - D Bruce Fulton
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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17
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Bilal MY, Zhang EY, Dinkel B, Hardy D, Yankee TM, Houtman JCD. GADS is required for TCR-mediated calcium influx and cytokine release, but not cellular adhesion, in human T cells. Cell Signal 2015; 27:841-50. [PMID: 25636200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GRB2 related adaptor protein downstream of Shc (GADS) is a member of the GRB2 family of adaptors and is critical for TCR-induced signaling. The current model is that GADS recruits SLP-76 to the LAT complex, which facilitates the phosphorylation of SLP-76, the activation of PLC-γ1, T cell adhesion and cytokine production. However, this model is largely based on studies of disruption of the GADS/SLP-76 interaction and murine T cell differentiation in GADS deficient mice. The role of GADS in mediating TCR-induced signals in human CD4+ T cells has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we have suppressed the expression of GADS in human CD4+ HuT78 T cells. GADS deficient HuT78 T cells displayed similar levels of TCR-induced SLP-76 and PLC-γ1 phosphorylation but exhibited substantial decrease in TCR-induced IL-2 and IFN-γ release. The defect in cytokine production occurred because of impaired calcium mobilization due to reduced recruitment of SLP-76 and PLC-γ1 to the LAT complex. Surprisingly, both GADS deficient HuT78 and GADS deficient primary murine CD8+ T cells had similar TCR-induced adhesion when compared to control T cells. Overall, our results show that GADS is required for calcium influx and cytokine production, but not cellular adhesion, in human CD4+ T cells, suggesting that the current model for T cell regulation by GADS is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y Bilal
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Elizabeth Y Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Brittney Dinkel
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Daimon Hardy
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Thomas M Yankee
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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18
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Modulation of TCR responsiveness by the Grb2-family adaptor, Gads. Cell Signal 2014; 27:125-34. [PMID: 25452106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling depends on three interacting adaptor proteins: SLP-76, Gads, and LAT. Their mechanisms of signaling have been extensively explored, with the aid of fortuitously isolated LAT- and SLP-76-deficient T cell lines, but no such tools were available for Gads, a Grb2-family adaptor that bridges the TCR-inducible interaction between SLP-76 and LAT. TALEN-directed genome editing was applied to disrupt the first coding exon of human Gads in the Jurkat T cell line. Gads was dispensable for TCR-induced phosphorylation of SLP-76, but was a dose-dependent amplifier of TCR-induced CD69 expression. Gads conferred responsiveness to weak TCR stimuli, leading to PLC-γ1 phosphorylation and calcium flux. TALEN-derived, Gads-deficient T cell lines provide a uniquely tractable genetic platform for exploring its regulatory features, such as Gads phosphorylation at T262, which we observed by mass spectrometry. Upon mutation of this site, TCR responsiveness and sensitivity to weak TCR stimuli were increased. This study demonstrates the feasibility of TALEN-based reverse genetics in Jurkat T cells, while enriching our understanding of Gads as a regulated modulator of TCR sensitivity.
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19
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Engelke M, Oellerich T, Dittmann K, Hsiao HH, Urlaub H, Serve H, Griesinger C, Wienands J. Cutting Edge: Feed-Forward Activation of Phospholipase Cγ2 via C2 Domain–Mediated Binding to SLP65. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5354-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Liu H, Thaker YR, Stagg L, Schneider H, Ladbury JE, Rudd CE. SLP-76 sterile α motif (SAM) and individual H5 α helix mediate oligomer formation for microclusters and T-cell activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29539-49. [PMID: 23935094 PMCID: PMC3795252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.424846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of the immune adaptor SLP-76 in T-cell immunity, it has been unclear whether SLP-76 directly self-associates to form higher order oligomers for T-cell activation. In this study, we show that SLP-76 self-associates in response to T-cell receptor ligation as mediated by the N-terminal sterile α motif (SAM) domain. SLP-76 co-precipitated alternately tagged SLP-76 in response to anti-CD3 ligation. Dynamic light scattering and fluorescent microscale thermophoresis of the isolated SAM domain (residues 1–78) revealed evidence of dimers and tetramers. Consistently, deletion of the SAM region eliminated SLP-76 co-precipitation of itself, concurrent with a loss of microcluster formation, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) transcription, and interleukin-2 production in Jurkat or primary T-cells. Furthermore, the H5 α helix within the SAM domain contributed to self-association. Retention of H5 in the absence of H1–4 sufficed to support SLP-76 self-association with smaller microclusters that nevertheless enhanced anti-CD3-driven AP1/NFAT transcription and IL-2 production. By contrast, deletion of the H5 α helix impaired self-association and anti-CD3 induced AP1/NFAT transcription. Our data identified for the first time a role for the SAM domain in mediating SLP-76 self-association for T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebin Liu
- From the Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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21
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Joseph N, Reicher B, Barda-Saad M. The calcium feedback loop and T cell activation: how cytoskeleton networks control intracellular calcium flux. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:557-68. [PMID: 23860253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During T cell activation, the engagement of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) results in rapid cytoskeletal rearrangements and a dramatic increase of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration, downstream to T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligation. These events facilitate the organization of an immunological synapse (IS), which supports the redistribution of receptors, signaling molecules and organelles towards the T cell-APC interface to induce downstream signaling events, ultimately supporting T cell effector functions. Thus, Ca(2+) signaling and cytoskeleton rearrangements are essential for T cell activation and T cell-dependent immune response. Rapid release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, e.g. the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), triggers the opening of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels, residing in the plasma membrane. These channels facilitate a sustained influx of extracellular Ca(2+) across the plasma membrane in a process termed store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). Because CRAC channels are themselves inhibited by Ca(2+) ions, additional factors are suggested to enable the sustained Ca(2+) influx required for T cell function. Among these factors, we focus here on the contribution of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. The TCR-mediated increase in intracellular Ca(2+) evokes a rapid cytoskeleton-dependent polarization, which involves actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) reorientation. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of Ca(2+) flux and cytoskeletal rearrangements, and further describe the way by which the cytoskeletal networks feedback to Ca(2+) signaling by controlling the spatial and temporal distribution of Ca(2+) sources and sinks, modulating TCR-dependent Ca(2+) signals, which are required for an appropriate T cell response. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Joseph
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Barak Reicher
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Xie Q, Joseph RE, Fulton DB, Andreotti AH. Substrate recognition of PLCγ1 via a specific docking surface on Itk. J Mol Biol 2012; 425:683-96. [PMID: 23219468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Itk (interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase expressed primarily in T cells. Itk catalyzes phosphorylation on tyrosine residues within a number of its natural substrates, including the well-characterized Y783 of PLCγ1. However, the molecular mechanisms Itk exploits to recognize its substrates are not completely understood. We have previously identified a specific docking interaction between the kinase domain of Itk and the C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2C) domain of PLCγ1 that promotes substrate specificity for this enzyme/substrate pair. In the current study, we identify and map the interaction surface on the Itk kinase domain as an acidic patch centered on the G helix. Mutation of the residues on and adjacent to the G helix within the Itk kinase domain impairs the catalytic efficacy of PLCγ1 substrate phosphorylation by specifically altering the protein-protein interaction interface and not the inherent catalytic activity of Itk. NMR titration experiments using a Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) kinase domain as a surrogate for the Itk kinase domain provide further support for an Itk/PLCγ1 SH2C interaction surrounding the G helix of the kinase domain. The work presented here provides structural insight into how the Itk kinase uses the G helix to single out Y783 of PLCγ1 for specific phosphorylation. Comparing these results to other well-characterized kinase/substrate systems suggests that the G helix is a general structural feature used by kinases for substrate recognition during signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Bartelt RR, Houtman JCD. The adaptor protein LAT serves as an integration node for signaling pathways that drive T cell activation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 5:101-10. [PMID: 23150273 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
T cells are essential for the adaptive immune response to pathogens. However, dysfunctional T cell activity has been implicated in numerous diseases, including the failure of organ transplants, allergic reactions, asthma, autoimmune disorders, and coronary artery disease. T cell responses to pathogens require the induction of the primary activating receptor, the T cell receptor (TCR), along with other costimulatory and adhesion receptors. Signal transduction pathways activated downstream of these receptors drive T cell responses required for the immune response and disease progression. A key question in our understanding of the mechanism of T cell activation is how signaling pathways emanating from multiple receptors integrate together to alter T cell effector functions. One integration node for intracellular signaling is the membrane-associated adaptor protein linker for the activation of T cells or LAT. Upon stimulation of the TCR and other receptors, LAT is phosphorylated at several tyrosines residues on its cytoplasmic tail. This leads to the binding of SH2 domain-containing proteins and their associated molecules and the formation of large multiprotein complexes. These dynamic and highly regulated signaling complexes facilitate the production of second messengers, activate downstream pathways, induce actin cytoskeleton polymerization, and stimulate the activity of multiple transcription factors. Thus, signaling pathways from several receptors feed into LAT, which then integrates this information and selectively induces pathways critical for T cell activation and the adaptive immune response.
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