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Song J, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Zhan J, Cheng X, Huang H, Mao S, Zong Z. The dawn of a new Era: mRNA vaccines in colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112037. [PMID: 38599100 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a typical cancer that accounts for 10% of all new cancer cases annually and nearly 10% of all cancer deaths. Despite significant progress in current classical interventions for CRC, these traditional strategies could be invasive and with numerous adverse effects. The poor prognosis of CRC patients highlights the evident and pressing need for more efficient and targeted treatment. Novel strategies regarding mRNA vaccines for anti-tumor therapy have also been well-developed since the successful application for the prevention of COVID-19. mRNA vaccine technology won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, signaling a new direction in human anti-cancer treatment: mRNA medicine. As a promising new immunotherapy in CRC and other multiple cancer treatments, the mRNA vaccine has higher specificity, better efficacy, and fewer side effects than traditional strategies. The present review outlines the basics of mRNA vaccines and their advantages over other vaccines and informs an available strategy for developing efficient mRNA vaccines for CRC precise treatment. In the future, more exploration of mRNA vaccines for CRC shall be attached, fostering innovation to address existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chulin Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianhao Zhan
- Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xifu Cheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haoyu Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengxun Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Zhang H, Gao J, Tang Y, Jin T, Tao J. Inflammasomes cross-talk with lymphocytes to connect the innate and adaptive immune response. J Adv Res 2023; 54:181-193. [PMID: 36681114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate and adaptive immunity are two different parts of the immune system that have different characteristics and work together to provide immune protection. Inflammasomes are a major part of the innate immune system that are expressed widely in myeloid cells and are responsible for inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that inflammasomes are also expressed and activated in lymphocytes, especially in T and B cells, to regulate the adaptive immune response. Activation of inflammasomes is also under the control of lymphocytes. Therefore, we propose that inflammasomes act as a bridge and they provide crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems to obtain a fine balance in immune responses. AIM OF REVIEW This review systematially summarizes the interaction between inflammasomes and lymphocytes and describes the crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems induced by inflammasomes, with the aim of providing new directions and important areas for further research. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW When considering the novel function of inflammasomes in various lymphocytes, attention should be given to the activity of specific inflammasomes in studies of lymphocyte function. Moreover, research on the function of various inflammasomes in lymphocytes will help advance knowledge on the mechanisms and treatment of various diseases, including autoimmune diseases and tumors. In addition, when studying inflammatory responses, inflammasomes in both lymphocytes and myeloid cells need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Liandu District, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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3
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Nilsen KE, Zhang B, Skjesol A, Ryan L, Vagle H, Bøe MH, Orning P, Kim H, Bakke SS, Elamurugan K, Mestvedt IB, Stenvik J, Husebye H, Lien E, Espevik T, Yurchenko M. Peptide derived from SLAMF1 prevents TLR4-mediated inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302164. [PMID: 37788908 PMCID: PMC10547912 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of many diseases, and is often caused by dysregulation of signalling from pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs. Inhibition of key protein-protein interactions is an attractive target for treating inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule family 1 (SLAMF1) positively regulates signalling downstream of TLR4 and identified the interaction interface between SLAMF1 and the TLR4 adaptor protein TRIF-related adapter molecule (TRAM). Based on these findings, we developed a SLAMF1-derived peptide, P7, which is linked to a cell-penetrating peptide for intracellular delivery. We found that P7 peptide inhibits the expression and secretion of IFNβ and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6) induced by TLR4, and prevents death in mice subjected to LPS shock. The mechanism of action of P7 peptide is based on interference with several intracellular protein-protein interactions, including TRAM-SLAMF1, TRAM-Rab11FIP2, and TIRAP-MyD88 interactions. Overall, P7 peptide has a unique mode of action and demonstrates high efficacy in inhibiting TLR4-mediated signalling in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Elisabeth Nilsen
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Boyao Zhang
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Astrid Skjesol
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Ryan
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hilde Vagle
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maren Helene Bøe
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pontus Orning
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hera Kim
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siril Skaret Bakke
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kirusika Elamurugan
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild Bergdal Mestvedt
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Husebye
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Terje Espevik
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Yurchenko
- https://ror.org/05xg72x27 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-Induced Viral Sepsis Simultaneously Show Immune Activation, Impaired Immune Function and a Procoagulatory Disease State. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020435. [PMID: 36851312 PMCID: PMC9960366 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that SARS-CoV-2 causes a dysregulation of immune and coagulation processes. In severely affected patients, viral sepsis may result in life endangering multiple organ dysfunction. Furthermore, most therapies for COVID-19 patients target either the immune system or coagulation processes. As the exact mechanism causing SARS-CoV-2-induced morbidity and mortality was unknown, we started an in-depth analysis of immunologic and coagulation processes. METHODS 127 COVID-19 patients were treated at the University Hospital Essen, Germany, between May 2020 and February 2022. Patients were divided according to their maximum COVID-19 WHO ordinal severity score (WHO 0-10) into hospitalized patients with a non-severe course of disease (WHO 4-5, n = 52) and those with a severe course of disease (WHO 6-10, n = 75). Non-infected individuals served as healthy controls (WHO 0, n = 42). Blood was analyzed with respect to cell numbers, clotting factors, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in plasma. As functional parameters, phagocytosis and inflammatory responses to LPS and antigen-specific stimulation were determined in monocytes, granulocytes, and T cells using flow cytometry. FINDINGS In the present study, immune and coagulation systems were analyzed simultaneously. Interestingly, many severe COVID-19 patients showed an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and at the same time clear signs of immunosuppression. Furthermore, severe COVID-19 patients not only exhibited a disturbed immune system, but in addition showed a pronounced pro-coagulation phenotype with impaired fibrinolysis. Therefore, our study adds another puzzle piece to the already complex picture of COVID-19 pathology implying that therapies in COVID-19 must be individualized. CONCLUSION Despite years of research, COVID-19 has not been understood completely and still no therapies exist, fitting all requirements and phases of COVID-19 disease. This observation is highly reminiscent to sepsis. Research in sepsis has been going on for decades, while the disease is still not completely understood and therapies fitting all patients are lacking as well. In both septic and COVID-19 patients, immune activation can be accompanied by immune paralysis, complicating therapeutic intervention. Accordingly, therapies that lower immune activation may cause detrimental effects in patients, who are immune paralyzed by viral infections or sepsis. We therefore suggest individualizing therapies and to broaden the spectrum of immunological parameters analyzed before therapy. Only if the immune status of a patient is understood, can a therapeutic intervention be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Limmer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Engler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Kattner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jonas Gregorius
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin Thomas Pattberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schulz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jansje Schwab
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Moritz Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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5
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Ma C, Ma X, Jiang B, Pan H, Liao X, Zhang L, Li W, Luo Y, Shen Z, Cheng X, Lian M, Wang Z. A novel inactivated whole-cell Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine that acts through the cGAS-STING pathway. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:353. [PMID: 34593766 PMCID: PMC8484301 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection continues to be a major threat to global public health, and new safe and efficacious vaccines are needed for prevention of infections caused by P. aeruginosa. X-ray irradiation has been used to prepare whole-cell inactivated vaccines against P. aeruginosa infection. However, the immunological mechanisms of X-ray-inactivated vaccines are still unclear and require further investigation. Our previous study found that an X-ray-inactivated whole-cell vaccine could provide protection against P. aeruginosa by boosting T cells. The aim of the present study was to further explore the immunological mechanisms of the vaccine. Herein, P. aeruginosa PAO1, a widely used laboratory strain, was utilized to prepare the vaccine, and we found nucleic acids and 8-hydroxyguanosine in the supernatant of X-ray-inactivated PAO1 (XPa). By detecting CD86, CD80, and MHCII expression, we found that XPa fostered dentritic cell (DC) maturation by detecting. XPa stimulated the cGAS-STING pathway as well as Toll-like receptors in DCs in vitro, and DC finally underwent apoptosis and pyroptosis after XPa stimulation. In addition, DC stimulated by XPa induced CD8+ T-cell proliferation in vitro and generated immunologic memory in vivo. Moreover, XPa vaccination induced both Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses in mice and reduced the level of inflammatory factors during infection. XPa protected mice in pneumonia models from infection with PAO1 or multidrug-resistant clinical isolate W9. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mice immunized with XPa could resist PAO1 infection. Therefore, a new mechanism of an X-ray-inactivated whole-cell vaccine against P. aeruginosa infection was discovered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Boguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hailong Pan
- Department of Quality Management, China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xueyuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhixue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xingjun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mao Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Kwarteng A, Asiedu E, Koranteng KK, Asiedu SO. Highlighting the Relevance of CD8 + T Cells in Filarial Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714052. [PMID: 34603287 PMCID: PMC8481813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell immune responses in filarial infections are primarily mediated by CD4+ T cells and type 2-associated cytokines. Emerging evidence indicates that CD8+ T cell responses are important for anti-filarial immunity, however, could be suppressed in co-infections. This review summarizes what we know so far about the activities of CD8+ T cell responses in filarial infections, co-infections, and the associations with the development of filarial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kelvin Kwaku Koranteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Opoku Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
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7
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Chávez-Arroyo A, Portnoy DA. Why is Listeria monocytogenes such a potent inducer of CD8+ T-cells? Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13175. [PMID: 32185899 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a rapidly growing, Gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen that has been used for over 5 decades as a model to study basic aspects of infection and immunity. In a murine intravenous infection model, immunisation with a sublethal infection of L. monocytogenes initially leads to rapid intracellular multiplication followed by clearance of the bacteria and ultimately culminates in the development of long-lived cell-mediated immunity (CMI) mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Importantly, effective immunisation requires live, replicating bacteria. In this review, we summarise the cell and immunobiology of L. monocytogenes infection and discuss aspects of its pathogenesis that we suspect lead to robust CMI. We suggest five specific features of L. monocytogenes infection that positively impact the development of CMI: (a) the bacteria have a predilection for professional antigen-presenting cells; (b) the bacteria escape from phagosomes, grow, and secrete antigens into the host cell cytosol; (c) bacterial-secreted proteins enter the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway of antigen processing and presentation; (d) the bacteria do not induce rapid host cell death; and (e) cytosolic bacteria induce a cytokine response that favours CMI. Collectively, these features make L. monocytogenes an attractive vaccine vector for both infectious disease applications and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Chávez-Arroyo
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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8
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Nie Z, Xia X, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Wang J. JNK selective inhibitor, IQ-1S, protects the mice against lipopolysaccharides-induced sepsis. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 30:115945. [PMID: 33340939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe systemic inflammatory response induced by infection. Innate immunity recognizes pathogen components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mediates the polarization of immune cells and the release of cytokines. However, this process is also crucial for triggering sepsis and septic shock. To investigate the potential therapeutic function of 11H-indeno [1,2-b] quinoxalin-11-one oxime (IQ-1S) to sepsis, LPS plus d-galactosamine was used to establish a sepsis mouse model. Flow cytometry was performed to catalyze T cells and macrophages in mouse spleen. ELISA assay and qRT-PCR assay were performed to estimate the expression levels of cytokines and related genes including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, Nos2, Arg and Mrc. The protein levels of NF-κB, AP1, NF-Y, p-JNK2, JNK2, p-p38, p38, p-IκBα, IκBα, p-IKKβ and IKKβ were evaluated by Western blot assay. IQ-1S treatment significantly reduced mortality and lung inflammation in sepsis mice. IQ-1S treatment decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in sepsis mice. Polarization of M1 macrophages was suppressed by IQ-1S in vitro. IQ-1S significantly inhibited the activation of the JNK signaling pathway and reduced the phosphorylation level of JNK2 in sepsis mice. IQ-1S protected the mice against LPS-induced sepsis through inhibiting JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelong Nie
- Department of Emergency, Xingtai People's Hospital of Hebei Province, No. 16 Hongxing Street, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- Department of Cardiology CCU, Xingtai Third Hospital of Hebei Province, No. 108 Gangtie, North Street, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, No. 618 Gangtie, North Street, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xingtai People's Hospital of Hebei Province, No. 16 Hongxing Street, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xingtai People's Hospital of Hebei Province, No. 16 Hongxing Street, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- Department of Emergency, Xingtai People's Hospital of Hebei Province, No. 16 Hongxing Street, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China
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9
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Bahoush G, Nojoomi M. A Study on the Efficacy of Empirical Antibiotic Therapy for Splenectomized Children with Fever. J Med Life 2020; 13:151-155. [PMID: 32742506 PMCID: PMC7378339 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2019-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalassemia represents a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases characterized by the lack or reduced production of hemoglobin β-chains. Many patients with thalassemia require splenectomy. What should be considered in the evaluation and management of candidates for splenectomy is to cover vaccination against infections such as pneumococci and the implementation of antibiotic prophylaxis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the antibiotic type on the outcome of acute post-splenectomy infection in patients with thalassemia. This investigation is a retrospective cohort study. One hundred fifty medical records of hemoglobinopathy patients who underwent splenectomy were collected from the Ali-Asghar Hospital, Tehran, Iran. SPSS v. 20 and SAS v. 1.9 were used to analyze the data. A total of 150 patients that were vaccinated against post-splenectomy infections and were under antibiotic prophylaxis underwent splenectomy. The most commonly prescribed drugs were ceftriaxone or cefotaxime (132 cases, 88%), followed by ceftriaxone plus clindamycin (5.3%), ceftriaxone plus amikacin (3.3%), clindamycin (1.3%), vancomycin plus amikacin (0.7%), and others (1.3%). In terms of treatment outcomes, 143 cases (95.3%) were treated with the same antibiotics, and 4 (2.7%) experienced a changed antibiotic regimen with vancomycin. The results show that perceptions of treatment for fever in splenectomized children need to be changed, and most of them do not require hospitalization and initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as vancomycin for initially refractory cases, and can only be treated with daily intravenous ceftriaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bahoush
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ali-Asghar Children Hospital.,Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nojoomi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Treatment of refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with emapalumab despite severe concurrent infections. Blood Adv 2020; 3:47-50. [PMID: 30617216 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018025858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Neutralization of IFN-γ with emapalumab can reverse severe, refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Neutralizing IFN-γ did not impair control of multiple viral and other infections in a severely ill patient.
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11
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Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that are capable of carrying out distinct functions in different tissues, as well as in different locations within a given tissue. Some of these tissue macrophages lie on, or close to, the outer (abluminal) surface of blood vessels and perform several crucial activities at this interface between the tissue and the blood. In steady-state tissues, these perivascular macrophages maintain tight junctions between endothelial cells and limit vessel permeability, phagocytose potential pathogens before they enter tissues from the blood and restrict inappropriate inflammation. They also have a multifaceted role in diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Here, we examine the important functions of perivascular macrophages in various adult tissues and describe how these functions are perturbed in a broad array of pathological conditions.
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12
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Neubert P, Schröder A, Müller DN, Jantsch J. Interplay of Na + Balance and Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:599. [PMID: 30984179 PMCID: PMC6449459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Local Na+ balance emerges as an important factor of tissue microenvironment. On the one hand, immune cells impact on local Na+ levels. On the other hand, Na+ availability is able to influence immune responses. In contrast to macrophages, our knowledge of dendritic cells (DCs) in this state of affair is rather limited. Current evidence suggests that the impact of increased Na+ on DCs is context dependent. Moreover, it is conceivable that DC immunobiology might also be influenced by Na+-rich-diet-induced changes of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Grabowska J, Lopez-Venegas MA, Affandi AJ, den Haan JMM. CD169 + Macrophages Capture and Dendritic Cells Instruct: The Interplay of the Gatekeeper and the General of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2472. [PMID: 30416504 PMCID: PMC6212557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, there has been an ongoing debate to what extent macrophages and DCs are related and perform different functions. The current view is that macrophages and DCs originate from different lineages and that only DCs have the capacity to initiate adaptive immunity. Nevertheless, as we will discuss in this review, lymphoid tissue resident CD169+ macrophages have been shown to act in concert with DCs to promote or suppress adaptive immune responses for pathogens and self-antigens, respectively. Accordingly, we propose a functional alliance between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in which a division of tasks is established. CD169+ macrophages are responsible for the capture of pathogens and are frequently the first cell type infected and thereby provide a confined source of antigen. Subsequently, cross-presenting DCs interact with these antigen-containing CD169+ macrophages, pick up antigens and activate T cells. The cross-priming of T cells by DCs is enhanced by the localized production of type I interferons (IFN-I) derived from CD169+ macrophages and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) that induces DC maturation. The interaction between CD169+ macrophages and DCs appears not only to be essential for immune responses against pathogens, but also plays a role in the induction of self-tolerance and immune responses against cancer. In this review we will discuss the studies that demonstrate the collaboration between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Grabowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Venegas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alsya J Affandi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Hapil FZ, Wingender G. The interaction between invariant Natural Killer T cells and the mucosal microbiota. Immunology 2018; 155:164-175. [PMID: 29893412 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface of mammalian bodies is colonized by a multitude of microbial organisms, which under normal conditions support the host and are considered beneficial commensals. This requires, however, that the composition of the commensal microbiota is tightly controlled and regulated. The host immune system plays an important role in the maintenance of this microbiota composition. Here we focus on the contribution of one particular immune cell type, invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells, in this process. The iNKT cells are a unique subset of T cells characterized by two main features. First, they express an invariant T-cell receptor that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, a non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I-like molecule. Second, iNKT cells develop as effector/memory cells and swiftly exert effector functions, like cytokine production and cytotoxicity, after activation. We outline the influence that the mucosal microbiota can have on iNKT cells, and how iNKT cells contribute to the maintenance of the microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova/Izmir, Turkey
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15
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Qi Y, Chen X, Wu N, Ma C, Cui X, Liu Z. Identification of risk factors for sepsis-associated mortality by gene expression profiling analysis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5350-5355. [PMID: 29393415 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a common cause of mortality due to systemic infection. Although numerous studies have investigated this life-threatening condition, there remains a lack of suitable markers to evaluate the severity of sepsis. The present study focused on the identification of risk factors for sepsis‑associated mortality by genome‑wide expression profiling. Initially, the GEO2R web tool was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between sepsis survivors and nonsurvivors. It was identified that the upregulated DEGs in the nonsurvivors compared with survivors were highly enriched in the type I interferon (IFN‑I) signaling pathway. Furthermore, the associations of the upregulated genes were analyzed by STRING and the results demonstrated that a set of proteins in IFN‑I signaling pathway closely interacted with each other. To further investigate whether the IFN‑I signaling pathway is dysregulated in a subset of patients with a high risk of mortality due to sepsis, in this case neonates, the DEGs between the cord blood mononuclear cells of neonates and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed. It was identified that DEGs were not enriched in IFN‑I signaling in the blood of untreated neonates and adults; however, IFN‑I signaling was upregulated in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑treated cord blood mononuclear cells of healthy neonates compared with the LPS‑treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adults. In addition, these data revealed that the proteins involved in the IFN‑I signaling pathway possessed a higher number of interacting partners. These results indicated that upregulated IFN‑I signaling may be a high-risk factor for mortality due to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chuihui Ma
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Cui
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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16
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Ehrnström B, Beckwith KS, Yurchenko M, Moen SH, Kojen JF, Lentini G, Teti G, Damås JK, Espevik T, Stenvik J. Toll-Like Receptor 8 Is a Major Sensor of Group B Streptococcus But Not Escherichia coli in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1243. [PMID: 29042860 PMCID: PMC5632357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR8 is the major endosomal sensor of degraded RNA in human monocytes and macrophages. It has been implicated in the sensing of viruses and more recently also bacteria. We previously identified a TLR8-IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) signaling pathway that mediates IFNβ and interleukin-12 (IL-12) induction by Staphylococcus aureus and is antagonized by TLR2. The relative importance of TLR8 for the sensing of various bacterial species is however still unclear. We here compared the role of TLR8 and IRF5 for the sensing of Group B Streptococcus (GBS), S. aureus, and Escherichia coli in human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). GBS induced stronger IFNβ and TNF production as well as IRF5 nuclear translocation compared to S. aureus grown to the stationary phase, while S. aureus in exponential growth appeared similarly potent to GBS. Cytokine induction in primary human monocytes by GBS was not dependent on hemolysins, and induction of IFNβ and IL-12 as well as IRF5 activation were reduced with TLR2 ligand costimulation. Heat inactivation of GBS reduced IRF5 and NF-kB translocation, while only the viable E. coli activated IRF5. The attenuated stimulation correlated with loss of bacterial RNA integrity. The E. coli-induced IRF5 translocation was not inhibited by TLR2 costimulation, suggesting that IRF5 was activated via a TLR8-independent mechanism. Gene silencing of MDM using siRNA revealed that GBS-induced IFNβ, IL-12-p35, and TNF production was dependent on TLR8 and IRF5. In contrast, cytokine induction by E. coli was TLR8 independent but still partly dependent on IRF5. We conclude that TLR8-IRF5 signaling is more important for the sensing of GBS than for stationary grown S. aureus in human primary monocytes and MDM, likely due to reduced resistance of GBS to phagosomal degradation and to a lower production of TLR2 activating lipoproteins. TLR8 does not sense viable E. coli, while IRF5 still contributes to E. coli-induced cytokine production, possibly via a cytosolic nucleic acid sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Ehrnström
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kai Sandvold Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariia Yurchenko
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siv Helen Moen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - June Frengen Kojen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Germana Lentini
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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De Beuckelaer A, Grooten J, De Koker S. Type I Interferons Modulate CD8 + T Cell Immunity to mRNA Vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:216-226. [PMID: 28185789 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have emerged as potent tools to elicit antitumor T cell immunity. They are characterized by a strong induction of type I interferons (IFNs), potent inflammatory cytokines affecting T cell differentiation and survival. Recent reports have attributed opposing roles for type I IFNs in modulating CD8+ T cell immunity to mRNA vaccines, from profoundly stimulatory to strongly inhibitory. The mechanisms behind this duality are unclear. Disentangling the factors governing the beneficial or detrimental impact of type I IFNs on CD8+ T cell responses is vital to the design of mRNA vaccines of increased potency. In light of recent advancements regarding the complex role of type I IFNs in regulating CD8+ T cell immunity to infectious diseases, we posit that the dual outcome of type I IFNs on CD8+ T cell responses to mRNA vaccination is determined by the timing and intensity of type I IFN induction relative to T cell receptor (TCR) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans De Beuckelaer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Grooten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan De Koker
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Wang YY, Hu CF, Li J, You X, Gao FG. Increased translocation of antigens to endosomes and TLR4 mediated endosomal recruitment of TAP contribute to nicotine augmented cross-presentation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:38451-38466. [PMID: 27224911 PMCID: PMC5122403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) requires surface molecules such as lectin, CD40, langerin, heat shock protein, mannose receptor, mediated endocytosis, the endosomal translocation of internalized antigen, and the relocation of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Although the activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAchR) up-regulate surface molecule expression, augment endocytosis, and enhance cross-presentation, the molecular mechanism of α7 nAchR activation-increased cross-presentation is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of mannose receptor in nicotine-increased cross-presentation and the mechanism that endotoxins orchestrating the recruitment of TAP toward endosomes. We demonstrated that nicotine increase the expressiones of mannose receptor and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) via PI3K-Akt-mTOR-p70S6 pathway. Both endosomal translocation of mannose receptor-internalized antigens and TLR4 sig- naling are necessary for nicotine-augmented cross-presentation and cross-priming. Importantly, the recruitment of TAP toward endosomes via TLR4-MyD88-IRAK4 signaling contributes to nicotine-increased cross-presentation and cross-activation of T cells. Thus, these data suggest that increased recruitment of TAP to Ag-containing vesicles contributes to the superior cross-presentation efficacy of α7 nAchR activated DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Fang Hu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang You
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shang Hai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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19
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Critically ill patients are at high risk to suffer from sepsis, even in the absence of an initial infectious source, but the molecular mechanisms for their increased sepsis susceptibility, including a suppressed immune system, remain unclear. Although microbes and pathogen-associated molecular pattern are accepted inducers of sepsis and septic immunosuppression, the role of endogenous Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in altering the immune response is unknown.
Methods
Mitochondrial DNA serum concentrations of the mitochondrial genes D-Loop and adenosine triphosphatase 6 were determined (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) in 165 septic patients and 50 healthy volunteers. Furthermore, cytotoxic T-cell activity was analyzed in wild-type and TLR9 knockout mice, with/without previous mtDNA administration, followed by injection of an ovalbumin-expressing adenoviral vector.
Results
Mitochondrial DNA serum concentrations were increased in septic patients (adenosine triphosphatase 6, 123-fold; D-Loop, 76-fold, P < 0.0001) compared with volunteers. Furthermore, a single mtDNA injection caused profound, TLR9-dependent immunosuppression of adaptive T-cell cytotoxicity in wild-type but not in TLR9 knockout mice and evoked various immunosuppressive mechanisms including the destruction of the splenic microstructure, deletion of cross-presenting dendritic cells, and up-regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Several of these findings in mice were mirrored in septic patients, and mtDNA concentrations were associated with an increased 30-day mortality.
Conclusions
The findings of this study imply that mtDNA, an endogenous danger associated molecular pattern, is a hitherto unknown inducer of septic immunoparalysis and one possible link between initial inflammation and subsequent immunosuppression in critically ill patients.
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20
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Buerfent BC, Gondorf F, Wohlleber D, Schumak B, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Escherichia coli-induced immune paralysis is not exacerbated during chronic filarial infection. Immunology 2015; 145:150-60. [PMID: 25521437 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis initially starts with a systemic inflammatory response (SIRS phase) and is followed by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) that causes impaired adaptive T-cell immunity, immune paralysis and an increased susceptibility to secondary infections. In contrast, parasitic filariae release thousands of microfilariae into the peripheral blood without triggering inflammation, as they induce regulatory, anti-inflammatory host responses. Hence, we investigated the impact of chronic filarial infection on adaptive T-cell responses during the SIRS and CARS phases of a systemic bacterial infection and analysed the development of T-cell paralysis following a subsequent adenovirus challenge in BALB/c mice. Chronic filarial infection impaired adenovirus-specific CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ responses in the absence of a bacterial challenge and led to higher numbers of splenic CTLA-4(+) CD4(+) T cells, whereas splenic T-cell expression of CD69 and CD62 ligand, serum cytokine levels and regulatory T-cell frequencies were comparable to naive controls. Irrespective of filarial infection, the SIRS phase dominated 6-24 hr after intravenous Escherichia coli challenge with increased T-cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, whereas the CARS phase occurred 6 days post E. coli challenge and correlated with high levels of transforming growth factor-β and increased CD62 ligand T-cell expression. Escherichia coli-induced impairment of adenovirus-specific CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production was not additionally impaired by chronic filarial infection. This suggests that filarial immunoregulation does not exacerbate E. coli-induced T-cell paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt C Buerfent
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Veninga H, Borg EGF, Vreeman K, Taylor PR, Kalay H, van Kooyk Y, Kraal G, Martinez-Pomares L, den Haan JMM. Antigen targeting reveals splenic CD169+ macrophages as promoters of germinal center B-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:747-57. [PMID: 25487358 PMCID: PMC4843951 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ag delivery to specific APCs is an attractive approach in developing strategies for vaccination. CD169+ macrophages in the marginal zone of the spleen represent a suitable target for delivery of Ag because of their strategic location, which is optimal for the capture of blood‐borne Ag and their close proximity to B cells and T cells in the white pulp. Here we show that Ag targeting to CD169+ macrophages in mice resulted in strong, isotype‐switched, high‐affinity Ab production and the preferential induction and long‐term persistence of Ag‐specific GC B cells and follicular Th cells. In agreement with these observations, CD169+ macrophages retained intact Ag, induced cognate activation of B cells, and increased expression of costimulatory molecules upon activation. In addition, macrophages were required for the production of cytokines that promote B‐cell responses. Our results identify CD169+ macrophages as promoters of high‐affinity humoral immune responses and emphasize the value of CD169 as target for Ag delivery to improve vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Veninga
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Tomasello E, Pollet E, Vu Manh TP, Uzé G, Dalod M. Harnessing Mechanistic Knowledge on Beneficial Versus Deleterious IFN-I Effects to Design Innovative Immunotherapies Targeting Cytokine Activity to Specific Cell Types. Front Immunol 2014; 5:526. [PMID: 25400632 PMCID: PMC4214202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) were identified over 50 years ago as cytokines critical for host defense against viral infections. IFN-I promote anti-viral defense through two main mechanisms. First, IFN-I directly reinforce or induce de novo in potentially all cells the expression of effector molecules of intrinsic anti-viral immunity. Second, IFN-I orchestrate innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity. However, IFN-I responses can be deleterious for the host in a number of circumstances, including secondary bacterial or fungal infections, several autoimmune diseases, and, paradoxically, certain chronic viral infections. We will review the proposed nature of protective versus deleterious IFN-I responses in selected diseases. Emphasis will be put on the potentially deleterious functions of IFN-I in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and on the respective roles of IFN-I and IFN-III in promoting resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We will then discuss how the balance between beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I responses is modulated by several key parameters including (i) the subtypes and dose of IFN-I produced, (ii) the cell types affected by IFN-I, and (iii) the source and timing of IFN-I production. Finally, we will speculate how integration of this knowledge combined with advanced biochemical manipulation of the activity of the cytokines should allow designing innovative immunotherapeutic treatments in patients. Specifically, we will discuss how induction or blockade of specific IFN-I responses in targeted cell types could promote the beneficial functions of IFN-I and/or dampen their deleterious effects, in a manner adapted to each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tomasello
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Emeline Pollet
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Gilles Uzé
- UMR 5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Montpellier II , Montpellier , France
| | - Marc Dalod
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
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23
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Wang F, Wang YY, Li J, You X, Qiu XH, Wang YN, Gao FG. Increased antigen presentation but impaired T cells priming after upregulation of interferon-beta induced by lipopolysaccharides is mediated by upregulation of B7H1 and GITRL. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105636. [PMID: 25144375 PMCID: PMC4140801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are able to present Ag-derived peptides on MHC class I and II molecules and induce T cells priming. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), an activator of Toll-like 4 receptor (TLR4) signaling, has been demonstrated to facilitate Ag-presentation, up-regulate surface molecules expression but impair T cells priming. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPS on nicotine-enhanced DCs-dependent T cells priming and the mechanisms of LPS orchestrating the immunosuppressive program. We could demonstrate that the treatment with LPS resulted in increased surface molecules expression, enhanced Ag-presentation, up-regulated release of TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IFN-beta. Concomititantly, the upregulation of IFN-beta in DCs induces the up-regulation of coinhibitory molecules B7H1 and GITRL, which cause an impaired activation of naïve Ag-specific T cells and the induction of T cell tolerance by enhancing B7H1-PD-1 interactions and promoting GITRL-GITL facilitated Treg generation, respectively. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the immunomodulatory action of IFN-beta which might open new possibilities in the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at the control of excessive immune response and persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, NanYang Medical College, Nanyang, China
| | - Yan Yan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang You
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Hui Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Nan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail:
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Haque A, Best SE, Montes de Oca M, James KR, Ammerdorffer A, Edwards CL, de Labastida Rivera F, Amante FH, Bunn PT, Sheel M, Sebina I, Koyama M, Varelias A, Hertzog PJ, Kalinke U, Gun SY, Rénia L, Ruedl C, MacDonald KPA, Hill GR, Engwerda CR. Type I IFN signaling in CD8- DCs impairs Th1-dependent malaria immunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2483-96. [PMID: 24789914 DOI: 10.1172/jci70698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites, suppress cellular immune responses through activation of type I IFN signaling. Recent evidence suggests that immune suppression and susceptibility to the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is mediated by type I IFN; however, it is unclear how type I IFN suppresses immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium parasites. During experimental severe malaria, CD4+ Th cell responses are suppressed, and conventional DC (cDC) function is curtailed through unknown mechanisms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that type I IFN signaling directly impairs cDC function during Plasmodium infection in mice. Using cDC-specific IFNAR1-deficient mice, and mixed BM chimeras, we found that type I IFN signaling directly affects cDC function, limiting the ability of cDCs to prime IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. Although type I IFN signaling modulated all subsets of splenic cDCs, CD8- cDCs were especially susceptible, exhibiting reduced phagocytic and Th1-promoting properties in response to type I IFNs. Additionally, rapid and systemic IFN-α production in response to Plasmodium infection required type I IFN signaling in cDCs themselves, revealing their contribution to a feed-forward cytokine-signaling loop. Together, these data suggest abrogation of type I IFN signaling in CD8- splenic cDCs as an approach for enhancing Th1 responses against Plasmodium and other type I IFN-inducing pathogens.
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Gentile LF, Nacionales DC, Lopez MC, Vanzant E, Cuenca A, Szpila BE, Cuenca AG, Joseph A, Moore FA, Leeuwenburgh C, Baker HV, Moldawer LL, Efron PA. Host responses to sepsis vary in different low-lethality murine models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94404. [PMID: 24788351 PMCID: PMC4006924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal models for the study of sepsis are being increasingly scrutinized, despite their essential role for early translational research. In particular, recent studies have suggested that at the level of the leukocyte transcriptome, murine models of burns, trauma and endotoxemia markedly differ from their human equivalents, and are only weakly similar amongst themselves. We compared the plasma cytokine and leukocyte transcriptome responses between two different low-lethality murine models of polymicrobial intra-abdominal sepsis. METHODS Six to ten week male C57BL/6j mice underwent either the 'gold standard' cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of intra-abdominal sepsis or administration of a cecal slurry (CS), where cecal contents are injected intraperitoneally. Surviving mice were euthanized at two hours, one or three days after sepsis. RESULTS The murine leukocyte transcriptomic response to the CLP and CS models of sepsis was surprisingly dissimilar at two hours, one, and three days after sepsis. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the maximum change in expression for the entire leukocyte transcriptome that changed significantly over time (n = 19,071) was R = 0.54 (R2 = 0.297). The CS model resulted in greater magnitude of early inflammatory gene expression changes in response to sepsis with associated increased production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Two hours after sepsis, CLP had more significant expression of genes associated with IL-10 signaling pathways, whereas CS had greater expression of genes related to CD28, apoptosis, IL-1 and T-cell receptor signaling. By three days, the changes in gene expression in both sepsis models were returning to baseline in surviving animals. CONCLUSION These analyses reveal that the murine blood leukocyte response to sepsis is highly dependent on which model of intra-abdominal sepsis is employed, despite their similar lethality. It may be difficult to extrapolate findings from one murine model to another, let alone to human sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori F. Gentile
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dina C. Nacionales
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - M. Cecilia Lopez
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erin Vanzant
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Angela Cuenca
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Szpila
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alex G. Cuenca
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anna Joseph
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frederick A. Moore
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Henry V. Baker
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Efron
- Departments of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Both very low- and very high in vitro cytokine responses were associated with infant death in low-birth-weight children from Guinea Bissau. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93562. [PMID: 24714360 PMCID: PMC3979682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms behind heterologous immunity and non-specific effects of vaccines on mortality are not well understood. We examined associations between cytokine responses and subsequent mortality in low-birth-weight infants in Guinea-Bissau. Methods A low-birth-weight trial randomized children to Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) at birth or later according to local policy. Blood samples were obtained from a sub-group at age 6 weeks. Interleukin (IL)-5, IL-10, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in whole-blood cell cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or purified protein derivative (PPD). The outcome was mortality between bleeding and 1 year of age. Non-linear associations between cytokine responses and mortality were examined. Results Cytokine measurements were available from 390 children. The mortality rate (MR) was high (6.8/100 person-years-observation (PYO)). Both low and high cytokine responses to LPS and PHA were associated with high mortality (MR up to 25/100 PYO in the lowest 10% and 9.2/100 PYO in the highest 10%). In BCG-vaccinated children, higher IFN-γ responses to PPD were associated with better survival (MR ratio = 0.43 (0.24–0.77)). Conclusions Data presented a rare opportunity to explore associations between cytokine responses and mortality. Both low and high cytokine responses were associated with high mortality; a balanced response to invading pathogens seems preferable.
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Type I interferons promote severe disease in a mouse model of lethal ehrlichiosis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1698-709. [PMID: 24491580 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01564-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is caused by a tick-borne obligate intracellular pathogen of the order Rickettsiales. HME disease can range from mild to a fatal, toxic shock-like syndrome, yet the mechanisms regulating pathogenesis are not well understood. We define a central role for type I interferons (alpha interferon [IFN-α] and IFN-β) in severe disease in a mouse model of fatal ehrlichiosis caused by Ixodes ovatus Ehrlichia (IOE). IFN-α and IFN-β were induced by IOE infection but not in response to a less virulent strain, Ehrlichia muris. The major sources of type I IFNs during IOE infection were plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes. Mice lacking the receptor for type I IFNs (Ifnar deficient) or neutralization of IFN-α and IFN-β resulted in a reduced bacterial burden. Ifnar-deficient mice exhibited significantly increased survival after IOE infection, relative to that of wild-type (WT) mice, that correlated with increased type II IFN (IFN-γ) production. Pathogen-specific antibody responses were also elevated in Ifnar-deficient mice, and this required IFN-γ. Remarkably, increased IFN-γ and IgM were not essential for protection in the absence of type I IFN signaling. The direct effect of type I IFNs on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells was evaluated in bone marrow chimeric mice. We observed that chimeric mice containing Ifnar-deficient hematopoietic cells succumbed to infection early, whereas Ifnar-deficient mice containing WT hematopoietic cells exhibited increased survival, despite having a higher bacterial burden. These data demonstrate that IFN-α receptor signaling in nonhematopoietic cells is important for pathogenesis. Thus, type I IFNs are induced during a rickettsial infection in vivo and promote severe disease.
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Hübner MP, Layland LE, Hoerauf A. Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour? Pathog Dis 2013; 69:127-41. [PMID: 23929557 PMCID: PMC4285315 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune and allergic disorders has dramatically increased in developed countries, and it is believed that our ‘cleaner living’ reduces exposure to certain microorganisms and leads to deviated and/or reduced regulation of the immune system. In substantiation of this health hygiene hypothesis, multiple epidemiological studies and animal models have characterized the protective immune responses induced by helminths during auto-inflammatory disorders. The beneficial effects of such helminths, like schistosomes and filariae, are thought to lie in their immunomodulatory capacity, which can be induced by different life-cycle stages or components thereof. In addition to suppressing autoimmunity recent evidence indicates that concurrent helminth infections also counterbalance exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune responses that occur during sepsis, improving survival. As with allergy, epidemiological studies have observed a steady rise in severe sepsis cases and although this may have resulted from several factors (immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapy, transplantation, increased awareness and increased surgical procedures), it is tempting to hypothesize that the lack of helminth infections in Western countries may have contributed to this phenomenon. This review summarizes how helminths modulate host immunity during sepsis, such as manipulating macrophage activation and provides an overview about the possible implications that may arise during overwhelming bacterial co-infections. This well written review gives a comprehensive overview on the immunopathology of sepsis and the modulation of immune responses by helminths. It provides evidence that helminths or components thereof may improve the outcome of severe infections. This will allow the development of therapeutic strategies to fight infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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29
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Luan YY, Dong N, Xie M, Xiao XZ, Yao YM. The significance and regulatory mechanisms of innate immune cells in the development of sepsis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:2-15. [PMID: 24006870 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis with subsequent multiple organ dysfunction is a pronounced systemic inflammatory response to concealed or known infection and is a leading cause of death in intensive care units. The survival rate of severe sepsis and septic shock has not markedly improved in recent decades despite a great number of receptors and molecules involved in its pathogenesis have been found and taken as therapeutic targets. It is essential to thoroughly understand the host cell-mediated immunity involved in the development of sepsis and sepsis-related organ injury. Recent studies indicate that innate immune cells (such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, and natural killer T cells) play pivotal roles in the maintenance of peripheral homeostasis and regulation of immune responses during sepsis. Therefore, an understanding of the biological significance and pathophysiological roles of different cell populations might gain novel insights into the immunoregulatory mechanisms of sepsis. In this review, we focus on major immune cells that may play potential roles in the contribution of new therapeutic approaches for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Luan
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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30
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den Haan JMM, Martinez-Pomares L. Macrophage heterogeneity in lymphoid tissues. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:541-52. [PMID: 23579230 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in lymphoid organs exhibit a wide variety of phenotypes and functions. These cells excel in the removal of apoptotic cells that arise during the generation of immune cells and are thereby essential for the prevention of auto-immune responses. In addition to this macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs form an important barrier for spreading of infections by phagocytosis of pathogens and the activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, the remarkable ability of macrophages to phagocytose and handle a wide range of self and non-self material and to produce immunomediators is effectively exploited within lymphoid organs to regulate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Yang X, Jiang X, Chen G, Xiao Y, Geng S, Kang C, Zhou T, Li Y, Guo X, Xiao H, Hou C, Wang R, Lin Z, Li X, Feng J, Ma Y, Shen B, Li Y, Han G. T cell Ig mucin-3 promotes homeostasis of sepsis by negatively regulating the TLR response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2068-79. [PMID: 23365080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an excessive inflammatory condition with a high mortality rate and limited prediction and therapeutic options. In this study, for the first time, to our knowledge, we found that downregulation and/or blockade of T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), a negative immune regulator, correlated with severity of sepsis, suggesting that Tim-3 plays important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of sepsis in both humans and a mouse model. Blockade and/or downregulation of Tim-3 led to increased macrophage activation, which contributed to the systemic inflammatory response in sepsis, whereas Tim-3 overexpression in macrophages significantly suppressed TLR-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production, indicating that Tim-3 is a negative regulator of TLR-mediated immune responses. Cross-talk between the Tim-3 and TLR4 pathways makes TLR4 an important contributor to Tim-3-mediated negative regulation of the innate immune response. Tim-3 signaling inhibited LPS-TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation by increasing PI3K-AKT phosphorylation and A20 activity. This negative regulatory role of Tim-3 reflects a new adaptive compensatory and protective mechanism in sepsis victims, a finding of potential importance for modulating innate responses in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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